{"text": "the world cannot afford to let the tragedy of nato \u2019 s war against yugoslavia be forgotten due to the silence of those who were actors and accomplices of that brutal genocide. president clinton, national security advisor sandy berger, secretary of state madeleine albright and other close collaborators of the president, including the person who was ordered by berger not to take notes when cuba was discussed, were at the meeting clinton held with aznar in the white house on april 13, 1999, where the decision to intensify the bombings was made, and aznar suggested that serbian television, radio and other facilities be bombed, in actions that would take the lives of innumerable defenseless civilians. some of them, through press statements or in a book or memoir, may have individually written about the adventure, but none focused on the real danger and suicidal wars that the united states is leading the world to. the publication of the existing secret documents could be the legacy of a president in 200 years from now, when, judging by the pace we \u2019 re going at, there will no longer be any publicity or readers. less than ten years have since gone by. in europe and elsewhere they have many accomplices keeping silence. after my third message was sent to milosevic, italy \u2019 s minister of transportation visited cuba. i met with him on march 30, 1999 and directly discussed the issue of the war against yugoslavia. what follows is a summary of what i said to him, according to the notes taken during our conversation, in the presence of my office staff and officials from the ministry of foreign affairs : \u201c i began by asking why they had invaded serbia and how they were going to reach a settlement. i told him that, in my opinion, it had been a great mistake and that, were the serbs to offer resistance, they would run into a cul - de - sac. why did europe need to dismantle yugoslavia, which had implemented many reforms and which, strictly speaking \u2013 the cold war having ended \u2013 could not be labeled a communist state and, much less, an enemy of europe? i explained that, in order to satisfy the german government \u2019 s demand, europe had encouraged and supported the separation of croatia, where, during world war ii, nazi germany organized the fearful chetniks, groups which perpetrated countless crimes and massacres against the serbs and the liberation movement headed by tito. \u201c due to this complacency and lack of political foresight, in the prevailing euphoria of the days when the socialist block and the soviet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4310972810867508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.588113"} {"text": "perpetrated countless crimes and massacres against the serbs and the liberation movement headed by tito. \u201c due to this complacency and lack of political foresight, in the prevailing euphoria of the days when the socialist block and the soviet union were in a crisis, europe dismantled yugoslavia. this resulted in bloody episodes and, specially, in the long and violent war in bosnia and, ultimately, in nato \u2019 s current war against serbia. by then, macedonia \u2019 s separation had also taken place, which meant the mutilation of the greater part of the yugoslav federation. only serbia, montenegro and kosovo remained. \u201c as everyone knows, for decades kosovo \u2019 s population of albanian descent grew uninterruptedly until it became the broad majority. in tito \u2019 s lifetime, long before his death, many serbian families left kosovo seeking safety faced with the numerous acts of violence that extremist groups from kosovo committed against them. at that time, in kosovo, the serbs were subjected to what today is called ethnic cleansing. \u201c yugoslavia \u2019 s unnecessary and bloody disintegration encouraged and unleashed the underlying conflicts between the majority, of albanian descent, and kosovo \u2019 s serbian minority, conflicts which are at the root of the current problem. \u201c the serbian people are the essential core of what remains of the former yugoslavia. they are a combative and courageous people who have been profoundly humiliated. i was convinced that, offered ample autonomy, serbia would have accepted an honorable and peaceful settlement of the conflicts in kosovo. \u201c kosovo \u2019 s moderate groups, acting in an intelligent and constructive fashion, supported this settlement, as the presence of a broad majority of albanian descent would, sooner or later, make the peaceful emergence of an independent state possible. europe knows perfectly well that kosovo \u2019 s extremist groups did not want this settlement ; they demanded immediate independence and, because of this, wanted the intervention of nato forces. \u201c it is unfair to lay all of the responsibility on serbia. serbia has not invaded any sovereign country. what it has done, in essence, is oppose the military presence of foreign troops in its territory. for months, in recent weeks particularly, it has known nothing but constant threats. its unconditional surrender was urged. no country can be treated like that, let alone the people who, in the days of europe \u2019 s occupation, fought most heroically against the nazis and have ample experience in irregular warfare. \u201c if the serbs resist \u2013 and i am convinced that they will resist \u2013 nato will have no other option but to commit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4306941631174809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.591013"} {"text": "who, in the days of europe \u2019 s occupation, fought most heroically against the nazis and have ample experience in irregular warfare. \u201c if the serbs resist \u2013 and i am convinced that they will resist \u2013 nato will have no other option but to commit genocide, but such an action would fail, for two reasons : \u201c firstly : they would be unable to defeat the serbian people if the latter applied all of its experience and irregular warfare doctrine. \u201c secondly : public opinion in nato member countries themselves would not allow such an action. \u201c armored divisions, stealth bombers, tomahawk, cruise missiles or any other so - called intelligent weapon would not suffice. a missile or bomb would have to be launched for every person capable of carrying a rifle, a bazooka or a portable anti - aircraft weapon. all of nato \u2019 s power would, in this case, be useless. there are star wars and there are ground wars. all high - tech equipment notwithstanding, individual combatants would be the most important element in this type of war. \u201c beyond kosovo, a much more serious problem is emerging, to the detriment of europe \u2019 s and the world \u2019 s interests. russia has been humiliated terribly. nato has already advanced to the borders of what was once the soviet union and it is promising to include other states of the former socialist block, and even baltic countries that were part of the soviet union. russians have every reason to think they will not stop until they reach the walls of the kremlin. \u201c like the serbs, the russians are a slavic people and this sense of identity is very strong among these peoples. the attacks on serbia are profoundly humiliating for them and, more than any other action, they have produced deep and justified feelings of insecurity, not only among the russians but in india and china as well, and these countries will undoubtedly attempt to ally themselves to russia to guarantee their security. i doubt the russians would cease to do whatever is necessary to retain a response capability which would be their sole guarantee in this situation. \u201c neither europe nor the world, with their current and overwhelming economic problems, would gain anything through such a course of action. \u201c a few days ago, in the early morning of march 26, while returning from colombia to russia before schedule, the president of the russian federation \u2019 s state duma, guennadi selezniov, made a stopover at havana \u2019 s airport. i took up these issues with him of my own initiative. i told him no military solution was possible, that, without", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4669806208960848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.592166"} {"text": "russian federation \u2019 s state duma, guennadi selezniov, made a stopover at havana \u2019 s airport. i took up these issues with him of my own initiative. i told him no military solution was possible, that, without a doubt, any effort to offer serbia military aid would inevitably lead to a general war, as the only means available to wage such a war today are not conventional. i said also that the battle was of a political, not military, nature. \u201c selezniov publicly expressed this point of view i shared with him. \u201c both, europe and the world are duty - bound to find such a settlement, which, though difficult and complex, is perfectly possible. if, rather than devote all their efforts to threatening serbia with terrible bombings, they had brought pressures to bear on extremists in kosovo, such a settlement could have been reached. only nato can contain extremists in kosovo through frank and uncompromising efforts. it is not a question of using weapons to achieve this, but, rather, of warning the extremists in such a way that they will be certain, beyond all doubt, that they do not have nato \u2019 s support. there is no question that the bombs that have been dropped on serbia for a week now will never contribute to these dissuasive efforts. \u201c in addition to this, i believe it is a serious political mistake that the united states and europe should try to keep russia on the edge of the precipice in economic terms by imposing it the international monetary fund \u2019 s unviable formulas. \u201c the west makes no mention of the 300 billion dollars that have been stolen from russia and relocated to portugal, spain, france, italy, austria and other countries. this is fifteen times the miserable 20 - billion - dollar loan that the international monetary fund has been discussing for months now. the west, which recommended or imposed these models and policies on russia, shares in the responsibility for this ruthless plundering of russia \u2019 s wealth. \u201c an internal explosion in russia would be catastrophic. this is coupled with nato \u2019 s encroachment, which i \u2019 ve already mentioned, the proposal to cancel the strategic anti - missile defense agreement and, now, the incredible humiliation surrounding the attack launched by nato \u2019 s powerful forces against a small country like serbia. \u201c i told him i was against all kinds of genocide or slaughters, regardless of the perpetrator, and that all ethnic groups and religions, without exception, are deserving of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4738471086658954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.594416"} {"text": "by nato \u2019 s powerful forces against a small country like serbia. \u201c i told him i was against all kinds of genocide or slaughters, regardless of the perpetrator, and that all ethnic groups and religions, without exception, are deserving of the right to life, culture and peace. \u201c if i have taken the liberty of explaining this, it is because i feel it is my duty to warn you of these dangers and of the need to solve them. to lay these issues on the table does no harm to anyone and can, on the contrary, benefit everyone. i again expressed my conviction that the serbs would resist, and that a peaceful settlement was, in my opinion, feasible, even though negotiating with a country on which thousands of bombs had been dropped and whose honor, dignity and economy had been dealt a harsh blow was by no means easy. \u201c nato has practically no more military targets to strike, perhaps only concentrated or moving troops remain, and the easiest thing for these troops would be to split up to wage another type of war in which they cannot be destroyed by air strikes. \u201c europe knows that ground combat would be very costly in terms of human lives and, what \u2019 s more, futile. i added that, were the serbs to deploy the strategy we would use in our country in the event of an invasion by the united states, an area in which they have already shown extraordinary experience, nato \u2019 s war would be futile and repulsive, an act of genocide in the heart of europe destined to be condemned everywhere \u201d. today is a glorious day for our country, the day on which carlos manuel de cespedes began cuba \u2019 s war of independence against the spanish metropolis. he was a source of inspiration for the generations of cubans who came after him. what he taught us was the duty to reflect on and confront the dangers that menace the human species today. fidel castro ruz october 10, 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5126658661240451, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.595621"} {"text": "the namespace contains windows desktop speech technology types for implementing speech recognition. the windows desktop speech technology software offers a basic speech recognition infrastructure that digitizes acoustical signals, and recovers words and speech elements from audio input. applications use the namespace to access and extend this basic speech recognition technology by defining algorithms for identifying and acting on specific phrases or word patterns, and by managing the runtime behavior of this speech infrastructure. you create grammars, which consist of a set of rules or constraints, to define words and phrases that your application will recognize as meaningful input. using a constructor for the grammar class, you can create a grammar object at runtime from grammarbuilder or srgsdocument instances, or from a file, a string, or a stream that contains a definition of a grammar. using the grammarbuilder and choices classes, you can programmatically create grammars of low to medium complexity that can be used to perform recognition for many common scenarios. to create grammars programmatically that conform to the speech recognition grammar specification 1. 0 ( srgs ) and take advantage of the authoring flexibility of srgs, use the types of the system. speech. recognition. srgsgrammar namespace. you can also create xml - format srgs grammars using any text editor and use the result to create grammarbuilder, srgsdocument, or grammar objects. in addition, the dictationgrammar class provides a special - case grammar to support a conventional dictation model. see create grammars in the system speech programming guide for. net framework 4. 0 for more information and examples. manage speech recognition engines you can use the speechrecognizer class to create client applications that use the speech recognition technology provided by windows, which you can configure through the control panel. such applications accept input through a computer ' s default audio input mechanism. for more control over the configuration and type of recognition engine, build an application using speechrecognitionengine, which runs in - process. using the speechrecognitionengine class, you can also dynamically select audio input from devices, files, or streams. see initialize and manage a speech recognition engine in the system speech programming guide for. net framework 4. 0 for more information. respond to events speechrecognizer and speechrecognitionengine objects generate events in response to audio input to the speech recognition engine. the audiolevelupdated, audiosigna", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5296608166310901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.607971"} {"text": "net framework 4. 0 for more information. respond to events speechrecognizer and speechrecognitionengine objects generate events in response to audio input to the speech recognition engine. the audiolevelupdated, audiosignalproblemoccurred, audiostatechanged events are raised in response to changes in the incoming signal. the speechdetected event is raised when the speech recognition engine identifies incoming audio as speech. the speech recognition engine raises the speechrecognized event when it matches speech input to one of its loaded grammars, and raises the speechrecognitionrejected when speech input does not match any of its loaded grammars. other types of events include the loadgrammarcompleted event which a speech recognition engine raises when it has loaded a grammar. the statechanged is exclusive to the speechrecognizer class, which raises the event when the state of windows speech recognition changes. you can register to be notified for events that the speech recognition engine raises and create handlers using the eventsargs classes associated with each of these events to program your application ' s behavior when an event is raised. see using speech recognition events in the system speech programming guide for. net framework 4. 0 for more information. | audiolevelupdatedeventargs | | provides data for the audiolevelupdated event of the speechrecognizer or the speechrecognitionengine class. | | audiosignalproblemoccurredeventargs | | provides data for the audiosignalproblemoccurred event of a speechrecognizer or a speechrecognitionengine. | | audiostatechangedeventargs | | provides data for the audiostatechanged event of the speechrecognizer or the speechrecognitionengine class. | | choices | | represents a set of alternatives in the constraints of a speech recognition grammar. | | dictationgrammar | | represents a speech recognition grammar used for free text dictation. | | emulaterecognizecompletedeventargs | | provides data for the emulaterecognizecompleted event of the speechrecognizer and speechrecognitionengine classes. | | grammar | | a runtime object that references a speech recognition grammar, which an application can use to define the constraints for speech recognition. | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49477808176506666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.609409"} {"text": ". | | speechhypothesizedeventargs | | returns notification from speechrecognitionengine. speechhypothesized or speechrecognizer. speechhypothesized events. this class supports the. net framework infrastructure and is not intended to be used directly from application code. | | speechrecognitionengine | | provides the means to access and manage an in - process speech recognition engine. | | speechrecognitionrejectedeventargs | | provides information for the speechrecognizer. speechrecognitionrejected and speechrecognitionengine. speechrecognitionrejected events. | | speechrecognizedeventargs | | provides information for the grammar. speechrecognized, speechrecognitionengine. speechrecognized, and speechrecognizer. speechrecognized events. | | speechrecognizer | | provides access to the shared speech recognition service available on the windows desktop. | | speechui | | provides text and status information on recognition operations to be displayed in the speech platform user interface. | | statechangedeventargs | | returns data from the statechanged event. | | audiosignalproblem | | contains a list of possible problems in the audio signal coming in to a speech recognition engine. | | audiostate | | contains a list of possible states for the audio input to a speech recognition engine. | | displayattributes | | lists the options that the speechrecognitionengine object can use to specify white space for the display of a word or punctuation mark. | | recognizemode | | enumerates values of the recognition mode. | | recognizerstate | | enumerates values of the recognizer ' s state. | | subsetmatchingmode | | enumerates values of subset matching mode. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49807763784099035, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.611654"} {"text": "huntsman spiders are commonly encountered in all sorts of situations \u2013 gardens, houses, and even under the sun visor of your car! the reason you tend to find a huntsman rather than a red - back spider walking around inside your car can be explained by how they catch their prey. generally, the ways spiders catch their prey divides them into two categories : web - builders and vagrant hunters. a web - builder spins a web, then sits in or near the web and waits for the prey to come to them. a vagrant hunter such as a hunstman does not use a web to catch its prey ; instead it roams, stalks and runs down its prey. the wandering habit of hunting spiders is the reason you are more likely to find them indoors. there are three groups of huntsman spiders in victoria. they all have the following characteristic, which distinguishes them from other spiders : the front two pairs of legs are noticeably longer than the back or hind two pairs of legs. the front two pairs of legs of a huntsman spider are much longer the rear two pairs. artist : graham milledge / source : museum victoria this is not something you would need to measure. the difference in leg lengths is very obvious. these brown or grey huntsmen are the ones most commonly found in houses, where they hunt at night on walls and ceilings. they also occasionally enter vehicles, causing much alarm. in the bush, holconia species can be found sheltering during the day beneath the loose bark of eucalypts. they are large spiders and, when alarmed, are capable of moving sideways very rapidly. food consists of insects and other invertebrates. huntsman spider, holconia montanaphotographer : alan henderson / source : museum victoria their flat, oval egg sac is constructed of white papery silk. it is most commonly deposited beneath the bark of trees. the lifespan of these spiders is about two years. these spiders are usually orange or pink, and have a distinct dark mark on their abdomen. they are active at night and occasionally come into houses, but less frequently than other huntsman spiders. outside they can be found hunting for prey on the trunks of trees or in foliage. during the day they shelter beneath the bark of trees, where they may build a silken retreat for moulting and egg laying. some species of neosparassus build a silken retreat in foliage by gluing several leaves together, and others construct shallow burrows. badge huntsman spider, neosparassus dianaphotographer : alan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.405797755913525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.643831"} {"text": "moulting and egg laying. some species of neosparassus build a silken retreat in foliage by gluing several leaves together, and others construct shallow burrows. badge huntsman spider, neosparassus dianaphotographer : alan henderson / source : museum victoria their flattened circular egg sac is guarded by the female. during this period she can be quite aggressive and will rear up in a defensive display if provoked. young neosparassus are often green in colour. this huntsman is the largest of the huntsman spiders, measuring 35 mm or more in body length. it is a very flat spider with a dark orange head and black fangs. it is not often found indoors, but it is common under pieces of flat metal sheets, fibro - cement or roof tiles left lying around in the backyard. in the bush, it can be found if you peel back loose bark on eucalypt trees. sometimes hundreds of individuals of this species may be found living together under the loose bark of trees and within logs. they feed on insects and other invertebrates. the female lays the eggs in a flattened circular egg sac constructed of papery white silk. once the young hatch, they do not disperse as with other species of huntsmen, but remain and grow within the colony. communal huntsmen usually live for one or two seasons. social huntsman spider, delena canceridesphotographer : alan henderson / source : museum victoria huntsman spiders are timid spiders and bites are infrequent. symptoms are usually minor, including local pain and swelling. some neosparassus species can give a painful bite. brunnet, b. 1994. the silken web \u2013 a natural history of australian spiders. reed books : melbourne. lindsey, t. 1998. spiders of australia. new holland publishers : sydney. walker, k. l., yen, a. l. and milledge, g. a. 2003. spiders and scorpions commonly found in victoria. royal society of victoria : melbourne. hi vicky and thanks for your question. your bright orange huntsmans sound to me like what are commonly called badge huntsmans. these spiders are mentioned in the information sheet that you have commented on however i have also seen badge huntsmans much more orange in colour than the image we have on our information sheet. there are a number of different species of huntsman spiders and some of them do have a white patterning on their legs. if you still have the image the museum offers a free identification service. you are welcome to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39820026224311406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.645063"} {"text": "we have on our information sheet. there are a number of different species of huntsman spiders and some of them do have a white patterning on their legs. if you still have the image the museum offers a free identification service. you are welcome to e - mail the picture to email @ example. com and we can confirm if it is a huntsman and try and put a species name to it. hi thanks for your enquiry. normally we do need an image or the specimen itself to do an identification. but we have passed this on to our entomology team for their opinion. we ' ll get back to you as soon as possible hi again nicholas. as suspected our entomologists are unable to provide an identification without the specimen or an image. there are a number of species that are similar so it ' s hard without an image. meanwhile, our victorian huntsman infosheet and victorian spiders website may possibly help you out. the ' badge ' on badge huntsmans is located on the underside, ( or ventral surface ) of the abdomen and so can be hard to see unless the spider is sitting on glass. please feel free to take some images of the spider and e - mail them to firstname. lastname @ example. org and we will attempt to identify the spider for you. hi trish, our live exhibits team are interested in seeing your photograph to help explain this interesting behaviour. hi trish. the response from live exhibits is as follows : what you have witnessed is huntsman courtship ( and possibly ) mating. the male must firstly introduce himself as a mate ( not food ) through a series of bodily shudders and vibrations, which culminate in him tapping and caressing her. if successful, he will then proceed to mate by leaning underneath her abdomen and engaging his feelers ( palps ). the bulbs at the end of his palps are where he stores his sperm. he may mate for quite some time, swapping sides intermittently. prepare for the pitter patter of many little feet! please feel free to take some digital images of the spider and e - mail them to email @ example. com and we will try and confirm for you if you have a badge huntsman or a different species. i would be surprised if the same huntsman keeps climbing from the ground back to your appartment each time, but it is possible. the important thing to remember is that whether the spider is the same one or whether your appartment block has a few that the spiders are not at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4443653382757463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.646097"} {"text": "vast majority of huntsman spiders are solitary animals, and keep to themselves. the exception to this is the social huntsman. they will breed up into large groups which shelter together under the loose bark of acacia and eucalypt trees. although they shelter together, they still tend to wander around individually. hi cath, we think it would take about 3 or 4 months, depending on how much food it gets. their development is reasonably slow over cooler months, particularly if food is scarce. hi john. see some of the comments above for general advice about keeping spiders away from lived - in areas. also bear in mind that spiderlings tend to disperse quite quickly. however, if you need to remove them immediately, you might need to vacuum them up! hi stacey, if you can safely collect one of the spiders, place it in the freezer overnight to humanely kill it, put it in a container such as a pill jar and post it to discovery centre po box 666 melbourne 3001, we will happily look at it for you and let you know if it is a juvenile huntsman. no spiders feed on people or seek them out to bite but if you step on a spider or if one is trapped in your clothing and being squashed it may bite. hi greg, the museum does have a free identification service. if you can safely obtain some images of the spiders please feel free to e - mail them to firstname. lastname @ example. org and we will try and have them identified for you. hi rebecca, huntsman spiders usually come inside looking for food. they do not build a web and wait for their prey to come to them, but rather hunt for it as their name suggests. try not to be too alarmed at their presence, they have no interest in people. it is likely that they are also in other peoples ' units, but you could try to minimise their numbers in your unit by making sure no vegetation is touching your windows or walls and try to find and block any gaps around windows and doors. hi nerissa, i ' m glad you and the kids are getting along well with your lodger. to be able to sex your spider you really need to be able to get quite close to the spider. please see our information click here on how to determine if the spider is a boy or girl. your spider may be quite mobile during the night searching for food and is probably helping keep your household insects under control while you sleep. if the spider is female and she has an egg sac the majority", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4306928292916252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.648192"} {"text": "to determine if the spider is a boy or girl. your spider may be quite mobile during the night searching for food and is probably helping keep your household insects under control while you sleep. if the spider is female and she has an egg sac the majority of these spiders upon hatching would leave the house as there is likely to be more food outside than inside. hi kate, from your description the spiders are most likely what are commonly called huntsmans. this term applies to a large number of species ranging in colour from orange to grey. these spiders are not considered highly dangerous and are unlikely to bite unless you step on one or handle one and they feel threatened. hi laura, huntsmans are common in most houses throughout spring and become more common in summer, when young ones start to appear. huntsmans don \u2019 t build a nest \u2013 instead a female will produce an egg sac, generally wait until the eggs have hatched, then abandon the young spiders to their own devices. you can rest assured that 99 % of these young spiders will die of natural causes before reaching adulthood. so the appearance of young spiders is a natural occurrence at this time of year and may or may not have anything to do with the adult spider you removed. if you don \u2019 t mind living with huntsmans, the best thing to do is let the majority of them disperse and enjoy the company of the few that remain. alternatively, you can catch them as you find them to be taken outside ( like the original spider ), but you don \u2019 t need to worry about being overrun with huntsmans if you leave them in place. hi terri, the young huntsmans will begin leaving the female over the next few weeks, it is quite common for young spiders to stay close to the egg sac for the first little while. they have energy reserves in their bodies already so they don \u2019 t start getting hungry for a while. once those energy reserves are used up they will disperse away from one another and catch small invertebrates like flies to feed on. hi sacha, lots of questions about your spider. let \u2019 s see how many we can answer! it is quite common for huntsman to return to the same resting place during the day, especially if it is a protected private spot like a disused letter box. spiders have fine hairs all over their body that can detect the slightest movement around them. they are very good at keeping out of each other \u2019 s way and if they do \u2018 stumble \u2019 across one another it is normally a big run to escape from each other \u2013 unless it is for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41385286901823415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.649646"} {"text": "their body that can detect the slightest movement around them. they are very good at keeping out of each other \u2019 s way and if they do \u2018 stumble \u2019 across one another it is normally a big run to escape from each other \u2013 unless it is for mating purposes in which case they will caress each other to make their intentions known. once huntsmen emerge from their egg sac they will disperse away from one another ( unless they are social huntmen ). if they find a position that is suitable \u2013 plenty of food and shelter it is quite likely that they will choose to stay there until their food supply runs out. if huntsman spiders roam, what distance do they typically travel. do they stay in a general area or move continually? this is a question that i can \u2019 t answer. i \u2019 m sure some spiders roam widely \u2013 some even hitch rides in cars! it is quite common for people to mention a spider that has been hanging around in a certain place of an extended period of time. when the spider moults it is very soft and a cream colour. the process to moult does not take all that long as spiders are very vulnerable while they are hanging and removing their old exoskeleton. for the next day or two the spider sits quietly and allows its new exoskeleton to harden. when they are young, spiders moult quite often. if there is lots of food around then the spider eats rapidly and grows out of its old exoskeleton. as they get older the rate of moulting decreases. hi rebecca - huntsmans live under bark and have flattened bodies, they are able to squeeze throughcracks and get into your house. they do this nocturnally. there are a number of traditional remedies to keep them out, including lemon oil \u2013 i \u2019 ve never known them to work but there \u2019 s no harm trying. huntsman populations vary from place to place and year to year. in bushy suburbs they will be more common and during warm wet summers their populations will also increase. this summer is a particularly good one, as the rain has brought out flushes of new growth on plants, which has boosted the insect numbers, which in turn has meant a massive increase in spiders, including huntsmans. huntsmans have adapted well to living inside houses. without sealing all external cracks, removing foliage from around eaves and sealing all doors and windows, i \u2019 m afraid there \u2019 s not much else you can do but to live with them. they will treat you when stationary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43704241822156475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.650975"} {"text": "well to living inside houses. without sealing all external cracks, removing foliage from around eaves and sealing all doors and windows, i \u2019 m afraid there \u2019 s not much else you can do but to live with them. they will treat you when stationary as part of the furniture, so there is a chance they will crawl on you. huntsmans also have the bad habit of dropping on people \u2019 s heads who walk underneath them, which i suspect is part of their evolutionary adaptation to spreading the species around ( they are just hitchhiking in this case ). the good news is that huntsmans generally are very reluctant to bite ( i \u2019 ve inadvertently walked around all day with one inside my boot and was not bitten, for example ) and the bite is no worse than a bee sting. one reason huntsmans are so at home in our homes is their ability to squeeze through the smallest gaps with their flat legs and bodies, and this also enables them to hide away in places where airborne insecticides can \u2019 t reach them. the other option is a more residual, more penetrating insecticide but these are considered more harmful to the human inhabitants than the spiders are. and when the insecticides wear off, the huntsmans will just reinvade. the other type, the \u2018 electric repellent \u2019 you mentioned, has no effect on spiders at all. some people use natural remedies such as lemon oil but these generally don \u2019 t do a sufficient job for most people \u2019 s satisfaction, if they work at all. the best way is to block the spiders \u2019 entry points ( around doors and windows, and particularly from foliage touching the house \u2019 s eaves ), learn to love them even more, and things might return to normal next year. hi hal, hunstmans, like all spiders, do indeed produce threads which they lay down at regular intervals as a safety line in case they lose their footing. when this happens, the spider will dangle from the thread and climb back up to safety. similar to the way rock climbers attach ropes to the cliff face, so that if they fall it is not too far. additionally, huntsmans moult out of their old skins by hanging from a thread, and these empty skins are often seen dangling from these threads for months afterwards, usually under the roof of a shed or empty cupboard. because huntsmans don \u2019 t build a web to catch prey, their silk is not so obvious, but for all the other reasons spiders use silk ( mating, producing an egg sac, safety line etc )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4431512041393707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.652050"} {"text": "the roof of a shed or empty cupboard. because huntsmans don \u2019 t build a web to catch prey, their silk is not so obvious, but for all the other reasons spiders use silk ( mating, producing an egg sac, safety line etc ), huntsmans use it too. hi karra, huntsmen dropping legs is not generally a sign of starvation, more commonly a sign of old age or aggression from other animals in the house. here at the museum we keep lots of huntsmen in captivity and one of the first things for them to do before dying of old age is to lose all the fine delicate hairs on their backs and then drop a leg or two. hi jordan, it is possible that the huntsman you keep on finding is the same specimen. there is an even greater likelihood if the only shelter in the paddock is the shed. it will head towards somewhere it can hide away \u2013 it certainly does not want to be caught out exposed to predators in the open space. to get rid of it from the shed the best thing you can do is find it a place that provides the same type of shelter that the shed does \u2013 under the bark of a tree is often a good place to leave him. hi victoria, i have spoken with the entomologist and he has advised that there are a few things you can do to deter spiders from coming in, but unfortunately, you cannot spider proof your home! go outside and make sure there is no foliage coming into contact with the house, and block up any visible holes around windows and doors. you should also remember that they are not interested in you, they are coming inside looking for food and shelter. hi audrey! the number of eggs produced by huntsmans depends on which huntsman species you have, but the more common species will produce 150 - 200 eggs. the good news for you, but not for the huntsmans, is that they have a 99 % mortality rate before reaching adulthood. so out of the 200 ( at most ) that emerge from the egg sac, only about 2 will survive and reproduce. these 2 replace their parents, which keeps the population relatively stable over time. there are many nooks and crannies around the average house into which huntsman spiderlings can disappear. with holes in the wood panelling there are even more escape routes and there ' s probably not much benefit in trying to track them all down. the best thing is to let them be and let nature remove the great majority of spiderlings. hi john, huntsman spiders tend to mate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44438932040102497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.653888"} {"text": "there are even more escape routes and there ' s probably not much benefit in trying to track them all down. the best thing is to let them be and let nature remove the great majority of spiderlings. hi john, huntsman spiders tend to mate in the warmer months of the year when they themselves are more active. there is very little evidence to know if spiders have mated. generally they will join together for a few minutes to up to an hour while the male transfers a sperm package into the female. once that is completed you often only know that it was successful by the female putting on condition and her abdomen enlarging. you often find females sitting with egg sacs this time of the year \u2013 or earlier. hi natasha, your female spider has chosen to lay her egg sac within your bedroom. she must think that it is fairly good conditions to incubate those eggs. as long as you stop any chemicals such as pesticides from being sprayed near her she should quite happily sit and do her thing. if you do feel you need to relocate her to a place away from the house. you need to carefully disconnect the silk threads connecting her egg sac to the wall and transfer her and her eggs to a dry secluded spot. good luck. hello astrid! our entomologist says that this is most likely to be a pseudoscorpion, which are often found under bark or in leaf litter. they eat even smaller invertebrates ( see melbourne ' s wildlife for more information ). they ' re not normally found inside, but might have been brought in on another larger invertebrate, as they hitch rides, or perhaps on some plant material. female huntsmans mature at about eight months of age and then mate with a male, generally a couple of weeks after maturing. she will then produce a flat, oval egg sac containing up to 200 eggs, and stand guard continually over it for about three weeks. when the eggs hatch, depending on the species of huntsman, she will often continue to guard them until they disperse. females produce egg sacs during summer and, although the records are not readily available, there appears to be a maximum of two egg sacs per summer. the timing of the egg sacs is determined by when she mates ( depending on availability of suitable males ), how long the eggs take to develop, and whether she gets the opportunity to produce a second egg sac ( both of which depend on environmental conditions ). as females can live for two years, they have the potential to produce another two eggs in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41864206317235947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.656919"} {"text": "), how long the eggs take to develop, and whether she gets the opportunity to produce a second egg sac ( both of which depend on environmental conditions ). as females can live for two years, they have the potential to produce another two eggs in the second year. so to summarise, our experience suggests that a female huntsman can produce up to four egg sacs, mainly during the summer months, but the timing is dependent on a number of environmental factors. hi anthony, you can send images to the discovery centre, email @ example. com hi courtney, museum victoria offers a free identification service, but in order for the entomologist to make an accurate identification, a clear image is required you can send images to the discovery centre via the ask the experts page. hi joe, all australian spiders are venomous - that is, all australian spiders produce venom to assist them to kill and digest their prey. only a small proportion of spiders have venom that is strong enough to make a human sick. no spiders prey on humans ; their first response is to run away from you. people are only bitten when a spider feels threatened. if you wear gloves while gardening and moving items outside, it ' s highly unlikely that you will be bitten. museum victoria has a free identification service. we would be very happy to identify your spiders for you. the answer to your question depends on the species of huntsman. some species lay their eggs into a silken egg sac that is either attached to a rock or tree root inside a brood chamber. some species carry or attach the egg sac beneath their body when moving about. when the spiderlings emerge from the egg sac, they may swarm over the female huntsman \u2019 s body, but she does not carry them around on or in its body. museum victoria does not provide eradication advice. although keeping an area free of spiders is difficult ; there are many precautions that can be taken to avoid bites. avoid walking outside with bare feet, especially at night. when gardening, wear shoes, long trousers and thick gloves to guard against any spiders. this link from the australian museum will provide you with some tips to minimise spider numbers in the home and garden. charlie - it isn ' t possible for an identification to be made from you description - we would need to see the specimen itself, or at least a clear photograph of it. you can find out more about our identification services here, or you might want to try to identify what you saw using our victorian spiders website here. hope this helps huntsman spiders", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43124457711683895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.658424"} {"text": "to see the specimen itself, or at least a clear photograph of it. you can find out more about our identification services here, or you might want to try to identify what you saw using our victorian spiders website here. hope this helps huntsman spiders can indeed produce silk thread, in order to move around, however they do not create an actual web. so it is quite plausible that they are creating the silk threads in your car. if what is on your steering wheel and windscreen is in a distinct web formation, a different spider may be creating these. hi andy, before we can advise you about the eggs on your clothes line, we would need to identify them. museum victoria has a free identification service. you can either send us some photos of the eggs via our ask the experts form, or bring them in to the discovery centre at melbourne museum. hi michael, museum victoria ' s live exhibits team provided us with the following information that may assist you : like many insects and spiders, huntsmans can store enough sperm from a single mating to last them the rest of their lives. most insects and spiders that do this tend to mate with multiple partners so they have a mixture of genes in the stored sperm, but queen termites, for example, may mate once and have enough sperm to produce tens of millions of offspring over the next 20 years. your female ate tonnes of crickets in between because she was building up sufficient protein to produce further egg sacs, and will continue to do this until she dies. thanks for your comment. we have received your email with a photograph of the huntsman you wish to identify, which we will forward to museum victoria ' s entomologists for assistance. yes the huntsman spider will eat other insects including invertebrates and daddy long - leg spiders ( pholcus phalangioides ). i guess it just depends on how hungry he is! further information on daddy long legs can be found here hi, hello ( 25th of february )! we forwarded your enquiry to museum victoria \u2019 s live exhibits team, our animal keepers, who responded with the following information : huntsmans can move considerable distances when they feel the urge, particularly if they find themselves in an unsuitable location. your bedroom appears to be a suitable location so when taken outside a huntsman will have no hesitation returning inside via the same route it originally used. another possible explanation is that when you remove a huntsman, another takes its place. they are at their largest size at this time of year, and often look very similar to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4564469227093272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.661618"} {"text": ") by the huntsman itself to allow it to escape from a predator. perhaps your spider is having regular near misses with a predator of some kind. legs may also be lost during the moulting process, particularly if the environment is too dry, and the legs fail to emerge from the old skin properly. loss of legs may also be a sign of old age or extremely poor health. your spider may be ok - we ' ve seen huntsmans in the wild that have lost all their legs from one side of the body and these individuals can often move almost as fast as they would with the full complement of legs using the palp ( a small appendage near the mouth ) as a substitute. hi allie, thanks for the question. we have contacted the live exhibits team with the details of your enquiry, and they have advised that in most cases when an insect or spider is found in a package sent from overseas, it turns out the creature entered the package after it arrived in the country of destination, and so is not a cause for concern! we have sent you come further information and details via email. spiders usually lose strength and condition towards the end of their lives and may not be able to reach the heights they did earlier in life. orbweavers will die at the edge of the web or, more commonly, hanging from a thread in the middle of the web. the behaviour you observed is typical of a spider nearing the end of its life. in both cases it sounds like your spiders had fulfilling lives and you should be pleased with your care of them. hi laurence, there are a couple of thousand different types of spiders in australia and without a photo it ' s difficult to determine what it would be. but here are some options. there is a family of spiders called jumping spiders but these tend to be small ( the largest are less than 1cm long ). some huntsmans will jump when being chased and can move with remarkable speed, but they are usually flat - bodied and unmistakenly huntsman - like. a subgroup of huntsmans called badge spiders are not particularly flat but are usually coloured yellow or orange. wolf spider are a ground - dwelling family that also move with speed but they are not known to jump. wolf spiders are round - bodied and do superficially resemble small mice. there is also a spider species called the mouse spider ( missulena bradleyi ), which is very mouse - like but is large and black and also does not jump. trapdoor spiders sometimes enter houses and fit the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43714177664046605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.664781"} {"text": "superficially resemble small mice. there is also a spider species called the mouse spider ( missulena bradleyi ), which is very mouse - like but is large and black and also does not jump. trapdoor spiders sometimes enter houses and fit the physical description but again do not jump. you can search the museum ' s website for the common names of the spiders listed above and see if any match the physical description, but your description of the spider ' s behaviour does not match any species we ' re aware of. hi tanya, check out the answers above, particularly the comment from the discovery centre dated march 13th 2011. hi sarah, it is possible to have more than one species of huntsman in your home. you have been unlucky in terms of bites, we get large numbers of enquiries regarding these spiders and very few bites are reported to us. spiders do not seek us out to bite so unless you grab one or stand on one they generally move out of the way. they can be hard to keep out of the house as they can flatten themselves and get through some quite small cracks and crevices. try to make sure that there are no obvious cracks around your windows and doors ; also that flywire on windows isn ' t loose or doesn ' t have any holes in it. having said that if the spiders do want to come inside looking for insects to eat they can usually find a way, the best you can hope for is to minimise their numbers. the australian museum has some information on how to minimise spider numbers in the home and garden. six to eight badge huntsmans per night does sound like quite a lot, if you can safely get some good quality images feel free to send them to firstname. lastname @ example. org we can have a look and just confirm that is what you are getting. there is no record of male huntsmans physically fighting over females. many male spiders will have showdowns with other males that don ' t involve physical combat, rather it ' s a competition over size or strength or the best display. however, huntsmans have a wide range of prey that includes any moving animal within a certain size range, and when other huntsmans fit that criteria they become potential prey themselves. so the spiders with missing limbs may have had close calls with larger huntsmans, both males and females. the dried - up spiderlings are in fact, as you suggested, empty skins. spiderlings moult as soon as they leave the egg sac and generally disperse by ballooning on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4396163550143918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.666183"} {"text": "of all of the places on earth to visit, the galapagos islands have been rated one of the top 7 and the trip is said to be a life - changing experience. with so many beautiful places to visit on earth, what makes these islands so special? the native species of plants and animals have remained relatively the same since the days of charles darwin \u2019 s visit in 1835 as the islands are located 600 miles from the mainland. so, in a world that is filled with constant change and the creation of new things, these islands present the rarity of the unchanged. visitors are limited to itineraries that are set by the ecuadorian government. in fact, many areas of the galapagos national park are not available for visitation to help manage the impact of people on the ecosystem. and in the areas where visitors can roam, no one is allowed to touch, feed or harass the wildlife. before leaving one island and travelling to another, visitors must clean off the soles of their shoes to eliminate the transfer of any plant or animal species from one island to another, as the flora and fauna of each island is unique to that island. seem like a lot of rules? maybe. but it \u2019 s these set of rules that make the islands so fascinating. it \u2019 s conservation in its truest form. in june, the national aquarium will embark on an 8 day cruise led by a naturalist and will visit 9 of the 13 main islands of the galapagos. for more information on how you can join this excursion, click here!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4245603951002606, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.668575"} {"text": "in recent years, interest in increasing the use of technology in elementary and secondary education has grown. numerous initiatives - both public and private - have provided discounted or free computers and internet access to schools and have encouraged the provision of technology - focused teacher professional development and training ( trotter 1999 ). these initiatives were predicated on the expectation that the use of technology in education can lead to a number of beneficial outcomes. in getting america ' s students ready for the 21st century, for example, the u. s. department of education ( 1996 ) asserts that technology has the potential to enhance the achievement of all students, increase families ' involvement in their children ' s schooling, improve teachers ' skills and knowledge, and improve school administration and management. to track changes in the availability of and access to technology, the national center for education statistics ( nces ) since 1994 has conducted a series of surveys of public and private elementary and secondary schools. this issue brief provides results from the most recent survey of technology in private schools, focusing on trends in the availability of and access to technology from 1995 to 1998. 1 in addition, this issue brief reports on the future connectivity plans of private schools not connected to the internet and on the advanced telecommunications training opportunities private schools offer their teachers. the number of students per computer is the measure commonly used to provide an indication of the prevalence of computers in schools. in 1998, there was an average of six students per computer in private schools, down from nine students per computer in private schools in 1995 ( table 1 ). in 1995 and in 1998, nonsectarian schools reported fewer students per computer on average than did catholic schools and other religious schools, and the student - to - computer ratio was lower on average in private secondary than in private elementary schools. another common measure of the prevalence of computers in schools is the number of students per instructional computer. 2 this measure excludes computers that may be used exclusively for administrative or other noninstructional purposes. in 1998, the average number of private school students per instructional computer was eight ( table 1 ). in public schools, there was an average of six students to each instructional computer in 1998 ( rowand 1999 ). non - sectarian private schools had a lower average student - to - in - structional computer ratio ( 6 : 1 ) than did catholic schools ( 8 : 1 ) and other religious schools ( 9 : 1 ). in addition, the student - to - instructional computer ratio was higher in private elementary schools ( 8 : 1 ) than in private secondary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5205577683948156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.677120"} {"text": "you are here montana ' s house bill 183, which purports to \" encourage critical thinking regarding controversial scientific theories \" such as \" biological evolution, the chemical origins of life, random mutation, natural selection, dna, and fossil discoveries, \" was tabled in the house education committee on february 5, 2013. a montana legislator is preparing a bill to require the teaching of \" intelligent design \" along with evolution. house joint resolution 21, introduced by representative robin hamilton ( d - district 92 ) on january 26, 2007, in the montana house of representatives and referred to the committee on education, would, if enacted, express the montana legislature ' s recognition of the importance of separation of church and state and support of the right of local school board trustees to adopt a science curriculum based on sound scientific principles. two evolution - related measures have failed to progress through the montana legislature and are dead for this session. march 1 was the deadline for bills to pass in their first house. one potential bill, known by its draft number of lc1199, was never formally introduced. sponsored by rep. roger koopman, the bill had a short title reading : \" allow teaching competing theories of origin \". this bill apparently never completed the drafting process. following last year ' s debate over evolution education in the small montana town of darby, two bills have been proposed in the montana legislature which take diametrically opposed stands on the place of evolution in the science classrooms of the state ' s public schools. on july 5, 2004, the school board in darby, montana voted 3 - 2 not to adopt a proposed \" objective origins policy \" on its second reading. the policy had been tentatively approved on february 2 at its first reading, but is now rejected. the proposal sparked intense local controversy and national media attention earlier this year. the fate of the policy became the central issue in the may school board election, where two policy supporters were decisively defeated by opponents, resulting in the change in board majority from \" pro \" to \" anti \". after the may 4, 2004, school board election in darby, montana, the proposed \" objective origins \" policy is likely to be dead in the water. roxanne cleasby, a parent in helena, montana, was attempting to have a book about horses ( juliet clutton - brock ' s horse ) removed from her local elementary school library because it devotes two pages to discussing equine evolution. a parent in helena, montana, is attempting to have a book about horses removed from her local", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5226157819745436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.682855"} {"text": "the icm and the igm show metal lines in the x - ray spectra. these metals cannot have been produced in the gas, but they must have been produced in the galaxies and subsequently transported from the galaxies into the icm / igm by certain processes like e. g. ram - pressure stripping, galactic winds, galaxy - galaxy interaction or jets from active galaxies. the metallicity is the best indicator for finding out which of these processes are most important. of special interest is the distribution of metals. so far there are only few examples of measured metallicity variations in real 2d maps and not only profiles. in cl0939 + 4713 we find different metallicity in the different subclusters ( de filippis et al. 2002 ). in the perseus cluster also clear metallicity variations were found ( schmidt et al. 2002 ). 1d profiles are not very useful in this context because photons from regions in the cluster which are very far apart are accumulated in the same spectrum. apart from the metallicity distribution also the evolution of the metallicity is interesting. as soon as enough xmm and chandra observations of distant clusters are available we can compare the metallicities in these clusters with those of nearby clusters. this is another way of distinguishing between the enrichment processes as different processes have different time dependence. in addition element ratios can be derived, e. g of fe and - elements to get information on the different types of supernovae that have contributed to the metal enrichment. various processes have been suggested for the transport of gas from the galaxies to the icm / igm. 30 years ago gunn & gott ( 1972 ) suggested ram - pressure stripping : as the galaxy moves through the cluster and approaches the cluster centre it feels the increasing pressure of the intra - cluster gas. at some point the galaxy is not able anymore to retain its ism. the ism is stripped off and lost to the icm and with it all its metals. many numerical simulations have been performed to investigate this process, first 2d models ( takeda et al. 1984 ; gaetz et al. 1987 ; portnoy et al. 1993 ; balsara et al. 1994 ). with increasing computing power also more detailed 3d models could be calculated ( abadi et al. 1999 ; quilis et al. 2000 ; vollmer et al. 2001 ; schulz & struck 2001 ; toniazzo & schindler 2001 ). in fig. 6 such a simulated stripping process is shown for an elliptical galaxy. figure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5629377997296742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.693008"} {"text": "1999 ; quilis et al. 2000 ; vollmer et al. 2001 ; schulz & struck 2001 ; toniazzo & schindler 2001 ). in fig. 6 such a simulated stripping process is shown for an elliptical galaxy. figure 6. gas density ( grey scale ) and pressure ( contours ) of a galaxy moving downwards towards the cluster centre. the arrows show the mach vectors ( white when m > 1, black otherwise ). the gas of the galaxy is stripped due to ram pressure ( from toniazzo & schindler 2001 ). another possible process is galactic winds e. g. driven by supernovae ( de young 1978 ). also for this process simulations have been performed on order to see whether only winds can account for the observed metallicities. the results were quite discordant as the following two examples show. metzler & evrard ( 1994, 1997 ) found that winds can account for the metals, while murakami & babul ( 1999 ) concluded that winds are not very efficient for the metal enrichment. in the simulations of metzler & evrard quite steep metallicity gradients showed up which are not in agreement with observations. a third possible process is galaxy - galaxy interactions, like tidal stripping or galaxy harassment. also during these interactions a lot of ism can be lost to the icm and igm. this process is very likely more efficient in groups of galaxies, because in these systems the relative velocities are smaller and therefore the interaction timescales are longer. the ram - pressure stripping on the other hand is probably less efficient in groups because not only the pressure of the igm is lower than that of the icm, but also the velocities are smaller. this is also very important as the stripping is about proportional to gas v2. a forth possible mechanism is jets emitted by active galaxies. these jets can also carry metals. fig. 7 shows the interaction of jets with the icm as it was discovered by x - ray observations. in the cluster rbs797 minima in the x - ray emission have been detected in a chandra observation ( schindler et al. 2001 ). the x - ray depressions are arranged opposite with respect to the cluster centre. it is very likely that the pressure of the relativistic particles in the jets push away the x - ray gas. preliminary radio observations with the vla confirm this hypothesis. figure 7. chandra image of the central part of the cluster rbs797 (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.563600900542544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.694077"} {"text": "that the pressure of the relativistic particles in the jets push away the x - ray gas. preliminary radio observations with the vla confirm this hypothesis. figure 7. chandra image of the central part of the cluster rbs797 ( from schindler et al. 2001 ). there are depressions in the x - ray emission which are located opposite to each other with respect to the cluster centre ( see arrows ). these depressions can be explained by an active galaxy in the centre of the cluster, which has two jets. the pressure of the relativistic particles in the jets push away the x - ray gas resulting in minima in the x - ray emission. simulations with different enrichment processes were also performed on cosmological scales. also here quite discordant results have been found as the two following examples show. gnedin ( 1998 ) found that galactic winds play only a minor role, while galaxy mergers eject most of the gas. in contrary to these results aguirre et al. ( 2001 ) concluded that winds are most important and ram - pressure stripping is not very efficient. the reason for these differences are probably the large ranges in scale that are covered by these simulations, from cosmological scale down to galaxy scales. therefore only a small number of particles are left for each single galaxy and hence galaxies are not well resolved. this can be the reason for the discordant results. in order to clarify this we are currently performing comprehensive simulations, which include the different enrichment processes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5558808433957424, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.694860"} {"text": "the factors behind the calving process were not well understood us researchers have come up with a way to predict the rate at which ice shelves break apart into icebergs. these sometimes spectacular occurrences, called calving events, are a key step in the process by which climate change drives sea level rise. computer models that simulate how ice sheets might behave in a warmer world do not describe the calving process in much detail, science journal reports. until now, the factors controlling this process have not been well understood. ice sheets, such as those in antarctica and greenland, spread under their own weight and flow off land over the ocean water. ice shelves are the thick, floating lips of ice sheets or glaciers that extend out past the coastline. timelapse footage of an iceberg breaking away from a glacier in july 2008. the event took approximately 15 minutes ( video : fahnestock / unh ) the ross ice shelf in antarctica floats for as much as 800km ( 500 miles ) over the ocean before the edges begin to break and create icebergs. but other ice shelves may only edge over the water for a few kilometres. a team led by richard alley at pennsylvania state university, us, analysed factors such as thickness, calving rate and strain rate for 20 different ice shelves. \" the problem of when things break is a really hard problem because there is so much variability, \" said professor alley. \" anyone who has dropped a coffee cup knows this. sometimes the coffee cup breaks and sometimes it bounces. \" the team ' s results show that the calving rate of an ice shelf is primarily determined by the rate at which the ice shelf is spreading away from the continent. the researchers were also able to show that narrower shelves should calve more slowly than wider ones. ice cracking off into the ocean from antarctica and greenland could play a significant role in future sea level rise. floating ice that melts does not of itself contribute to the height of waters ( because it has already displaced its volume ), but the shelf from which it comes acts as a brake to the land - ice behind. removal of the shelf will allow glaciers heading to the ocean to accelerate - a phenomenon documented when the larsen b shelf on the antarctic peninsula shattered in spectacular style in 2002. this would speed sea level rise. the un intergovernmental panel on climate change in its 2007 assessment forecast that seas could rise by 18 to 59 cm ( 7 - 23ins ) this century. however, in giving those figures, it conceded that ice behaviour was poorly understood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49441405252139115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.699812"} {"text": "the two - week expedition in january encountered new species of fish, seaweed and other ocean life at little - studied saba bank atoll, a coral - crowned seamount 250 kilometers southeast of puerto rico in the dutch windward islands. in a series of dives buffeted by high winds and strong currents, scientists from conservation international ( ci ), the netherlands antilles government and smithsonian institution ' s museum of natural history found scores more fish species than previously known in the region and vast beds of diverse seaweed, including a dozen or more possible new species. \" we discovered a new species literally every day we were there, \" said michael smith, director of ci ' s caribbean biodiversity initiative. among the apparent new fish species found were two types of gobi, while the total number of fish species recorded reached 200, compared to fewer than 50 before the expedition. the unprecedented richness of marine life and vulnerable status of the atoll ' s coral beds make saba bank a prime candidate for designation as a particularly sensitive sea area ( pssa ) under the international maritime organization ( imo ). mark littler, marine botanist of the smithsonian institution ' s national museum of natural history, declared saba bank the richest area for seaweeds in the caribbean basin, including as many as a dozen new species along with commercially valuable species that will facilitate the creation of economic activity zones under pssa designation. paul hoetjes, marine biologist with the ministry of nature affairs for the netherlands antilles ( mina ), called the expedition crucial to getting the area protected to benefit local populations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4396050833537908, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.701522"} {"text": "this might be a rare case about which einstein was wrong. more than 60 years ago, the great physicist scoffed at the idea that anything could travel faster than light, even though quantum mechanics had suggested such a condition. now four swiss researchers have brought the possibility closer to reality. testing a concept called \" spooky action at a distance \" - - a phrase used by einstein in criticizing the phenomenon - - they have shown that two subatomic particles can communicate nearly instantaneously, even if they are separated by cosmic distances. alice ' s wonderland had nothing on quantum physics, which describes a bizarre state of matter and energy. not only can the same atom exist in two locations at once, but merely attempting to observe a particle will alter its properties. perhaps least intuitive is the characteristic called entanglement. as described by quantum mechanics, it means that two entangled particles can keep tabs on each other no matter how far apart they are. physicists have been trying for decades to determine whether this property is real and what might cause it. in the process, they ' ve uncovered evidence for it but not much about its properties. physicist nicolas gisin and colleagues at the university of geneva in switzerland split off pairs of quantum - entangled photons and sent them from the university ' s campus through two fiber - optic cables to two swiss villages located 18 kilometers apart. thinking of the photons like traffic lights, each passed through specially designed detectors that determined what \" color \" they were when entering the cable and what color they appeared to be when they reached the terminus. the experiments revealed two things : first, the physical properties of the photons changed identically during their journey, just as predicted by quantum theory - - when one turned \" red, \" so did the other. second, there was no detectable time difference between when those changes occurred in the photons, as though an imaginary traffic controller had signaled them both. the result, the team reports in tomorrow ' s issue of nature, is that whatever was affecting the photons seems to have happened nearly instantaneously and that according to their calculations, the phenomenon influencing the particles had to be traveling at least 10, 000 times faster than light. given einstein ' s standard speed limit on light traveling within conventional spacetime, the experiments show that entanglement might be controlled by something existing beyond it. gisin says that once the scientific community \" accepts that nature has this ability, we should try to create models that explain it. \" although the research doesn ' t demonstrate spooky action", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6872134704532872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.749925"} {"text": "( make sure to watch this full - screen with the sound on! ) it \u2019 s cold, it \u2019 s dry, the air is thin. the nearest city is miles away across a barren landscape of boulder - strewn hills. at night, the only lights to guide you are the stars in the sky. astronomers, welcome to paradise. known as the driest place on earth, chile \u2019 s atacama desert has long been recognized as an ideal spot for ground - based telescopes. the skies are free of light pollution, and the high plains enjoy long stretches of steady atmospheric conditions, allowing astronomers to peer deeply into the cosmos without having to worry about turbulence distorting the data. ( related blog : \u201c the dry edge of life \u2014 studying \u2018 martians \u2019 in chile. \u201d ) in the new time - lapse movie above, photographers christoph malin and babak tafreshi ( founder of the world at night, or twan, program ) offer a rarely seen glimpse of cerro paranal, one of the high hills in the atacama that houses instruments for the european southern observatory ( eso ). made by invitation from the eso, the video includes more than 7, 500 still images taken between october and november 2011. it shows the beauty of the dark atacama skies, sometimes framed by the four main domes of the very large telescope, as well as a brief \u201c behind the scenes \u201d look at what telescope operators see from inside one of the domes. in an email to national geographic, tafreshi says of the atacama : there are not many locations left on this planet where you can still experience a dark sky like this. i have been to similar dark skies in other continents, from the heart of sahara in algeria to himalayas or islands in the pacific. but what makes atacama beat others is being dry and clear for so many nights per year. it \u2019 s not permitted for tourists and regular visiting groups to stay on paranal at night time, as it might affect the expensive work time of the ultrahigh - precision telescopes. however, to enjoy the stunning night sky of atacama it \u2019 s not necessary to be on this mountain or exactly this region. \u2026 [ you ] just need to be far from the few main cities in the area and the dusty mine industry. some of our footage in this video is also made from mountains and desert areas some kilometers away from paranal. walking on the desert near paranal between the scattered stones and boulders on the pale red dust feels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44983864805687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.773654"} {"text": "in the area and the dusty mine industry. some of our footage in this video is also made from mountains and desert areas some kilometers away from paranal. walking on the desert near paranal between the scattered stones and boulders on the pale red dust feels like being on mars, but under the earth sky. one of the most astonishing experiences under such a starry sky is the view of the milky way. in several scenes of the film, the setting arc of the milky way is captured over the cloud - covered pacific coastline. the band of the milky way is bulged and becomes most brilliant toward the galactic center in the constellation sagittarius, which is prominent in these scenes. watching the arc of the milky way near the desert horizon is a true scene of science fiction. it is of course kind of sad that paranal is not open to the public, but it is a remote place, operated in a very extreme desert environment. \u2026 safety precaucions are omnipresent at paranal \u2014 the place is extremely well organized. \u2026 paranal is organized down to the minute for every day and hour, 365 days per year, to utilize the instrument research time the best possible. that said, it is still sad, because this magic place shows \u2026 how the nights on our planet can truly look like if there is no light pollution. those are silent, peaceful nights. in pauses when all equipment is running, and you have a moment off, you get immediately thrown back to yourself and to your role in the universe, in a direct, straightforward way just by watching that beautifully glowing night sky. in fact, if you stand there, you see a shadow of your feet just from the light of the milky way. in europe you have to climb some remote, distant peaks, hike into the most remote, hidden valleys, search for dark places in national parks, fly to the islands to experience such a raw, unspoiled beauty of the starry skies. in this respect, it is a good movement that the chilean government / tourism board is actively marketing their beautiful night skies and trying to protect them at the same time. i hope that other countries will also start to work on those topics. astronomer \u2019 s paradise is just the first installment in tafreshi and malin \u2019 s \u201c atacama starry nights \u201d series. the next time - lapse movie, to be released in march, will focus on the northern atacama, the valley of the moon, and another major observatory, the atacama large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45184498952322594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.776211"} {"text": "yahweh had forbidden israel all kinds of oracles in vogue among the pagans. if, for a time, he consented to reply by urim and thummim ( apparently a species of sacred lots which the high - priest carried in the cincture of his ephod, and consulted at the request of the public authorities in matters of graver moment ), yet he always abominated those who had recourse to divination and magic, practiced augury and enchantment, trusted in charms, consulted soothsayers or wizards, or interrogate the spirits of the dead ( deuteronomy 18 : 9 sqq. ). speaking of orthodox yahweism, balaam could truthfully say \" there is no soothsaying in jacob, nor divination in israel. in their times it shall be told to jacob and to israel what god hath wrought \" ( numbers 23 : 23 ). for the absence of other oracles, the chosen people were indeed more than compensated by a gift unique in the annals of mankind, to wit, the gift of prophecy and the prophetic office. ( 1 ) general idea the hebrew prophet was not merely, as the word commonly implies, a man enlightened by god to foretell events ; he was the interpreter and supernaturally enlightened herald sent by yahweh to communicate his will and designs to israel. his mission consisted in preaching as well as in foretelling. he had to maintain and develop the knowledge of the old law among the chosen people, lead them back when they strayed, and gradually prepare the way for the new kingdom of god, which the messias was to establish on earth. prophecy, in general, signifies the supernatural message of the prophet, and more especially, from custom, the predictive element of the prophetic message. ( 2 ) the hebrew names the ordinary hebrew for prophet is nabi '. its etymology is uncertain. according to many recent critics, the root nabi, not employed in hebrew, signified to speak enthusiastically, \" to utter cries, and make more or less wild gestures \", like the pagan mantics. judging from a comparative examination of the cognate words in hebrew and the other semitic tongues, it is at least equally probable that the original meaning was merely : to speak, to utter words ( cf. laur, \" die prophetennamen des a. t. \", fribourg, 1903, 14 - 38 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.511810312854982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.824411"} {"text": ", it is at least equally probable that the original meaning was merely : to speak, to utter words ( cf. laur, \" die prophetennamen des a. t. \", fribourg, 1903, 14 - 38 ). the historic meaning of nabi ' established by biblical usage is \" interpreter and mouthpiece of god \". this is forcibly illustrated by the passage, where moses, excusing himself from speaking to pharao on account of his embarrassment of speech, was answered by yahweh : \" behold i have appointed thee the god of pharao : and aaron thy brother shall be thy prophet. thou shalt speak to him all that i command thee ; and he shall speak to pharao, that he let the children of israel go out of his land \" ( exodus 7 : 1 - 2 ). moses plays towards the king of egypt the role of god, inspiring what is to be uttered, and aaron is the prophet, his mouthpiece, transmitting the inspired message he shall receive. the greek prophetes ( from pro - phanai, to speak for, or in the name of someone ) translates the hebrew accurately. the greek prophet was the revealer of the future, and the interpreter of divine things, especially of the obscure oracles of the pythoness. poets were the prophets of the muses : inspire me, muse, thy prophet i shall be \" ( pindar, bergk, fragm. 127 ). the word nabi ' expresses more especially a function. the two most usual synonyms ro ' eeh and hozeh emphasize more clearly the special source of the prophetic knowledge, the vision, that is, the divine revelation or inspiration. both have almost the same meaning ; hozeh is employed, however, much more frequently in poetical language and almost always in connexion with a supernatural vision, whereas ra ' ah, of which ro ' eh is the participle, is the usual word for to see in any manner. the compiler of the first book of kings ( ix, 9 ) informs us that before his time ro ' eh was used where nabi ' was then employed. hozeh is found much more frequently from the days of amos. there were other less specific or more unusual terms employed, the meaning of which is clear, such as, messenger of god, man of god, servant of god, man of the spirit, or inspired man, etc. it is only rarely, and at a later period,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5231023727617788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.825692"} {"text": "or more unusual terms employed, the meaning of which is clear, such as, messenger of god, man of god, servant of god, man of the spirit, or inspired man, etc. it is only rarely, and at a later period, that prophecy is called nebu ' ah, a cognate of nabi ' ; more ordinarily we find hazon, vision, or word of god, oracle ( ne um ) of yahweh, etc. ( 1 ) the first person entitled nabi ' in the old testament is abraham, father of the elect, the friend of god, favoured with his personal communications ( genesis 20 : 7 ). the next is moses, the founder and lawgiver of the theocratic nation, the mediator of the old covenant holding a degree of authority unequalled till the coming of jesus christ. \" and there arose no more a prophet in israel like unto moses, whom the lord knew face to face, in all the signs and wonders, which he sent by him, to do in the land of egypt to pharao, and to all his servants, and to his whole land, and all the mighty hand, and great miracles, which moses did before all israel \" ( deuteronomy 34 : 10 sqq. ). there were other prophets with him, but only of the second rank, such as aaron and maria, eldad and medad, to whom yahweh manifested himself in dreams and vision, but not in the audible voice with which he favoured him, who was most faithful in all his house ( numbers 12 : 7 ). of the four institutions concerning which moses enacted laws according to deuteronomy ( 14 : 18 - 18 ), one was prophecy ( 18 : 9 - 22 ; cf. 13 : 1 - 5, and exodus 4 : 1 sqq. ). israel was to listen to the true prophets, and not to heed the false but rather to extirpate them, even had they the appearance of miracle - workers. the former would speak in the name of yahweh, the one god ; and foretell things that would be accomplished or be confirmed by miracles. the latter were to come in the name of the false gods, or teach a doctrine evidently erroneous, or vainly endeavour to foretell events. later prophetic writers added as other signs of the false prophets, cupidity, flattery of the people or the nobles, or the promise of divine favour for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5057711272087915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.826729"} {"text": "a doctrine evidently erroneous, or vainly endeavour to foretell events. later prophetic writers added as other signs of the false prophets, cupidity, flattery of the people or the nobles, or the promise of divine favour for the nation weighed down with crime. balaam is both a prophet and a soothsayer ; a professional soothsayer it would seem, of whom yahweh makes use to proclaim even in moab the glorious destiny of the chosen people, when he was about to lead them into the promised land ( numbers 22 - 24 ). in the time of the judges, in addition to an unnamed prophet ( judges 6 : 8 - 10 ), we meet with debbora ( judges 4 - 5 ), \" a mother in israel \", judging the people, and communicating the divine orders concerning the war of independence to barac and the tribes. the word of god was rare in those days of anarchy and semi - apostasy, when yahweh partly abandoned israel to render it conscious of its feebleness and its sins. in the days of samuel, on the contrary, prophecy became a permanent institution. samuel was a new but lesser moses, whose divine mission it was to restore the code of the elder, and to supervise the beginning of the royalty. under his guidance, or at least closely united to him, we find for the first time the nebi ' im ( 1 samuel 10 : 19 ) grouped together to sing the praises of god to the accompaniment of musical instruments. they are not prophets in the strict sense of the word, nor are they disciples of the prophets destined to become masters in their turn ( the so - called \" schools of prophets \" ). did they wander about spreading the oracles of samuel among the people? possibly ; at all events, in order to waken the faith of israel and increase the dignity of divine worship, they seem to have received charismata similar to those bestowed upon the early christians in the apostolic days. they may not ineptly be compared with the families of singers gathered around david, under the direction of their three leaders, asaph, heman, and idithum ( 1 chronicles 25 : 1 - 8 ). doubtless the bene - nebi ' im of the days of elias, and eliseus the \" disciples of the prophets \", or \" members of the confraternities of the prophets \", forming at least three communities, domiciled respectively at gilgal, bethel, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5222077333722126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.827726"} {"text": "' im of the days of elias, and eliseus the \" disciples of the prophets \", or \" members of the confraternities of the prophets \", forming at least three communities, domiciled respectively at gilgal, bethel, and jericho, must be regarded as their successors. st. jerome seems to have understood their character aright, when he saw in them the germ of the monastic life ( p. l., xxii, 583, 1076 ). are we to consider as their degenerate and faithless successors those false prophets of yahweh whom we meet at the court of achab, numbering four hundred, and later very numerous, also fighting against isaias and micheas and especially against jeremias and ezekiel? a definite answer cannot as yet be given, but it is wrong to consider them, as certain critics do, as authentic as the true prophets, differing from them only by a more retrograde spirit, and less brilliant intellectual gifts. after samuel the first prophets properly so called who are explicitly mentioned are nathan and gad. they assist david by their counsels, and, when necessary, confront him with energetic protests. nathan ' s parable of the little sheep of the poor man is one of the most beautiful passages in prophetic history ( 2 samuel 12 : 1 sqq. ). the books of kings and paralipomenon mention a number of other \" men of the spirit \" exercising their ministry in israel or in juda. we may mention at least ahias of silo, who announced to jeroboam his elevation to the throne of the ten tribes, and the ephemeral character of his dynasty, and micheas, the son of jemla, who predicted to achab, in presence of the four hundred flattering court prophets, that he would be defeated and killed in his war against the syrians ( 1 kings 22 ). but the two greatest figures of prophecy between samuel and isaiah are elias and eliseus. yahweism was again endangered, especially by the tyrian jezabel, wife of achab, who had introduced into samaria the worship of her ph\u0153nician gods, and israel ' s faith was tottering, as it divided its worship between baal and yahweh. in juda the danger was not less menacing, king joram had married athalia, a worthy daughter of jezabel. at that moment elias appeared like a mysterious giant, and by his preaching and his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43212137337248024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.828809"} {"text": ", micheas, nahum, habacuc, sophonias, aggeus, zacharias, and malachias. the book of baruch, which is not included in the hebrew canon, is united in our bibles to the book of jeremias. the ministry of amos, the most ancient perhaps of the prophetic writers, is placed about the years 760 - 50. osee follows him immediately. next comes isaias ( about 740 - 700 ), and his contemporary micheas. sophonias, nahum, and habacuc prophesied towards the last quarter of the seventh century. jeremias about 626 - 586 ; ezechiel between 592 - 70. the prophecy of aggeus and in part that of zacharias are dated exactly in 520 and 520 - 18. malachias belongs to the middle of the fifth century. as for daniel, abdias, joel, baruch, as well as portions of isaias, jeremias, zacharias, their dates being disputed, it is necessary to refer the reader to the special articles treating of them. ( 3 ) the prophetesses the old testament gives the name nebi ' ah, to three women gifted with prophetic charismata : mary, the sister of moses ; debbora ; and holda, a contemporary of jeremias ( 2 kings 22 : 14 ) ; also to the wife of isaias meaning the spouse of a nabi ' ; finally to noadia, a false prophetess if the hebrew text is accurate, for the septuagint and vulgate speak of a false prophet ( nehemiah 6 : 14 ). ( 4 ) cessation of israelitic prophecy the prophetic institution had ceased to exist in the time of the machabees. israel clearly recognized this, and was awaiting its reappearance. its necessity had ceased. religious revelation and the moral code expressed in holy writ were full and clear. the people were being instructed by the scribes and doctors \u2014 a living magistracy, fallible, it is true, and bound overmuch by letter of the law, but withal zealous and learned. there was a feeling that the promises were about to be fulfilled and the consequent apocalypse increased and intensified this feeling. it was not unfitting, therefore, for god to allow an interval to elapse between the prophets of the old covenant and jesus christ, who was to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43959646460203516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.830942"} {"text": "were about to be fulfilled and the consequent apocalypse increased and intensified this feeling. it was not unfitting, therefore, for god to allow an interval to elapse between the prophets of the old covenant and jesus christ, who was to be the crown and consummation of their prophecies. ( 1 ) the prophetic vocation \" for prophecy came not by the will of man at any time : but the holy men of god spoke, inspired by the holy ghost \" ( 2 peter 1 : 21 ). the prophets were ever conscious of this divine mission. i am not a professional or a voluntary prophet, amos practically said to amasias, who wished to prevent him from prophesying at bethel. \" i am a herdsman plucking wild figs. and the lord took me when i followed the flock, and the lord said to me : go, prophesy to my people israel \" ( vii, 14 sq. ). again \" the lion shall roar, who will not fear? the lord god hath spoken, who shall not prophesy? \" ( iii, 8 ). isaias saw yahweh seated on a throne of glory, and when a seraph had purified his lips he heard the command \" go! \" and he received his mission of preaching to the people the terrible judgments of god. god made known to jeremias that he had consecrated him from his mother ' s womb and appointed him the prophet of nations ; he touched his lips to show that he made them his instrument for proclaiming his just and merciful judgments ( i, 10 ), a duty so painful, that the prophet endeavoured to be excused and to conceal the oracles entrusted to him. impossible ; his heart was consumed by a flame, which forced from him that touching complaint : \" thou hast deceived me, o lord, and i am deceived : thou hast been stronger that i, and thou hast prevailed \" ( xx, 7 ). ezechiel sees the glory of god borne on a fiery chariot drawn by celestial beings. he hears a voice commanding him to go and find the children of israel, that rebellious nation, with hardened heart and brazen face, and without prevarication deliver to them the warnings he was to receive. the other prophets are silent on the subject of their vocation ; doubtless they also received it as clearly and irresistibly. to the preaching and predictions of the false prophets uttering the fancies of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.450546223380899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.832429"} {"text": "them the warnings he was to receive. the other prophets are silent on the subject of their vocation ; doubtless they also received it as clearly and irresistibly. to the preaching and predictions of the false prophets uttering the fancies of their hearts and saying \" the word of yahweh \" when yahweh spoke to them not, they fearlessly oppose their own oracles as coming from heaven and compelling under penalty of revolt against god. and the manifest sanctity of their lives, the miracles wrought, the prophecies accomplished demonstrate to their contemporaries the truth of their claims. we also separated from them by thousands of years should be convinced by two irrefragable proofs among others : the great phenomenon of messianism culminating in christ and the church, and the excellence of the religious and moral teaching of the prophets. ( 2 ) supernatural knowledge : inspiration and revelation ( a ) the fact of revelation the prophet did not receive merely a general mission of preaching or predicting in yahweh ' s name : each of his words is divine, all his teaching is from above, that is, it comes to him by revelation or at least by inspiration. among the truths he preaches, there are some which he knows naturally by the light of reason or experience. it is not necessary for him to learn them from god, just as if he had been entirely ignorant of them. it suffices if the divine illumination places them in a new light, strengthens his judgment and preserves it from error concerning these facts, and if a supernatural impulse determines his will to make them the object of his message. this oral inspiration of the prophets bears an analogy to the scriptural inspiration, in virtue of which the prophets and hagiographers composed our canonical books. the entire contents of the prophetic message is not, therefore, within the compass of the natural faculties of the divine messenger. the object of all strictly so - called prediction requires a new manifestation and illumination ; unaided the prophet would remain in more or less absolute obscurity. this, then, is revelation in the full sense of the term. ( b ) manner of the revelatory communications ; canons for the interpretation of the prophecies and their fulfilment in the words of st. john of the cross and the doctors of mysticism have a special right to be heard in this matter \" god multiplies the means of transmitting these revelations ; at one time he makes use of words, at another of signs, figures,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.524439133525269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.833485"} {"text": "st. john of the cross and the doctors of mysticism have a special right to be heard in this matter \" god multiplies the means of transmitting these revelations ; at one time he makes use of words, at another of signs, figures, images, similitudes ; and again, of both words and symbols together \" ( the ascent of carmel, ii, xxvii ) : to grasp accurately the meaning of the prophets and judge of the fulfilment of their predictions, these words must be remembered and completed : the material element perceived in the vision may have a strictly literal meaning and simply signify itself. when micheas, the son of jemla, beholds \" all israel scattered upon the hills, like sheep that have no shepherd \", and hears yahweh say \" these have no master ; let every man of them return to his house in peace \" ( 1 kings 22 : 17 ), he sees exactly what will be the outcome of achab ' s expedition against the syrians at ramoth of galaad. again, the meaning may be entirely symbolic. the almond branch shown to jeremias ( i, 11 sq. ) is not shown for itself ; it is intended solely to represent by its name vigilant, the divine watchfulness, which will not allow the word of god to be unfulfilled. between these two extremes there exists a whole series of intermediary possibilities, of significations imbued with varying degrees of reality or symbolism. the son promised to david in nathan ' s prophecy ( 2 samuel 7 ) is at once solomon and the messianic king. in the last verse of aggeus zorobabel signifies himself and also the messias. neither the prophets nor their clear - sighted, sensible hearers were ever misled. it is wronging isaias to say he believed that at the end of time the hill of sion would physically surpass all the mountains and hills on the earth ( ii, 2 ). examples might be multiplied indefinitely. yet we are not forced to believe that the prophets were always able to distinguish between the literal and the symbolical significations of their visions. it was sufficient for them not to give, and to be unable to give, in the name of god any erroneous interpretation. it has likewise been long known that the vision very frequently disregards distances of time and place, and that the messias or the messianic era almost always appears on the immediate horizon of contemporary history. if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48864723405860744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.834445"} {"text": "of god any erroneous interpretation. it has likewise been long known that the vision very frequently disregards distances of time and place, and that the messias or the messianic era almost always appears on the immediate horizon of contemporary history. if to this we add the frequently conditional character of the oracles ( cf. jeremiah 18 ; 24 : 17 sqq. etc. ), and remember moreover that the prophets convey their message in words of eloquence, expressed in oriental poetry, so rich in striking colours and bold figures, the pretended distinction between realized and unrealized prophecies, predictions substantially accurate but erroneous in detail, will disappear. ( c ) state of the prophet during the vision ordinarily the vision occurred when the prophet was awake. dreams, of which the false prophets made ill use, are scarcely ever mentioned in the case of true prophets. much has been said about the ecstatic state of the latter. possibly the soul of the prophet may have been at times, as happened to the mystics, so absorbed by the activity of the spiritual faculties that the activity of the senses was suspended, though no definite instance can be cited. in any case, we must remember what st. jerome ( in isaiam, prolog. in p. l., xxiv, 19 ) and st. john chrysostom ( in i cor. homil. xxix in p. g., lxi, 240 sqq. ) remarked that the prophets always retained their self - consciousness and were never subject to the disordered and degrading psychic conditions of the pagan soothsayers and pythias ; and, instead of enigmatical and puerile sybilline oracles, their pronouncements were often sublime and always worthy of god. ( 1 ) the exterior form they usually taught orally. to this they often added symbolical acts which accorded with oriental tastes and caught the attention of their hearers. jeremias, for instance, wandered through jerusalem under a wooden yoke, symbolizing the approaching subjugation of the nations by the king of babylon. the false prophet hananias, having taken this yoke and broken it on the ground, receives this answer, in the name of yahweh \" thou hast broken chains of wood, and thou shalt make for them chains of iron \" ( xxviii, 13 ). jeremias and ezechiel make frequent use of this method of instruction. amos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5241078655787597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.835347"} {"text": "yahweh \" thou hast broken chains of wood, and thou shalt make for them chains of iron \" ( xxviii, 13 ). jeremias and ezechiel make frequent use of this method of instruction. amos was probably the first who was inspired to unite the written to the spoken word. his example was followed. the prophets thus exercised wider and more lasting influence, and left moreover an indisputable proof that god had spoken by them ( cf. isaiah 8 : 16 ). some prophecies seem to have been made exclusively in writing, for instance, probably the second part of isaias and all daniel. the greater part of the prophetic books is couched in rhythmic language perfectly adapted to the popular and, at the same time, sublime character of the oracles. hardly any kind of hebrew poesy is absent ; epithalamia and lamentations ; little satirical songs ; odes of wonderful lyrism etc. the fundamental law of hebrew poetry, the parallelism of the stichs, is usually observed. the metric seems to be based essentially on the number of accents marking a raised intonation. most exhaustive researches upon the construction of the strophes have been made, but without many definitely accepted conclusions. ( 2 ) the teaching ( a ) preaching : religion and morals, in general samuel and elias sketch out the programme of the religious and moral preaching of the later prophets. samuel teaches that the idols are vanity and nothingness ( 1 samuel 12 : 21 ) ; that yahweh alone is essentially true, and immutable ( xv, 29 ) ; that he prefers obedience to sacrifice ( xv, 22 ). for elias also yahweh alone is god, baal is nothing. yahweh chastises all iniquity and punishes the injustices of the powerful for the feeble. these are the fundamental points emphasized more and more by the prophetic writers. their doctrine is based on the existence of one god alone, possessing all the attributes of the true divinity sanctity and justice, mercy and fidelity, supreme dominion over the material and moral world, the control of the cosmic phenomena and of the course of history. the worship desired by god does not consist in the profusion of sacrifices and offerings. they are nauseous to yahweh unless accompanied by adoration in spirit and in truth. with what greater indignation and disgust will he not turn away from the cruel and unclean practice of human sacrifice and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48231294147114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.837783"} {"text": "of sacrifices and offerings. they are nauseous to yahweh unless accompanied by adoration in spirit and in truth. with what greater indignation and disgust will he not turn away from the cruel and unclean practice of human sacrifice and the prostitution of sacred things so common among the neighbouring nations. on being asked with what one should approach and kneel before the most high god, he replies by the mouth of micheas : \" i will show thee, o man, what is good, and what the lord requireth of thee ; verily to do judgment, and to love mercy, and to walk solicitous with thy god \" ( vi, 8 ). so religion joins morality, and formulates and imposes its dictates. yahweh will call the nations to account for violating the natural law, and israel, in addition, for not observing the mosaic legislation ( cf. amos 1 - 2, etc. ). and he will do this, so as to conciliate in a divine manner the rights of justice with the realization of the promises made to israel and mankind. ( b ) prophetic predictions. the day of yahweh ; the saved ; messianism ; eschatology the constant subjects of the great prophetic predictions of israel, the punishment of the guilty nations, and the realization for all of the ancient promises. directly or indirectly all the prophecies are concerned with the obstacles to be removed before the coming of the new kingdom or with the preparation of the new and final covenant. from the days of amos, and clearly it was not even then a new expectation, israel was awaiting a great day of yahweh, a day, which it deemed one of extraordinary triumph for it and its god. the prophets do not deny, but rather declare with absolute certainty that the day must come. they dispel the illusions concerning its nature. for israel, faithless and burdened with crimes, the day of yahweh will be \" darkness and not light \" ( amos 5 : 18 sqq. ). the time is approaching when the house of jacob will be sifted among the nations as wheat is shaken in the sieve and not a good seed drops to the ground ( ix, 9 ) / alas! the good seed is rare here. the bulk will perish. a remnant alone will be saved, a holy germ from which the messianic kingdom will arise. the pagan nations will serve as sievers for israel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4573218969106244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.841163"} {"text": ") / alas! the good seed is rare here. the bulk will perish. a remnant alone will be saved, a holy germ from which the messianic kingdom will arise. the pagan nations will serve as sievers for israel. but as they have wandered still further from the right path, the day of yahweh will come for them in turn ; finally the remnant of israel and the converts of the nations will unite to form a single people under the great king, the son of david. the remnant of ephraem or of juda remaining in palestine at the time of the exile, the remnant returning from the captivity to form the post - exilic community, the messianic kingdom in its militant state and its final consummation \u2014 all these stages of the history of salvation are mingled here and there in one prophetic view. the future life looms up but little, the oracles being addressed principally to the body of the nation, for which there is no future life. however, ezechiel ( xxxvii ) alludes to the resurrection of the dead ; the apocalypse of isaias ( 26 : 19 sqq. ) mentions it explicitly ; daniel speaks of a resurrection unto life everlasting and a resurrection unto eternal reproach ( 12 : 2 sqq. ). the broad daylight of the christian revelation is coming. when this dawn is about to break, prophecy then long silent finds voices anew to tell the good tidings. zachary and elizabeth, mary the virgin - mother, the old man simeon and anna the prophetess are enlightened by the holy ghost and unfold the future. soon the precursor appears, filled with the spirit and power of elias. he finds anew the accents of olden prophecy to preach penance and announce the coming of the kingdom. then it is the messias in person who, long foretold and awaited as a prophet ( deuteronomy 18 : 15, 18 ; isaiah 49 ; etc. ), does not disdain to accept this title and to fulfil its signification. his preaching and his predictions are much closer to the prophetic models than are the teachings of the rabbis. his great predecessors are as far below him as the servants are below the only son. unlike them he does not receive from without the truth which he preaches. its source is within him. he promulgates it with an authority thereunto unknown. his revelation is the definite message of the father. to understand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47801716698014246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.842080"} {"text": "only son. unlike them he does not receive from without the truth which he preaches. its source is within him. he promulgates it with an authority thereunto unknown. his revelation is the definite message of the father. to understand its meaning more and more clearly the church which he is about to establish will have throughout all ages the infallible assistance of the holy ghost. however, during the apostolic times, god continues to select certain instruments like unto the prophets of the old law to make known his will in an extraordinary manner and to foretell coming events : such, for instance, are the prophets of antioch ( acts 13 : 1, 8 ), agabus, the daughters of the evangelist philip, etc. and among the charismata ( cf. prat, ' la theologie de saint paul \", 1 pt., note h, p. 180 - 4 ) conferred so abundantly to hasten and fortify the incipient progress of the faith, one of the principal, next after the apostolic, is the gift of prophecy. it is granted \" unto edification, and exhortation, and comfort \" ( 1 corinthians 14 : 3 ). the writer of the \" didache \" informs us that in his day it was fairly frequent and widespread, and he indicates the signs by which it may be recognized ( xi, 7 - 12 ). finally the canon of the scriptures closes with a prophetic book, the apocalypse of st. john, which describes the struggles and the victories of the new kingdom while awaiting the return of its chief at the consummation of all things. cornely, historica et crit. introd. in n. t. libros sacros, ii, 2 ( paris, 1897 ), diss. iii, i, 267 - 305 ; gigot, special introd. to the study of the old testament, ii ( new york, 1906 ) 189 - 202. apa citation. ( 1911 ). prophecy, prophet, and prophetess. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 12477a. htm mla citation. \" prophecy, prophet, and prophetess. \" the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 12. new york : robert appleton company, 1911. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 12477a. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4616928924190152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.842923"} {"text": "television coverage of the earthquake and tsunami in japan last week, pales in significance, after seeing photos of the destruction. a television wide shot can give an idea of the damage, but it really hits home, when seeing a photo like the one above. it is difficult for americans to actually comprehend what has happened in japan. the country of japan has been hit by an earthquake, a tsunami and the eruption of a volcano since the earthquake hit last friday. to make things worse, the adverse conditions have caused six nuclear reactors to experience serious problems, that could result in radioactivity being released into the atmosphere. so not only are the japanese people dealing with the aftermath of a horrific earthquake and tsunami, they now are having to worry about being exposed to radioactivity. in addition, many people are missing and either are dead, or have no way of contacting their families to tell them they are safe. the day before the 9. 0 earthquake ( recently upgraded from 8. 9 ), there were only five earthquakes 5. 0 or higher reported in the east coast in the honshu, japan vicinity. however, two days before the 9. 0 earthquake, 17 earthquakes over 5. 0 magnitude, were recorded. one of those earthquakes was recorded at 7. 2 magnitude. going two days back to march 7 and march there was no seismic activity recorded in japan on those days. the 8. 9 earthquake last friday was the first seismic activity recorded last friday. 13 aftershocks were felt in the first two hours following the earthquake with one registering a magnitude of 7. 1. nine aftershocks were recorded the next hour. yesterday the honshu, japan area experienced the only 5. 0 earthquakes in the world. there have been 22 earthquakes recorded so far today in japan. the complete list of earthquakes in the world measuring 5. 0 or higher in magnitude starting on march 7 through today :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4521675112248228, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.845734"} {"text": "ad \u2019 ihani pentathlon ( sometimes quadrathlon ) is a multi - discipline winter sport developed in ad \u2019 ihan that is widely practised in both ad \u2019 ihan and liventia. the sport was first created in ad \u2019 ihan in 2129 and quickly became popular in present - day liventia, which sees more winter weather and had more winter sports facilities than its then - island territory. it is sometimes referred to as a \" winter pentathlon \", although there are different variations on the disciplines which make up a winter pentathlon. ad \u2019 ihani pentathlon consists of five disciplines, two of which are combined into a single discipline thus leading to the sport also being called a quadrathlon. the five disciplines are alpine skiing, ski jumping ( for men ) / skeleton ( for women ), speed skating, cross - country skiing and shooting, with the latter two being component disciplines of biathlon. the alpine skiing discipline has always been run as a downhill event and ski jumping has traditionally taken place on the normal hill. the distance of the speed skating race is always 1000 metres, regardless of gender, while the biathlon race is always held at sprint distance, meaning 7. 5 km for women and 10 km for men. records are not kept in the sport as the layouts of alpine skiing, skeleton and biathlon courses change from location to location, although the ad \u2019 ihani pentathlon sport union ( apsu ) recognises location records. where there is no biathlon shooting range available, the apsu allows for that discipline to be contested in its component parts as a 10 km ( for men ) or 7. 5 km ( for women ) cross - country skiing race with a separate shooting event held at an indoor range, with time penalties added to the cross - country timing for missed shots. the quadrathlon / pentathlon operates a points system as in heptathlon or decathlon, rather than a combined time system as in triathlon or a points system equalised prior to the final event as in modern pentathlon. similar to heptathlon or decathlon, the points system follows the formula pts = a \u00d7 ( b - t ) c, where t is the timed performance in seconds ( for downhill, biathlon, speed skating and skeleton ) and pts = a \u00d7 ( s \u2212 b ) c where s is the score the athlete has received for his ski jump. where an athlete fails to start, fails to finish or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5036391114713921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.852240"} {"text": "in seconds ( for downhill, biathlon, speed skating and skeleton ) and pts = a \u00d7 ( s \u2212 b ) c where s is the score the athlete has received for his ski jump. where an athlete fails to start, fails to finish or is disqualified from an event, he or she receives no points for it. however, for the inaugural ad \u2019 ihani pentathlon world series, the apsu trialled a new scoring system awarding points equal to exactly half ( rounded down to the nearest full point ) of the last finisher for any contestant failing to finish or disqualified from an event. | men ' s alpine skiing downhill | | 0. 144 | | 270 | | 1. 81 | | men ' s biathlon sprint | | 0. 007631 | | 3350 | | 1. 583 | | men ' s ski jumping normal hill | | 71. 85 | | 40 | | 0. 6 | | men ' s speed skating 1000 metres | | 0. 22 | | 180 | | 1. 827 | | women ' s alpine skiing downhill | | 0. 144 | | 260 | | 1. 81 | | women ' s biathlon sprint | | 0. 00812 | | 2900 | | 1. 595 | | women ' s skeleton single run | | 0. 493 | | 126 | | 1. 79 | | women ' s speed skating 1000 metres | | 0. 19 | | 200 | | 1. 82 | for comparison, the bronze medal - winning and last - placed performances at the component events in the fifth winter olympics would have earned : | event | | fifth winter olympics performance | | bronze medal | | last finisher | | difference | | men ' s alpine skiing downhill | | 1413 pts | | 1235 pts | | 12. 6 % | | men ' s biathlon sprint | | 1027 pts | | 700 pts | | 31. 8 % | | men ' s ski jumping normal hill | | 1055 pts | | 681 pts | | 35. 5 % | | men ' s speed skating 1000 metres | | 1199 pts | | 1134 pts | | 5. 4 % | | men ' s total | | 4694 pts | | 3750 pts | | 20. 1 % | | women ' s alpine skiing downhill | | 1151 pts | | 982 pts | | 14. 7 % | | women ' s biathlon sprint | | 984 pts | | 437 pts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4979950822077699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.853082"} {"text": "##0 pts | | 20. 1 % | | women ' s alpine skiing downhill | | 1151 pts | | 982 pts | | 14. 7 % | | women ' s biathlon sprint | | 984 pts | | 437 pts | | 55. 6 % | | women ' s skeleton | | 895 pts | | 827 pts | | 7. 6 % | | women ' s speed skating 1000 metres | | 1223 pts | | 1131 pts | | 7. 5 % | | women ' s total | | 4253 pts | | 3377 pts | | 20. 6 % | competition in ad \u2019 ihan and liventia due to uncommon winter weather in ad \u2019 ihan, a national championship is only organised locally if a prolonged period of snow is expected. the ad \u2019 ihani national championship is usually run in conjunction with the liventian national championship in liventia, with entrants from both countries in the same event being eligible for their respective national titles. there are two major ad \u2019 ihani pentathlon competitions each year held in liventia ( where it was for a time known as \" outer islands quadrathlon \" during increased ad \u2019 ihani \u2013 liventian inflammatory rhetoric ) : the national championship every january and the apsu world open every november. a short professional season is also held from november through january, opened by the apsu world open and concluding with the two national championships. the comite national olympique pour les iles ad \u2019 ihanaises proposed that ad \u2019 ihani pentathlon be a demonstration sport at the sixth winter olympics in ashton, krytenia, with the backing of the liventia olympic association and five other olympic committees including the host committee. the sport was approved as a demonstration event as winter pentathlon, with events held for both men and women. kitomi hamazuki, a japanese liventian who also competes on the domestic liventian and ad \u2019 ihani circuit, won the women ' s event by a margin of 41 points with 4105 points. sorthern northland ' s arnaldur \u00feorbjarnarson won the men ' s event by a far smaller margin of just five points, totalling 4082 points.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43893410057091087, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.853917"} {"text": "a new era of space travel is about to begin. spacex \u2019 s dragon capsule is set to make a historic flight just before dawn on may 19. dragon is expected to launch from cape canaveral, florida, to rendezvous and possibly dock with the international space station. the brain - child of paypal founder elon musk, spacex has mounted several successful space flights into low earth orbit with its falcon 9 rocket, including the maiden voyage of the dragon capsule in 2010. spacex seeks to eventually provide manned access to space as well. the launch was set for may 7th but it was pushed back so the engineers could reassess the flight software. that places the launch of a soyuz with the second half of expedition 31 in line for the next launch to the international space station ( iss ) from the baikonur cosmodrome in kazakhstan on may 15. this will once again bring the crew compliment of the iss up to its standard six. the iss has been continuously occupied since november 2001 and has provided an on - site orbiting laboratory for zero - g experiments and studies into the effects of long term space flight on human physiology. if all goes well, the launch of the falcon 9 should be a dramatic pre - dawn spectacle visible for hundreds of miles up the u. s. eastern seaboard. the chase will then be on as the dragon capsule is set to rendezvous with the iss on may 21, and approach and dock with the station on may 22 delivering 520 kilograms of food, fuel and cargo. as of this writing, may 22 is set as the backup launch date. the good news is that you can spot the iss and approaching dragon capsule, using nothing more sophisticated than your eyes. about the size of a football field, the iss can be as bright as venus as it drifts overhead in the dawn or dusk skies. with an orbital inclination of 51. 6 degrees, anyone from between latitude on 55 degrees north to 55 degrees south can see the iss. in fact, high latitudes around 50 degrees from the equator may see several illuminated passes in one night! this flight is vital to demonstrate that commercial space can \u201c bring home the goods \u201d and be a viable alternative for space access. several startup companies exist ready to jump into the business, at a time when the space shuttle has been decommissioned and the nasa budget is at low ebb for the foreseeable future. the failure of an unmanned progress vehicle in 2011 demonstrates the current tenuous link that nations have to the orbiting outpost, and suspension of soyuz flights would mean the abandonment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4788634208921017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.857400"} {"text": "dairy farmers in the north country power up equipment every day to finish chores, but they rely on the brainpower of researchers to tell them the latest strategies for making their operations profitable. thats why about a dozen farmers took time tuesday at the ramada inn, 21000 route 3, to listen to researchers from cornell university, ithaca, report findings from multiyear research projects funded by the northern new york agricultural development program. highlighted were studies on how predatory worms called nematodes are being used to combat the invasion of the alfalfa snout beetle, the latest strategies for planting winter cover crops and a free online tool that helps farmers cut spring fertilizer costs. many farmers are applying the microscopic roundworms called nematodes to their alfalfa crops to battle the alfalfa snout beetle, said cornell entomology professor elson j. shields, who has conducted research on the beetle since the late 1980s. results have been especially promising in an ongoing study since 2007 on the effectiveness of the method. research has been conducted in 161 fields on 51 farms in six counties, mainly jefferson, lewis and st. lawrence. equipment for treating fields with nematodes is simple and inexpensive. once the nematodes are mixed with water in a large bucket or garbage can, they are applied to fields in rows with a golf cart or atv equipped with a spray rig, such as a pvc pipe with holes, that allows gravity to distribute the water. farmers can breed their own nematodes by purchasing cups of wax worms to inoculate. a $ 150 purchase of wax worms to breed nematodes will allow treatment of an estimated 5 acres. mr. shields said nematodes usually need to be applied only once. once the microorganisms are in the soil, they may be spread farther throughout fields by plows and harvesting equipment. the study suggested that if the presence of the snout beetle is left untreated, alfalfa losses can climb up to $ 381 per acre after four years. in contrast, the cost to apply nematodes is roughly $ 30 an acre. once you treat an infected area, you can restore the alfalfa when the beetles die out, mr. shields said. and two years worth of plowing can spread ( nematodes ) to an entire field. farmers have a good reason to be internet - savvy an online tool that helps them save money on nitrogen fertilizer was highlighted by cornell researcher bianca moebius - clune, who has worked on the project for the past", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41464204165426866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.865519"} {"text": "an entire field. farmers have a good reason to be internet - savvy an online tool that helps them save money on nitrogen fertilizer was highlighted by cornell researcher bianca moebius - clune, who has worked on the project for the past decade. the free service, adapt - n, helps farmers accurately predict how much fertilizer they need by using a computer model that factors in current farm and weather patterns. the tool is available at http : / / adapt - n. cals. cornell. edu. farmers normally use the same amount of nitrogen fertilizer every year. doing so is problematic, however, because rainy weather during the spring calls for more fertilizer than usual, while dry conditions call for less. thats where the online tool becomes useful : based on 60 trials on farms in iowa and new york since 2011, farmers saved anywhere from 25 to 60 pounds of fertilizer by using the tool, ms. moebius - clune said. eighty percent of farmers who participated in the study saved on fertilizer costs an average of $ 24 an acre. for example, dairy farmer robert donald of moravia in cayuga county saved about $ 70, 000 in fertilizer costs by using the online tool. he used 210 pounds of fertilizer to treat 1, 000 acres of corn in 2010, which he dropped to 80 pounds in 2011 based on calculations from the program. this is a very precise tool that farmers have never had before, ms. moebius - clune said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41395675960873496, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.866060"} {"text": "these days, the use of database stored procedures is regarded by many as a bad practice. those that dislike stored procedures tend to regard them as incompatible with the three - tier architecture : by breaking up an application into tiers, developers only have to modify or add a specific layer, rather than have to rewrite the entire application over. there should be a presentation tier, a business or data access tier, and a data tier. this is illustrated as follows : note that the \" tiers \" in the figure should actually be labelled \" layers \", for as the accompanying wikipedia article says : the concepts of layer and tier are often used interchangeably. however, one fairly common point of view is that there is indeed a difference, and that a layer is a logical structuring mechanism for the elements that make up the software solution, while a tier is a physical structuring mechanism for the system infrastructure. in fact, those that argue that stored procedures are bad tend to equate the three logical layers with three physical tiers : - data layer = data tier ( database ) - logic layer = middle tier ( application server ) - presentation layer = presentation tier but if we accept the above definition of \" layers \" and \" tiers \", it is obvious that the following is a valid mapping as well : - data layer = data tier ( database ) - logic layer = data tier ( database ) - presentation layer = presentation tier in other words, the database becomes our \" logic layer \" through the use of database stored procedures, which, as the name implies, are physically stored ( and executed ) in the database. ( and although i use the term \" stored procedure \", i ' m primarily talking about oracle and pl / sql, where the pl / sql code should be put in packages rather than stand - alone procedures. ) but why is this a bad idea? in fact, as it turns out, it might not be a bad idea at all. the usual reasons given against the use of stored procedures for \" business logic \" ( or for anything at all, really ) tend to be myths ( or outright lies ), repeated so many times that they are taken as the truth. so let ' s bust these myths, once and for all. and whenever someone argues against stored procedures using one of these myths, just give them a link to this blog post. ( and leave comments to prove me wrong, if you will. ) myth # 1 : stored procedures can ' t be version controlled stored procedure code lives in text files, which can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5093356835875664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.875547"} {"text": "of these myths, just give them a link to this blog post. ( and leave comments to prove me wrong, if you will. ) myth # 1 : stored procedures can ' t be version controlled stored procedure code lives in text files, which can be version controlled like any other piece of code or document. storing / compiling the code in the database is just like ( re - ) deploying any other code. claiming that stored procedures cannot be version controlled ( because they are in the database ) is like saying your application source code ( java, c # or whatever ) cannot be version controlled because it is compiled and deployed to an application server. myth # 2 : managing the impact of changes in the database is hard databases such as oracle have built - in fine - grained dependency tracking. a wealth of information about your code is exposed via data dictionary views. myth # 3 : database tools lack modern ide features there are a number of free and commercial pl / sql code editors and ides, and all have various levels of syntax highlighting, code insight and refactoring support. myth # 4 : stored procedures always result in spaghetti code to this, i can only say that bad programmers can make pasta in any language ( the above is a visual representation of a java or. net enterprise framework \" several dozen megabytes chock full of helper classes like ienterpriseauthenticationproviderfactorymanagementfactory \" ). and a good programmer can create \" beautiful \" code in cobol, visual basic, php... and any stored procedure language, for that matter. myth # 5 : code in the database can \u2019 t be properly encapsulated and reused, you need an object - oriented language for that pl / sql packages, views, pipelined functions and ref cursors offer encapsulation and reuse. and pl / sql has object - oriented features, too. myth # 6 : stored procedure languages are primitive, they lack basic features such as exception handling and dynamic execution pl / sql has had proper exception handling from the start, over 20 years ago ( although exception handling was only introduced to sql server in 2005 ). dbms _ sql, execute immediate and \" weak \" ref cursors enable dynamic execution of code. parameter overloading and the anydata and anytype types allow for generic code to be written. myth # 7 : debugging stored procedures is hard / impossible both oracle and sql server have built - in debugging capabilities, exposed via graphical user interfaces", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48512322886293646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.876714"} {"text": "it is claimed that putting logic in the database \" mixes concerns \", which must be a bad thing. the problem with \" business logic \" is that nobody has a clear definition of what it is ( but \" you ' ll know it when you see it \" ). for example, where do you draw the line between \" data logic \" and \" business logic \"? primary keys, foreign key constraints, unique key constraints, not null constraints, check constraints - - are these \" data logic \" or \" business logic \"? \" discount must be between 0 % and 5 % \", is that a business rule or a data constraint, and / or is it a validation rule in the presentation layer? the fact is, if you move all your logic into stored procedures, you entirely avoid the \" mixing of concerns \" between the data tier and the logic tier. ( and if you think such an approach dooms your project to failure, consider the next myth, which features an example of a massive [ and wildly successful ] application written entirely in the database. ) oh, and by the way, if your business logic is somewhere else than in the database, you always run the risk of someone or something bypassing your middle tier ( for example by logging in with sql * plus ), directly updating the database and possibly corrupting the data. so let ' s turn this around and conclude instead that : \" if your business logic is not in the database, it is only a recommendation. \" myth # 11 : stored procedures can ' t scale a frequent argument against stored procedures is that by placing all the work in the database server, your solution won ' t be able to scale up, because you need \" application servers \" in the middle tier to do that. the scalability of the database is limited by the fact that you can only have a single database server ( or you need to rewrite your code to work with partitioned / sharded databases like facebook have done ). of course, a lot of the people who throw around this kind of argument have never worked on an application or website which needed to scale up to millions of users ( and to be clear, neither have i ). that ' s because the vast majority of us work on much smaller enterprise business systems or \" normal \" websites ( perhaps even the kind of website that can be well served with free database software on a server with less juice than your laptop ). but stored procedures can scale. it ' s only a matter of money. and if you have millions of users,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5174219271334515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.879013"} {"text": "( perhaps even the kind of website that can be well served with free database software on a server with less juice than your laptop ). but stored procedures can scale. it ' s only a matter of money. and if you have millions of users, you should be able to afford decent hardware. let ' s use oracle application express ( apex ) as an example of a big and complex pl / sql application : \" [ application express ] lives completely within your oracle database. it is comprised of nothing more than data in tables and large amounts of pl / sql code. the essence of oracle application express is approximately 425 tables and 230 pl / sql packages containing 425, 000 + lines of code. \" this pl / sql application can be deployed anywhere from your laptop to any kind of server : the biggest and fastest server you can buy is currently oracle exadata. \" an 8 rack configuration has a raw disk capacity of 3, 360 tb and 1, 680 cpu cores for sql processing. larger configurations can be built with additional infiniband switches. \" oracle makes bold claims about this machine : \" oracle claims that (.. ) two exadata database systems would be able to handle facebook \u2019 s entire computing load. \" it ' s hard for me to verify that claim, not being associated with neither oracle nor facebook, but let ' s assume it has at least some truth to it. so what about running our \" stored procedure \" application on exadata? \" does apex work on exadata? \" yep, exadata is just oracle. let me say that again : it \u2019 s just oracle. exadata runs an 11. 2 database on linux x64. it \u2019 s the exact same binary install if you download those binaries for \u201c generic \u201d linux x64 11. 2 from otn. so, if your code / app runs on 11. 2, it runs on exadata. (.. ) the apex dev team ( my old friends and colleagues ) did absolutely nothing to port their code to exadata. i ' ve run a number of customer benchmarks with customer ' s data and queries and have yet to make a single change to their queries or structures to make them work on exadata. \" so... without changing a single of those 425, 000 lines of code, this \" stored procedure \" application can run on my old laptop ( i ' ve even tried it on an asus eee netbook ), or it can run with 1, 680 cpu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44065994144274123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.880309"} {"text": "is a plant in the geranium family that grows in south africa. it has heart - shaped leaves and narrow flowers of deep, saturated red. it has a long history of traditional use in southern africa for treatment of respiratory problems. the root is the part used medicinally. an alcohol extract made from has become popular in germany as a treatment for various respiratory problems, including pharyngitis ( sore throat ), and tonsillitis. fairly large studies have been performed to substantiate some of these uses. for example, in one, placebo - controlled study, 468 adults with recent onset of acute bronchitis were given either placebo or a standard alcohol extract of 3 times daily for a week. the results showed a significantly greater improvement in symptoms in the treatment group as compared to the placebo group. on average, participants who received the real treatment were able to return to work 2 days earlier than those given placebo. benefits were also seen in 2 other double - blind, placebo - controlled studies enrolling a total of almost 350 people with acute bronchitis. when researchers pooled the results of four well - designed, placebo - controlled trials, they found that a standardized extract of performed significantly better than placebo at reducing the symptoms of bronchitis by the seventh day of treatment. given this evidence, appears to be effective for acute bronchitis. another double - blind, placebo - controlled study enrolled 143 children aged 6 - 10 years with a nondangerous form of ( technically, non - group a beta hemolytic strep tonsillopharyngitis ). on average, the total duration of the illness was reduced by 2 days in the treatment group as compared to the placebo group. : only a medical test can distinguish between the relatively nondangerous form of strep throat studied in this trial ( non - group a strep ) and strep throat of the potentially very dangerous a form ( group a strep ). for this reason, physician supervision is essential. see the article for more information. finally, a double - blind study of 133 adults who had just come down with the found that use of a standardized pelargonium extract at a dose of 30 ml three times daily significantly reduced the severity and duration of symptoms as compared to placebo. it is not known how might work, but its action is hypothesized to involve both direct antibacterial effects and immune function modification. a typical adult dose of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47950043761453054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.886136"} {"text": "we have a choice 20120604102 \u2013 from the uto ni yalo progressing at an average speed of 9 knots in a south westerly direction. our nautical chart, which we are plotting every 2 - 3 hours, shows our path will take us past wailagilala atoll in northern lau [ right now we are seeing the island of niuafo ' ou ]. there are only two true atolls in fiji with wailagilala being one and qelelevu being the other. the \u201c true \u201d atoll is in a stage of geological development where there \u2019 s a ring of raised reefs surrounding a central and shallow lagoon with one or more breaks in this reef which can be used as passages inside. the healthy lagoon has many amazing coral heads and myriad reef fish including good sized sharks. in addition atolls possess one or more \u201c motus \u2019 \u2013 small islets, low lying sand areas overgrown with vegetation. the larger ones can support significant plant growth including trees that may be as tall as 50 feet! atolls in other archipelagos are often uninhabited as they do not have continual fresh water supplies and thus marine species and in particular sea birds abound. colonies of terns that number in the millions have been observed. pacific sea birds breed on motus either on the bare sandy ground, under overlying limestone rocks, in burrows easily excavated in the sand or in shrubs or trees. by sharing available nesting space many more species can utilise existing and precious territory. for instance sooty terns lay their eggs on sandy ground with their eggs [ shell pattern ] blending in with the variegated ground. fairy or white terns prefer laying their single egg in the elbow created between a tree trunk and an extended branch! why doesn \u2019 t the egg roll off? it \u2019 s in the egg shape \u2013 it \u2019 s not oval but almost conical thus the egg stays put more or less wedged into the elbow. red - tailed tropic birds, being unable to maneuver on land, nest under exposed limestone slabs which enable them to leave the shelter and fly directly into the wind over the reef. whereas the white - tailed tropic bird nests high up in the hollows in tree trunks. red - footed boobies nest in low lying shrubs in a platform nest that both parents help to build out of sticks. their neighbours in other shrub varieties are the frigate birds who can simply unfold their wings and from the platform nest simply ease into the wind \u2013 a marvel of avian aeronautical \u201c technology \u201d! not to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4415198903088054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.892785"} {"text": "both parents help to build out of sticks. their neighbours in other shrub varieties are the frigate birds who can simply unfold their wings and from the platform nest simply ease into the wind \u2013 a marvel of avian aeronautical \u201c technology \u201d! not to be outdone both brown and masked boobies, larger cousins of the red - footed ones, nest on bare ground often swept clean by their tails! this gives you an idea as to how so many sea birds can \u201c nest \u201d on one motu. many migratory shore birds land along the sandy beaches of these motus and forage for food there. curlews, godwits, whimbrels, plovers, turnstones, tattlers and sandpipers are but a few of the species that have been observed there. in the northern hawaiian chain it would not be uncommon to find green sea turtles and monk seals in the hundreds sharing sand quays. on french frigate shoals they share common areas with many sea bird species. hopefully one day in the not too distant future we in fiji can enjoy observing that many sea turtles in one area. observing animals in their natural habitat is a joy. it is more soothing and certainly more therapeutic than watching television! there is something that leaves a person in awe when, like today, a phoenix petrel flew by and shared a few moments with us. it almost seemed like it was relishing being able to fly. this is said knowing that we tend to anthropomorphise animal behaviour [ give them human intentions and feelings ]. i will risk the \u201c slings and arrows \u201d of those who claim science answers all questions and say that this medium sized sea bird was reveling in the wind. it would glide along the wave trough, dip one wing as if in a salute and then lift out and soar only to repeat itself over and over! sure it was searching for surface food. i know it \u2019 s \u201c only \u201d a bird, but better to possess the willingness to suspend disbelief and allow the bird to \u201c enjoy \u201d flight than to over - analyse and take the imagination out of it! this morning our paths crossed a pod of 5 small sperm whales, identified by their left and forward \u201c blow \u201d. it reminded us of our first magical encounter with these uncommon cetaceans when we crossed the equator with another pod. there is something almost metaphysical about watching these wonderfully adapted mammals cruise the oceans with virtually no fear of man. can something be both heartening and sad at the same time?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46085495747542105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.893714"} {"text": "these uncommon cetaceans when we crossed the equator with another pod. there is something almost metaphysical about watching these wonderfully adapted mammals cruise the oceans with virtually no fear of man. can something be both heartening and sad at the same time? we have been so fortunate in being able to encounter all kinds of marine life [ a summary will be shared at a later date ] in our journey, but at the same time not seeing some species where we had anticipated seeing them. we shudder to think this may be a sign of things to come. an omen, perhaps a dirge to all those marine animals gone because of our human greed, lack of wisdom and stewardship and simply because we didn \u2019 t care until it was too late. we still have a choice. will it be the cacophony of sea bird colonies ; the hiss and spray of whales surfacing ; the thrill of watching an eight foot marlin perform a tail walk or simply the \u201c hold your breath \u201d feeling one gets as a 10 foot hammerhead shark swims underneath him or will it be a poem somewhere in some little read tome that laments the passing of these marine marvels???? tabu soro friends it \u2019 s still up to you. in sports \u2013 the ball is squarely in your court what ever happens, it \u2019 s on your shoulders! fiji here we come!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4414336058145203, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.894247"} {"text": "\u00a9 2009 pandora \u2019 s aquarium by : katy many of us, in response to being told that being abused as children was not our fault, respond with the line, \u201c \u2026 but i never told anybody? \u201d. we berate ourselves for not being able to tell, and somehow conclude that the fact that we \u201c didn \u2019 t tell anyone \u201d about the abuse, somehow makes us culpable for it. as an older teen or adult, it is very easy to look back and think of all the missed opportunities for when we could have broken the silence. but what \u2019 s very very important to remember, is that when we do this, we are looking back from the perspective of an adult, not from the perspective of a confused and / or frightened child. it ' s necessary to remind ourselves of why we didn \u2019 t tell as children, so that we can perhaps have more acceptance, compassion and understanding of our child selves. there are so many reasons that children feel they are unable to report sexual abuse, and many survivors have more than one reason for keeping it secret. this is by no means an exhaustive list, but here are some of those reasons. maybe you can identify with one or two of them. - \u201c no one will believe me \u201d : abusers very often threaten that if you tell, no one is going to believe you. you then face the risk of looking like you are telling lies, and perhaps even that you will get punished for not telling the truth. after all, children believe that adults believe other adults over children. - threats of harm to others : abusers can openly threaten that if you tell, then they are going to punish you by hurting someone you love. it \u2019 s not unusual for an abuser to threaten that they will, for example, kill the family pet, or hurt a parent or sibling. this, especially to a young child, is incredibly scary \u2013 and can result in believeing you are responsible for keeping silent in order to protect others that you care about. - threats of further harm to yourself : abusers can also threaten even worse punishments for you is you do tell. they can think up punishments that literally freeze survivors into silence. - \u201c it \u2019 s my fault \u201d : many abusers \u201c groom \u201d their victims, and over time, they can make you feel that you have been doing something wrong, and that you are guilty of what \u2019 s been happening. if this is said often enough to you, then you start to believe it. you may be told that if anyone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4581678620126103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.903695"} {"text": "time, they can make you feel that you have been doing something wrong, and that you are guilty of what \u2019 s been happening. if this is said often enough to you, then you start to believe it. you may be told that if anyone finds out then you will be sent to a children \u2019 s home or a jail for children, and that everyone will think you are x, y, and z. its understandable therefore, that many children don \u2019 t tell because they are frightened of being blamed for being complicit in the abuse. - not wanting the abuser to get into trouble : as many abusers are close to their child victims i. e. a parent, sibling, family friend, religious leader etc. then sometimes the child doesn \u2019 t want the abuser to get into trouble. they can fear the abuser being sent to prison, or being told they are not allowed to see this person again \u2013 and obviously if you feel love for that person, then silence often wins through. the idea of being responsible for the break up of their family, in particular, can be too much to bear. - \u201c i don \u2019 t know what to say \u201d : obviously a childs \u2019 vocabulary, especially when talking about sexual acts, is not as sophisticated as that of an adult. there are very real practical barriers to telling, like not knowing what words to use, or not knowing how to bring it up in conversation. even many adults struggle to talk about sex, especially when abusive in nature, and so how could you expect yourself as a child to be able to do this. also, if you are very confused about what exactly has been done to you, it is almost impossible to know how to describe it. - bribery : some children are bribed in order to keep a secret. for example, the abuser may promise to give you money, or may buy you nice things. these \u201c rewards \u201d can very much confuse your feelings towards the abuser and towards the abuse itself. - \u201c but i liked it \u201d : some survivors keep silent because of things about what \u2019 s happening that are deemed \u201c positive \u201d. for example, children who are very deprived of love and affection, may crave the love and affection they feel they are receiving from their abuser. some human contact is better than no human contact. understandably, sexual stimulation can also result in arousal, and this can be very confusing for a child to disentagle the nice feelings with the bad feelings. it can make a child feel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47441884684949476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.906710"} {"text": "due process as separation of powers nathan s. chapman stanford constitutional law center michael w. mcconnell stanford law school february 14, 2012 yale law journal, forthcoming stanford public law working paper no. 2005406 from its conceptual origin in magna charta, due process of law has required that government can only deprive persons of rights pursuant to a coordinated effort of separate institutions that make, execute, and adjudicate claims under the law. originalist debates about whether the fifth or fourteenth amendments were understood to entail modern \" substantive due process \" have obscured the way that many american lawyers and courts understood due process to limit the legislature from the revolutionary era through the civil war. they understood due process to prohibit legislatures from directly depriving persons of rights, especially vested property rights, because it was the court ' s role to do so pursuant to established and general law. this principle was applied against insufficiently general and prospective legislative acts under a variety of state and federal constitutional provisions through the antebellum era. contrary to the claims of some scholars, however, there was virtually no precedent before the fourteenth amendment for invalidating laws that restricted liberty or the use of property. contemporary resorts to originalism to support modern due process doctrines are therefore misplaced. understanding due process as a particular instantiation of separation of powers does, however, shed new light on a number of key 20th century cases which have not been fully analyzed under the requirements of due process of law. number of pages in pdf file : 116 keywords : constitution, due process, due process of law, separation of powers, legislative power, constitutional history, originalismaccepted paper series date posted : february 19, 2012 \u00a9 2013 social science electronic publishing, inc. all rights reserved. this page was processed by apollo2 in 0. 437 seconds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5247784965336681, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.909123"} {"text": "cross - posted at grist. a recent post on grist attempted to dismantle the intellectual foundations of free market environmentalism \u2014 the application of markets and property rights to solve environmental problems. but far from toppling a burgeoning movement within modern environmentalism, it succeeded only in misrepresenting the subject. to recap : clark williams - derry claimed that while free market environmentalism may be effective in some areas of the environment ( e. g., fisheries management ), its reliance upon unrealistic assumptions about the real world largely relegates it to useless intellectual theorizing. in particular, the coase theorem \u2014 an important component of market - based environmentalism named for nobel prize - winning economist ronald coase \u2014 amounts to \u201c a quirky but not particularly relevant bit of theoretical math. \u201d while there is certainly much more to free market environmentalism than the work of coase ( see terry anderson and donald leal \u2019 s book free market environmentalism for more details ), i focus here mostly on the misinformed critique of coase that has been used to discredit free market environmentalism. so, who is coase, what is his theorem, and what does it have to do with free market environmentalism? ronald coase \u2019 s 1960 paper \u201c the problem of social cost \u201d challenged the way economists thought about competing uses of resources. in short, the coase theorem states that if property rights are fully specified and the costs of coordinating transactions between agents are zero, bargaining will lead to an efficient outcome, regardless of how rights are initially assigned. to illustrate : suppose a farmer and a refinery are both located along a river. according to the coase theorem, as long as property rights to the use of the river are clearly defined and the costs of transacting with one another are zero, the amount of effluent disposed in the river by the refinery will be the same regardless of who has the property right. if the farmer had the right to have the river \u2019 s water free of the refinery \u2019 s waste, the refinery could compensate him in exchange for a partial right to discharge effluent into the river. if the refinery had the right to use the river for effluent discharge, the farmer could compensate the refinery in exchange for less effluent released into the river. in this stylized example, voluntary negotiations between the farmer and the refinery will result in the optimal amount of effluent discharged in the river, as long as property rights are defined to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.56625253172264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.915581"} {"text": "in exchange for less effluent released into the river. in this stylized example, voluntary negotiations between the farmer and the refinery will result in the optimal amount of effluent discharged in the river, as long as property rights are defined to one of them. this would occur without taxes imposed, water - use regulations devised, or subsidies doled out to try to control the use of the river. but as was correctly noted ( and astute readers have no doubt picked up on ), the real world is much more complex ; negotiation is costly, multiple agents are often affected, and information is diffuse. so, coase \u2019 s theorem \u2014 and free market environmentalism in general \u2014 is irrelevant in the real world, right? wrong. coase \u2019 s chief accomplishment was to encourage the economics profession to move away from the abstract mathematical tinkering that often bears no resemblance to the real world. he introduced the world to the reality of transaction costs, the costs of coordinating exchanges in the market. for decades, economists had devised policy prescriptions based on faulty assumptions of perfect competition, complete information, and, although it wasn \u2019 t framed in these terms, zero transaction costs. as coase later wrote, \u201c what my argument does suggest is the need to introduce positive transaction costs explicitly into economic analysis so that we can study the world that exists. \u201d despite the claim that his theory is \u201c mathematical, \u201d coase \u2019 s work lacks even a single equation. coase \u2019 s ideas are about reality, not theoretical math \u2013 a reason why he rejects what he calls \u201c blackboard economics \u201d because \u201c it does not study the real world. \u201d building upon coase \u2019 s essay on social cost, economists began focusing attention on property rights institutions and their ability to lower transaction costs. free market environmentalism recognizes that when property rights are well defined, disputes over resource use can often be resolved locally and cooperatively. this is in sharp contrast to the conventional command - and - control approach to environmentalism that is characterized by top - down management, special interests, and zero - sum \u201c i - win - you - lose \u201d outcomes. this is not to say free market environmentalists don \u2019 t believe in the presence of high transaction costs. to be sure, sufficiently high transaction costs can present significant hurdles for market - based solutions. but oftentimes, this presents an opportunity for entrepreneurs to step in and define property rights that lower such costs. these environmental entrepreneurs, call them \u201c enviropreneurs, \u201d are the often - unreco", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.55649518986988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.916784"} {"text": "for market - based solutions. but oftentimes, this presents an opportunity for entrepreneurs to step in and define property rights that lower such costs. these environmental entrepreneurs, call them \u201c enviropreneurs, \u201d are the often - unrecognized agents of change that contract with rights holders to keep water instream for fish and wildlife habitat, compensate livestock owners for their losses due to wolf depredation, and develop ecosystem services markets for water quality and endangered species habitat. of course, the transaction costs associated with some environmental problems can be too high for even entrepreneurs to handle. for property rights and markets, the atmosphere is in many ways the new frontier. however, in such instances, the common law legal system historically played an important role in resolving resource conflicts in a coasean manner. before being shoved aside in the 1970s by the more politically attractive federal statute law, common law made it clear that no polluter had the right to impose unwanted costs on the owners of private property. centuries of legal precedence affirmed that people had a legal right to have their property free from pollution. upon examining the history the common law, economists roger meiners and bruce yandle concluded that the common law \u201c can protect the environment more effectively and fairly than can congressional statutes and bureaucratic regulations. \u201d when property rights are well defined, the free market environmentalism approach is bottom - up, not top - down. this addresses the key knowledge problem that plagues much of environmental policy. how do distant policymakers possess the information necessary to design the \u201c socially optimal \u201d tax, regulation, or subsidy that will result in the optimal level of pollution? it is here that the ideas of another, perhaps more important, luminary of free market environmentalism, f. a. hayek, come to light. knowledge in society is dispersed and \u201c not given to anyone in its totality, \u201d he wrote in his seminal 1945 article. hayek suggested that the information required to effectively allocate resources depends on very specific circumstances of time and place. because of this fact, the spontaneous ordering among the many supersedes the special wisdom of the few. hayek \u2019 s emphasis on market institutions and decentralized decision making is the essence of free market environmentalism. curiously, many discussions of environmental policy ignore hayek \u2019 s knowledge problem, assuming instead that regulators and politicians will yield effective environmental results. but alas, much server space has been occupied by those frustrated with the sad result of political environmentalism. critics admonish free market environmentalism because \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5381079388364977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.918176"} {"text": "hubris as the evil force in history june 14, 2012 by paul craig roberts i have always been intrigued by the battle of bull run, the opening battle of the u. s. civil war, known to southerners as the war of northern aggression. extreme hubris characterized both sides : the north before the battle and the south afterward. republican politicians and ladies in their finery rode in carriages to manassas, the virginia town through which the stream bull run flowed, to watch the union army end the \u201c southern rebellion \u201d in one fell swoop. what they witnessed instead was the union army fleeing back to washington with its tail between its legs. the flight of the northern troops prompted some southern wags to name the skirmish the \u201c battle of yankee run. \u201d the outcome of the battle left the south infected with the hubris that had so abruptly departed the north. the southerners concluded that they had nothing to fear from cowards who ran away from a fight. \u201c we have nothing to worry about from them, \u201d decided the south. it was precisely at this point that hubris defeated the south. historians report that the flight back to washington left the union army and the u. s. capital in a state of disorganization for three weeks, during which time even a small army could have taken the capital. historians who are inclined not to see the battle as a victory for the south claim that the southerners were exhausted by the effort it took to put the yankees to flight and that they simply didn \u2019 t have the energy to pursue them, take washington, hang the traitor abraham lincoln and all the republicans, and end the war. exhausted troops or not, had napoleon bonaparte been the southern general, the still organized southern army would have been in washington as fast as the disorganized union. possibly, the southerners would have engaged in ethnic cleansing by enslaving the yankees and selling them to africans, thus ejecting from the country the greed - driven northern imperialists who, in the southern view, did not know how to behave either in private or in public. it was not southern exhaustion that saved the day for the north. it was southern hubris. the battle of bull run convinced the south that the citified northerners simply could not fight and were not a military threat. perhaps the south was right about the north. however, the irish immigrants, who were met at the docks and sent straight to the front, could fight. the south was dramatically outnumbered and had no supply of immigrants to fill", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4553004223484402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.925394"} {"text": "were not a military threat. perhaps the south was right about the north. however, the irish immigrants, who were met at the docks and sent straight to the front, could fight. the south was dramatically outnumbered and had no supply of immigrants to fill the ranks vacated by casualties. moreover, the south had no industry and no navy. and, of course, the south was demonized because of slavery, although the slaves never revolted \u2014 even when all southern men were at the front. when the south failed to take advantage of its victory at bull run and occupy washington, the south lost the war. an examination of hubris casts a great deal of light on wars, their causes and outcomes. napoleon undid himself, as adolf hitler was to do later, by marching off into russia. british hubris caused both world wars. world war ii began when the british incomprehensibly gave a \u201c guarantee \u201d to the polish colonels who were on the verge of returning that part of germany that poland had acquired from the versailles treaty. the colonels, not understanding that the british had no way of making the guarantee good, gave hitler the finger, an act of defiance that was too much for hitler, who had declared germans to be the exceptional people. hitler smacked poland, and the british and french declared war. hitler made short work of the french and british armies. but the british in their hubris, hiding behind the english channel, wouldn \u2019 t surrender or even agree to a favorable peace settlement. hitler concluded that the british were counting on russia to enter the war on their side. hitler decided that if he knocked off russia, the british hope would evaporate and they would come to peace terms. so hitler turned on his russian partner with whom he had just dismembered poland. joseph stalin, in his own hubris, had recently purged almost every officer in the red army, thus making hitler \u2019 s decision easy. the outcome of all this hubris was the rise of the u. s. military / security complex, more than four decades of cold war and the threat of nuclear destruction, a period that lasted from the end of world war ii until ronald reagan and mikhail gorbachev, two leaders not consumed by hubris, agreed to end the cold war. alas, hubris returned to america with the neoconservative ascendency. americans have become \u201c the indispensable people. \u201d like the jacobins of the french revolution who intended to impose \u201c liberty, equality, fraternity \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47652118461445425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.926414"} {"text": "an international research team has discovered that a pervasive human rna modification provides the physiological underpinning of the genetic regulatory process that contributes to obesity and type ii diabetes. european researchers showed in 2007 that the fto gene was the major gene associated with obesity and type ii diabetes, but the details of its physiological and cellular functioning remained unknown. now, a team led by university of chicago chemistry professor chuan he has demonstrated experimentally the importance of a reversible rna modification process mediated by the fto protein upon biological regulation. he and 10 co - authors from chicago, china and england published the details of their finding in the oct. 16 advance online edition of nature chemical biology. he and his colleagues have shown, for the first time, the existence of the reversible rna modification process called methylation and that it potentially impacts protein expression and function through its action on a common rna base : adenosine. the process is reversible because it can involve the addition or removal of a methyl group from adenosine. the team found that the fto protein mediates cellular removal of the methyl group. \" an improved understanding of the normal functions of fto, as exemplified by this work, could aid the development of novel anti - obesity therapies, \" said stephen o ' rahilly, professor of clinical biochemistry and director of the metabolic research laboratories at the university of cambridge. o ' rahilly, a leading researcher in obesity and metabolic disease who also has studied fto, was not directly involved in he ' s project. \" variants around the fto gene have consistently been associated with human obesity and artificial manipulation of the fto gene in mice clearly demonstrates that fto plays a crucial role in the regulation of body weight, \" o ' rahilly explained. \" however, the development of a deeper understanding of the normal biological role of fto has been challenging. \" scientists already had demonstrated that fto removes methyl groups from nucleic acids, but only on one rare type of dna or rna methylation. the new research from he and his colleagues shows that fto also acts on the common messenger rna modification called n6 - methyladenosine, o ' rahilly said. the paper arose from he ' s investigations of the alkb family of proteins that act on nucleic acids. based on this work, he and his collaborators proved that human cells exhibit reversible methylation of rna bases, which significantly impact critical life processes. important but mysterious every human messenger rna carries on average three to six", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5149948262542994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.931378"} {"text": "that act on nucleic acids. based on this work, he and his collaborators proved that human cells exhibit reversible methylation of rna bases, which significantly impact critical life processes. important but mysterious every human messenger rna carries on average three to six methylations on adenosine. scientists knew these methylations were extremely important but their function remained a mystery, he said. \" for the first time, we show that these methylations are reversible and play a key role in human energy homeostasis, \" the process by which the body maintains a complex biochemical dynamic equilibrium. the modification of n6 - methyladenosine in messenger rna is pervasive throughout the mammal kingdom and many other organisms. despite its abundance, this modification ' s exact functional role remains unknown, he said. but his team ' s discovery strongly indicates that the modification has major roles in messenger rna metabolism. the finding may open a new research field rna epigenetics for delving into the realm of biological regulatory processes, he said. the epigenetics of dna and histones ( proteins that package dna in human cells ) have become well - explored topics on the frontiers of biological research over the last 10 to 20 years. \" it is safe to say 50 percent of biologists work on subjects related to epigenetics one way or another, \" he said. dna ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) for decades has reigned as king over biological research on epigenetics of nucleic acids, as he noted in the december 2010 issue of nature chemical biology. rna ( ribonucleic acid ) modification was regarded more as a vassal that merely fine - tunes gene expression and regulation, until this recent discovery, which confirms the speculation by he and others that rna modification has secretly wielded a far greater genetic influence than anyone had previously suspected. that ' s why, as he wrote last year, \" reversible rna modification might represent another realm for biological regulation in the form of ' rna epigenetics. ' \" explore further : scientists develop advanced biological computer more information : \" n6 - methyladenosine in nuclear rna is a major substrate of the obesity - associated fto, \" by guifang jia, ye fu, xu zhao, qing dai, guanqun zheng, ying yang, chengqi yi, tomas lindahl, tao pan, yun - gui yang and chuan he, nature chemical biology, advance online publication oct. 16, 2011. \" rna epigenetics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5427995801429834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.932299"} {"text": "by examining the frequency of extreme storm surges in the past, previous research has shown that there was an increasing tendency for storm hurricane surges when the climate was warmer. but how much worse will it get as temperatures rise in the future? how many extreme storm surges like that from hurricane katrina, which hit the u. s. coast in 2005, will there be as a result of global warming? new research from the niels bohr institute show that there will be a tenfold increase in frequency if the climate becomes two degrees celcius warmer. the results are published in the scientific journal proceedings of the national academy of science ( pnas ). tropical cyclones arise over warm ocean surfaces with strong evaporation and warming of the air. the typically form in the atlantic ocean and move towards the u. s. east coast and the gulf of mexico. if you want to try to calculate the frequency of tropical cyclones in a future with a warmer global climate, researchers have developed various models. one is based on the regional sea temperatures, while another is based on differences between the regional sea temperatures and the average temperatures in the tropical oceans. there is considerable disagreement among researchers about which is best. new model for predicting cyclones \" instead of choosing between the two methods, i have chosen to use temperatures from all around the world and combine them into a single model, \" explains climate scientist aslak grinsted, centre for ice and climate at the niels bohr institute at the university of copenhagen. he takes into account the individual statistical models and weights them according to how good they are at explaining past storm surges. in this way, he sees that the model reflects the known physical relationships, for example, how the el nino phenomenon affects the formation of cyclones. the research was performed in collaboration with colleagues from china and england. the statistical models are used to predict the number of hurricane surges 100 years into the future. how much worse will it be per degree of global warming? how many ' katrinas ' will there be per decade? since 1923, there has been a ' katrina ' magnitude storm surge every 20 years. 10 times as many ' katrinas ' \" we find that 0. 4 degrees celcius warming of the climate corresponds to a doubling of the frequency of extreme storm surges like the one following hurricane katrina. with the global warming we have had during the 20th century, we have already crossed the threshold where more than half of all ' katrinas ' are due to global warming, \" explains aslak grinsted. \" if the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46512323379679466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.936550"} {"text": "considerable attention has been paid to the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals in aquatic environments, but rather less attention has been given to routes of contamination on land. a new study, published in plos one on february 27 by researchers at cardiff university, reveals that wild birds foraging on invertebrates contaminated with environmental pollutants, show marked changes in both brain and behaviour : male birds exposed to this pollution develop more complex songs, which are actually preferred by the females, even though these same males usually show reduced immune function compared to controls. katherine buchanan and her colleagues studied male european starlings ( sturnus vulgaris ) foraging at a sewage treatment works in the south - west uk and analysed the earthworms that constitute their prey. the researchers found that those birds exposed to environmentally - relevant levels of synthetic and natural estrogen mimics developed longer and more complex songs compared to males in a control group. specifically, birds dosed with the complete spectrum of endocrine disrupting chemicals found in the invertebrates spent longer singing, sang more often and produced more complex songs, a sexually selected trait important in attracting females for reproduction even though birds dosed at these ecologically relevant levels also showed reduced immune function. the study also addresses the mechanism for this effect, as the researchers found that the high vocal centre ( hvc ), the area of the brain that controls male song complexity, is significantly enlarged in the contaminated birds. estrogen causes masculinisation of the songbird brain and the hvc is enriched with estrogen receptors. neural development is thus susceptible to exposure to chemicals which mimic estrogen, or to enhanced estrogen levels. the results also confirm the plasticity of the adult songbird brain. finally, the scientists found that female starlings prefer the song of males exposed to the mixture of endocrine disrupting chemicals, suggesting the potential for population level effects on reproductive success. \u201c this is the first evidence that environmental pollutants not only affect, but paradoxically enhance a signal of male quality such as song, \u201d said katherine buchanan, the corresponding author of the paper. \u201c these results may have consequences of population dynamics of an already declining species. \u201d citation : markman s, leitner s, catchpole c, barnsley s, muller ct, et al ( 2008 ) pollutants increase song complexity and the volume of the brain area hvc in a songbird. plos one 3 ( 2 ) : e1674. doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0001674 (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4824853565388189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.941572"} {"text": "( physorg. com ) - - technology developed at the university of nottingham will be giving james bond the edge over his enemies when the latest high octane 007 adventure hits cinema screens later this week. when daniel craig reprises the role of fleming ' s iconic superspy in the quantum of solace, he will continue the franchise ' s special relationship with aston martin by taking the wheel of their flagship model, the dbs. and a new lightweight but super strong material developed by researchers in the university ' s polymer composites group, in collaboration with aston martin engineers, will be helping to ensure that any high - speed chases leave him stirred, but not shaken. underneath the cool, sleek exterior of the dbs is a highly engineered body structure which contains components made using a unique process, directed carbon fibre preforming ( dcfp ). during the process, carbon fibres are placed by a robot into a carefully controlled form and epoxy resin is injected around the fibres to create a carbon fibre composite component. the dcfp process produces a material that is both light and incredibly strong and is able to withstand huge impacts in the event of a crash, making it ideal in the use of high performance cars like the dbs. in addition to this, the material is greener than many of its mainstream counterparts as it can be recycled in accordance with european vehicle end of life directives. professor nick warrior, in the university ' s faculty of engineering, said it was exciting to think that technology which originated in nottingham would be seen by cinema - goers around the world. he added : \u201c the high strength and low weight characteristics of the dcfp have enabled the aston martin designers to increase the performance of the dbs reduce its fuel consumption and ultimately minimise 007 ' s carbon footprint \u2014 we hope to be able to spin - out dcfp to more affordable vehicles in the near future. \u201d the dcfp process is part of a longstanding research collaboration between the university of nottingham and aston martin. a unique carbon fibre 3 - d braiding process, developed by the research group, was an integral component used in the windscreen pillar of the aston martin vanquish, seen in the 20th james bond film, die another day. the dcfp technology was also used in the aston martin dbsv12 car seen in daniel craig ' s first outing as bond, casino royale. the car was seen in a spectacular crash in which stunt driver adam kirley used an air cannon behind the driver ' s seat to propel the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5299605292044127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.944520"} {"text": "a theoretical analysis of recent experiments suggests that a key feature of a topological quantum computer \u2014 the unusual statistics of quasiparticles in the quantum hall effect \u2014 may finally have been observed. by exploiting the concept of particle - hole duality, one can realize a point junction between integer and fractional quantum hall phases, which constitutes a crucial building block towards possible applications of the quantum hall effect. the fractional quantum hall effect, thought to be special to two dimensions, may also flourish in three, providing a possible explanation for anomalies observed in certain 3d materials in high magnetic fields. physics2, 24 ( 2009 ) \u2013 published march 30, 2009 the surprising prediction that currents can flow forever in small normal metal rings was confirmed almost twenty years ago. highly precise new experiments find good agreement with theory that was not seen till now. h. a. fertig, physics2, 15 ( 2009 ) \u2013 published february 23, 2009 measurements of the heat transport at the edges of two - dimensional electron systems appear to provide explanations about the quantum hall state that have not been forthcoming via charge transport experiments. crystalline structures have been observed in nanoislands of electrons floating above superfluid helium. the energy required to add or subtract an electron from these quantum - dot - like islands agrees well with theory. physics1, 36 ( 2008 ) \u2013 published november 24, 2008 the esoteric concept of \u201c axions \u201d was born thirty years ago to describe the strong interaction between quarks. it appears that the same physics \u2014 though in a much different context \u2014 applies to an unusual class of insulators. graphene has been idealized as a two - dimensional electron system in which the electrons behave like massless fermions, but how \u201c perfect \u201d is it? scientists now show they can prepare free - standing sheets of graphene that have some of the highest electron mobilities of any inorganic semiconductor. a decade ago, experimentalists showed that persistent currents can flow in nonsuperconducting mesoscopic metal rings, but there was no theory that correctly explained the magnitude or direction of the unexpectedly large currents. theorists are now proposing a simple idea that may at last explain these results. electrons in graphene can be described by the relativistic dirac equation for massless fermions and exhibit a host of unusual properties. the surfaces of certain band insulators \u2014 called topological insulators \u2014 can be described in a similar way, leading to an exotic metallic surface on an otherwise \u201c ordinary \u201d insulator.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6949870819854362, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.948318"} {"text": "greek hunters take dim view of solar energy scheme author : ingrid melander the chimney stack of the lignite plants looms over the city of megalopolis, about 120 km ( 75 miles ) of athens, may 15, 2009. the air in greece ' s southern city of megalopolis is heavy with dust and smoke spit by lignite plants. photo : john kolesidis megalopolis - lignite power plants belch dust and smoke into the air above the southern greek town of megalopolis, but residents resistant to environmental arguments have blocked a scheme to build the country ' s biggest solar energy project on a nearby hillside. local game hunters, angry that an earlier plan to grow a forest on the site was scrapped, have gone to court to try to stop the construction of a 50 - megawatt solar panel park. \" under no conditions will we accept sacrificing even one tree... we are not bowing to these interests, \" kostas markopoulos, president of the hunters ' association of the peloponnese, said on a visit to the site on a hill overlooking the small town. below lie the huge open - air mine where lignite, a cheap but highly polluting energy source also known as brown coal, is extracted and adjacent plants where it is burned to generate electricity for southern greece. the nearest houses stand only about 100 meters away. red tape, a lack of political will and local opposition have cramped the development of an otherwise promising renewable energy market in greece, whose climate is endowed with plenty of sunshine and wind. this puts greece far behind european union leaders in the field, such as much less sunny germany. despite one of the most generous government subsidies and long - term guaranteed electricity prices worldwide, it ranked 18th in percentage of renewables as a proportion of gross electricity consumption in the eu in 2007. the megalopolis project, using photovoltaic panels to convert sunlight into electricity, would be one of the biggest solar energy schemes in the world. it is expected to cost 200 million to 250 million euros ( $ 280 million to $ 349 million ). nearly two years after electricity operator ppc was granted production licenses, nothing has been built on the site. a court ruling on the hunters ' appeal is still awaited. investors, waiting for years to tap greece ' s huge potential, say that after decades of struggling with endless bureaucracy, they see some reason for hope as new legislation takes effect. \" in the past 15 years, greece has been the sleeping giant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43547433499006327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.958030"} {"text": "awaited. investors, waiting for years to tap greece ' s huge potential, say that after decades of struggling with endless bureaucracy, they see some reason for hope as new legislation takes effect. \" in the past 15 years, greece has been the sleeping giant of european renewables, \" said nikos vassilakos, who heads a greek and a european association of investors in renewables. \" now something is moving, maybe at a slow pace but investors have learnt to be patient. \" greece is notorious for its long licensing procedure, which vassilakos estimated at three to four years on average. the government has just passed a zoning law for renewables as well as approved new incentives for individuals to install solar panels on rooftops and sell the electricity, doing away with a licensing process that used to cost thousands of euros. within the next two months, it plans to submit a law to shorten procedures for wind farms and small hydroelectric plants. with installed capacity of about 1, 200 megawatts, mostly from wind, greece must move up a gear to comply with eu rules. it needs to produce more than a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020, from about 9 percent currently - - the figure drops to about 4 percent without large hydro plants, which experts say is a more realistic assessment. investors present in the greek renewables market include italy ' s enel, france ' s edf, and spain ' s iberdola as well as other, smaller companies. more than 4 billion euros ' worth of renewable applications are awaiting approval by greece ' s energy regulator. \" it ' s an exciting moment, \" vassilakos said. \" look at how big the untapped potential is. \" missing the big picture walking around the mine and the hamlets bordering the plant, where pollutants in the air burn the throat after just a few minutes, the hunters ' leader markopoulos is unconvinced. \" a ( solar ) park here at such a large scale... would be one large mirror that will drive away wildlife, \" he told reuters. \" this should be done in other areas, and they exist, that do not destroy the natural environment. \" environmentalists, investors and local authorities shake their heads in dismay and say the hunters and others lack information and are missing the big picture of environmental, health and economic benefits. \" building photovoltaics there is going to be better for the environment than a few trees, \" said ppc renewables chief executive tassos garis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3976312274650261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.959130"} {"text": "during regular check - ups, your doctor will examine your child to see if he or she has any developmental delays. these well - child check - ups are typically scheduled for : - 9 months - 18 months - 24 or 30 months to look for developmental delays, the doctor will focus on your child \u2019 s social skills, language skills, and behavior. your child ' s ' doctor may talk to and play with your child. you will be asked questions about your child \u2019 s development. this is a good time for you to talk openly to your child ' s doctor. you may have concerns about how your child is growing and behaving. tell the doctor if you think your child is not developing normally, or has regressed. it is very important to share these concerns. examples of tests that are used to screen for developmental delays include : - ages and stages questionnaire - parents evaluation of developmental status your doctor may also give a screening test to check specifically for autism. these screening tools focus on the criteria for diagnosing autism. the criteria are based on the american psychiatric association \u2019 s diagnostic and statistical manual. these tests are required for screening use in some states. one test that is used is called the checklist for autism in toddlers ( chat ). it is for children as young as 18 months. this is when autism is typically diagnosed. some samples of the types of questions in chat include : - does your child take interest in other children? - does your child ever bring objects over to you to show you something? - does your child sometimes stare at nothing or wander with no purpose? the screening may show that your child has signs of autism. if so, the next step would be to work with a professional who specializes in the condition. this may be a child psychologist. the specialist will do further testing. it is important to remember that if your child is in the high - risk category, your doctor will screen him or her sooner for developmental delays and autism. your child is considered high - risk if he or she : - had a low birth weight - was premature - has a sibling with a developmental delay or autism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4221083191997077, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.961370"} {"text": "the winter here on the monongahela in recent weeks has been uncommonly hard, with temperatures remaining in the teens and even the single digits day after day, and the snow accumulating without melting. compared with more northern regions, we have had it fairly easy, but around here it has been colder than what we have been accustomed to in recent years. looking at the fort covered in snow, i am led to wonder how severe the winters may have been here in the 1770s and 80s when the original fort was active. just how difficult was life in winter west of the alleghenies during the revolutionary era? for the next few posts i would like to explore this question, and in preparation i have been reading original sources \u2014 diaries and memoirs and early histories \u2014 and having some conversations with greg bray, whose knowledge of those times is extensive. according to greg, and my research, the winters on the virginia frontier during the forting period were considerably more severe than they are at present. joseph doddridge, for one, believed the winters on the trans - allegheny frontier during the eighteenth century were consistently more severe than they were even forty or fifty years later. doddridge was brought to the virginia frontier as an infant, just a year or two before the original pricketts fort was built, and he grew up about sixty miles north of here, just over the border in pennsylvania, during the years that pricketts fort was active. writing some decades afterwards, around 1820, doddridge had observed a permanent shift in the climate. winters on the frontier in his boyhood, he remembered, were more severe than they were at the time he was writing ( about 1820 ). one might attribute this difference to an older man \u2019 s natural tendency to exaggerate the hardships of a frontier childhood, but doddridge is speaking as an historian, and his memory is supported by specific details. even during the summer months, doddridge remembers, the nights were almost always cool, and the coolness would persist to midday. as for the winters, they began early, and it was not uncommon for frost to occur in september. one year doddridge witnessed saw an entire field of corn ruined by a hard freeze on september 22. \u201c hunting \u201d snows generally arrived by mid - october, and severe winter conditions tended to settle in during november, sometimes early in the month. doddridge writes that the snows were consistently deeper and longer - lasting in his boyhood than they would be later, being anywhere from a foot to three feet deep and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46693603135358275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.965491"} {"text": "severe winter conditions tended to settle in during november, sometimes early in the month. doddridge writes that the snows were consistently deeper and longer - lasting in his boyhood than they would be later, being anywhere from a foot to three feet deep and persisting from november into march or april. the deep snows made every chore an ordeal, with trails needing to be opened and frequently re - shoveled from the cabin to outbuildings and to the spring. doddridge remembers watching a large dead tree felled for firewood in the forest. when it hit the ground the snow was so deep that it was immediately buried. when the settler reached down to yoke a chain around the base of its trunk so that it could be hauled by horse back to the cabin, his arms were buried in snow up to his shoulders. doddridge mentions one characteristic of the snow which would have greatly hindered anyone attempting to travel through it : namely that it frequently had a hard crust. this crust would not usually have been strong enough to support the weight of a man or large animal, but it would have been thick and hard enough that trying to plow through it, especially over distance, would have been extremely difficult and exhausting. doddridge noted that when the snow was heavily crusted, deer could scarcely move through it at all. if there was any benefit to deep crusted snow persisting throughout the winter in the wilderness, it was that the shawnee and other native tribes gave up attacking settlements until spring or early summer. it must have been a comfort to know that while you were slowly starving or freezing to death, you were at least spared the indignity of losing your hair into the bargain. the perils of frontier life may have been too terrible and numerous to be counted, but in many cases they were seasonal. if it can be established that winters on the virginia frontier were long and relatively severe ( and i will be attempting to collaborate this with further sources ), the next obvious question is, how well were the first european settlers equipped to survive their first winter in the wilderness? how well were they able to shelter, clothe and feed themselves? in my next post i will be looking especially at the question of shelter. we are accustomed to hollywood images of hardy pioneers passing winter nights in snug, sturdy log cabins, warming themselves before a blazing log in a stone fireplace. how true was this image in fact? i \u2019 ll dig into some of those old memoirs and journals and see what they have to say.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44723556434727785, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.966549"} {"text": "overcoming apathy in research on organophosphate poisoning 329 pp 1231 - 3 new antidotes for organophosphates are needed to prepare for chemical attacks in the west and to tackle pesticide poisoning in developing countries, argue researchers in this week ' s bmj. organophosphates are a group of organic compounds containing phosphorus, some of which are used as pesticides. organophosphates have also been used in chemical weapons and nerve gas attacks, such as the sarin attack in japan. organophosphate poisoning is a leading cause of premature death in the developing world, while western nations are concerned about terrorist use of chemicals. yet no new antidotes have been tested in clinical trials in the last 30 years. an international collaboration is needed to make a concerted effort to develop and test new treatments that would benefit both groups of patients, write the authors. atropine is currently the only clearly proved and moderately effective treatment for organophosphate poisoning. information on potential treatments has been available for years, but neither the military nor the pharmaceutical industry has attempted to test them or develop new drugs. the pharmaceutical industry has little incentive to develop new drugs for use primarily in developing countries, add the authors. however, on humanitarian grounds alone, research into organophosphate pesticide poisoning in developing countries should become an international priority. recent concerns by government about having the means to respond to victims of chemical warfare and terrorist attacks means that the time is ripe to break this drug development impasse, they conclude. source : eurekalert & otherslast reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved. if you think you ' re too small to be effective, you have never been in bed with a mosquito. - - bette reese", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4920409641026976, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.969864"} {"text": "- the role of religious epistemology in inter - religious dialogue ( 2012 ) - from the dawn of civilization, a multitude of religious has developed each very complex. these great differences among religions make it difficult to find a least common denominator or to talk at length of religion in general. on the other hand, focusing on just one specific religion often causes us to ignore or underestimate some of the very broad traits that religions seem to share. the fact remains that we will make no headway into the question of what makes a specific religion a religion if we do not seek some characteristics common to all religions. religion is usually associated with the supernatural or the divine. 505 however, the notion of a supernatural realm does not occur in the non - theistic schools of buddhism and functions in very different ways, say, in taoism, hinduism, and islam. these shortcomings suggest that religion is notoriously difficult to define. to me, religion is any action taken through every aspect of our being to release us from our weakness or imperfection, and bring us closer to the divine reality. in other words, it is a human inner desire or activity to unite with an absolute being. the examination of the intellectual dimension of religion that is, its key beliefs is most beneficial when it is guided and informed. since epistemology is the theory of knowledge, one would therefore expect epistemological discussions of religion to concentrate on the question whether one could have knowledge of religious beliefs. religious epistemology is simple to say that it is the epistemology of distinctively religious beliefs, but that will not be helpful in the absence of a definition of religious beliefs. philosophers of religion might consider the epistemology of religious belief, pondering questions about the sources and justifications of religious knowledge. fundamental questions regarding the nature of knowledge are likely to arise in any culture. after all, everyone has some stake in distinguishing truth from error, wisdom from ignorance, and the path to knowledge from the path to ignorance. epistemologists have discussed, in addition to the defining conditions and the sources of knowledge, the extent of human knowledge. they have asked how far human knowledge can extend. many philosophers find it obvious that we know 505 see michael peterson, william hasker, bruce reichenbach david basinger, reason and religious belief : an introduction to the philosophy of religion, 4. 186 at least some things, if only things about personal experiences or household physical objects. others have claimed, however, that we really have no knowledge. such philosophers admit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5627883325618809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.996528"} {"text": "reason. the kind of justification crucial to knowledge is called epistemic justification. even if knowledge requires justification, a justified belief can be false. in allowing for justified false beliefs, contemporary epistemologists endorse fallibilism about justification. reformed 506 see paul k. moser dwayne h. mulder j. d. trout, the theory of knowledge ; a thematic introduction ( oxford university press, 1998 ), 4. 507 ibid., 77 - 78. 187 epistemologists contend that belief in the existence of god can, in some circumstances, have an epistemic status high enough to render it worthy of acceptance even if it has no support from the arguments of natural theology or from any other beliefs. the views of alston and mavrodes are sometimes said to display an affinity with reformed epistemology, and nicholas wolterstorff has made significant contributions to its development. but plantinga has clearly been the leading contemporary advocate of this school of thought in religious epistemology. during the earlier phase of their development, plantinga concentrated on defending the view that theistic belief can be in certain conditions, is justified or rationally held even in the absence of any propositional evidence or supporting argument. 508 for the conviction that theistic belief is properly basic, foundationalists carry out a reconstructive project that would put our revised doxastic structures on foundations so firm that they could withstand rather than ignore skeptical challenges. that is, for the classical foundationlist theistic belief requires support from propositional evidence or argument if it is to be rationally or justifiably held. however, it is fairly clear that belief in god \u2019 s existence does not satisfy this criterion ; it is neither self - evident nor incorrigible nor evident to the sense for humans at any time in this life. the question of justification attracts philosophers especially in contemporary epistemology. and controversy of this question focuses on the meaning of \u2018 justification \u2019 as well as on the substantive conditions of a belief \u2019 s being justified in a way appropriate to knowledge. william alston, for instance, has introduced a non - deontological normative concept of justification that relies mainly on the notion of what is epistemically good from the view - point of maximizing truth and minimizing falsity. alston link epistemic goodness to a belief \u2019 s being based on adequate grounds in the absence of overriding reason to the contrary. but for some epistemologists \u201c ep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.512242993307478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.998573"} {"text": "point of maximizing truth and minimizing falsity. alston link epistemic goodness to a belief \u2019 s being based on adequate grounds in the absence of overriding reason to the contrary. but for some epistemologists \u201c epistemic justification \u201d means simply \u201c evidential support \u201d of certain sort. 509 to say that s is epistemically justifiable to some extent for you is, on this view, just to say that s is supportable to some extent by your overall evidential reason. according to epistemologist, knowledge entails beliefs, so that i cannot know that such and such is the case unless i believe that such and such is the case. robert audi mentioned that knowledge arises in experience. it is constituted by conclusively 508 see ibid., 525 - 26. 509 see robert audi, the cambridge dictionary of philosophy, 233 - 35. 188 justified true belief, meaning that : the believer may be justified by psychological certain of the true proposition in question and this proposition is so well - grounded as to be itself propositionally certain. and knowledge constitute by such belief may be called epistemic certainty. when we come to religious knowledge, audi says that religious propositions are simply beyond the scope of human knowledge. but the point is why would it be thought that no religious propositions are known? the most common ground for holding this view is namely, that religious propositions, such as that god exists, cannot be known either a priori or on the basis of experience. the concept of justification or evidence would occur with the concept of belief in a more complex analysis of the concept of knowledge. 510 in recent decades, questions of knowledge seem to have been marginalized by question of justification. as a matter of fact, however, epistemological discussion of religious belief, at least since the enlightenment has tended to focus, not on the question whether religious belief has warrant, but whether it is justified. more precisely, it has tended to focus on the question whether those properties are enjoyed by theistic belief - the belief that there exists a person like the god of traditional christianity, judaism, and islam : an almighty, all knowing, wholly benevolent and loving spiritual person who has created the world. the main epistemological question about religious belief, therefore, has been the question whether or not religious belief in general and theistic belief in particular is rational or rationally acceptable, or whether it is justified? in its primary sense, rationality is a normative concept", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5733007694748654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:58.999624"} {"text": "way or if it is based on the wrong sort of evidence. according to swinburne beliefs are rational in so far as they are based on investigation which was, in the believer \u2019 s view, adequate, and if the believer believes it to be rational. swinburne understand by religious beliefs as about transcendent reality, including his belief about whether or not there is a god, and his beliefs about what properties god has ( what god is like ) and what actions he has performed. 514 according to john hick, the issue is not whether it can be established as an item of indubitable public knowledge that god ( or the divine or the transcendent ) exists, or most probably exists, but whether it is rational for those who experience some of life \u2019 s moments theistically to believe that god exists, and to proceed to conduct their lives on that basis. hick looks at a rational belief in general way. for him \u201c belief \u201d can mean a proposition believed or it can be defined as an act or state of believing. the idea of evidence normally presupposes a gap between an observed fact, or body of facts, and an inferred conclusion. therefore, our ordinary moment - to moment perceptual beliefs contradict the principle that all rational believing must be based upon adequate evidence. it is not that they are based upon inadequate evidence, but rather that the model of evidence - inference - belief does not apply here. ordinary perceptual beliefs arise directly out of our experience, and it is entirely appropriate, proper, and rational to form these beliefs in this way. the relationship between experience and belief 513 see, an essay by william p. alston, epistemic desiderata, philosophy and phenomenological research l iii / 3 ( sep. 1993 ). and nicholas wolterstorff, divine discourse, ( cambridge : cambridge university press, 1995. 514 see richard swinburne, faith and reason, ( published in the united state by oxford university press, new york walton street, oxford : ox 2 6 dp. press, 1981 ), 55 & 72. 190 has been much debated in recent work in the philosophy of religion. this discussion has focused upon specifically theistic belief and hick discusses also in these terms and his argument is that it is rational to believe in the reality of god. alvin plantinga argues on these manifestation - experiences that they are properly basic. 515 that is to say, it is as rational for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5575209581120845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.001766"} {"text": "hick discusses also in these terms and his argument is that it is rational to believe in the reality of god. alvin plantinga argues on these manifestation - experiences that they are properly basic. 515 that is to say, it is as rational for religious persons to hold these basic religious beliefs as it is for all of us to hold our basic perceptual beliefs. but, more basically, it is the biblical assumption translated into philosophical terms. according to plantinga this experience is what justifies me in holding ( the belief ) that is the ground of my justification, and by extension, the ground of the belief itself. he then applies this principle to religious beliefs. in philosophy, experience is generally what we perceive by the senses what we learn from others, or whatever comes from external sources or from inner reflection. in the sense, experience is associated with observation and experiment. empiricism stresses that our knowledge must be based on experience, but rationalism claims that experience is a potential source of error and prefers rational certainty to mere empirical generalization. in ordinary usage, for every experience there must be something experienced that is independent of the subject of experience. but in philosophy, the relation between experience as a state of consciousness and independent objects of experience becomes a focus of debate. there are many different kinds of experiences, but it is religious experiences that interest me here. from the point of view of epistemology the modifications of consciousness consisting our apparently perceptual experience are of importantly different kinds. in addition to true perceptions there are misperceptions, illusions, and hallucinations. therefore, if anyone misled by any of these forms of perceptual error, he or she is then deluded. in each case the delusion consists in a mistaken implicit belief about the cause of the experience : applying this concept of delusion to the realm of religious experience, we have to ask whether those who assume that their experience of living in god \u2019 s presence is caused by their being in god \u2019 s presence are believing truly or are, on the contrary, under a delusion. in modern philosophy of mind a major theme which bears on many theoretical issues, concerns the alleged privacy of an experience as an event knowable only to its possessor and 515 see alvin plantinga and nicholas wolterstorff, reason and belief in god, in faith and rationality, 78 - 91. see also john hick, philosophy of religion, 76. 191 the possibility of public access to that experience. there is much philosophical debate concerning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6028636510080412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.002790"} {"text": "nicholas wolterstorff, reason and belief in god, in faith and rationality, 78 - 91. see also john hick, philosophy of religion, 76. 191 the possibility of public access to that experience. there is much philosophical debate concerning precisely how perception is to be analyzed. in particular, questions are raised concerning the status of the phenomenon. but there is general agreement that in perception, objects present themselves to us in ways that enable us to know them. similarly, in religious experience god presents himself in ways that enable us to know him and his actions. for alston there are, it seems, important differences between ordinary perceptual or sense experience and religious experience. sense perception is a common experience, whereas religious experience is less common, perhaps, even rare, sense perception yields a great deal of information about the world, whereas religious experience yields apparently little information about god, all humans have the capacity for sense perception, but many seem not to have the capacity for religious experience. these differences, however, do not show that religious experience has a structure unlike perception. for one thing, neither the frequency of an experience nor the amount of information it yields tells us anything about its structure. on the other hand, the limitation of the rationalist way is that the only truths capable of being strictly proved are analytic and ultimately tautological. but we cannot by logic alone demonstrate any matter of fact and existence ; these must be known through experience. for sure if nothing were given through experience in its various modes, we should never have anything to reason about. this is as true in religion as in other fields. if god exists, god is not an idea but a reality outside us, in order to be known to men and women, god must therefore become manifest in some way within their experience. this conclusion is in line with the contemporary revolt against the rationalist assumptions which have dominated much of western philosophy since the time of descartes. 516 descartes held that we can properly be said to know only truths that are self - evident or that can be reached by logical inferences from self - evident premises. therefore, those who stress faith and attack reason often place a great deal of emphasis on religious experience. however, religious experience is by no means a purely emotional \u201c happening \u201d ; rather, it involves concepts and beliefs about the being that is experienced. if we tried to separate religious experiences from such concepts and beliefs - from the religious belief - system, as we shall call it - then there would be no way saying who or what is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5996124088513273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.004919"} {"text": ", it involves concepts and beliefs about the being that is experienced. if we tried to separate religious experiences from such concepts and beliefs - from the religious belief - system, as we shall call it - then there would be no way saying who or what is that is experienced, or of explaining what sort of difference the experience ought to make to the person who has it. however, such a religious belief system needs to be understood ; at least to 516 john hick, philosophy of religion, 69. see also descartes, discourse on method and meditation. 192 some degree - it is hard to see how understanding it is not going to involve the use of reason. for rationalisms, in order for a religious belief - system to be properly and rationally accepted, it must be possible to prove that the belief - system is true. rationalism in this sense implies a reliance on reason, or intelligence, in deciding our beliefs and actions. the central idea of strong rationalism was stated forcefully by w. k. clifford. according to his opinion, no religious belief - system is capable of meeting the high standard of proof that should govern all of our believing, and so a reasonable ( and moral ) person must do without religious beliefs. among the objections to christian belief, as well as to judaic and muslim, characteristic of the modern intelligentsia is the objection that it is no longer rational, if ever it was, to believe that god exists. therefore, the rational person will have to make his way in the world without supposing that there exists any god in whom he could trust. 517 however, according to nicholas wolterstorff, to believe in god is our fundamental human obligation. central to christianity, judaism, and islam alike is the conviction that we as human beings are called to believe in god to trust in him, to rely on him, to place our confidence in him. central also is the conviction that only by believing in god can the deepest stirrings of the human heart be satisfied. duty and fulfillment here coalesce. the rationality of trusting someone presupposes the rationality of believing that person exists. john locke was among the first to formulate articulately the evidentialist challenge to theistic belief. reason is reasoning for locke, and clearly he thinks of it as one among others of our belief - forming processes. faith is another belief - forming process. it, by contrast, consists in accepting something \u201c as coming from god. \u201d 518 however, for locke it still belongs to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5873846234724508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.007940"} {"text": "clearly he thinks of it as one among others of our belief - forming processes. faith is another belief - forming process. it, by contrast, consists in accepting something \u201c as coming from god. \u201d 518 however, for locke it still belongs to reason to judge of the truth of its being a revelation, and of the signification of the words wherein it is delivered. for evidentialist, one \u2019 s belief that god exists is rational only if it is formed or sustained by good inference by inferring it from others of one \u2019 s beliefs, which in fact provide adequate evidence for it. but, wolterstorff, see no reason what so ever to suppose that by the criterion 517 see william k. clifford, the ethics of belief, in george i. mavrodes, ed., the rationality of belief in god, ( englewood cliffs, nj : prentice - hall, press, 1970 ), 159 - 60. see also michael peterson, william hasker, bruce reighenbach, david basinger ; reason and religious belief, 34. 518 see alvin plantinga and nicholas wolterstorff, faith and rationality, 137. 193 offered the evidentialist challenge is tenable. he see no reason to suppose that people who hold as one of their immediate beliefs that god exists always have adequate reason to surrender that belief or ought to believe that they do. however, for him those abstract and highly general theses of evidentialism no longer look very interesting, once we regard them in the light of the criterion offered. therefore, for him the fact that it is not rational for some person to believe that god exists does not follow that he ought to give up that belief. but can we accept the principle of credulity? one problem is that whereas there is a fundamental uniformity about the way we report both ordinary perceptual experiences and the beliefs about objects of those experiences, there is quite a diversity of reports about religious experiences and the claim based on them. person give incompatible descriptions of the reality experienced. therefore, where perceptions yield conflicting testimony, we must turn to other experiences and rational arguments to determine the truth of the various claims. that is, where there are different accounts, additional considerations must be introduced to help decide which, if any, of the religious experiences are veridical. although the reports provide a prima facie ground for their acceptance, not all beliefs based on such experiences are true. just as we at times doubt perceptual claims for good reason,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5415827706457655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.009791"} {"text": "if any, of the religious experiences are veridical. although the reports provide a prima facie ground for their acceptance, not all beliefs based on such experiences are true. just as we at times doubt perceptual claims for good reason, we might do the same for claims based on religious experience. according to hick, religion constitutes our varied human response to transcendent reality. religious experience then is structured by religious beliefs which are implicit within religious experience. but the question is if this complex of experience and beliefs that takes place in different shapes within the different traditions, is to be regarded simply as a human creation or as our response to a transcendent reality, even if a response whose particular forms always involve the creative activity of the human imagination. of course the problem of terminology is obvious as we see in many parts of philosophy, and without explanatory gloss none of the available descriptive labels for these two possibilities is entirely adequate. much of the philosophical discussion of religious diversity continues to centre on the work of john hick. 519 he is not interested in the question of what can justifiably be affirmed in the face of such diversity, rather, he is primarily concerned with the question of which justified response is most reasonable. moreover, on this question, he leaves no doubt as to his opinion : 519 see john hick, an interpretation of religion : human response to the transcendent, ( new haven : yale university and london : macmillan press, 1989 ), 172. 194 religious pluralism is by far the most plausible explanation for the pervasive religious diversity we encounter. many westerners will best understand the emergence of inclusivism and pluralism in terms of the history of christianity. for most of its history, christianity has been resolutely exclusivist. in late antiquity, it was a new religion, struggling to establish itself in the face of criticism and persecution. it is not surprising to find it making exclusive claims on behalf of its charismatic founder, jesus of nazareth. of course, christianity is not the only religion to have fostered exclusivist attitudes. in their more militant movements, muslims have done the same. some jews cherish an ethnically exclusive identity as god \u2019 s chosen people, and some hindus revere the vedas as a source of absolute truth, buddhists often see in the teachings of gautama the only dharma that can liberate humans from illusion and suffering. hick has set forth a philosophically sophisticated pluralistic hypothesis that may avoid problems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5732366065963804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.011274"} {"text": "vedas as a source of absolute truth, buddhists often see in the teachings of gautama the only dharma that can liberate humans from illusion and suffering. hick has set forth a philosophically sophisticated pluralistic hypothesis that may avoid problems of this sort. 520 as he sees it, each of the major religious traditions offers a path to salvation or liberation that involves a transformation of human existence from self - centeredness to reality - centeredness. religious plurality is simply a fact. there are religious traditions that differ deeply in terms of their doctrines, practices, institutions, scriptures, experiences, and hope. according to pluralism, a single ultimate religious reality is being differently experienced and understood in all the major religious traditions ; they all, as far as the philosophers can tell, offer equally effective paths to salvation or liberation. according to harold coward, judaism is an appropriate tradition in which to begin the stay of religious pluralism and the world religions. the experience of being a minority group in other cultures, which becoming more common place for all the world religions as religious pluralism spreads, has been the norm for judaism for countless generations. from the biblical period to the present, judaism has had to formulate its beliefs and practices in the face of challenges from other cultures and religions. the viewpoint of the modern jew opens the way for relations with christianity, islam, and perhaps hinduism ; however, buddhism - especially mahayana buddhism may prove to be in a separate category. the buddhist consciousness in which no transcendent god is recognized and the mahayana awareness of the divine in the 520 ibid. 195 secular may be judged by the jewish philosopher as a modern idolatry. therefore, perhaps the most serious challenge for judaism comes in its response to buddhism. as long as a religion is founded on the experience of a transcendent god, judaism seems to be able to enter into spiritual partnership with it. but if that experience does not hold true for the buddhist - if it is not a transcendent god that is being experienced - can the jew still embrace the buddhist as a spiritual partner? this question has yet to be faced by judaism. 521 the relationship between christianity and the other religions is one of the key issues in christian self - understanding. perhaps pluralism is so pressing a challenge because of the exclusivist missionary approaches adopted by christianity over the past several hundred years. in the rapidly expanding body of literature resulting from the encounter with other religions, many christian theologians are concluding that christian theology cannot continue to be formulated in isolation from the other religions,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5454040289761055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.012847"} {"text": "challenge of religious pluralism is to encourage the inquiring spirit and devotion to truth that is larger than any individual tradition. the buddhist attitude to other religions has been described as \u201c critical tolerance \u201d 523 combined with a missionary goal. buddhism has demonstrated a remarkable degree of tolerance and flexibility throughout the course of its expansion. unlike some other religious expansions, the spread of buddhism has been accomplished more through the dissemination of ideas than by migration of peoples. buddhism rejects the worship of god or gods and the performance of religious rituals as a means to release. it also rejects speculations about ultimate beginnings, especially about whether the self and the world were eternal, and a number of speculations about the ultimate state of the self in the future. the tolerant but critical attitude of the buddha toward the plurality of religious views is shaped into a rigorous philosophic approach by the madhyamika buddhists. if, as the buddha discovered, the goal of religion is compassion, then, say the madhyamika, the biggest obstacle to realizing that goal is attachment to our own religious beliefs in such a way as to make them absolute. based on this understanding, the madhyamika buddhist \u2019 s attitude towards other religions is one of openness and indeed a \u201c missionary desire \u201d 524 to enter into dialogue. the inherent desire to conceptualize and share religious experience is too deeply ingrained in 522 ibid., 63 - 80. 523 see k. n. jayatilleke, the buddhist attitude to other religions ( kandy, sri lanka : buddhist publication society, 1975 ). and see also harold coward pluralism : challenge to world religions, 81. 524 see harold coward, pluralism : challenge to world religions, 88. 197 human nature to render silence an acceptable answer. in fact the madhyamika himself has been far from silent. his prescription of silence was only intended to apply to claims of absolute knowledge. as long as the limitation is honored, then discussion, including theological discussion, could take place. the dialogical approach opens the way for the meeting of christians with jews, muslims, and hindus. however, the theocentric premise could become an obstacle to meaningful encounters with buddhists and advaita vedantists. therefore, an unresolved problem for all of these approaches is the buddhist and even those with considerable exposure to buddhism and hinduism seem almost willfully to turn a blind eye to this problem. one possible exception might be found in tillich \u2019 s formulation of the \u201c god above gods \u201d as the \u201c ground of being.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5251233290064534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.015821"} {"text": "forging a new linguistic identity : the hindi movement in banaras, 1868 \u2013 1914 christopher r. king indo - persian and hindu culture queen abode - of - truth is speaking, testifying before the court of maharaja righteous - rule on behalf of queen devanagari : here ' s where nagari dwells, here her own dear country, here our queen was born, in sacred, holy kashi. a little later begam urdu speaks on her own behalf before the maharaja : persian is my mother, urdu is my name. here my birth took place, and here i will remain. each woman claims india as her birthplace, and each asserts her right to rule ( see fig. 14 ). as this late - nineteenth - century hindi drama develops, the reader soon realizes that the verdict will favor queen devanagari, and that the author, pandit gauri datta of meerut, has passed chiefly \" moral \" rather than technical judgments in presenting the dispute between the two personified languages and scripts. the entire action of the play, a short one - act work in the folk theatre tradition of svang [ * ] ( see chapter 2 in this volume ) takes place in a courtroom over which maharaja righteous - rule presides. babu moral law singh argues for queen devanagari, and mirza cunning ali khan for begam urdu. queen devanagari complains that begam urdu has usurped her former rule over all works of wisdom and virtue, as well as letters, papers, account books, bonds, notes, and official documents. she testifies that she teaches righteousness and removes falsehood, and that under her rule people could make merry, become wealthy, carry on their business, and learn wisdom. bribery, continues the queen, would weep at the very sound of her name, and fabrications and fraud would disappear should she rule again. her witnesses all attest to her good name, sterling character, and indigenous origins. indeed, as we saw above, her birth takes place in the hallowed location of kashi \u2014 an older name for the largest of the several sacred zones of banaras ( eck 1982 : 350 ). in short, queen devanagari embodies many of the moral and religious values of the hindu merchant class described by bayly, especially the core value of credit ( sakh ) ( bayly 1983 : 375 \u2013 93 ). \" the behaviour and ideals of the merchant family firm were... directed to survival first and foremost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46170986379784956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.068673"} {"text": "of the hindu merchant class described by bayly, especially the core value of credit ( sakh ) ( bayly 1983 : 375 \u2013 93 ). \" the behaviour and ideals of the merchant family firm were... directed to survival first and foremost, but survival here meant above all the continuity of family credit within the wider merchant community \" ( 381 ). queen devanagari, through her righteousness, guarantees the continuing \" credit \" of business and government records, while begam urdu, through her corruptness, threatens the inextricably combined moral and economic well - being of society. begam urdu defends herself by arguing that although her mother, begam persian, was foreign, her own birth took place in india, and therefore she has a right to stay. she describes her own work, however, in terms hardly calculated to make a good impression on her judge : this is my work \u2014 passion i ' ll teach, tasks of your household we ' ll leave in the breach. we ' ll be lovers and rakes, living for pleasure, consorting with prostitutes, squandering our treasure. give heed, you officials, batten on graft, deceiving and thieving till riches you ' ve quaffed. lie to your betters and flatter each other. write down one thing and read out another. her witnesses, too, bear names unlikely to mollify the judge : begam twenty - nine delights, prince passion - addict khan, begam wanton - pleasure, and emperor ease - lover. urdu ' s witnesses all testify to the licentiousness and depravity of their mistress and the pleasures that follow in her train. the climax of the play sees queen devanagari ' s lawyer making an impassioned plea for his client. by restoring the former monarch to her rightful place, the age of falsehood would become the age of truth, fraud would vanish, good deeds would multiply, people would feed brahmins, hatred and strife would disappear, enemies would become friends, everyone would become clever, and every child would study nagari in school. begam urdu ' s lawyer in his final summation points to the british recognition of urdu and claims that should nagari try to perform the work of courts and offices, everything would become topsy - turvy. in an inversion of the actual power structure of society at the time ( typical of the svang [ * ] \u2014 see chapter 2 ) maharaja righteous - rule brings the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4881399939415265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.069679"} {"text": "the work of courts and offices, everything would become topsy - turvy. in an inversion of the actual power structure of society at the time ( typical of the svang [ * ] \u2014 see chapter 2 ) maharaja righteous - rule brings the case to a close with his judgment, made in accordance with the sacred law of the hindus : let urdu be cast out and nagari take her place ( datta 188? : 13 \u2013 14, 16 ). language and the formation of community identity many studies of the hindi movement have focused on the political aspects, especially at the national level, and have dealt primarily with the twentieth century ( for example, brass 1974 ; das gupta 1970 ; gopal 1953 ; harrison 1960 ; kluyev 1981 ; lutt 1970 ; s. misra 1956 ; narula 1955 ; nayar 1969 ; smith 1963 ; tivari 1982 ; l. varma 1964 ). the great majority of these have used chiefly english sources, and few of them have thoroughly surveyed the relevant sources for the nineteenth century. almost no studies have attempted to trace the detailed history of the voluntary language associations that played such major roles in the development of hindi. in this essay i examine not only the political but also the social and cultural aspects of the hindi movement, particularly on the local and provincial levels, and deal chiefly with the nineteenth century. moreover, i have made extensive use of both hindi and english sources, including a thorough search of official records, such as education reports, publication statistics, and the like. finally, i stress the importance of voluntary language associations, which both reflected and intensified the hindi movement ( see also king 1974 ). the play described above well illustrates the social, cultural, and political matrix from which the hindi movement arose, namely, the growing split between indo - persian and hindu merchant culture characteristic of the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century in north india. as bayly ( 1983 ) has shown in his analysis of eighteenth - and nineteenth - century north india, these two \" conflicting forms of urban solidarity \" served as the foundations of the later - developing nationalism and religious communalism, which so dramatically affected events in the twentieth century. urdu effectively symbolized the dominant indo - persian culture of north india in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, for it formed one of the major parts of this blend. the attack on urdu and the strong support for nagari ( a term that encompassed both language and script ) evident in the play became important elements in the process by which a self - conscious hindu nationalism emerged in north india.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5061509513214526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.070709"} {"text": "major parts of this blend. the attack on urdu and the strong support for nagari ( a term that encompassed both language and script ) evident in the play became important elements in the process by which a self - conscious hindu nationalism emerged in north india. part of this process involved the separation from and rejection of earlier symbols of joint hindu - muslim culture, and part entailed the definition and affirmation of newer communal symbols. moreover, this process also involved the complete disregard or rejection of various forms of written or oral popular culture, such as hindustani, the regional dialects ( e. g., braj bhasha and bhojpuri ), and variant scripts ( e. g., kaithi ). this process of separation and differentiation between the indo - persian and hindu merchant cultures led to a shift : the overlapping literary cultures came to function separately, following a new identification of \" hindu \" with hindi and of \" muslim \" with urdu. this shift came about through a wide variety of means, many of which lend themselves to some form or other of measurement. among these are the development of voluntary organizations to promote languages and scripts ; the standardization of languages through dictionaries, grammars, and other publications ; newspaper campaigns for or against languages and scripts ; systematic searches for, and publication of, old manuscripts ; the introduction of large numbers of sanskrit and arabic and persian words into hindi and urdu respectively ; the publication of books and periodicals, especially elementary - and secondary - school texts ; and the production of vernacular literature attacking the joint hindu - muslim cultural tradition, especially as it was expressed in urdu. the \" hindu \" and \" muslim \" of this shift, however, do not include the hindu and muslim masses, but rather refer to a \" vernacular elite, \" that is, indians educated in the vernaculars and in competition for government service. likewise, \" hindi \" and \" urdu \" refer not to the regional and local dialects of the bulk of the population, but rather to carefully cultivated literary dialects, strongly linked to the corresponding classical languages of sanskrit, persian, and arabic. during our period banaras played the leading role in the process outlined above. long famed in india as a center of hindu learning and religious pilgrimage, by the early nineteenth century the city had also become a major center of hindu literature ( grierson 1889 : 108 \u2013 9 ). bharatendu harishchandra and raja shiv prasad were only two of the most eminent literary figures of the second half of the century to live in banaras", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47345037622046793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.072358"} {"text": "center of hindu literature ( grierson 1889 : 108 \u2013 9 ). bharatendu harishchandra and raja shiv prasad were only two of the most eminent literary figures of the second half of the century to live in banaras. the peak of the city ' s influence on the gradual process of the emergence of modern sanskritized hindi as an important symbol of hindu nationalism came with the founding of the nagari [ * ] pracharini [ * ] sabha [ * ] ( society for the promotion of nagari ) in 1893. this organization, the majority of whose membership came from the eastern part of the north - western provinces and oudh ( nwp & o ), remained the single most influential force for hindi until the eve of world war i, when a gradual decline in membership, and an increasing concern for things literary and a decreasing concern for things political in the sabha ' s leadership, allowed the hindi sahitya sammelan ( society for hindi literature ) of allahabad to become the premier hindi institution. this shift from banaras to allahabad also roughly coincided with a shift in the scope of the controversy between hindi and urdu from the provincial ( nwp & o ) to the national level. significantly, one of the ironies of the hindi movement is that neither of these organizations promoted popular culture in the form of the re - gional and local dialects that surrounded them, though both spoke for the welfare of the hindu majority of the population in the \" hindi - speaking \" areas of north india. let us now focus on the process of linguistic and social change in the nwp & o and other parts of north india, and on some of the most important means through which this came about. the terminus a quo in 1847 a noteworthy encounter took place between dr. j. f. ballantyne, principal of the english department of benares college, and several students of the sanskrit college ( also part of benares college ). after various unsuccessful attempts to \" improve \" the hindi style of his students, ballantyne lost his patience and directed them to write an essay on the question \" why do you despise the culture of the language you speak every day of your lives, of the only language which your mothers and sisters understand? \" ( nwp educ rpt 1846 \u2013 1847 : 32 ). the ensuing dialogue produced several striking statements that clearly indicated that sanskritized hindi had not yet become a symbol of hindu as opposed to indo - persian culture. ironically, this situation existed among students of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48778041393439686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.073958"} {"text": "city the standard of all india, by writing books which should attract the attention and form the taste of all their fellow countrymen. ( nwp educ rpt 1846 \u2013 1847 : 32 ) ballantyne ' s uncannily accurate vision of the future of hindi struck no responsive chord in the thoughts or feelings of his students. the disappearance of hindi into urdu aroused no sense of alarm in these hindi scholars of sanskrit, nor did they see any necessary connection between being hindu and speaking hindi. moreover, since the very term \" hindi \" struck them as vague and ambiguous, no standard having emerged, we may tentatively conclude that these students would have included the regional and local dialects, the vehicles of popular culture, under this rubric. ballantyne, on the other hand, clearly intended to separate hindi from the confused mass of popular dialects, to reject any conceivable influence of villagers on \" the national language, \" and to define and affirm hindi in terms of a standardized and sanskritized language created by a vernacular elite. a decade before ballantyne ' s encounter with his students, english and various local vernaculars had replaced persian in british india. in north india, with one or two exceptions, this meant that urdu in modified form of the persian script became the official vernacular. the original purpose of replacing persian had been to make the official proceedings of courts and offices intelligible to the people at large ; thus in 1830 the court of directors of the east india company had intoned that \" it is easier for the judge to acquire the language of the people than for the people to acquire the language of the judge \" ( malaviya 1897 : 497 ), overlooking or ignoring the fact that the great bulk of the population had no acquaintance with either spoken or written urdu. very soon, however, the excessive persianization of the new court - language of north india made a mockery of the supposed reason for which the change had been made. as early as 1836, for example, the sadar board of revenue of the north - western provinces ( n. w. p. ) had warned division commissioners that the replacement of persian by urdu did not mean \" the mere substitution of hindee verbs and affixes, while the words and idiom remain exclusively persian \" ( nwp lt - gov prgs sbrd 19 july to 2 august 1836 : range 221, volume 77, number 52 ). yet nearly two decades later, exactly this had happened, for the then lieutenant - governor of the n. w. p.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48218737160170133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.076714"} {"text": "and muslim camps must be dated much earlier than is commonly supposed \" ( bayly 1983 : 455 ). similarly, as we shall see, considerable evidence indicates that the potential for linguistic controversy stretched back to the early nineteenth century and before. we must ask, then, what influences kindled underlying differences into open conflict in the 1860s. in general, the pace of economic and social development in the province quickened after the rebellion of 1857 in a wide variety of ways ( see bayly 1983 : 427 \u2013 40 ). most important for our purposes, however, was the rapid post - rebellion expansion of the three closely related areas of government service, education, and publication ( all discussed below ). each of these institutionalized the most refractory difference between hindi and urdu \u2014 script \u2014 and each became an arena of competition in a mutually reinforcing and ever - expanding spiral. definition against external rivals : the hindi - urdu controversy the hindi - urdu controversy, as the long and heated exchange of opinions between opposing supporters of hindi and urdu came to be known, began in the 1860s and continued right up to independence. confined largely to u. p. in the nineteenth century, the controversy gradually assumed national proportions in the twentieth. on both the provincial and the national level, a major portion of the debate focused on the question of the proper language and script for government courts and offices. the center of the hindi side of the controversy lay in the eastern districts of the province and especially in the cities of banaras and allahabad. the themes announced early in the controversy appeared again and again with wearying consistency. the protagonists of hindi argued : the bulk of the population used hindi ; the urdu script had a foreign origin, and also made court documents illegible, encouraged forgery, and fostered the use of difficult arabic and persian words ; the introduction of the nagari script into government courts and offices would give considerable impetus to the spread of education by enhancing the prospects for public service ; and experienced hindi scribes could write just as fast as their urdu counterparts. the supporters of urdu maintained : even the inhabitants of remote villages spoke urdu fluently ; the urdu language had originated in india even though its script may have come from outside ; any script could lend itself to forgery ; the numerous dialects of hindi lacked standardization ; and hindi had an impoverished vocabulary, especially in scientific and technical terms. one of the most often repeated arguments for hindi appeared in blunt numerical terms, where speakers were identified by religious community. an 1873 issue of the kavi vachan such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5021160129542144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.078894"} {"text": "lacked standardization ; and hindi had an impoverished vocabulary, especially in scientific and technical terms. one of the most often repeated arguments for hindi appeared in blunt numerical terms, where speakers were identified by religious community. an 1873 issue of the kavi vachan sucha [ * ], a hindi newspaper of banaras, argued that the government ' s duty lay in yielding to the demand of the general public for the introduction of hindi. although the muslims might suffer from the change, they constituted only a minority of the population, and the interests of the few always had to yield to those of the many ( nwp & o svn 1873 : 528 ). such arguments, of course, ignored the fact that the great bulk of the population used nonliterary regional and local dialects, and not the sanskritized hindi and persianized urdu of the vernacular elite. throughout the controversy the participants tended to identify language and religion. in 1868, babu shiv prasad, a prominent advocate of the nagari script, castigated british language policy, \" which thrusts a semitic element into the bosoms of hindus and alienates them from their aryan speech... and... which is now trying to turn all the hindus into semi - muhammadans and destroy our hindu nationality \" ( prasad 1868 : 5 \u2013 6 ). professor raj kumar sarvadhikari, appearing before the hunter education commission in 1882, remarked that in awadh \" urdu is the dialect of the muhammadan inhabitants and hindi of the hindus \" ( educ comm rpt nwp & o : 462 ). conversely, in 1900, a correspondent of the punjab observer expressed fears that the recent decision of the provincial government to recognize the nagari script would eventually lead to the abolition of urdu, which would in turn cause muslim boys to become hindu in thought and expression ( khan 1900 : 79 ). from the very beginning the different parties to the debate consistently confused the names for language and script. \" hindi, \" \" hindi character, \" \" nagari, \" and \" nagari character \" seemed interchangeable, as did \" persian, \" \" persian character, \" and \" urdu. \" sir george grierson, author of the massive linguistic survey of india, remarked that \" these fanatics have confused alphabet with language. they say because a thing is written in deva - nagari [ sic ] therefore it is hindi, the language of the hindus, and because a thing is written in the persian character therefore it is urdu, the language of the musalman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49667449786239526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.079883"} {"text": "language. they say because a thing is written in deva - nagari [ sic ] therefore it is hindi, the language of the hindus, and because a thing is written in the persian character therefore it is urdu, the language of the musalmans \" ( grierson 1903 \u2013 1928, vol. 9, part 1, xiv, 49 ). yet script was the critical issue. more than any other linguistic fact, the radically different nature of the two scripts rendered any solution to the hindi - urdu controversy intractable. while the grammars of hindi and urdu, derived from the regional dialect of khari [ * ] boli [ * ], were almost identical, and while the vocabularies of the two on the everyday level of discourse overlapped considerably, the two scripts focused and heightened the differences between the hindu and the indo - persian cultures. like different channels to different cultural reservoirs, deliberately opened, they allowed the influence of sanskrit, on the one hand, and of arabic and persian, on the other, to pour separately into hindi and urdu, bypassing the existing mixture of indo - persian culture. the results of this artificial irrigation, highly sanskritized hindi and highly persianized urdu, not only served to distinguish the rival hindu and indo - muslim cultures from each other, but also sharply differentiated both from the surrounding ocean of popular culture. definition against internal rivals : hindustani, braj, and kaithi the processes of separation and rejection, and of definition and affirmation, occurred not only between hindi and urdu, but also within the world of hindi itself. considerable controversy took place among hindi supporters over the question of the proper style for literary works. whatever the merits or demerits of the various styles current among hindi authors, however, the reading public showed a definite preference for a simple style. the most popular author of the period, devki nandan khatri ( 1861 \u2013 1913 ), wrote in a clear and readable hindi that made ample use of common arabic and persian words. his two best - known series of novels, chandrakanta and chandrakanta santati, which he started writing in 1888, won him fame and fortune. within ten years he had earned enough to found his own press in his native city of banaras. for a few years khatri became a member of the nps, but found the atmosphere there uncongenial. from the viewpoint of the sabha, although khatri ' s works ( published in the nagari script ) had won more readers than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46558970227951046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.081007"} {"text": "few years khatri became a member of the nps, but found the atmosphere there uncongenial. from the viewpoint of the sabha, although khatri ' s works ( published in the nagari script ) had won more readers than any other author ( up admin rpt 1914 \u2013 1915 : 72 ), his style did not deserve to be considered literary hindi, but rather only merited the designation \" hindustani, \" a vehicle fit merely for light and frothy creations and too close to urdu to be respectable ( r. c. shukla 1968 : 476 \u2013 77 ). in the nps the whole vexed question of the proper style for hindi came to a head in a controversy between the sabha and one of its own officers, pandit lakshmi shankar mishra, who served as president from 1894 until his resignation in 1902. mishra possessed impeccable credentials : he held a high position in the provincial educational department, he had made efforts for the increased use of hindi in government schools, and he had published in hindi on the subject of science before most of his fellow scholars. the heart of the dispute appeared in a letter sent by mishra to the provincial text - book committee at the time of his resignation. after speaking of a \" widening gulf \" between hindi and urdu, mishra went on to say : as the grammer of both urdu and hindi is identical, they should not be considered as separate languages, and hence for ordinary purposes, in such books as are not technical and which are intended for the common people, [ an ] attempt should be made to assimilate the two forms into one language, which may be called hindustani, and may be written either in the persian script or the nagari character. ( nps ann rpt 1894 : 35 \u2013 36, 40 41 ; up educ progs may 1903 : 31 \u2013 32 ) yet the raison d ' etre of the sabha was the distinct and separate existence of hindi vis - a - vis urdu. any attempt to combine them or to reduce or eliminate their differences undermined the whole purpose of the organization. views such as those put forth by pandit mishra must have been anathema to the other leaders of the sabha, and they could hardly tolerate the open expression of such opinions by their own chief officer. the leaders of the sabha felt obliged both to differentiate their language and script from others and to reject any actual or potential rivals. in sanskrit plays, characters of loftier social rank speak sanskrit, while those of lower ranks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4546904868353513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.083591"} {"text": "opinions by their own chief officer. the leaders of the sabha felt obliged both to differentiate their language and script from others and to reject any actual or potential rivals. in sanskrit plays, characters of loftier social rank speak sanskrit, while those of lower ranks speak lesser languages. similarly, the sabha gave great importance to preserving the sanskritic purity of an important cultural symbol. in this way, the organization consciously chose to maintain linguistic contact with hindu vernacular elites in other areas of india, rather than encourage popular culture and enlist the support of the masses of its own area ( see das 1957 : 251 \u2013 52 ). the rejection of braj bhasha in its first annual report the sabha presented a picture of the rise and development of hindi literature which showed a basic ambiguity ( nps ann rpt 1894 : 1 \u2013 3 ). while claiming braj bhasha and other literary dialects as part of hindi literature in the distant past, when speaking of the origins of hindi prose in the nineteenth century, the sabha clearly meant only khari [ * ] boli [ * ] hindi. the sabha ' s use of the term \" hindi \" expanded while moving toward the \" glorious \" past and contracted while moving toward the present. behind the sabha ' s attitude lay the fact that braj bhasha remained the most important medium of \" hindi \" poetry in large areas of north india until the 1920s. ironically, several of the leading braj poets lived in banaras, some of whom joined the sabha, and even bharatendu harishchandra, widely acclaimed as the father of modern hindi, had written most of his poetry in braj. many members of the sabha felt that this situation presented a great obstacle to the progress of hindi ; the language of prose and poetry ought to be the same. instead, most prose appeared in khari boli hindi and most poetry in braj bhasha or awadhi. even primary - level hindi school books used braj for their poetic selections, wrote shyam sundar das ( one of the founders of the nps ) in 1901, urging the use of khari boli poetry instead ( misra 1956 : 209 ). nevertheless, braj remained the language of poetry in hindi school books for more than another decade ( up svn 1913 : 1254 ). years earlier the opening salvo of a controversy between the advocates of braj bhasha and those of khari boli had appeared in a work entitled khari boli ka padya ( khari boli prose )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.462587508079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.084795"} {"text": ": 1254 ). years earlier the opening salvo of a controversy between the advocates of braj bhasha and those of khari boli had appeared in a work entitled khari boli ka padya ( khari boli prose ) by ayodhya prasad khatri, a resident of bihar. khatri published and distributed his book at his own expense to scores of well - known hindi supporters. he hoped to persuade urdu poets to use the nagari script, and hindi poets to use khari [ * ] boli [ * ]. he wished all concerned to meet on the common ground of khari boli written in the nagari script ( misra 1956 : 158, 179 ). although khatri ' s efforts met with little success, they did serve to touch off a vigorous debate between two noted hindi supporters in the pages of hindustan, the province ' s only hindi daily at the time. shridhar pathak, the champion of khari boli, had earned a reputation in both of the rival literary dialects and had authored the first poem of any importance in modern khari boli hindi in 1886, only a year before the publication of khatri ' s book. radha charan goswami, the defender of the opposing literary dialect, edited a hindi newspaper in brindaban in the heart of the braj area ( r. c. shukla 1968 : 436, 559 ). he argued khari boli and braj bhasha were one language ; no poetry worthy of the name had appeared in khari boli ; khari boli did not allow the use of the best hindi metrical forms ; people over a wide area understood braj ; and poetry and prose could never use the same language. most important, goswami claimed that should poets accept khari boli, as khatri had suggested, their efforts would only serve to spread urdu. pathak countered that khari boli and braj were two languages ; the future possibilities for khari boli poetry were great ; khari boli did allow the use of a wide variety of metrical forms ; many more people understood khari boli than braj ; and poetry and prose could and should use the same language. although pathak did not reply directly to goswami ' s most important charge, unlike khatri he neither spoke of hindi and urdu as the same nor excluded braj bhasha from the realm of hindi poetry ( misra 1956 : 175 \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42036845179438104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.085767"} {"text": "pathak did not reply directly to goswami ' s most important charge, unlike khatri he neither spoke of hindi and urdu as the same nor excluded braj bhasha from the realm of hindi poetry ( misra 1956 : 175 \u2013 82 ). goswami had pinpointed an important issue, namely, khari boli poetry seemed suspect to many hindi supporters because almost all of its recent creations were in persianized urdu. the real answer to goswami ' s imputation appeared in the work of mahavir prasad dwivedi, editor of saraswati, the most influential periodical in the hindi literary world in the first two decades of the twentieth century. dwivedi used sanskrit words and metrical forms in his own khari boli poetry and encouraged the same approach in those who wrote for his journal ( misra 1956 : 211 ; r. c. shukla 1968 : 583 ). after dwivedi, no one could seriously oppose khari boli hindi poetry on the grounds that this would further the spread of urdu. dwivedi had succeeded in sanskritizing the new poetic medium. more than twenty years later the conveners of the first hindi sahitya sammelan in banaras in 1910 called on pathak and goswami to come forward and reiterate their previous arguments. the situation had changed, for now the question had become not whether khari boli should become a medium of hindi poetry, but rather to what extent braj bhasha should remain one ( misra 1956 : 213 \u2013 24 ). in the second session of the sammelan a year later in allahabad, one advocate of khari [ * ] boli [ * ] had harsh words for braj. badrinath bhatt, later to become professor of hindi at lucknow university, told his listeners that in an age when india needed men, the cloying influence of braj had turned indians into eunuchs. during the fifth meeting of the sammelan in 1914, the prominent hindi poet maithili sharan gupta, a protege of dwivedi, spoke even blunter words. he called the supporters of braj bhasha enemies of india ' s national language, khari boli hindi ( misra 1956 : 225, 228 \u2013 29 ). part of the process of defining \" hindi, \" then, involved affirming the earlier literary heritage of other regional dialects in the past, but rejecting literary creations in the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44079894442582496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.086685"} {"text": "boli hindi ( misra 1956 : 225, 228 \u2013 29 ). part of the process of defining \" hindi, \" then, involved affirming the earlier literary heritage of other regional dialects in the past, but rejecting literary creations in the same dialects in the present. because they added lustre to hindi ' s past, written traditions in these dialects at least merited attention. on the other hand, because they were presumably considered too vulgar and unrefined, oral traditions, such as the biraha [ * ] of the ahirs of the bhojpuri - speaking area, received no notice. thus the records of the nps ( for at least the first twenty years ) make no mention of bhojpuri, although its speakers constitute the great majority in banaras and environs. nor do they mention the reputed creator of biraha, bihari lal yadav ( 1857 \u2013 1926 ) ( see chapter 3 ). nagari yes, kaithi no script as well as language was subject to these internecine conflicts. the kaithi script, one of several cursive forms of nagari used by merchant castes, led a precarious existence in the official infrastructure of british india, though surviving and even thriving in more ordinary surroundings. with a few notable exceptions, british officialdom in the province opposed the use of kaithi in courts, offices, and schools, even though this script had much greater popularity than nagari, especially in the eastern districts. officials in the neighboring province of bihar, however, displayed very different attitudes. believing kaithi to be the most widespread script in the province, as evidenced by the flourishing condition of the indigenous schools teaching it, the government ordered the creation of a font of kaithi type, and by 1881 had prescribed kaithi for primary vernacular schools. kaithi texts soon began to appear, and the schools and courts of bihar continued to use the script until at least 1913 ( see king 1974 : 162 \u2013 64, 166 \u2013 70 ). these policies met with bitter criticism from dr. rajendralal mitra, a distinguished bengali educator, in his testimony before the hunter education commission. he noted that hindi textbooks for bihar schools printed in nagari had previously come from banaras, and that for every textbook bihar could produce, the u. p. could produce a hundred. this flow of books had kept the people of bihar linguistically united with their fellow hindus to the west. the use of kaithi, on the other hand, would eventually deprive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4602217130459662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.087641"} {"text": "could produce, the u. p. could produce a hundred. this flow of books had kept the people of bihar linguistically united with their fellow hindus to the west. the use of kaithi, on the other hand, would eventually deprive biharis not only of the literature created by their ancestors but also of that more recently created by their kinsmen in the u. p. ( educ comm rpt bengal 1884 : 334 ). mitra spoke of kaithi as the nps had written about hindustani : kaithi threatened the linguistic and religious identity of bihari hindus. agreeing with mitra, the nps also rejected nagari ' s rival. in its ninth year the sabha, at the suggestion of a member, considered the question of improving kaithi ' s shortcomings. after some deliberation, the sabha declared : in the opinion of the sabha there are no letters more excellent than the nagari, and in its opinion it is useful and proper for the aryan languages of india to be written only in their nagari letters. for this reason the sabha cannot aid in any way in promoting the progress of kaithi letters, nor can it display any enthusiasm for this. ( nps ann rpt 1903 : 14 \u2013 15 ) although the sabha had earlier expressed the need for a shorthand system for hindi, it apparently never considered the possibilities of kaithi for this ( nps ann rpt 1895 : 10 ; nps ann rpt 1899 : 20 ; nps ann rpt 1900 : 21 \u2013 22 ). moreover, the sabha made numerous and mostly unsuccessful attempts to establish nagari court writers in every district of the province, largely because the organization ignored the fact that almost no writers knew nagari, especially in the eastern districts, though many knew kaithi, and the indigenous schools teaching this script were thriving. contemporary sources indicate that other hindi supporters thought kaithi to be as illegible and ambiguous as the urdu script, no easier or more widely used than nagari, and unsuitable as a medium of education. certainly kaithi lacked the auspicious association with sanskrit possessed by nagari ; rejecting kaithi meant indirectly affirming hindi ' s close connection with sanskrit. to hindi supporters, rejecting kaithi also meant separating hindi and nagari from a more popular but lower level of culture. thus, a writer in a 1900 issue of the hindi newspaper bharat jiwan of banaras argued that those hindu trading classes who used the muria script ( another cursive form of nagari", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46115446747373157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.090678"} {"text": "a more popular but lower level of culture. thus, a writer in a 1900 issue of the hindi newspaper bharat jiwan of banaras argued that those hindu trading classes who used the muria script ( another cursive form of nagari similar to kaithi ) could not hope to better their condition until they received their education through the nagari script ( nwp & o svn 1900 : 183 ). moreover, a strong association existed between kaithi and rural life : government policy in awadh allowed, and in bihar encouraged, the widespread use of kaithi by patwari s or village record keepers ( educ comm rpt bengal 1884 : 46 \u2013 47 ; nwp & o educ rpt 1886 \u2013 1887 : 77 \u2013 78 ; oudh educ rpt 1873 \u2013 1874 : 150 ). definition through print : the growth of publications in 1868 several provincial governments began to issue quarterly statements of books and periodicals published or printed in the territories under their jurisdictions. although these statements had several short - comings, especially in their earlier years, they constitute by far the most complete and detailed source for the publishing history of india during our period. according to these records, by 1914 banaras had become the major center for hindu - heritage languages, well ahead of allahabad in hindi and in sanskrit - hindi publications, and far ahead of any other center in sanskrit, while lucknow led in islamic - heritage - language publications. moreover, while the number of urdu publications had grown substantially in both relative and absolute terms between 1868 and 1914, the number of hindi publications had grown even more rapidly, so that the latter outnumbered the former by nearly three to one ( see table 6. 1 ). up to 1900 the ratio between hindi and urdu publications had remained roughly constant, about fourteen or fifteen books in hindi for every ten in urdu. by 1914, however, the ratio had changed dramatically to nearly twenty - seven to ten, almost double the previous ratio. it is not coincidence that this literary expansion accompanied an increasing articulation of the differences between hindi and urdu. the british - sponsored development of the lower levels of education beginning at about mid - century played a crucial role in this expansion. the new educational system demanded hundreds of thousands of hindi texts in the nagari script and created thousands of career opportunities that depended on literacy in hindi. the government ' s recognition of hindi and urdu as separate subjects in its schools as early as the 1850s, and the printing of textbooks in both the nagari and the urdu script, only heightened existing differences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4644213676772197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.091767"} {"text": "of career opportunities that depended on literacy in hindi. the government ' s recognition of hindi and urdu as separate subjects in its schools as early as the 1850s, and the printing of textbooks in both the nagari and the urdu script, only heightened existing differences and helped to create opposing vernacular elites. in the nearly five decades between 1868 and 1914 several other trends emerged. publications in the classical islamic - heritage languages of arabic and persian slowly diminished, with the most rapid decline occurring in the period 1900 \u2013 1914. arabic, comprising about 2 \u2013 3 percent of total publications previously, dropped to 0. 1 percent, while persian publications went from about 10 percent to less than 1 percent. hindu - heritage languages, on the other hand, after remaining on roughly equal terms with islamic - heritage languages in the nineteenth century, showed the same striking increase as hindi in the first years of the twentieth century, especially dual - language works in sanskrit - hindi, suggesting a trend toward the popularization of sanskrit texts. ( see also the discussion of the publishing history of the awadhi manas [ * ] in chapter 1. ) the geographical distribution of publication in various languages showed striking shifts during the same period. the proportion of hindi works in the total output of the eastern part of the province remained practically constant ( 56 \u2013 57 percent ), as did the proportion of urdu works ( about 29 percent ) in the west. after 1900, however, the proportion of urdu works in the east fell to about half the former level, while that of hindi works in the west rose to almost twice the previous level. in short, it was as if an increasing tide of hindi works had pushed a diminishing flow of urdu works back into the western part of the province. on the level of the vernacular elite, the differences between hindi and urdu had become greater. at the same time, the gap between hindi and urdu, on the one hand, and the regional dialects, on the other, had widened. the who of hindi supporters : patterns in education and employment the vernaculars and education in the mid - 1840s the government of the n. w. p. conducted a survey of educational institutions, which presented a clear picture of the social backgrounds of students and teachers in persian, hindi, arabic, and sanskrit schools in many districts. the distribution of students and teachers in the persian and hindi schools ( the great majority of the total ) of agra district fairly represented the general situation in other districts. muslims and kayasths composed the great majority of teachers and students of persian, and brahmins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4679841821378762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.092890"} {"text": "of students and teachers in the persian and hindi schools ( the great majority of the total ) of agra district fairly represented the general situation in other districts. muslims and kayasths composed the great majority of teachers and students of persian, and brahmins, baniyas, and rajputs, of hindi. moreover, all but a handful of muslims studied persian, while most hindus ( with the notable exception of kayasths ) studied hindi ( nwp educ rpt 1844 \u2013 1845 : appendix i ). another aspect of language study patterns appears in statistics for government schools in 1859 \u2013 60. in the western part of the province students learning islamic - heritage languages were a slight majority, while in the central and eastern parts those learning hindu - heritage languages were large majorities ( nwp educ rpt 1859 \u2013 1860 : appendix a, 2 \u2013 62 ). similar figures for awadh in 1869 show a pattern very close to that of the western n. w. p., with slightly more than half the students learning islamic - heritage languages, a little more than a third, hindu - heritage languages, and the remainder, english ( oudh educ rpt 1868 \u2013 1869 : appendix a ). in both awadh and the n. w. p. another pattern appeared in education statistics during this period : the higher the level of education, the greater the proportion of students taking islamic - heritage languages and english, and the smaller the proportion taking hindu - heritage languages ( see king 1974 : 84 \u2013 91 ). when we put these patterns together, a picture emerges which correlates quite well with the distribution of hindi and urdu publications discussed above : hindi in a subordinate position in government institutions, contrasted with urdu well entrenched in the higher reaches of education and administration ; hindi supported by castes associated with sanskrit learning and resistance to muslim rule in the past, versus urdu upheld by muslims and those hindu castes ( chiefly kayasths ) with a vested interest in indo - persian culture ; hindi whose stronghold lay in the eastern part of the province where the hindu merchant tradition was more powerful vis - a - vis urdu, whose strength lay in awadh and the western part of the province where the indo - persian service tradition was more dominant ( bayly 1983 ) ; and finally, hindi and urdu studied almost entirely by high - caste hindus and muslims. the vernaculars and employment in 1877 the provincial government first prescribed a successful performance in either the middle class vernacular or the middle class anglo - vernacular examination as a qualification for government service.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5125458363127255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.093892"} {"text": "hindi and urdu studied almost entirely by high - caste hindus and muslims. the vernaculars and employment in 1877 the provincial government first prescribed a successful performance in either the middle class vernacular or the middle class anglo - vernacular examination as a qualification for government service. by the mid - 1880s the sizable increase in the numbers of candidates showed that the order had begun to take effect. lists of those passing the examinations were sent to each collector or deputy commissioner, and in many districts vacancies were filled from them. by the late 1880s these examinations had come to be the educational event of greatest interest to many hopefuls for government service. their popularity began to wane toward the end of the century, however, as graduates with higher qualifications offered increasing competition. the statistics for these two examinations plainly show the dominance of certain castes, especially kayasths, in the struggle for government service. they also show that the chief rivals of the kayasths and muslims were high - caste hindus, namely, brahmins, rajputs, khatris, and baniyas ( nwp & o educ rpt 1885 \u2013 1886 : orders of government, 6 ; nwp & o educ rpt 1886 \u2013 1887 : 15 \u2013 17, 19 ; king 1974 : 186 \u2013 94 ). the 1877 order had a significant effect on the numbers of candidates opting to study one or the other of the two vernaculars. in the twenty - year period between 1875 and 1895 the proportions of candidates taking hindi and urdu reversed themselves. in the mid - 1870s hindi candidates accounted for more than three - quarters of those taking the examinations ; by 1887 urdu candidates made up more than three - quarters of the total, and this ratio remained nearly the same for the rest of the century ( malaviya 1897 : 31 ). the reason for this shift was clear : as a result of the 1877 orders, the candidates chiefly valued the examinations as a means to government service, and naturally preferred to take them in the vernacular language that dominated in courts and offices. let us imagine a picture based on the preceding data. a pair of gates labeled vernacular middle and anglo - vernacular middle examinations stands before us. through them pours a crowd of thousands, moving in the direction of more distant gates. a small portion of the crowd, mainly muslims and kayasths, succeeds in passing through one of these more distant gates, labeled subordinate judicial and executive services, but many others are turned aside. among these, numbers of brahmins, rajputs, khatris, and baniya", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4617159640780215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.094876"} {"text": "and kayasths, succeeds in passing through one of these more distant gates, labeled subordinate judicial and executive services, but many others are turned aside. among these, numbers of brahmins, rajputs, khatris, and baniyas, as well as a few muslims, succeed in crossing the portals of a large gate labeled educational department. others, among them many muslims, manage to enter a smaller gate labeled police department. some of the remaining crowd enter through other, smaller gates, but many fail to pass through any gate and straggle off into the surrounding countryside. here live millions unacquainted with either sanskritized hindi or persianized urdu who come from the lower levels of hindu and muslim society \u2014 ahirs, chamars, bhangis, and many others. this fanciful portrait is meant to suggest that many non - kayasth hindus found that their best hope for government service lay in the newer educational department rather than in the older, more presti - gious, and more remunerative revenue or judicial departments. from the ranks of such hindus came many leaders of the hindi movement. the three founders of the nps, for example, included a brahmin, a rajput, and a khatri ; all three made their careers in education \u2014 two in government service, and one in both government and private service. our portrait also suggests that the great majority of the population, the repository of popular culture, did not share the concerns of the vernacular elite. yet another aspect of the relationship between education, language, and employment appeared in the results of an investigation ordered by the provincial lieutenant - governor in may 1900, a month after he had issued a resolution ostensibly granting equal status to the two vernacular languages and scripts. this investigation, which included the courts and offices of the judicial and revenue departments from the highest to the lowest level in each district, aimed at determining the respective numbers of hindu and muslim clerks familiar with hindi or urdu or both ( nwp & o gen admin progs october 1900 : 111, 119, 122 \u2013 24 ). the results showed that most hindus knew at least some hindi, and even more knew at least some urdu. on the other hand, fewer than half of the muslims knew at least some hindi, while all knew at least some urdu. to put matters differently, almost all the hindus knew urdu well, and the majority knew hindi well too. while almost all the muslims knew urdu well, only a small minority knew hindi well. contemporary observers suggested with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.505357398263667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.095843"} {"text": "while all knew at least some urdu. to put matters differently, almost all the hindus knew urdu well, and the majority knew hindi well too. while almost all the muslims knew urdu well, only a small minority knew hindi well. contemporary observers suggested with good reason that the results were very likely skewed in favor of hindi. even so, the investigation clearly indicated that muslims had a strong vested interest in urdu, the dominant language of the courts and offices, while hindus, though rivaling muslims in urdu, could easily turn to hindi, where they far outstripped muslims. in sum, muslims stood to lose much more from any change than did hindus. for the thousands of hindus and muslims educated in the vernaculars \u2014 that is, those who constituted the vernacular elite \u2014 language identity and economic well - being were bound together inseparably, a fact that intensified the rivalry between supporters of hindi and urdu. the role of voluntary organizations : the nagari pracharini sabha if pandit gauri datta had expressed himself visually, his play might have taken the form of the picture that appeared in the november 1902 issue of saraswati ( r. k. das 1902 : 359 : see figure 14 ). on the left stood a muslim prostitute, decked out in all the finery of her profession. on the right, facing her rival, sat a hindu matron, modestly clothed in an ordinary sari. the caption \" hindi - urdu \" and the verses below made it clear that on the left stood urdu personified and on the right sat hindi. the author of the verses was radha krishna das, a member of one of the great merchant families of banaras, a relative of bharatendu harishchandra, and the first president of the nagari [ * ] pracharini [ * ] sabha [ * ] of banaras. as the nexus of relationships embodied in the picture suggests, the sabha both reflected and contributed to the process of change discussed above. founded in 1893 by schoolboys of queen ' s college in banaras, the sabha soon acquired influential patrons such as madan mohan malaviya, played the leading role in mobilizing support for the resolution of may 1900, gave prizes for nagari handwriting in schools, granted awards for hindi literature, carried out extensive searches for old hindi manuscripts and published the results, started two influential journals ( the nagari pracharini patrika and saraswati ), attracted a membership of many hundreds, received donations of thousands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4642421919530369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.096894"} {"text": "granted awards for hindi literature, carried out extensive searches for old hindi manuscripts and published the results, started two influential journals ( the nagari pracharini patrika and saraswati ), attracted a membership of many hundreds, received donations of thousands of rupees, founded the hindi sahitya sammelan of allahabad, constructed a major headquarters building, published many important works ( including grammars and dictionaries ), and lobbied the provincial text book committee and other government organizations for nagari and hindi ( see king 1974 : 243 \u2013 377, 455 \u2013 79 ). through all these activities, the sabha played the leading role in affirming and defining hindi during our period, a hindi separate and distinct from urdu, other literary dialects, hindustani, and the popular culture of oral tradition. the social and geographic origins of the early membership of the sabha, not surprisingly, showed patterns that strongly correlated with the patterns of publication, education, and employment we have already examined. brahmins, khatris, rajputs, and baniyas [ * ] ( mainly agarwals ) accounted for more than two thirds of the total membership of 84 in 1894. in the same year provincial residents composed 80 percent of the membership, and residents of banaras 56 percent. the eastern portion of the province provided 68 percent of the membership, awadh and the western portion only 6 percent each. the remainder of the membership came from rajasthan, punjab, the central provinces and central india, bihar, and bengal ( king 1974 : 251 \u2013 68 ). by 1914, the peak year before a prolonged decline in membership, the proportions had shifted. the province had dropped to 64 percent and banaras to 16 percent of the total of 1, 368 members, though the leadership remained firmly in the hands of the same banaras castes. while the share of the eastern portion of the province fell to about 33 percent, that of the western part rose to 20 percent, and that of awadh to 12 percent, mostly in the two or three years before 1914. rajasthan, the central provinces and central india, and bihar made up 23 per - cent. the sabha remained an almost entirely north india and hindu organization throughout our period : the first of a handful of south indians joined in 1908, and only tiny numbers of muslims ever became members ( king 1974 : 445 \u2013 51 ). while much of the financial support for the sabha came from membership donations and the sale of publications, especially school textbooks, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4898022793333604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.097958"} {"text": "of south indians joined in 1908, and only tiny numbers of muslims ever became members ( king 1974 : 445 \u2013 51 ). while much of the financial support for the sabha came from membership donations and the sale of publications, especially school textbooks, a significant portion came from large donors, many of whom were princes. in the first thirty years the organization ' s twenty largest donors contributed close to rs. 100, 000, or approximately 30 percent of the total income. twelve of these donors were princes, seven of whom became official patrons of the sabha, namely, the maharajas of gwalior, rewah, baroda, bikaner, chatrapur, alwar, and banaras ( king 1974 : 452 \u2013 54, 456 \u2013 59 ). whereas the sabha ' s first decade brought significant successes in both political and literary endeavors, the second decade saw continuing progress in the latter but little or no advance in the former. from about 1914 on, the sabha devoted most of its energies and funds to literary efforts and turned away from political activities. so politically conservative did the organization become that the government even allowed the sabha to keep proscribed books. in the decades to come, not the sabha but the hindi sahitya sammelan played the preeminent political role on both the provincial and the national level in the promotion of hindi and the nagari script. the sabha remained content to embellish hindi literature. new identities \u2014 the terminus ad quem the picture in saraswati provides a convenient departure point for summarizing, analyzing, and speculating about what we have learned of the hindi movement. by the early twentieth century, as the distance between the two women suggests, the indo - persian and hindu cultures had become separate clusters of symbols for many members of what we have called the vernacular elite. from the more extreme hindu view - point, the two figures stood for virtue versus vice ; from the more extreme muslim viewpoint, for barbarism versus refinement ( see rahmat - ullah 1900 ). as one scholar of north india has suggested, various symbols of communal identity gradually clustered around the master symbol of religion in a process designated as \" multi - symbol congruence \" ( brass 1974 ). we need not restrict ourselves to models from western sources to analyze the hindi movement, however, for the process of linguistic \" purification \" has a venerable social and cultural history in india. just as certain standards for social behavior, especially for those castes wishing to elevate their position in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5113936945994038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.098969"} {"text": "from western sources to analyze the hindi movement, however, for the process of linguistic \" purification \" has a venerable social and cultural history in india. just as certain standards for social behavior, especially for those castes wishing to elevate their position in the hierarchy, have been embodied in brahmins for many centuries, so standards for language behavior have resided in sanskrit, whose very name means \" perfected. \" thus we can explain much of the hindi movement as a process of \" sanskritization \" in which the excellence of a language was judged by the degree to which it incorporated the standards of sanskrit. at the same time, we must not overlook the influence of english, which provided a not necessarily antithetical model of a modern language. the supporters of hindi could choose or reject, and they did ; roman letters proved unacceptable, while dictionaries of scientific terms were deemed acceptable. through the processes of separation and rejection hindi supporters determined what hindi was not and what hindi should not be. through the more positive processes of affirmation and definition they decided what hindi was and what it should be. hindi was certainly not urdu ( separation ) nor should it be ( rejection ). on the other hand, hindi had descended from sanskrit ( definition ), something good for religious and cultural reasons ( affirmation ). these admittedly imprecise terms suggest the active approach of the vernacular elite to the creation of a new language style, what we might tentatively call the sanskritization of khari [ * ] boli [ * ] ( the common grammatical base of both hindi and urdu ). from this viewpoint we can argue that the rejection of hindustani, kaithi, and popular oral traditions rested primarily on their relatively \" impure \" natures as compared to a shuddh ( pure ) hindi. in the cases of braj bhasha and awadhi, however, such an explanation does not suffice. here more practical reasons seem to have prevailed : though both acted as bearers of a glorious literary tradition and parts of hindi ' s past, neither possessed the necessary characteristics for a potential national language. only sanskritized hindi, sharing the same grammatical base as the already widespread urdu, had both the necessary purity and practicality. while the vernacular elite played an active, not passive, role in the sanskritization of khari boli, they forged sanskritized hindi within arenas \u2014 the educational system, the press, the publishing industry, voluntary associations, and the government itself \u2014 largely introduced through british rule. this external framework displayed fundamental ambi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5335749178573697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.100074"} {"text": "in the sanskritization of khari boli, they forged sanskritized hindi within arenas \u2014 the educational system, the press, the publishing industry, voluntary associations, and the government itself \u2014 largely introduced through british rule. this external framework displayed fundamental ambiguities, however : thus, a close study of the period reveals that british officials authored language policies with massive contradictions ( see, for example, king 1974 : 383 \u2013 93 ) which exacerbated the very conflict they decried and left considerable room for the vernacular elite to maneuver. by the eve of world war i, then, a class ( the hindi vernacular elite ) had appeared in north india, especially in eastern u. p., whose commu - nity identity centered on shuddh hindi, hinduism, and an urban alliance of service and merchant interests. the harmonious working relationship between two leading members of the sabha, radha krishna das, merchant, and shyam sundar das, educator, beautifully illustrates this alliance. the intensity of the struggle with the urdu vernacular elite in the province expanded to the national level in the twentieth century. the emphasis on the purity of hindi widened the gap between hindi and urdu as well as between elite and popular culture. the final result came after independence, when hindi became one of the two official languages of india, and the only official language of the u. p., thus at last fulfilling the judgment of maharaja righteous - rule in pandit gauri datta ' s svang [ * ]. truly, queen nagari, born in sanskrit - rich banaras, ruled again.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4907163571427403, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.100748"} {"text": "understanding alcohol \u2019 s impact on your health table of contents a brightly colored cosmopolitan is the drink of choice for the glamorous characters in sex and the city. james bond depends on his famous martini \u2014 shaken, not stirred \u2014 to unwind with after confounding a villain. and what wedding concludes without a champagne toast? alcohol is part of our culture \u2014 it helps us celebrate and socialize, and it enhances our religious ceremonies. but drinking too much \u2014 on a single occasion or over time \u2014 can have serious consequences for our health. most americans recognize that drinking too much can lead to accidents and dependence. but that \u2019 s only part of the story. in addition to these serious problems, alcohol abuse can damage organs, weaken the immune system, and contribute to cancers. plus, much like smoking, alcohol affects different people differently. genes, environment, and even diet can play a role in whether you develop an alcohol - related disease. on the flip side, some people actually may benefit from drinking alcohol in small quantities. sound complicated? it sure can be. to stay healthy, and to decide what role alcohol should play in your life, you need accurate, up - to - date information. this brochure is designed to offer you guidance based on the latest research on alcohol \u2019 s effect on your health. a little goes a long way : know the amounts knowing how much alcohol constitutes a \u201c standard \u201d drink can help you determine how much you are drinking and understand the risks. one standard drink contains about 0. 6 fluid ounces or 14 grams of pure alcohol. in more familiar terms, the following amounts constitute one standard drink : - 12 fluid ounces of beer ( about 5 % alcohol ) - 8 to 9 fluid ounces of malt liquor ( about 7 % alcohol ) - 5 fluid ounces of table wine ( about 12 % alcohol ) - 1. 5 fluid ounces of hard liquor ( about 40 % alcohol ) research demonstrates \u201c low - risk \u201d drinking levels for men are no more than 4 drinks on any single day and no more than 14 drinks per week. for women, \u201c low - risk \u201d drinking levels are no more than three drinks on any single day and no more than seven drinks per week. to stay low - risk, you must keep within both the single - day and weekly limits. even within these limits, you can have problems if you drink too quickly, have health conditions, or are over age 65. older adults should have no more than three drinks on any day and no more than seven drinks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45013013451923883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.128693"} {"text": "single - day and weekly limits. even within these limits, you can have problems if you drink too quickly, have health conditions, or are over age 65. older adults should have no more than three drinks on any day and no more than seven drinks per week. based on your health and how alcohol affects you, you may need to drink less or not at all. people who should abstain from alcohol completely include those who : - plan to drive a vehicle or operate machinery - are pregnant or trying to become pregnant - take medications that interact with alcohol - have a medical condition that alcohol can aggravate effects on the brain you \u2019 re chatting with friends at a party and a waitress comes around with glasses of champagne. you drink one, then another, maybe even a few more. before you realize it, you are laughing more loudly than usual and swaying as you walk. by the end of the evening, you are too slow to move out of the way of a waiter with a dessert tray and have trouble speaking clearly. the next morning, you wake up feeling dizzy and your head hurts. you may have a hard time remembering everything you did the night before. these reactions illustrate how quickly and dramatically alcohol affects the brain. the brain is an intricate maze of connections that keeps our physical and psychological processes running smoothly. disruption of any of these connections can affect how the brain works. alcohol also can have longer - lasting consequences for the brain \u2014 changing the way it looks and works and resulting in a range of problems. most people do not realize how extensively alcohol can affect the brain. but recognizing these potential consequences will help you make better decisions about what amount of alcohol is appropriate for you. what happens inside the brain? the brain \u2019 s structure is complex. it includes multiple systems that interact to support all of your body \u2019 s functions \u2014 from thinking to breathing to moving. these multiple brain systems communicate with each other through about a trillion tiny nerve cells called neurons. neurons in the brain translate information into electrical and chemical signals the brain can understand. they also send messages from the brain to the rest of the body. chemicals called neurotransmitters carry messages between the neurons. neurotransmitters can be very powerful. depending on the type and the amount of neurotransmitter, these chemicals can either intensify or minimize your body \u2019 s responses, your feelings, and your mood. the brain works to balance the neurotransmitters that speed things up with the ones that slow things down to keep your body operating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4929451457011478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.129774"} {"text": "these chemicals can either intensify or minimize your body \u2019 s responses, your feelings, and your mood. the brain works to balance the neurotransmitters that speed things up with the ones that slow things down to keep your body operating at the right pace. alcohol can slow the pace of communication between neurotransmitters in the brain. discovering the brain changes there still is much we do not understand about how the brain works and how alcohol affects it. researchers are constantly discovering more about how alcohol interrupts communication pathways in the brain and changes brain structure, and the resulting effects on behavior and functioning. a variety of research methods broaden our understanding in different ways : - brain imaging \u2013 various imaging tools, including structural magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ), functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ), diffusion tensor imaging ( dti ), and positron emission tomography ( pet ), are used to create pictures of the brain. mri and dti create images of brain structure, or what the brain looks like. fmri looks at brain function, or what the brain is doing. it can detect changes in brain activity. pet scans look at changes in neurotransmitter function. all of these imaging techniques are useful to track changes in the alcoholic brain. for example, they can show how an alcoholic brain changes immediately after drinking stops, and again after a long period of sobriety, to check for possible relapses. - psychological tests \u2013 researchers also use psychological tests to evaluate how alcohol - related brain changes affect mental functioning. these tests demonstrate how alcohol affects emotions and personality, as well as how it compromises learning and memory skills. - animal studies \u2013 testing the effect of alcohol on animals \u2019 brains helps researchers better understand how alcohol injures the human brain, and how abstinence can reverse this damage. defining the brain changes using brain imaging and psychological tests, researchers have identified the regions of the brain most vulnerable to alcohol \u2019 s effects. these include : - cerebellum \u2013 this area controls motor coordination. damage to the cerebellum results in a loss of balance and stumbling, and also may affect cognitive functions such as memory and emotional response. - limbic system \u2013 this complex brain system monitors a variety of tasks including memory and emotion. damage to this area impairs each of these functions. - cerebral cortex \u2013 our abilities to think, plan, behave intelligently, and interact socially stem from this brain region. in addition, this area connects the brain to the rest of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5231598256022525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.130891"} {"text": "emotion. damage to this area impairs each of these functions. - cerebral cortex \u2013 our abilities to think, plan, behave intelligently, and interact socially stem from this brain region. in addition, this area connects the brain to the rest of the nervous system. changes and damage to this area impair the ability to solve problems, remember, and learn. alcohol shrinks and disturbs brain tissue heavy alcohol consumption \u2014 even on a single occasion \u2014 can throw the delicate balance of neurotransmitters off course. alcohol can cause your neurotransmitters to relay information too slowly, so you feel extremely drowsy. alcohol - related disruptions to the neurotransmitter balance also can trigger mood and behavioral changes, including depression, agitation, memory loss, and even seizures. long - term, heavy drinking causes alterations in the neurons, such as reductions in the size of brain cells. as a result of these and other changes, brain mass shrinks and the brain \u2019 s inner cavity grows bigger. these changes may affect a wide range of abilities, including motor coordination ; temperature regulation ; sleep ; mood ; and various cognitive functions, including learning and memory. one neurotransmitter particularly susceptible to even small amounts of alcohol is called glutamate. among other things, glutamate affects memory. researchers believe that alcohol interferes with glutamate action, and this may be what causes some people to temporarily \u201c black out, \u201d or forget much of what happened during a night of heavy drinking. alcohol also causes an increased release of serotonin, another neurotransmitter, which helps regulate emotional expression, and endorphins, which are natural substances that may spark feelings of relaxation and euphoria as intoxication sets in. researchers now understand that the brain tries to compensate for these disruptions. neurotransmitters adapt to create balance in the brain despite the presence of alcohol. but making these adaptations can have negative results, including building alcohol tolerance, developing alcohol dependence, and experiencing alcohol withdrawal symptoms. what factors make a difference? different people react differently to alcohol. that is because a variety of factors can influence your brain \u2019 s response to alcohol. these factors include : - how much and how often you drink \u2013 the more you drink, the more vulnerable your brain is. - your genetic background and family history of alcoholism \u2013 certain ethnic populations can have stronger reactions to alcohol, and children of alcoholics are more likely to become alcoholics themselves.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4978477013223879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.131991"} {"text": "often you drink \u2013 the more you drink, the more vulnerable your brain is. - your genetic background and family history of alcoholism \u2013 certain ethnic populations can have stronger reactions to alcohol, and children of alcoholics are more likely to become alcoholics themselves. - your physical health \u2013 if you have liver or nutrition problems, the effects of alcohol will take longer to wear off. are brain problems reversible? abstaining from alcohol over several months to a year may allow structural brain changes to partially correct. abstinence also can help reverse negative effects on thinking skills, including problem - solving, memory, and attention. other alcohol - related brain conditions liver damage that affects the brain not only does alcoholic liver disease affect liver function itself, it also damages the brain. the liver breaks down alcohol \u2014 and the toxins it releases. during this process, alcohol \u2019 s byproducts damage liver cells. these damaged liver cells no longer function as well as they should and allow too much of these toxic substances, ammonia and manganese in particular, to travel to the brain. these substances proceed to damage brain cells, causing a serious and potentially fatal brain disorder known as hepatic encephalopathy. hepatic encephalopathy causes a range of problems, from less severe to fatal. these problems can include : - sleep disturbances - mood and personality changes - shortened attention span - coordination problems, including asterixis, which results in hand shaking or flapping doctors can help treat hepatic encephalopathy with compounds that lower blood ammonia concentrations and with devices that help remove harmful toxins from the blood. in some cases, people suffering from hepatic encephalopathy require a liver transplant, which generally helps improve brain function. fetal alcohol spectrum disorders alcohol can affect the brain at any stage of development \u2014 even before birth. fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are the full range of physical, learning, and behavioral problems, and other birth defects that result from prenatal alcohol exposure. the most serious of these disorders, fetal alcohol syndrome ( fas ), is characterized by abnormal facial features and is usually associated with severe reductions in brain function and overall growth. fas is the leading preventable birth defect associated with mental and behavioral impairment in the united states today. the brains of children with fas are smaller than normal and contain fewer cells, including neurons. these deficiencies result in life - long learning and behavioral problems. current research is investigating whether the brain function of children and adults with fas can be improved with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47591480455696655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.133271"} {"text": "brains of children with fas are smaller than normal and contain fewer cells, including neurons. these deficiencies result in life - long learning and behavioral problems. current research is investigating whether the brain function of children and adults with fas can be improved with complex rehabilitative training, dietary supplements, or medications. effects on the heart americans know how prevalent heart disease is \u2014 about 1 in 12 of us suffer from it. what we don \u2019 t always recognize are the connections heart disease shares with alcohol. on the one hand, researchers have known for centuries that excessive alcohol consumption can damage the heart. drinking a lot over a long period of time or drinking too much on a single occasion can put your heart \u2014 and your life \u2014 at risk. on the other hand, researchers now understand that drinking moderate amounts of alcohol can protect the hearts of some people from the risks of coronary artery disease. deciding how much, if any, alcohol is right for you can be complicated. to make the best decision for yourself, you need to know the facts and then consult your physician. know the function : your cardiovascular system consists of your heart, blood vessels, and blood. this system works constantly \u2014 every second of your life \u2014 delivering oxygen and nutrients to your cells, and carrying away carbon dioxide and other unnecessary material. your heart drives this process. it is a muscle that contracts and relaxes over and over again, moving the blood along the necessary path. your heart beats about 100, 000 times each day, pumping the equivalent of 2, 000 gallons of blood throughout your body. the two sides, or chambers, of the heart receive blood and pump it back into the body. the right ventricle of the heart pumps blood into the lungs to exchange carbon dioxide from the cells for oxygen. the heart relaxes to allow this blood back into its left chamber. it then pumps the oxygen - rich blood to tissues and organs. blood passing through the kidneys allows the body to get rid of waste products. electrical signals keep the heart pumping continuously and at the appropriate rate to propel this routine. know the risks : long - term heavy drinking weakens the heart muscle, causing a condition called alcoholic cardiomyopathy. a weakened heart droops and stretches and cannot contract effectively. as a result, it cannot pump enough blood to sufficiently nourish the organs. in some cases, this blood flow shortage causes severe damage to organs and tissues. symptoms of cardiomyopathy include shortness of breath and other breathing difficulties, fatigue, swollen legs and feet,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4964610787139848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.134713"} {"text": "pump enough blood to sufficiently nourish the organs. in some cases, this blood flow shortage causes severe damage to organs and tissues. symptoms of cardiomyopathy include shortness of breath and other breathing difficulties, fatigue, swollen legs and feet, and irregular heartbeat. it can even lead to heart failure. both binge drinking and long - term drinking can affect how quickly a heart beats. the heart depends on an internal pacemaker system to keep it pumping consistently and at the right speed. alcohol disturbs this pacemaker system and causes the heart to beat too rapidly, or irregularly. these heart rate abnormalities are called arrhythmias. two types of alcohol induced arrhythmias are : - atrial fibrillation \u2013 in this form of arrhythmia, the heart \u2019 s upper, or atrial, chambers shudder weakly but do not contract. blood can collect and even clot in these upper chambers. if a blood clot travels from the heart to the brain, a stroke can occur ; if it travels to other organs such as the lungs, an embolism, or blood vessel blockage, occurs. - ventricular tachycardia \u2013 this form of arrhythmia occurs in the heart \u2019 s lower, or ventricular, chambers. electrical signals travel throughout the heart \u2019 s muscles, triggering contractions that keep blood flowing at the right pace. alcohol - induced damage to heart muscle cells can cause these electrical impulses to circle through the ventricle too many times, causing too many contractions. the heart beats too quickly, and so does not fill up with enough blood between each beat. as a result, the rest of the body does not get enough blood. ventricular tachycardia causes dizziness, lightheadedness, unconsciousness, cardiac arrest, and even sudden death. drinking to excess on a particular occasion, especially when you generally don \u2019 t drink, can trigger either of these irregularities. in these cases, the problem is nicknamed \u201c holiday heart syndrome, \u201d because people who don \u2019 t usually drink may consume too much alcohol at parties during the holiday season. over the long - term, chronic drinking changes the course of electrical impulses that drive the heart \u2019 s beating, which creates arrhythmia. a stroke occurs when blood cannot reach the brain. in about 80 percent of strokes, a blood clot prevents blood flow to the brain. these are called ischemic strokes. sometimes, blood accumulates in the brain,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48043404647415366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.135842"} {"text": "##rhythmia. a stroke occurs when blood cannot reach the brain. in about 80 percent of strokes, a blood clot prevents blood flow to the brain. these are called ischemic strokes. sometimes, blood accumulates in the brain, or in the spaces surrounding it. this causes hemorrhagic strokes. both binge drinking and long - term heavy drinking can lead to strokes even in people without coronary heart disease. recent studies show that people who binge drink are about 56 percent more likely than people who never binge drink to suffer an ischemic stroke over 10 years. binge drinkers also are about 39 percent more likely to suffer any type of stroke than people who never binge drink. in addition, alcohol exacerbates the problems that often lead to strokes, including hypertension, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy. chronic alcohol use, as well as binge drinking, can cause high blood pressure, or hypertension. your blood pressure is a measurement of the pressure your heart creates as it beats, and the pressure inside your veins and arteries. healthy blood vessels stretch like elastic as the heart pumps blood through them. hypertension develops when the blood vessels stiffen, making them less flexible. heavy alcohol consumption triggers the release of certain stress hormones that in turn constrict blood vessels. this elevates blood pressure. in addition, alcohol may affect the function of the muscles within the blood vessels, causing them to constrict and elevate blood pressure. know the benefits : research shows that healthy people who drink moderate amounts of alcohol may have a lower risk of developing coronary heart disease than nondrinkers. moderate drinking is usually defined as no more than two drinks in a given day for men and one drink per day for women who are not pregnant or trying to conceive. a variety of factors, including diet, genetics, high blood pressure, and age, can cause fat to build up in your arteries, resulting in coronary heart disease. an excess of fat narrows the coronary arteries, which are the blood vessels that supply blood directly to the heart. clogged arteries reduce blood supply to the heart muscle, and make it easier for blood clots to form. blood clots can lead to both heart attacks and strokes. according to recent studies, drinking moderately can protect your heart from these conditions. moderate drinking helps inhibit and reduce the build - up of fat in the arteries. it can raise the levels of hdl \u2014 or \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46608368743783446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.136950"} {"text": "lead to both heart attacks and strokes. according to recent studies, drinking moderately can protect your heart from these conditions. moderate drinking helps inhibit and reduce the build - up of fat in the arteries. it can raise the levels of hdl \u2014 or \u201c good \u201d cholesterol \u2014 in the blood, which wards off heart disease. it can help guard against heart attack and stroke by preventing blood clots from forming and by dissolving blood clots that do develop. drinking moderately also may help keep blood pressure levels in check. these benefits may not apply to people with existing medical conditions, or who regularly take certain medications. in addition, researchers discourage people from beginning to drink just for the health benefits. rather, you can use this research to help you spark a conversation with your medical professional about the best path for you. effects on the liver know the facts : liver disease is one of the leading causes of illness and death in the united states. more than 2 million americans suffer from liver disease caused by alcohol. in general, liver disease strikes people who drink heavily over many years. while many of us recognize that excessive alcohol consumption can lead to liver disease, we might not know why. understanding the connections between alcohol and the liver can help you make smarter decisions about drinking and take better control of your health. know the function : your liver works hard to keep your body productive and healthy. it stores energy and nutrients. it generates proteins and enzymes your body uses to function and ward off disease. it also rids your body of substances that can be dangerous \u2014 including alcohol. the liver breaks down most of the alcohol a person consumes. but the process of breaking alcohol down generates toxins even more harmful than alcohol itself. these by - products damage liver cells, promote inflammation, and weaken the body \u2019 s natural defenses. eventually, these problems can disrupt the body \u2019 s metabolism and impair the function of other organs. because the liver plays such a vital role in alcohol detoxification, it is especially vulnerable to damage from excessive alcohol. know the consequences : heavy drinking \u2014 even for just a few days at a time \u2014 can cause fat to build up in the liver. this condition, called steatosis, or fatty liver, is the earliest stage of alcoholic liver disease and the most common alcohol - induced liver disorder. the excessive fat makes it more difficult for the liver to operate and leaves it open to developing dangerous inflammations, like alcoholic hepatitis. for some, alcoholic hepatitis does not present obvious symptoms. for others, though, alcoholic hepatitis can cause", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4339337008447001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.139273"} {"text": "induced liver disorder. the excessive fat makes it more difficult for the liver to operate and leaves it open to developing dangerous inflammations, like alcoholic hepatitis. for some, alcoholic hepatitis does not present obvious symptoms. for others, though, alcoholic hepatitis can cause fever, nausea, appetite loss, abdominal pain, and even mental confusion. as it increases in severity, alcoholic hepatitis dangerously enlarges the liver, and causes jaundice, excessive bleeding, and clotting difficulties. another liver condition associated with heavy drinking is fibrosis, which causes scar tissue to build up in the liver. alcohol alters the chemicals in the liver needed to break down and remove this scar tissue. as a result, liver function suffers. if you continue to drink, this excessive scar tissue builds up and creates a condition called cirrhosis, which is a slow deterioration of the liver. cirrhosis prevents the liver from performing critical functions, including managing infections, removing harmful substances from the blood, and absorbing nutrients. a variety of complications, including jaundice, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and even liver cancer, can result as cirrhosis weakens liver function. risk factors ranging from genetics and gender, to alcohol accessibility, social customs around drinking, and even diet can affect a person \u2019 s individual susceptibility to alcoholic liver disease. statistics show that about one in five heavy drinkers will develop alcoholic hepatitis, while one in four will develop cirrhosis. know there \u2019 s a bright side : the good news is that a variety of lifestyle changes can help treat alcoholic liver disease. the most critical lifestyle change is abstinence from alcohol. quitting drinking will help prevent further injury to your liver. cigarette smoking, obesity, and poor nutrition all contribute to alcoholic liver disease. it is important to stop smoking and improve your eating habits to keep liver disease in check. but when conditions like cirrhosis become severe, a liver transplant may be the primary treatment option. effects on the pancreas know the facts : each year, acute pancreatitis sends more than 200, 000 americans to the hospital. many of those who suffer from pancreatic problems are also heavy drinkers. habitual and excessive drinking damages the pancreas, and commonly causes pancreatitis. learning more about the links between alcohol and pancreatic problems can help you make better decisions to protect your health. know the function : the pancreas plays an important role in food digestion and its conversion into fuel to power your body. it sends enzymes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4195110559306857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.140367"} {"text": "about the links between alcohol and pancreatic problems can help you make better decisions to protect your health. know the function : the pancreas plays an important role in food digestion and its conversion into fuel to power your body. it sends enzymes into the small intestine to digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fat. it also secretes insulin and glucagon, hormones that regulate the process of utilizing glucose, the body \u2019 s main source of energy. insulin and glucagon control glucose levels, which helps all cells use the energy glucose provides. insulin also ensures that extra glucose gets stored away as either glycogen or fat. when you drink, alcohol damages pancreatic cells and influences metabolic processes involving insulin. this process leaves the pancreas open to dangerous inflammations. know the risks : a pancreas unaffected by alcohol sends enzymes out to the small intestine to metabolize food. alcohol jumbles this process. it causes the pancreas to secrete its digestive juices internally, rather than sending the enzymes to the small intestine. these enzymes, as well as acetaldehyde \u2014 a substance produced from metabolizing, or breaking down the alcohol \u2014 are harmful to the pancreas. if you consume alcohol excessively over a long time, this continued process can cause inflammation, as well as swelling of tissues and blood vessels. this inflammation is called pancreatitis, and it prevents the pancreas from working properly. pancreatitis occurs as a sudden attack, called acute pancreatitis. as excessive drinking continues, the inflammation can become constant. this condition is known as chronic pancreatitis. pancreatitis is also a risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer. a heavy drinker may not be able to detect the build - up of pancreatic damage until the problems set off an attack. an acute pancreatic attack causes symptoms including : - abdominal pain, which may radiate up the back - nausea and vomiting - rapid heart rate chronic pancreatitis causes these symptoms as well as severe abdominal pain, significant reduction in pancreatic function and digestion, and blood sugar problems. chronic pancreatitis can slowly destroy the pancreas and lead to diabetes or even death. while a single drinking binge will not automatically lead to pancreatitis, the risk of developing the disease increases as excessive drinking continues over time. these risks apply to all heavy drinkers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44095288805018273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.141337"} {"text": "pancreas and lead to diabetes or even death. while a single drinking binge will not automatically lead to pancreatitis, the risk of developing the disease increases as excessive drinking continues over time. these risks apply to all heavy drinkers, but only about 5 percent of people with alcohol dependence develop pancreatitis. some people are more susceptible to the disease than others, but researchers have not yet identified exactly what environmental and genetic factors play the biggest role. treatment helps \u2014 but does not cure abstinence from alcohol can slow the progression of pancreatitis and reduce its painful symptoms. a low - fat diet also may help. it is also critical to guard against infections and to get supportive treatment. treatment options, including enzyme - replacement therapy or insulin, can improve pancreatic function. in some cases, surgery is necessary to relieve pain, clear blockages, and reduce attacks. the effects of alcoholic pancreatitis can be managed, but not easily reversed. know the risks : genetics, environment, and lifestyle habits can all heighten your risk of getting cancer. we can \u2019 t do anything to change our genes, and we often can \u2019 t do much to change our environment. but lifestyle habits are a different story. drinking too much alcohol is one lifestyle habit that can increase your risk of developing certain cancers. this does not mean that anyone who drinks too much will develop cancer. but numerous studies do show the more you drink, the more you increase your chances of developing certain types of cancer. for example, a group of italy - based scientists reviewed more than 200 studies examining alcohol \u2019 s impact on cancer risk. the collective results of these studies clearly demonstrate that the more you drink, the higher your risk for developing a variety of cancers. the national cancer institute identifies alcohol as a risk factor for the following types of cancer : at least 7 out of 10 people with mouth cancer drink heavily. drinking five or more drinks per day can also increase your risk of developing other types of cancers, including colon or rectal cancer. in fact, summary estimates from the recent world cancer research fund report indicate that women who drink five standard alcohol drinks each day have about 1. 2 times the risk of developing colon or rectal cancer than women who do not drink at all. people who drink are also more likely to smoke, and the combination increases the risk significantly. smoking alone is a known risk factor for some cancers. but smoking and drinking together intensifies the cancer - causing properties of each substance. the overall effect poses an even greater", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4121465697795539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.142388"} {"text": "are also more likely to smoke, and the combination increases the risk significantly. smoking alone is a known risk factor for some cancers. but smoking and drinking together intensifies the cancer - causing properties of each substance. the overall effect poses an even greater risk. the risk of throat and mouth cancers is especially high because alcohol and tobacco both come in direct contact with those areas. overall, people who drink and smoke are 15 times more likely to develop cancers of the mouth and throat than nondrinkers and nonsmokers. in addition, recent studies estimate that alcohol and tobacco together are responsible for : - 80 percent of throat and mouth cancer in men - 65 percent of throat and mouth cancer in women - 80 percent of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, a type of esophagus cancer - 25 to 30 percent of all liver cancers women and cancer one recent, groundbreaking study followed the drinking habits of 1. 2 million middle - aged women over 7 years. the study found that alcohol increases women \u2019 s chances of developing cancers of the breast, mouth, throat, rectum, liver, and esophagus. the researchers link alcohol to about 13 percent of these cancer cases. in addition, the study concluded that cancer risk increases no matter how little or what kind of alcohol a woman drinks. even one drink a day can raise risk, and it continues to rise with each additional drink. while men did not participate in this study, the researchers believe this risk is likely similar for men. this study also attributes about 11 percent of all breast cancer cases to alcohol. that means that of the 250, 000 breast cancer cases diagnosed in the united states in 2008, about 27, 000 may stem from alcohol. know the reasons : scientists are still trying to figure out exactly how and why alcohol can promote cancer. there are a variety of possible explanations. one explanation is that alcohol itself is not the primary trigger for cancer. we know that metabolizing, or breaking down, alcohol results in harmful toxins in the body. one of these toxins is called acetylaldehyde. acetylaldehyde damages the genetic material in cells \u2014 and renders the cells incapable of repairing the damage. it also causes cells to grow too quickly, which makes conditions ripe for genetic changes and mistakes. cancer can develop more easily in cells with damaged genetic material. in addition, recent animal studies have shown that as cells try to break down alcohol, they cause the body to produce additional amounts of a protein called vascular endothelial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4517651828849412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.143507"} {"text": "genetic changes and mistakes. cancer can develop more easily in cells with damaged genetic material. in addition, recent animal studies have shown that as cells try to break down alcohol, they cause the body to produce additional amounts of a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor ( vegf ). vegf promotes the growth of blood vessels and organ tissue. but, the flip side of having too much vegf is that it allows blood vessels to grow in cancer cells that would die on their own. this allows the cancer cells to develop into tumors. we also know that alcohol can damage the liver, causing cirrhosis. cirrhosis results when too much scar tissue builds up within the liver and leaves it unable to perform its vital functions. one of the many complications that can result from cirrhosis is liver cancer. hormones may be the link between alcohol and breast cancer. alcohol can increase the amounts of some hormones in the body, including estrogen. an excess of estrogen may lead to breast cancer. finally, genetics may play a role in preventing some heavy drinkers from developing cancer. a european research team examined 9, 000 people with similar lifestyle habits to determine why some of them developed mouth and throat cancers, and some did not. of the participants who were heavy drinkers, those who did not develop cancers had a particular genetic alteration that enabled them to break down alcohol about 100 times faster than in those without it. the study suggested that this gene is the reason why some people are less likely to develop cancer in response to heavy drinking. know there \u2019 s a bright side : fortunately, studies show that you can reduce your risk for cancer by drinking less. a recent canadian report analyzed studies from 1966 through 2006 and concluded that risk reduction is possible, specifically for head and neck cancers. the study found that as people abstained from drinking, their risk for developing cancer plunged. after 20 years of abstinence, former drinkers had the same risk for head and neck cancers as people who never drank. effects on the immune system germs and bacteria surround us everywhere. luckily, our immune system is designed to protect our bodies from the scores of foreign substances that can make us sick. drinking too much alcohol weakens the immune system, making your body a much easier target for disease. understanding the effect alcohol can have on your immune system can inform the decisions you make about drinking alcohol. know the facts : your immune system is often compared to an army. this army defends your body from infection and disease. your skin and the mucous that lines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4830430164838527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.144568"} {"text": "alcohol can have on your immune system can inform the decisions you make about drinking alcohol. know the facts : your immune system is often compared to an army. this army defends your body from infection and disease. your skin and the mucous that lines your respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts help block bacteria from entering or staying in your body. if foreign substances somehow make it through these barriers, your immune system kicks into gear with two defensive systems : innate and adaptive. the innate system exists in your body before you are exposed to foreign substances like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. these substances, which are called antigens, can invade your body and make you sick. the components of the innate system include : - white blood cells \u2013 white blood cells form your first line of defense against infection. they surround and swallow foreign bodies quickly. - natural killer ( nk ) cells \u2013 natural killers are special white blood cells that detect and destroy cells infected with cancer or viruses. - cytokines \u2013 white blood cells send out these chemical messengers directly to an infected site. cytokines trigger inflammatory responses, like dilating blood vessels and increasing blood flow to the affected area. they also call on more white blood cells to swarm an infected area. the adaptive system kicks in after you are exposed to an infection for the first time. the next time you encounter the same infection, your adaptive system fights it off even faster and more efficiently than the first time. the components of the adaptive system include : - t - lymphocyte cells \u2013 t - cells reinforce the work of white blood cells by targeting individual foreign substances. t - cells can identify and destroy a vast array of bacteria and viruses. they can also kill infected cells and secrete cytokines. - b - lymphocyte cells \u2013 b - cells produce antibodies that fight off harmful substances by sticking to them and making them stand out to other immune cells. - antibodies \u2013 after b - cells encounter antigens, they produce antibodies. these are proteins that target specific antigens and then remember how to combat the antigen. know the risks : alcohol suppresses both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. chronic alcohol use reduces the ability of white blood cells to effectively engulf and swallow harmful bacteria. excessive drinking also disrupts the production of cytokines, causing your body to either produce too much or not enough of these chemical messengers. an abundance of cytokines can damage your tissues, whereas a lack of cytokines leaves you open to infection. chronic alcohol use also suppresses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45742132812529096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.145619"} {"text": "cytokines, causing your body to either produce too much or not enough of these chemical messengers. an abundance of cytokines can damage your tissues, whereas a lack of cytokines leaves you open to infection. chronic alcohol use also suppresses the development of t - cells and may impair the ability of nk cells to attack tumor cells. this reduced function makes you more vulnerable to bacteria and viruses, and less capable of destroying cancerous cells. with a compromised immune system, chronic drinkers are more liable to contract diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis than people who do not drink too much. there is also data linking alcohol \u2019 s damage to the immune system with an increased susceptibility to contracting hiv infection. hiv develops faster in chronic drinkers who already have the virus. drinking a lot on a single occasion also can compromise your immune system. drinking to intoxication can slow your body \u2019 s ability to produce cytokines that ward off infections by causing inflammations. without these inflammatory responses, your body \u2019 s ability to defend itself against bacteria is significantly reduced. a recent study shows that slower inflammatory cytokine production can reduce your ability to fight off infections for up to 24 hours after getting drunk. still looking for the bright side at this point, scientists do not know whether abstinence, reduced drinking, or other measures will help reverse the effects of alcohol on the immune system. nevertheless, it is important to keep in mind that avoiding drinking helps minimize the burden on your immune system, particularly if you are fighting a viral or bacterial infection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44759981742233773, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.146324"} {"text": "glob, globfree - generate pathnames matching a pattern int glob ( const char * restrict pattern, int flags, int ( * errfunc ) ( const char * epath, int eerrno ), glob _ t * restrict pglob ) ; void globfree ( glob _ t * pglob ) ; the glob ( ) function is a pathname generator that shall implement the rules defined in xcu pattern matching notation, with optional support for rule 3 in xcu patterns used for filename expansion. the structure type glob _ t is defined in < glob. h > and includes at least the following members : count of paths matched by pattern. pointer to a list of matched pathnames. slots to reserve at the beginning of gl _ pathv. the argument pattern is a pointer to a pathname pattern to be expanded. the glob ( ) function shall match all accessible pathnames against this pattern and develop a list of all pathnames that match. in order to have access to a pathname, glob ( ) requires search permission on every component of a path except the last, and read permission on each directory of any filename component of pattern that contains any of the following special characters : ' * ', '? ', and ' [ '. the glob ( ) function shall store the number of matched pathnames into pglob - > gl _ pathc and a pointer to a list of pointers to pathnames into pglob - > gl _ pathv. the pathnames shall be in sort order as defined by the current setting of the lc _ collate category ; see xbd lc _ collate. the first pointer after the last pathname shall be a null pointer. if the pattern does not match any pathnames, the returned number of matched paths is set to 0, and the contents of pglob - > gl _ pathv are implementation - defined. it is the caller ' s responsibility to create the structure pointed to by pglob. the glob ( ) function shall allocate other space as needed, including the memory pointed to by gl _ pathv. the globfree ( ) function shall free any space associated with pglob from a previous call to glob ( ). the flags argument is used to control the behavior of glob", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5597352583855173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.154399"} {"text": "pointed to by gl _ pathv. the globfree ( ) function shall free any space associated with pglob from a previous call to glob ( ). the flags argument is used to control the behavior of glob ( ). the value of flags is a bitwise - inclusive or of zero or more of the following constants, which are defined in < glob. h > : - append pathnames generated to the ones from a previous call to glob ( ). - make use of pglob - > gl _ offs. if this flag is set, pglob - > gl _ offs is used to specify how many null pointers to add to the beginning of pglob - > gl _ pathv. in other words, pglob - > gl _ pathv shall point to pglob - > gl _ offs null pointers, followed by pglob - > gl _ pathc pathname pointers, followed by a null pointer. - cause glob ( ) to return when it encounters a directory that it cannot open or read. ordinarily, glob ( ) continues to find matches. - each pathname that is a directory that matches pattern shall have a < slash > appended. - supports rule 3 in xcu patterns used for filename expansion. if pattern does not match any pathname, then glob ( ) shall return a list consisting of only pattern, and the number of matched pathnames is 1. - disable backslash escaping. - ordinarily, glob ( ) sorts the matching pathnames according to the current setting of the lc _ collate category ; see xbd lc _ collate. when this flag is used, the order of pathnames returned is unspecified. the glob _ append flag can be used to append a new set of pathnames to those found in a previous call to glob ( ). the following rules apply to applications when two or more calls to glob ( ) are made with the same value of pglob and without intervening calls to globfree ( ) : the first such call shall not set glob _ append. all subsequent calls shall set it. all the calls shall set glob _ dooffs, or all shall not set it. after the second call, pglob - > gl _ pathv points to a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5245443232546806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.155460"} {"text": "not fail because of large files. upon successful completion, glob ( ) shall return 0. the argument pglob - > gl _ pathc shall return the number of matched pathnames and the argument pglob - > gl _ pathv shall contain a pointer to a null - terminated list of matched and sorted pathnames. however, if pglob - > gl _ pathc is 0, the content of pglob - > gl _ pathv is undefined. the globfree ( ) function shall not return a value. if glob ( ) terminates due to an error, it shall return one of the non - zero constants defined in < glob. h >. the arguments pglob - > gl _ pathc and pglob - > gl _ pathv are still set as defined above. the glob ( ) function shall fail and return the corresponding value if : - the scan was stopped because glob _ err was set or ( * errfunc ( ) ) returned non - zero. - the pattern does not match any existing pathname, and glob _ nocheck was not set in flags. - an attempt to allocate memory failed. one use of the glob _ dooffs flag is by applications that build an argument list for use with execv ( ), execve ( ), or execvp ( ). suppose, for example, that an application wants to do the equivalent of : ls - l *. c but for some reason : system ( \" ls - l *. c \" ) is not acceptable. the application could obtain approximately the same result using the sequence : globbuf. gl _ offs = 2 ; glob ( \" *. c \", glob _ dooffs, null, & globbuf ) ; globbuf. gl _ pathv = \" ls \" ; globbuf. gl _ pathv = \" - l \" ; execvp ( \" ls \", & globbuf. gl _ pathv ) ; using the same example : ls - l *. c *. h could be approximately simulated using glob _ append as follows : globbuf. gl _ offs = 2 ; glob ( \" *. c \", glob _ dooffs, null,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.521501295434606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.157223"} {"text": ". c *. h could be approximately simulated using glob _ append as follows : globbuf. gl _ offs = 2 ; glob ( \" *. c \", glob _ dooffs, null, & globbuf ) ; glob ( \" *. h \", glob _ dooffs | glob _ append, null, & globbuf ) ;... this function is not provided for the purpose of enabling utilities to perform pathname expansion on their arguments, as this operation is performed by the shell, and utilities are explicitly not expected to redo this. instead, it is provided for applications that need to do pathname expansion on strings obtained from other sources, such as a pattern typed by a user or read from a file. if a utility needs to see if a pathname matches a given pattern, it can use fnmatch ( ). note that gl _ pathc and gl _ pathv have meaning even if glob ( ) fails. this allows glob ( ) to report partial results in the event of an error. however, if gl _ pathc is 0, gl _ pathv is unspecified even if glob ( ) did not return an error. the glob _ nocheck option could be used when an application wants to expand a pathname if wildcards are specified, but wants to treat the pattern as just a string otherwise. the sh utility might use this for option - arguments, for example. the new pathnames generated by a subsequent call with glob _ append are not sorted together with the previous pathnames. this mirrors the way that the shell handles pathname expansion when multiple expansions are done on a command line. applications that need tilde and parameter expansion should use wordexp ( ). it was claimed that the glob _ dooffs flag is unnecessary because it could be simulated using : new = ( char * * ) malloc ( ( n + pglob - > gl _ pathc + 1 ) * sizeof ( char * ) ) ; ( void ) memcpy ( new + n, pglob - > gl _ pathv, pglob - > gl _ pathc * sizeof ( char * ) ) ; ( void ) memset ( new, 0, n * sizeof ( char * ) ) ; free ( pglob - > gl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5189895628399075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.158068"} {"text": ", pglob - > gl _ pathc * sizeof ( char * ) ) ; ( void ) memset ( new, 0, n * sizeof ( char * ) ) ; free ( pglob - > gl _ pathv ) ; pglob - > gl _ pathv = new ; however, this assumes that the memory pointed to by gl _ pathv is a block that was separately created using malloc ( ). this is not necessarily the case. an application should make no assumptions about how the memory referenced by fields in pglob was allocated. it might have been obtained from malloc ( ) in a large chunk and then carved up within glob ( ), or it might have been created using a different memory allocator. it is not the intent of the standard developers to specify or imply how the memory used by glob ( ) is managed. the glob _ append flag would be used when an application wants to expand several different patterns into a single list. exec, fdopendir, fnmatch, fstatat, readdir, wordexp xbd lc _ collate, < glob. h > first released in issue 4. derived from the iso posix - 2 standard. moved from posix2 c - language binding to base. the normative text is updated to avoid use of the term \" must \" for application requirements. the restrict keyword is added to the glob ( ) prototype for alignment with the iso / iec 9899 : 1999 standard. return to top of page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.538227250966769, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.158740"} {"text": "stakeholder relationships and connections ( from figure 1 ) future research priorities of geography emphasize the discipline ' s leadership role in the u. s. geological survey ( usgs ) in multidisciplinary and integrated research on human and environmental systems and how these systems are interrelated and respond to change geography ' s research priorities also emphasize providing science that is usable to society and creating decision support products applicable to given customer problems. to achieve these goals, we must understand the relationship between our research and our customer, and how to integrate the customer into the research process. this report details the elements of the research process that help achieve the degree of stakeholder involvement necessary to ensure a successful end - product. it offers suggestions that can help researchers better understand stakeholders and customers and involve them in the research process more effectively, while preserving the integrity of the science. its aim is to help researchers understand the problems and challenges faced by our customers and communicate the ways in which geography can help address their problems. adopting these guidelines can improve the efficiency of the research process and lead to higher quality output. we will be able to conduct better research because we will have an improved understanding of the research problem and the stakeholders involved. this report covers a broad range of topics, from identifying and communicating with stakeholders and users, to the use of language, to how to effectively present scientific information to the user. it does not offer a \" one size fits all \" method. instead, perhaps only specific sections are suitable for a given project and customers, depending on project scope and needs. this report is based on the objectives of geography ' s strategic plan, u. s. geological survey ' s strategic plan, and department of interior ' s strategic plan. section 2 of these guidelines describes the purpose of the research process in geography and the need for better user involvement in the process. section 3 explains how to conduct a stakeholder analysis. section 4 explains how to conduct a user - needs assessment. download this report as a 35 - page pdf file ( of2006 - 1344. pdf ; 416 kb ) for questions about the content of this report, contact caroline hermans download a copy of the latest version of adobe reader for free. pdf help | publications main page | | western open - file reports for 2006 | | geography | science impact |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4991111246569497, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.161139"} {"text": "spawning, larval abundance and growth rate of sardinops sagax off southwestern australia : influence of an anomalous eastern boundary current muhling, b. a., beckley, l. e., gaughan, d. j., jones, c. m., miskiewicz, a. g. and hesp, s. a. ( 2008 ) spawning, larval abundance and growth rate of sardinops sagax off southwestern australia : influence of an anomalous eastern boundary current. marine ecology progress series, 364. pp. 157 - 167. | pdf - published version | download ( 651kb ) | preview * subscription may be required the temporal and spatial distributions of sardine sardinops sagax eggs and larvae off the oligotrophic southwestern coast of australia were examined and related to gonadosomatic index, daily growth rates of larvae and regional biological oceanography. seasonal environmental cycles were established from remotely sensed sea surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration, wind and sea surface height data. sardine egg and larval distributions were determined from regular transect surveys and annual grid surveys. sardine eggs and larvae were common across the continental shelf throughout the year between two rocks and cape naturaliste ( to 34\u00b0s ), and gonadosomatic index data suggested a distinct winter peak in spawning activity. surface chlorophyll concentrations were highest during winter, coincident with the seasonal peak in the southward flow of the leeuwin current along the continental shelf break. retention conditions on the mid - outer shelf for pelagic eggs and larvae were therefore poor during this time. egg and larval concentrations were lower than expected in winter and higher in summer when retention conditions were more favourable. larval sardine growth rates were unexpectedly high, averaging 0. 82 mm d - 1. fisheries for clupeiod species off southwestern australia are insignificant compared to other eastern boundary current systems. our data suggest that this may be due to a combination of low primary productivity caused by suppression of large - scale upwelling by the leeuwin current and the modest seasonal maximum in primary productivity occurring during the time least favourable for pelagic larval retention. | publication type : | | journal article | | murdoch affiliation : | | school of biological sciences and biotechnology | school of environmental science | copyright : | | \u00a9 inter - research 2008 | | item control page |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46064576724104206, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.163651"} {"text": "charles hall, the father of the energy return on investment ( eroi ) concept, once told me that our current society would probably not be able to function if the eroi for the entire society slipped below five. what does that mean? first, a quick review. it takes energy to get energy. eroi is a measurement of how efficient a process, an enterprise or a society is in obtaining energy. eroi is usually expressed in a ratio, say, 20 to 1. that would mean that the process being studied produced 20 units of energy for every one unit expended. as it turns out, that ' s about what conventional crude oil returns. hall estimates that the united states is currently running on an eroi of just under 40 to 1. this looks like a fairly substantial margin of safety over the 5 to 1 that might lead to societal breakdown. but worrisome developments in the oil, natural gas and coal fields may send us rushing toward that figure. a post earlier this year on the oil drum suggests that the eroi for natural gas in north america is dropping like a stone. this is, in part, reflected in the price of natural gas which is up fourfold in this decade. it is also reflected in the number of wells and the number of total feet drilled just to maintain production. we are having to drill faster and deeper just to stay even. the recent uptick in u. s. supplies may represent a small flattening of the eroi decline, but those supplies are the product of furious drilling and huge exploration expenditures. the tar sands, presumed to be the great energy savior for north america, have long been a low eroi source of oil. estimates range from 1 to 1 to about 7 to 1. work by charles hall and his students posted on the oil drum gives a tentative estimate of 5. 2 to 1 based on admittedly incomplete data. coal has a very high return when used to generate electricity, around 80 to 1. but evidence now suggests that in the united states at least, not only has the energy content per ton of coal declined by more than 30 percent since 1955, but the total energy content of coal mined in the country is now falling despite rising coal tonnage. but what about nuclear? hall and his students once again attempted to calculate the eroi. others have made claims of 1. 86 to 1 to 93 to 1. the very high estimates appear to leave out many steps in the nuclear fuel and construction cycle. some contend that the eroi of nuclear is favorable enough", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5672620693498457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.170484"} {"text": "to calculate the eroi. others have made claims of 1. 86 to 1 to 93 to 1. the very high estimates appear to leave out many steps in the nuclear fuel and construction cycle. some contend that the eroi of nuclear is favorable enough - - perhaps 11 to 1 - - to argue for expansion of nuclear power. but, if one takes into account all the energy that will be expended over time storing nuclear waste and guarding the waste and the mothballed nuclear plants in the future, the eroi could drop below 1. essentially, we get the benefit now, and future generations get both the security and energy expenditures. on its current trajectory, nuclear power may not even maintain its share of world energy production. it would certainly be useful to know what the true eroi of nuclear power is in order to assess its importance to our energy future. solar power has promise as shown in this chart compiled by hall and his students. but, the estimated eroi ranges are so wide that it would be difficult to promise that solar photovoltaic could consistently provide returns above 5 to 1. this chart provides an estimate of above 70 to 1 for wind power in one location. eroi in this case, of course, depends heavily on whether the wind generators are located in ultra - windy denmark or not - so - windy japan. the main problem with wind and solar, however, is that they are intermittent ; the energy produced is difficult to store for use during nighttime or low - wind conditions. finally, hydroelectric has a very high eroi. while there is still room for some expansion of hydro power in the developing world, most of the good sites have already been taken in north america and europe. and, this brings us to the idea of the net energy cliff. if our energy transition away from fossil fuels does not result in their replacement by high eroi sources of energy with the necessary versatility and storage characteristics, or if such replacements are possible, but delayed too long, then we may be facing a net energy cliff. it may seem that the difference between an eroi of 40 to 1 and one of, say, 30 to 1 would be comparable to a move from 20 to 1 to 10 to 1. but the mathematics say otherwise. in a society that has an eroi of 40 ( which is approximately what the united states is thought to have ) about 2. 5 percent of the economy is devoted to gathering energy for the other 97. 5 percent. if an economy has an eroi of 30 to 1, then the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5332217363192393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.172034"} {"text": "of 40 ( which is approximately what the united states is thought to have ) about 2. 5 percent of the economy is devoted to gathering energy for the other 97. 5 percent. if an economy has an eroi of 30 to 1, then the portion of the economy involved in gathering energy rises to about 3. 3 percent. this is a significant jump, but probably manageable. however, an eroi that drops from 20 to 1 to 10 to 1 results in the doubling of the part of the economy devoted to securing energy from 5 percent to 10 percent. a further drop to an eroi of 5 to 1, puts 20 percent of the economy within the general classification of energy gathering. this is the net energy cliff. a drop to an eroi of 5 in today ' s american economy would mean that the energy sector of society would have to grow eightfold. if the drop came quickly, it would be very difficult to adapt. if the eroi were to drop to, say, 3, this would imply that potentially every third person would be involved in gathering energy in some fashion. such a society would have little resemblence to the one we now inhabit. the net energy cliff shows us how important eroi is when considering energy alternatives. even very large resources such as the tar sands and oil shale become problematic when one considers their eroi. there appear to be two ways forward then. one is to hope for breakthroughs which increase the energy returns of alternative energy sources. a second is to rework our infrastructure and our way of living so that our society can better withstand a significant overall decline in eroi should it develop.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5274187903594756, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.173261"} {"text": "bringing a new baby home is one of the most exciting times for parents and grandparents. 9 months of planning and anticipation finally pays off when the new addition arrives safe and sound. however, there may be one person who isn ' t quite sure what all the fuss is about and what having a new child in the family is going to mean for them. the sibling. a new brother or sister may be thrilling to most of the family members, but a new baby who is getting all the attention can seem overwhelming to the first child, especially for very young siblings. their very sense of security can feel threatened, leaving them feeling angry and acting out. so, before the little bundle of joy arrives, it ' s a good idea to prepare the older child for big changes ahead. you can do that as early as when mom starts showing. introduce the idea that mommy is pregnant. being pregnant means that mom & dad are going to have another child, and that means a little brother or sister is going to be part of the family. one good tip is to have a calendar on hand and circle the date when the baby is due. have the older child start marking the days as they go by. if you have a very young child you can say the baby will arrive in the summer, when the weather gets hot. or in the fall, when all the leaves start to fall. give them something they can identify with if they are too young to understand dates. once that ' s established, ask them if they have any questions about having a little brother or sister. children may be so surprised that they don ' t have anything to ask right away. but as time goes on, they will have plenty of questions. give answers that are age appropriate in a language that is easy to understand. keep your answers simple but inclusive of how a new baby may affect their life. an example might be the baby will cry and may wake you up at night for a while. that ' s normal behavior for a new baby. we ' ll all be tired for a little while, but it will get better. you can also bring out pictures or videos of when they were babies. children love to hear stories about when they were little. explain how much you loved them then and now. this little exercise in closeness can also help them understand the importance of babies and what a baby can bring to the family. as the due date gets closer, try and keep everything as routine as possible. avoid big transitions such as potty training, changing to a big girl or boy bed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44505650978978617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.178566"} {"text": "help them understand the importance of babies and what a baby can bring to the family. as the due date gets closer, try and keep everything as routine as possible. avoid big transitions such as potty training, changing to a big girl or boy bed, getting rid of the pacifier or binky or anything that may separate the older sibling from the family. if the sibling must undergo some of these changes, start as early as possible so that they don ' t make a negative association between these changes and the baby. one unavoidable change that might occur is that mom will be away for a few days when the baby is born. prepare your child for your absence during the birth of the new baby ( how long you will be gone, where your child will stay ). if your child is going to stay with someone else for a few days, do a couple of practice stay - overs so they will see that you will come back and bring them home. for toddlers, you might also consider role - playing with dolls. let them use the doll to ask questions or talk about their fears or excitement about the baby. once the baby is born allow the sibling to come to the hospital and see the baby and that mom is ok. a cute tip is to have a gift from the new baby for the sibling. once baby is home, suppress any negative comparisons such as you cried a lot more, or he or she is a lot calmer than you were. other things to keep in mind are : - don ' t be alarmed if siblings don ' t express an interest in the new baby. sibling relationships have a lifetime to develop. - accept that some regression may occur ; this is normal. baby your big - boy / girl for a while, if that ' s what he / she seems to need. - remind visitors to pay attention to your older kids and monitor gift - giving. it can be upsetting for sibling to see all of the presents that the newborn receives, especially when people don ' ' t bring something for them. - try not to blame the baby for your new limitations ( mommy can ' t play with you now because i have to feed the baby or mommy needs to change the baby, so you need to read to yourself ). blaming new babies for decreased time spent with you can breed sibling resentment. instead, involve siblings in child - care as helpers. - create opportunities for older siblings to be participants and not competitors ( e. g., getting a diaper ready, reading the baby a story,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41797612925354577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.179559"} {"text": "spent with you can breed sibling resentment. instead, involve siblings in child - care as helpers. - create opportunities for older siblings to be participants and not competitors ( e. g., getting a diaper ready, reading the baby a story, pushing the carriage ). - remind siblings of the things they can do because they are older ( e. g., eating food, playing with toys, going to the playground ). - remember to give siblings private time with you and reinforce the idea that many of the things they are able to help out with ( e. g., errand running, meal preparation, etc. ), are because of their advanced abilities. while you are busy with a new baby, developmental changes are still going on with your older child. kids that are two or under may have difficulty with a new addition because they still have strong needs as well. stress in the family can make the sibling ' s adjustment more difficult. so remember to stay calm when you ' re with the children. one more thing to be aware of is how rough a sibling may be with a new baby. they really don ' t understand how delicate the baby is and have to learn what kind of playing or interaction is too rough. they may also hug a little to hard. you ' ll have to guide them in the correct gentle behaviors. focus on your older child ' s positive behaviors towards the new baby such as i like how you gently kiss your little brother or sister. having a new baby in the family is difficult, but don ' t despair. the first few months will be an adjustment for everyone. but before you know it, the new baby will feel like he or she has always been a part of the family. source : bronwyn charlton, phd, http : / / www. everydayhealth. com / kids - health / prepping - your - child - for - a - new - sibling. aspx", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4173363701436389, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.180313"} {"text": "the coalition is watering down a commitment to tough new environmental emissions standards, raising the possibility of dirty coal - fired power stations such as kingsnorth going ahead. to understand why the coalition is appearing to slow down, one needs to understand the policy context of decisions about energy policy. a new report out by arthur d. little, a consultancy, clearly and concisely spells out the practical realities facing uk policy makers. the issue of decarbonization is not so much about rhetoric and good intentions, but about the facts on the ground related to technology, costs and implementation. green groups are aghast that a flagship policy called for in opposition by both lib dems and tories, and which they last year tried to force on the labour government, will now not be implemented in the coalition ' s first energy bill to be published this year. their criticism of the government ' s commitment to green issues follows news last week that nature reserves could be sold off as countryside protection measures also bear the brunt of budget cuts in the department for environment. introducing a so - called \" environmental performance standard \" ( eps ) for power companies would have restricted greenhouse gas emissions from coal and gas plants and encouraged companies wishing to build to use more efficient technology. david cameron, george osborne and nick clegg when in opposition ; their opposition to kingsnorth became something of a cause celebre \u2013 and even features in the coalition agreement \u2013 but was opposed by energy companies and tory backbenchers. the chief executive at one coal - plant operating company warned that the uk ' s renewable energy technology \u2013 which would be used to help new plants meet the target \u2013 was too undeveloped to make the eps feasible. now government sources confirm they will not be bringing forward legislation in the autumn and will instead spend the summer working on \" the larger picture \". they will open a consultation on the idea in the autumn with the results being presented to parliament as a white paper in the new year. the report first explains the nature of the challenge : the [ uk low carbon transition ] plan set out how the uk would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 34 % below 1990 levels by 2020. this is a step along the path to the much more ambitious target of an 80 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions across the entire economy by 2050. central to the plan is increasing the proportion of electricity from renewable sources to around 30 % by 2020, up from the current level of 6. 2 % in the first quarter of 2010. the report then explains the practical realities shaping efforts to reach the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4947539223811772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.186433"} {"text": ". central to the plan is increasing the proportion of electricity from renewable sources to around 30 % by 2020, up from the current level of 6. 2 % in the first quarter of 2010. the report then explains the practical realities shaping efforts to reach the emissions reduction targets set forth in uk law : these targets are to be met through a plethora of initiatives and incentives ranging from the renewables obligation and feed - in tariffs, respectively aimed at bringing large - and small - scale renewable generation onto the system, through to increasing the share of renewable fuels in the transport sector to over 5 % from 2013. there is also a plan to install smart meters in all 26 million uk homes by 2020, which, together with feed - in tariffs, are expected inter alia to speed - up the installation of small - scale heat and power generation in households, and to facilitate the development of smart grids to allow better system management and enable wider distributed generation growth. consumers are also expected to make large greenhouse gas reductions by both significant changes in behaviour, enabled by smart meters, and further energy efficiency improvements within the home. at the same time, the government apparently favours the widespread adoption of electric vehicles, which will add significantly to the amount of power generation capacity required, and for which significant investment in a battery charging infrastructure will be needed. all of these measures, combined with reductions from many other initiatives in a range of sectors, are designed to help reach the government \u2019 s ambitious targets. but governments in general tend to over - estimate the level of take - up of different policy measures. the growth in large - scale renewable generation, for example, has not been anywhere near as fast as successive government estimates have predicted, and has focused heavily on one technology, namely wind generation. this slow take - up is likely to continue, at least in the near term, and each year that passes without significant construction makes it more and more difficult to reach the 2020 targets. recent estimates are that 7, 000 offshore turbines will need to be constructed between now and 2020, nearly two per day every day of this decade. even investors in this activity doubt that such a level of activity is achievable. the report explains that costs of all of these proposed actions are high and may not even deliver the promised emissions reductions. the report argues that new wind power costs 6 times as much as equivalent gas - fired energy ( or as much as 18 times more, depending on the methods used, capital costs only ). the report has this bottom line : the rollout of smart meters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5158472474409985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.187538"} {"text": "report argues that new wind power costs 6 times as much as equivalent gas - fired energy ( or as much as 18 times more, depending on the methods used, capital costs only ). the report has this bottom line : the rollout of smart meters will also be a herculean task, with over 2. 5 million meters having to be installed every year, from a near standing start, by 2020 at the latest. there is currently not enough capacity to install this number of meters, nor is it clear exactly what these meters will look like because there is, as yet, no agreed standard. it is also worth noting that there are different degrees of \u201c smartness \u201d in meters. they can range from meters that display real - time energy usage, to meters that allow two - way communication, enabling price signals to be sent to consumers or remote signalling of appliances to turn off during periods of high demand and high prices. it is not clear which level of \u201c smartness \u201d will be installed, although ofgem proposes two - way communication as a minimum. again, there is an implicit assumption by policy makers that a large shift in consumer behaviour will occur once smart meters are installed e. g. responding to price signals and turning off appliances at times of high demand. however, there is little evidence that this will occur to anywhere near the expected degree : pilot studies may not reflect the real world. if parallels can be drawn, they would be with consumer switching behaviour in the face of energy market liberalisation. the uk has one of the highest rates of consumer energy switching, yet in a july 2008 survey ofgem found that 44 % of electricity and 40 % of gas customers had never switched supplier, and that a further 44 % of electricity and 31 % of gas consumers had only switched once. this is despite high - profile advertising campaigns by retailers setting out how much money consumers could save, and very simple processes for switching, facilitated by internet sites. what is really needed now will be a bitter pill for many to swallow : a slow - down in the drive for low carbon solutions. a slow - down in uk decarbonization policy with respect to the targets of the 2008 climate change act is inevitable. i do the math in this paper. in that paper, written in early 2009, soon after the act was passed as law, i wrote that the uk would need to achieve the 2006 carbon efficiency of france by no later than 2015 if it was going to be on track to meeting its short - term emissions reduction target ( france was at 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5228963314282258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.189718"} {"text": "studying php ' s ( 5. 3. 1 and below ) lcg ( linear congruential generator, a pseudorandom number generator ), i discovered that there are weaknesses that reduce the complexity of determining the sequence of pseudorandom numbers. what this means is that php is severely deficient in producing random session ids or random numbers, leading to the possibility of stealing sessions or other sensitive information. the initial seed can be reduced from 64 - bits to 35 - bits, and with php code execution, can be reduced further down to just under 20 - bits, which takes only seconds to recreate the initial seed. you can test with sources available below. mad hax0r pr0pz to arshan \" dhs - most - wanted \" dabirsiaghi ( bless you ) and amit \" smartypants \" klein for pointing me in the right direction with the lcg. other tools to work out the lcg in forward and reverse, as well as determine session ids, found below. to test breaking the seed, run the following ( after compiling s1s2. c ) time. / s1s2 11484 0. 82548251995711 can you guess my next lcg _ value based off the above? ( hint : it ' s 0. 86290409858717 ). test by running : time. / lcg - state - forward [ s1 ] [ s2 ] 100 your session _ id is mfbu1v8qjnp003ob1pt6bbkft4 ( or just look at your cookie ) session _ start ( ) ; echo \" hi $ _ server [ remote _ addr ]! the time is \". time ( ). \" < p > \" ; echo \" to test breaking the seed, run the following ( after compiling < a href = ' s1s2. c ' > s1s2. c < / a > ) < br > \" ; echo \" < code > time < a href = ' s1s2. c ' >. / s1s2 < / a > \". getmypid ( ). \" \". lcg _ value ( ). \" < / code > < p > \" ; echo \" can you guess my next lcg _ value based off the above? ( hint : it ' s \". lcg _ value ( ). \" ). < br > \" ; echo \" test by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5484232808426772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.193577"} {"text": "( l - r ) aces \u2019 s team behaviorist vince rose, ucla, phd research student marisa tellez and holy cross manager vernon wilson. holy cross croc saved submitted by marine biologist cherie chenot - rose, aces / american crocodile education sanctuary north of the cut on ambergris island, a five foot american crocodile decided to take up residence in a shallow canal on the property of the managers of holy cross anglican school, francis and vernon wilson. worried that the bold reptile would make a beloved pet its prey, the wilson \u2019 s decided it needed to be removed. with the word out that a nuisance crocodile needed to be relocated, a few locals stopped by and offered to \u2018 off \u2019 the cute little bugger for a price. not wishing to harm the juvenile croc, the wilson \u2019 s were put in contact with aces / american crocodile education sanctuary in punta gorda by wildlife advocate, colette kase. being aces is a non \u2010 profit organization with limited funding, the wilson \u2019 s graciously put the aces \u2019 s team up for the night, and the holy cross anglican school donated funds to cover the costs of the crocodile \u2019 s relocation. american crocodiles are not only protected under the belize wildlife protection act ( chapter 220 ) ; but are also currently considered \u2018 vulnerable \u2019 by the international union for the conservation of nature ( iucn ) and on a global level are facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. aces \u2019 s team, behaviorist vince rose, biologist cherie chenot \u2010 rose and ucla, phd research student marisa tellez, arrived on the scene tuesday, august 4th, at lunchtime and was fed a yummy, complimentary meal by the holy cross school. setting up traps in the hot day \u2019 s sun, the team caught the croc by 5 : 00 pm in a snare type trap ; and then, collected scientific data pertinent to the conservation of crocodilians in belize. the captured croc was a female and name alice e. after francis \u2019 s mother. in the species crocodylus acutus, american crocodiles, the female is the more aggressive. this particular croc had taken up residence in the wilson \u2019 s canal because the contained water had a lower salinity than the surrounding canals. with fresher water to drink and ample food sources, from not only the birds and fish but from the nearby workers, the croc was protecting her little water hole with all she had. this was truly one of the feisti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38267620047539086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.198923"} {"text": "the surrounding canals. with fresher water to drink and ample food sources, from not only the birds and fish but from the nearby workers, the croc was protecting her little water hole with all she had. this was truly one of the feistiest little crocs i have ever encountered. and, even though this croc was successfully relocated to aces in punta gorda where she will be used in educational lectures on how to safely co \u2010 exist with crocs, another croc will most likely move into her now vacant water hole. it is important to understand that removing all the problematic crocs is not an answer to ambergris \u2019 s ever growing problem of human \u2010 croc conflicts. the answer to coexisting with these modern day dinosaurs is to recognize it is us, humans, who are the intruder and we need them more than they need us. the number one thing everyone can do to decrease the number of problem crocodiles is never discard food waste, especially chicken and fish scraps, into the waters. everyone enjoys a free meal and will choose it over paying or expending extra energy. feeding crocodiles directly or indirectly by this manner is the number one cause of croc attacks and is illegal in belize. if you have small pets or children and you are living on a canal or lagoon front, a sea wall will assure protection from crocodiles coming into your yard. at times of mating and when dry seasons are extra dry, crocs will seek waterholes with a lower salinity than the sea. even though american crocs are a saltwater species and can excrete salt through a specialized gland on their tongue and through their feces, high continual concentrations of salt can be stressful on them, especially the young and nesting females. normally, these crocs will drink fresh water from the thin layer of rainwater that being less dense lays on the surface of the saltier sea. this year, with as dry as it has been, this layer at times does not exist and the crocs will seek out pools, puddles and contained water areas for their lower salinity. aces would like to thank francis and vernon for their hospitality and the holy cross anglican school for funding the capture. we praise their decision in taking the extra mile to save this highly threatened apex predator. so many people do not seem to understand the importance of crocodiles in keeping belize \u2019 s ecosystems in balance. not only do they feed upon small mammals and rodents that carry disease, such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4033220829193722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.200181"} {"text": "in the advanced learning work session there was a slide that showed the growth of ap and ib in the district. it is true that many more students are taking ap classes than ever before. but it doesn ' t necessarily mean what you think it means. take, for example, roosevelt high school. at roosevelt about half of the 10th grade students used to take ap european history. this is typically the first ap available to students, one of the few open to 10th grade students on the typical pathway. the class is challenging for 10th grade students and the fact that about half of the students took it is a testament to roosevelt ' s academic strength. the other half of the students took a history class similar to the one that students all across district and the state take in the 10th grade. some folks at roosevelt didn ' t like that. they didn ' t like the fact that about half of the students were self - selecting to take on the challenge and rigor of ap european history. even more, they didn ' t like the fact that about half of the students were not self - selecting the class, the challenge, or the rigor. so they came up with a solution. now every 10th grader at roosevelt has to take ap human geography. every one of them, both those who would have taken the regular history class and those who would have taken ap european history. ap human geography, although it is also an ap class, is not comparable to ap european history in rigor. it is intended to be a one semester class instead of a two semester class. at roosevelt, it is stretched across two semesters. moreover, the class is not taught as a college level class ( as ap classes typically are ), but with material with a ceiling at a 10th grade reading level. so, yes, more students are taking an ap class, but you could not say that students were taking more rigorous classes. half of them maybe, half of them definitely not. you might wonder why the school didn ' t simply substitute ap human geography for the old history class so that half of the students would still take the more rigorous ap european history and half would take the ap human geography. the answer is obvious. while that would have addressed the academic problem - lack of rigor for students in the old history class - it would not address the political problem of some students - primarily white and asian middle class students - self - selecting more rigor while other students - disproportionately black and latino and fre students - self - selecting less rigor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.461013244457224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.202848"} {"text": "water contamination \u2013 special education edition : fracking to view hydraulic fracturing infograghics click on toggles. wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non - profit organization. hydraulic fracturing is the propagation of fractures in a rock layer by a pressurized fluid. some hydraulic fractures form naturally certain veins or dikes are examples \u2014 and can create conduits along which gas and petroleum from source rocks may migrate to reservoir rocks. induced hydraulic fracturing or hydrofracturing, commonly known as fracing, fraccing, or fracking, is a technique used to release petroleum, natural gas ( including shale gas, tight gas, and coal seam gas ), or other substances for extraction. this type of fracturing creates fractures from a wellbore drilled into reservoir rock formations. the first use of hydraulic fracturing was in 1947. however, it was only in 1998 that modern fracturing technology, referred to as horizontal slickwater fracturing, made possible the economical extraction of shale gas ; this new technology was first used in the barnett shale in texas. the energy from the injection of a highly pressurized hydraulic fracturing fluid creates new channels in the rock, which can increase the extraction rates and ultimate recovery of hydrocarbons. proponents of hydraulic fracturing point to the economic benefits from vast amounts of formerly inaccessible hydrocarbons the process can extract. opponents point to potential environmental impacts, including contamination of ground water, risks to air quality, the migration of gases and hydraulic fracturing chemicals to the surface, surface contamination from spills and flowback and the health effects of these. for these reasons hydraulic fracturing has come under scrutiny internationally, with some countries suspending or banning it. fracturing as a method to stimulate shallow, hard rock oil wells dates back to the 1860s. it was applied by oil producers in the us states of pennsylvania, new york, kentucky, and west virginia by using liquid and later also solidified nitroglycerin. later, the same method was applied to water and gas wells. the idea to use acid as a nonexplosive fluid for well stimulation was introduced in the 1930s. due to acid etching, fractures would not close completely and therefore productivity was enhanced. the same phenomenon was discovered with water injection and squeeze cementing operations. the relationship between well performance and treatment pressures was studied by floyd farris of stanolind oil and gas corporation. this study became a basis of the first hydraulic fracturing experiment, which was conducted in 1947 at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5190311297472436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.214856"} {"text": "injection and squeeze cementing operations. the relationship between well performance and treatment pressures was studied by floyd farris of stanolind oil and gas corporation. this study became a basis of the first hydraulic fracturing experiment, which was conducted in 1947 at the hugoton gas field in grant county of southwestern kansas by stanolind. for the well treatment 1, 000 us gallons ( 3, 800 l ; 830 imp gal ) of gelled gasoline and sand from the arkansas river was injected into the gas - producing limestone formation at 2, 400 feet ( 730 m ). the experiment was not very successful as deliverability of the well did not change appreciably. the process was further described by j. b. clark of stanolind in his paper published in 1948. a patent on this process was issued in 1949 and an exclusive license was granted to the halliburton oil well cementing company. on march 17, 1949, halliburton performed the first two commercial hydraulic fracturing treatments in stephens county, oklahoma, and archer county, texas. since then, hydraulic fracturing has been used to stimulate approximately a million oil and gas wells. in the soviet union, the first hydraulic proppant fracturing was carried out in 1952. in western europe in 1977 \u2013 1985, hydraulic fracturing was conducted at rotliegend and carboniferous gas - bearing sandstones in germany, netherlands onshore and offshore gas fields, and the united kingdoms sector of the north sea. other countries in europe and northern africa included norway, the soviet union, poland, czechoslovakia, yugoslavia, hungary, austria, france, italy, bulgaria, romania, turkey, tunisia, and algeria. due to shale \u2019 s high porosity and low permeability, technology research, development and demonstration were necessary before hydraulic fracturing could be commercially applied to shale gas deposits. in the 1970s the united states government initiated the eastern gas shales project, a set of dozens of public - private hydraulic fracturing pilot demonstration projects. during the same period, the gas research institute, a gas industry research consortium, received approval for research and funding from the federal energy regulatory commission. in 1977, the department of energy pioneered massive hydraulic fracturing in tight sandstone formations. in 1997, based on earlier techniques used by union pacific resources, now part of anadarko petroleum corporation, mitchell energy, now part of devon energy, developed the hydraulic fracturing technique known as \u201c slickwater fracturing \u201d which involves adding chemicals to water to increase the fluid flow, that made the shale gas extraction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45989876563767845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.216243"} {"text": "now part of anadarko petroleum corporation, mitchell energy, now part of devon energy, developed the hydraulic fracturing technique known as \u201c slickwater fracturing \u201d which involves adding chemicals to water to increase the fluid flow, that made the shale gas extraction economical. method a hydraulic fracture is formed by pumping the fracturing fluid into the wellbore at a rate sufficient to increase pressure downhole to exceed that of the fracture gradient ( pressure gradient ) of the rock. the fracture gradient is defined as the pressure increase per unit of the depth due to its density and it is usually measured in pounds per square inch per foot or bars per meter. the rock cracks and the fracture fluid continues further into the rock, extending the crack still further, and so on. operators typically try to maintain \u201c fracture width \u201d, or slow its decline, following treatment by introducing into the injected fluid a proppant \u2013 a material such as grains of sand, ceramic, or other particulates, that prevent the fractures from closing when the injection is stopped and the pressure of the fluid is reduced. consideration of proppant strengths and prevention of proppant failure becomes more important at greater depths where pressure and stresses on fractures are higher. the propped fracture is permeable enough to allow the flow of formation fluids to the well. formation fluids include gas, oil, salt water, fresh water and fluids introduced to the formation during completion of the well during fracturing. during the process fracturing fluid leakoff, loss of fracturing fluid from the fracture channel into the surrounding permeable rock occurs. if not controlled properly, it can exceed 70 % of the injected volume. this may result in formation matrix damage, adverse formation fluid interactions, or altered fracture geometry and thereby decreased production efficiency. the location of one or more fractures along the length of the borehole is strictly controlled by various methods that create or seal off holes in the side of the wellbore. typically, hydraulic fracturing is performed in cased wellbores and the zones to be fractured are accessed by perforating the casing at those locations. hydraulic - fracturing equipment used in oil and natural gas fields usually consists of a slurry blender, one or more high - pressure, high - volume fracturing pumps ( typically powerful triplex or quintuplex pumps ) and a monitoring unit. associated equipment includes fracturing tanks, one or more units for storage and handling of proppant, high - pressure treating iron, a chemical additive unit ( used to accurately monitor chemical addition )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5125105836036006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.217312"} {"text": "quintuplex pumps ) and a monitoring unit. associated equipment includes fracturing tanks, one or more units for storage and handling of proppant, high - pressure treating iron, a chemical additive unit ( used to accurately monitor chemical addition ), low - pressure flexible hoses, and many gauges and meters for flow rate, fluid density, and treating pressure. fracturing equipment operates over a range of pressures and injection rates, and can reach up to 100 megapascals ( 15, 000 psi ) and 265 litres per second ( 9. 4 cu ft / s ) ( 100 barrels per minute ). proppants and fracking fluids and list of additives for hydraulic fracturing high - pressure fracture fluid is injected into the wellbore, with the pressure above the fracture gradient of the rock. the two main purposes of fracturing fluid is to extend fractures and to carry proppant into the formation, the purpose of which is to stay there without damaging the formation or production of the well. two methods of transporting the proppant in the fluid are used \u2013 high - rate and high - viscosity. high - viscosity fracturing tends to cause large dominant fractures, while high - rate ( slickwater ) fracturing causes small spread - out micro - fractures. this fracture fluid contains water - soluble gelling agents ( such as guar gum ) which increase viscosity and efficiently deliver the proppant into the formation. the fluid injected into the rock is typically a slurry of water, proppants, and chemical additives. additionally, gels, foams, and compressed gases, including nitrogen, carbon dioxide and air can be injected. typically, of the fracturing fluid 90 % is water and 9. 5 % is sand with the chemical additives accounting to about 0. 5 %. a proppant is a material that will keep an induced hydraulic fracture open, during or following a fracturing treatment, and can be gel, foam, or slickwater - based. fluids make tradeoffs in such material properties as viscosity, where more viscous fluids can carry more concentrated proppant ; the energy or pressure demands to maintain a certain flux pump rate ( flow velocity ) that will conduct the proppant appropriately ; ph, various rheological factors, among others. types of proppant include silica sand, resin - coated sand, and man - made ceramics. these vary depending on the type of permeability or grain strength needed. the most commonly used proppan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5287383944642883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.218247"} {"text": "rheological factors, among others. types of proppant include silica sand, resin - coated sand, and man - made ceramics. these vary depending on the type of permeability or grain strength needed. the most commonly used proppant is silica sand, though proppants of uniform size and shape, such as a ceramic proppant, is believed to be more effective. due to a higher porosity within the fracture, a greater amount of oil and natural gas is liberated. the fracturing fluid varies in composition depending on the type of fracturing used, the conditions of the specific well being fractured, and the water characteristics. a typical fracture treatment uses between 3 and 12 additive chemicals. although there may be unconventional fracturing fluids, the typical used chemical additives are : \u2022 acids \u2014 hydrochloric acid ( usually 28 % - 5 % ), or acetic acid is used in the pre - fracturing stage for cleaning the perforations and initiating fissure in the near - wellbore rock. \u2022 sodium chloride ( salt ) \u2014 delays breakdown of the gel polymer chains. \u2022 polyacrylamide and other friction reducers \u2014 minimizes the friction between fluid and pipe, thus allowing the pumps to pump at a higher rate without having greater pressure on the surface. polyacrylamide are good suspension agents ensuring the proppant does not fall out. \u2022 ethylene glycol \u2014 prevents formation of scale deposits in the pipe. \u2022 borate salts \u2014 used for maintaining fluid viscosity during the temperature increase. \u2022 sodium and potassium carbonates \u2014 used for maintaining effectiveness of crosslinkers. \u2022 glutaraldehyde \u2014 used as disinfectant of the water ( bacteria elimination ). \u2022 guar gum and other water - soluble gelling agents \u2014 increases viscosity of the fracturing fluid to deliver more efficiently the proppant into the formation. \u2022 citric acid \u2014 used for corrosion prevention. \u2022 isopropanol \u2014 increases the viscosity of the fracture fluid. the most common chemical used for hydraulic fracturing in the united states in 2005 \u2013 2009 was methanol, while some other most widely used chemicals were isopropyl alcohol, 2 - butoxyethanol, and ethylene glycol. typical fluid types. \u2022 conventional linear gels. these gels are cellulose derivatives ( carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47248993513637255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.219169"} {"text": "glycol. typical fluid types. \u2022 conventional linear gels. these gels are cellulose derivatives ( carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl hydroxyl ethyl cellulose ), guar or its derivatives ( hydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar ) based, with other chemicals providing the necessary chemistry for the desired results. \u2022 borate - crosslinked fluids. these are guar - based fluids cross - linked with boron ions ( from aqueous borax / boric acid solution ). these gels have higher viscosity at ph 9 onwards and are used to carry proppants. after the fracturing job the ph is reduced to 3 \u2013 4 so that the cross - links are broken and the gel is less viscous and can be pumped out. \u2022 organometallic - crosslinked fluids zirconium, chromium, antimony, titanium salts are known to crosslink the guar based gels. the crosslinking mechanism is not reversible. so once the proppant is pumped down along with the cross - linked gel, the fracturing part is done. the gels are broken down with appropriate breakers. \u2022 aluminium phosphate - ester oil gels. aluminium phosphate and ester oils are slurried to form cross - linked gel. these are one of the first known gelling systems. for slickwater it is common to include sweeps or a reduction in the proppant concentration temporarily to ensure the well is not overwhelmed with proppant causing a screen - off. as the fracturing process proceeds, viscosity reducing agents such as oxidizers and enzyme breakers are sometimes then added to the fracturing fluid to deactivate the gelling agents and encourage flowback. the oxidizer reacts with the gel to break it down, reducing the fluid \u2019 s viscosity and ensuring that no proppant is pulled from the formation. an enzyme acts as a catalyst for the breaking down of the gel. sometimes ph modifiers are used to break down the crosslink at the end of a hydraulic fracturing job, since many require a ph buffer system to stay viscous. at the end of the job the well is commonly flushed with water ( sometimes blended with a friction reducing chemical ) under pressure. injected fluid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48025205428578066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.220055"} {"text": "##link at the end of a hydraulic fracturing job, since many require a ph buffer system to stay viscous. at the end of the job the well is commonly flushed with water ( sometimes blended with a friction reducing chemical ) under pressure. injected fluid is to some degree recovered and is managed by several methods, such as underground injection control, treatment and discharge, recycling, or temporary storage in pits or containers while new technology is being continually being developed and improved to better handle waste water and improve re - usability. click here for lake peigneur part one : video \u2013 lake peigneur could be worse than assumption sinkhole click here for lake peigneur part two : largest man - made vortex \u2013 lake peigneur update \u2013 special report. click here for grand bayou sinkhole begins part one : bayou corne \u2013 grand bayou sinkhole begins \u2013 can it end? click here for grand bayou sinkhole begins part two : 06 / 28 / 13 \u2013 05 / 16 / 13 \u2013 facts about grand bayou sink hole. whole world water seeks to prove that economic, social, and environmental progress are not mutually exclusive. developed to end the global water and sanitation crisis, whole world water works to engage the hospitality and tourism industry to filter, bottle, and sell its own water, and contribute 10 % of the proceeds to the whole world water fund. 100 % of the proceeds will go directly to clean and safe water initiatives worldwide. water news archives \u2013 750 articles - march 2012 ~ may 2013 : updated daily \u2013 click here support save the water\u2122 click here. supporting the water research and education programs of save the water\u2122 is vital to our future generation \u2019 s health, your funding is needed today.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45257738287975513, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.220718"} {"text": "seasonal recharge components in an urban / agricultural mountain front aquifer system using noble gas thermometry thirteen noble gas samples were collected from eleven wells and two mountain springs in the treasure valley, idaho, usa to derive recharge temperatures using noble gas thermometry. one common assumption with noble gas thermometry is that recharge temperatures are roughly equal to the mean annual surface temperature. when water table depths are shallow or variable, or infiltration is seasonal recharge temperatures may be significantly different from the mean annual surface temperature. water table depths throughout the study area were used to estimate recharge source temperatures using an infiltration - weighted recharge temperature model which takes into account a time - variable water table. this model was applied to six different seasonally - dependent recharge scenarios. the modeled recharge temperatures for all scenarios showed a strong dependence of recharge temperature on mean annual depth to water. temperature results from the different recharge scenarios ranged from near the mean annual surface temperature to as much as 6 \u00b0c warmer. this compared well to noble gas derived recharge temperatures from the valley wells which ranged from 5 \u00b0c below to 7. 4 \u00b0c above the mean annual surface temperature of the valley. cooler temperatures suggest an influence of recharge through the adjacent mountain block while warmer temperatures suggest an influence from summer irrigation. thoma, michael j. ; mcnamara, james p. ; and benner, shawn g.. ( 2011 ). \" seasonal recharge components in an urban / agricultural mountain front aquifer system using noble gas thermometry \". journal of hydrology, 409 ( 1 - 2 ), 118 - 127. http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1016 / j. jhydrol. 2011. 08. 003", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.566412400174515, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.223624"} {"text": "for immediate release 703 - 739 - 3900 ext 124 school lunch at sixty : promoting healthy eating habits alexandria, va. ( june 5, 2006 ) \u2013 this year marks the sixtieth anniversary of the national school lunch program and the school nutrition association. both began in 1946 and share the goal of ensuring that america \u2019 s school children receive healthy school meals. when the national school lunch act was signed into law by president harry truman on june 4, 1946, truman remarked, \" no nation is any healthier than its children. \" in a later speech on the same subject, truman said \" the well nourished school child is a better student. he is healthier and more alert. he is developing good food habits that will benefit him for the rest of his life. in short, he is a better asset for his country in every way. \" that same year the national school cafeteria association and the conference of food service directors merged to become the school food service association. in 2004 the association changed its name to the school nutrition association. sixty years later the 55, 000 members of the school nutrition association remain committed to president truman \u2019 s promise to our nation \u2019 s children. every school day over 37 million school breakfasts and lunches are served to america \u2019 s school children. provided through the u. s. department of agriculture \u2019 s ( usda ) national school lunch program and school breakfast program, these nutritious, balanced meals are provided in age - appropriate serving sizes. several recent studies, including those of the u. s. general accounting office and dr. alice jo rainville of eastern michigan university, found that the national school lunch program ( nslp ) provides children with twice the servings of fruits and vegetables and greater amounts of grains and dairy than children who eat lunch brought from home or who leave school to eat lunch. dr. rainville \u2019 s study concluded that students who eat school lunches consume less calories from fat and twice as many servings of fruits and vegetables than students who eat a bag lunch. in a letter to members of congress marking the anniversary of the national school lunch act, sna president ruth jonen, sfns wrote, \u201c when president truman signed the nslp into law on june 4, 1946, it was to address the under nutrition of children. now, the program is on the front lines in the fight against obesity. today \u2019 s school lunches meet federal nutrition requirements that limit calories from fat and saturated fat, while providing the fruits, vegetables, dairy, protein", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4740971964359753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.227061"} {"text": "under nutrition of children. now, the program is on the front lines in the fight against obesity. today \u2019 s school lunches meet federal nutrition requirements that limit calories from fat and saturated fat, while providing the fruits, vegetables, dairy, protein and grains that children need to achieve and maintain a healthy weight. \u201d the nutritious school meals of 2006 include entree salads, shaker salads and salad bars that may feature locally grown produce ; yogurt parfaits and multigrain rolls ; reduced fat versions of old favorites ; healthy cooking techniques like baking ; cafeteria and classroom nutrition education ; and much more. this year sna members will continue to play leadership roles in the development of local school wellness policies that promote nutritious foods and beverages on the entire school campus, not just in the lunchroom. while school nutrition professionals face both new challenges like over - nutrition and ones similar to those of 1946, like under - nutrition, they remain passionate and dedicated to advancing good nutrition for all children. the school nutrition association ( formerly asfsa ) is a national, non - profit professional organization representing more than 55, 000 members who provide high - quality, low - cost meals to students across the country. the association and its members are dedicated to feeding children safe and nutritious meals. founded in 1946, sna is the only association devoted exclusively to protecting and enhancing children \u2019 s health and well being through school meals and sound nutrition education. \u00a9 2000 - 2013 school nutrition association, all rights reserved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4711373256739449, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.227678"} {"text": "aboard the tugnacious with dr. doom topics : climate, environment, geology, news, radio, water - copy and paste to embed two - thirds of california residents rely on water pumped through the sacramento - san joaquin river delta, as its delicate ecosystem teeters on the brink, and its aging levees crumble. planners have spent decades searching for a fix. but they ' ll have to finish the job without the advice of a man who \u2019 s played a central role in delta science. jeffrey mount, the scientist dubbed \u201c dr. doom \u201d for his dire pronouncements about the delta, has retired from his post at university california, davis. science editor craig miller caught up with him \u2013 where else \u2013 on the river, aboard his 27 - foot cruiser, \u201c tugnacious. \u201d this is an edited version of their conversation. the question of what to do about deteriorating conditions in the sacramento - san joaquin delta has dogged mount throughout his 33 years as a professor of geology, as co - founder of the center for watershed studies at uc davis and going back to governor brown \u2019 s first administration. i asked mount \u2013 one of the delta \u2019 s most plainspoken explainers, why it matters so much. craig miller : eight in 10 californians can \u2019 t even tell you where or what the delta is. why do they need to know? jm : very few californians get the notion that this is an interconnected system now, with water that comes all the way out of the trinity river, piped over and into the sacramento river and down through the delta, run into canals and ends up in san diego. i mean really, that \u2019 s extraordinary, all the way from the klamath basin to san diego. this is an interconnected network, so 25 million people get some of their water out of the delta. cm : you said in an interview that you thought we were down to our last shot with the delta. what did you mean by that? and what do you think the real chance is that we ' ll have a long - term solution in hand by, say 2020? jm : let me explain why i think we \u2019 re down to our last shot. we have deeply entrenched interests, and regrettably it \u2019 s not simple. you \u2019 ve got farmers fighting against farmers. you have urban interests fighting against urban interests. you have environmental groups fighting against environmental groups, and then they \u2019 re all fighting each other, and that makes it wickedly complicated. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44206098402690736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.233478"} {"text": "s not simple. you \u2019 ve got farmers fighting against farmers. you have urban interests fighting against urban interests. you have environmental groups fighting against environmental groups, and then they \u2019 re all fighting each other, and that makes it wickedly complicated. and instead of coming out of their foxholes, they seem to be digging deeper and deeper foxholes. events will eventually dictate how we manage the delta and i have said many times, and nothing in the last seven or eight years has changed in this, that we \u2019 re dealing with a system that is unstable, and it will rearrange itself, whether from floods or earthquakes or rising sea level or changing human demands on the system or invasive species, it is unstable and it is changing and if we don \u2019 t get our hands around it now, it \u2019 s going to be doubly hard to get our hands around it in the future. some believe one way to \u201c get our hands around it \u201d is to move southbound water around this fragile ecosystem \u2013 or in the case of the latest proposal, under it, with twin tunnels that would shuttle water from upstream on the sacramento, more than 30 miles south to serve needs in the central valley and southern california. mount agrees, saying it \u2019 s the only way to comply with current laws that put water needs and the environment on equal footing. jm : to meet the co - equal goals of the 2009 legislation, i think you \u2019 re going to have to have a tunnel or two. don \u2019 t like it, go back and change the policy. you could say, \" we \u2019 re going to manage this ecosystem. we \u2019 re going to go for ecosystem health as the primary objective within it. \" if that \u2019 s the case, at best you want a tiny little pipe \u2013 a peripheral garden hose would be the best description of it. you want to dramatically reduce your withdrawals from the delta, both in - delta exports and then all those people upstream ; all those people like san francisco, let \u2019 s take them for example, they \u2019 re taking water from the delta, they \u2019 re just taking it out upstream. cm : by upstream, you mean up in the sierra. jm : yeah, they \u2019 re just taking it out before it gets to delta, that \u2019 s all. cm : give me your pithiest version of why a tunnel beats a canal. jm : actually i don \u2019 t think there \u2019 s any difference between the two in terms of system performance, but there are major differences politically.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4777498156666194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.234409"} {"text": "s all. cm : give me your pithiest version of why a tunnel beats a canal. jm : actually i don \u2019 t think there \u2019 s any difference between the two in terms of system performance, but there are major differences politically. good luck building a peripheral canal across the delta given the level of local resistance and changes in our practices of eminent domain. i can completely understand why they want to spend more money and go under the problem rather than over the problem. cm : we talked a little about this deja vu aspect of it, this goes further back than jerry brown \u2019 s first term, this goes back to pat brown, doesn \u2019 t it? jm : that \u2019 s correct. when the state water project was developed, they knew all along that they had left a hole in it, and that is the delta. they knew there was a problem even back in the 1950s that the delta was going to be a major issue. from that point on, this intractable, difficult wicked problem has bedeviled governors, heads of the department of water resources and water managers in california nonstop. cm : if they were so aware that this was a problem looming, why didn \u2019 t they address the problem head on the first time around? jm : there \u2019 s a tendency in water supply to leave the most complicated and difficult problems to later. we are a society \u2013 and there \u2019 s no difference in the water supply community \u2013 that likes to pluck the low hanging fruit and put off the hard work until later. the delta fix, if there is one, is not simple, it \u2019 s not cheap, it involves burning massive amounts of political capital to get it done, and it involves lots of angry people no matter what you do. i can easily understand why people kept putting that one off. and yet, with all of the rancor that remains in the delta water wars, mount sees a light at end of this tunnel. jm : i can actually say that i think the state government and federal government are starting to paddle together, which has not been the case \u2013 it \u2019 s actually been one of the principal problems. they are actually starting to look like they \u2019 re much more in sync with each other, and that \u2019 s a glimmer of hope. cm : does that mean you think we have a decent shot at a long - term solution? jm : i think it \u2019 s a 50 - 50 chance that we \u2019 ll get a long - term solution out of this. this is all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46568360390304375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.235309"} {"text": "after a nasty blizzard temporarily disabled washington this winter, conservative politicians and pundits jammed the airwaves with claims the storm \u201c contradicted al gore \u2019 s hysterical global warming theories. \u201d their myopia was derided by climate scientists and stephen colbert alike, who said on his show : \u201c now folks, that is simple observational research : whatever just happened is the only thing that is happening. ask any peekaboo - ologist. \u201d still, in the wake of the storm, the national oceanic and atmospheric administration decided to cancel its scheduled announcement of a climate service office, which would keep the public up - to - date on on global warming. timing matters. now, with the east coast woozy from a humid heat wave, it \u2019 s the climate scientists \u2019 turn to spread their message. a press release today highlights a stanford study showing heat waves and extremely high temperatures could be commonplace in the u. s. by 2039 : according to the climate models, an intense heat wave \u2013 equal to the longest on record from 1951 to 1999 \u2013 is likely to occur as many as five times between 2020 and 2029 over areas of the western and central united states. the 2030s are projected to be even hotter \u2026 the stanford team also forecast a dramatic spike in extreme seasonal temperatures during the current decade. temperatures equaling the hottest season on record from 1951 to 1999 could occur four times between now and 2019 over much of the u. s., according to the researchers. the 2020s and 2030s could be even hotter, particularly in the american west. from 2030 to 2039, most areas of utah, colorado, arizona and new mexico could endure at least seven seasons equally as intense as the hottest season ever recorded between 1951 and 1999, the researchers concluded. \u201c frankly, i was expecting that we \u2019 d see large temperature increases later this century with higher greenhouse gas levels and global warming, \u201d [ noah ] diffenbaugh said. \u201c i did not expect to see anything this large within the next three decades. this was definitely a surprise. \u201d photo by leeroy09481", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48195476157924255, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.237512"} {"text": "in the wake of the tsunami disaster what has not occurred to the authorities and the powers that be is that preventive measures should be adopted and put in place side by side with reconstruction. all that is reconstructed could be washed off if there is another tsunami. it is the height of folly to believe that we cannot be struck by another tsunami. the answer is not only to run away, protecting our lives, but also to protect our property and belongings. we have missed the woods for the trees, and lulled ourselves into a state of complacency that there could not be another tsunami for quite sometime. we are wrong. we could have been hit by the quake of 28 / 03 / 05 if it developed into a tsunami, particularly as the quake registered 8. 7 on the richter scale. we are becoming increasingly vulnerable to tsunamis, as there is a tectonic plate developing just 300km south of sri lanka, and as there is a grave possibility of the australian plate and the ' sundar ' plate coming into collision. it is impossible for scientists to predict when, where and how this plate collision could cause tsunamis. all they can say is that it will reach sri lanka in 2 or 3 hours after a tsunami has occurred, depending on the intensity of the earthquake. it is believed that even a quake measuring over 7 on the richter scale can endanger sri lanka. how do we ward off the evil effects of a tsunami? speedy and immediate measures should be taken to identify the most important and vulnerable areas of the country. the port of colombo is the most vulnerable and an important spot. if the colombo port is struck our economy will come to a standstill. the fort, adjoining the colombo harbour is the financial hub of the country. all the head offices of all major banks are situated in the fort, viz the central bank, bank of ceylon tower, twin towers, grindlays bank, seylan bank and various other banks, the president ' s house, the telecom towers, naval headquarters, army headquarters and police headquarters... etc. apart from all these institutions and installations, over 250, 000 people work in the fort. if one traverses the areas struck by the tsunami, one would see that areas with coral reefs and / or mangroves were not affected at all, or their damage was minimal. we suggest adopting the following strategies to ward off the evil effects : immediate root - balling and planting of huge mangroves, with the assistance of a foreign government ; undertaking forthwith the construction of a breakwater", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44914988124804645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.242562"} {"text": "all, or their damage was minimal. we suggest adopting the following strategies to ward off the evil effects : immediate root - balling and planting of huge mangroves, with the assistance of a foreign government ; undertaking forthwith the construction of a breakwater. this breakwater can be built very close to the shore, so that there is no interference with ships coming into the harbour. a rock wall 20 - 25 feet in height spanning a length of less than a maximum of 1 / 2 a mile, and a thickness of about 7 - 10 ft commencing from the light - house area to about the pettah area would suffice to protect the fort - the financial hub of colombo. this whole operation will cost less than rs. 100 million. if the experts are consulted, they will probably inflate the estimate to about 1 billion, either foolishly or cunningly so that rs. 900 million can be shared between themselves and the contractors. some of the unintelligent so called experts will pooh - pooh this plan as not being feasible. there are quite a number of unintelligent professionals in this country. this is a sensible and intelligent approach to minimise damage. if we don ' t take timely action, all the millions spent on reconstruction will be reduced to zero if we are struck by another tsunami, and those experts should be held accountable if there is another catastrophe. we will not have international assistance a second time, if we don ' t take preventive measures. those in charge of rehabilitation, have lost sight of the possibility of another tsunami. the warning of the possibility of another tsunami given to us on the night of march 28, should open the eyes of these so called experts. pose on yourselves the question as to how the fort of galle was not affected by the tsunami of 26 / 12, whereas the immediate adjoining areas were badly struck. this is because of the existence of a break - water in the form of the ramparts - though built 350 years ago, and exposed to the elements day in day out. this strategy on a smaller scale can protect the fort of colombo and its environs. the cost will not be so heavy as compared to the destruction if hit by another tsunami. you don ' t need engineers to see the wisdom of this. any intelligent person with common sense will know that such a structure should be built forthwith to protect the port of colombo, the colombo fort and its environs. this way, we will avert the damage to hundreds of buildings, all built cheek", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44417784396649584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.243590"} {"text": "swarms of jellyfish, or sea nettles, have returned in full force to the chesapeake bay, according to reports from local environmentalists. the migration of jellyfish throughout the chesapeake bay can be seen in a real - time forecasting chart hosted by the national oceanic and atmospheric administration. this season is expected to spike, but so far the jellyfish projections are on par with previous years, according to sandy point state park ranger kenny hartman. hartman said the state park which doubles as a popular beach, has just started getting reports and sightings of jellyfish. \" it ' s not bad right now, but it will get worse as the salinity in the water gets higher, especially because of the lack of rain, \" hartman said. when it rains, the salt content in the water is lowered, which slows the migration and prevalence of jellyfish. but without rain, the jellyfish are free to roam wherever they find high levels of salt in the water. riverkeeper for the west and rhode rivers chris trumbauer said this year is no different from others, so far. \" i have recently seen sea nettles in the west and rhode, as well as the mouth of the severn, \" trumbauer said. \" i think they are getting extra attention this year, since there were ( almost ) none in the area last summer. \" trumbauer advised swimmers and beach joggers to be aware of their surroundings. he also reminded them that the old folk remedies for jellyfish stings of vinegar and urine aren ' t likely to work.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42287923223540685, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.245214"} {"text": "\u201c even if i thought there was hope for me,... \u201d ruth 1 : 12 jps hope \u2013 what is your definition of \u201c hope \u201d? two questions might help you determine if your idea of hope comes from biblical sources or from the culture of greek philosophy. the first question is this : \u201c is your idea of hope the projection of desired good things happening in the future? \u201d in other words, if you examine what you hope for, is it really just a collection of your wishes for good things for you? if you discovered that this element is present in your idea of hope, then you are right in line with plato. he taught that hope is the subjective projection of our yearnings for future benefits. of course, these yearnings often turn out to be disappointments. in plato \u2019 s view, hope is like a psychological crutch. it helps us manage contemporary difficulties by projecting a better tomorrow, but it is ultimately without real foundation. it \u2019 s just wishing things will be better. examine your feelings carefully. perhaps there is just a hint of plato lurking in your own definition. you might ask yourself, \u201c if nothing turns out the way i want it to, does that affect my idea of hope? \u201d if you answered, \u201c yes, \u201d then plato is your man. now let \u2019 s ask the second question. \u201c does your idea of hope depend entirely on god \u2019 s faithfulness regardless of any present or conceivable future circumstances? \u201d let \u2019 s ask the question another way. \u201c if none of your future expectations occur, do you still absolutely trust god and wait patiently for him to act? \u201d if you find that you can answer \u201c yes \u201d to these questions, then you are ready to examine the hebrew word tiqvah. when naomi uses this word, she doesn \u2019 t have the projection of future desires in mind. she is thinking about the color scarlet. what does scarlet have to do with hope. frymer - kensky points out that tiqvah is the hebrew word meaning \u201c thread \u201d in the story of rahab. \u201c the imagery in this idiom suggests that our life is spun out like a cord, and hope arises from the strength of that cord, representing the prospect of a viable future. \u201d she goes on to show that hope in hebrew thought is intimately connected with life here and now. to have a future is to not be cut off. to have a future is to see the continuation of your name in the lives of your offspring. tiqvah hope has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5730744120441792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.249569"} {"text": "show that hope in hebrew thought is intimately connected with life here and now. to have a future is to not be cut off. to have a future is to see the continuation of your name in the lives of your offspring. tiqvah hope has nothing to do with getting to heaven. it is all about having a legacy on earth. it \u2019 s about a scarlet cord that can \u2019 t be cut. to this we must add paul \u2019 s comments in romans 8. in the brit chadashah, hope ( the greek is elpis ) is also not about personal wish fulfillment. it is about the absolute reliability of god, anchored in the completed evidence of yeshua \u2019 s resurrection. in other words, paul teaches us that our present hope has been guaranteed by yeshua \u2019 s finished act. that does not mean that our wishes will come true. it means that we can patiently wait for god to complete his purposes regardless of what happens to us. why can we take this attitude about our circumstances? because we know \u201c that all things work together for the good. \u201d by the way, all things work together for the good ( as defined by god ), not my good. put plato aside. our hope doesn \u2019 t depend on good things happening to us. our hope depends on god doing what he says he will do, \u201c on earth as it is in heaven. \u201d that is why hope cannot disappoint. that is why hope casts out fear. it doesn \u2019 t depend on you or me, and frankly, it \u2019 s not even about you or me. we are just along for the ride as god fulfills his purposes here. that is red letter hope. topical index : scarlet, hope, tiqvah, joshua 2 : 18, ruth 1 : 12 a previous study of tiqvahin the story of rahab can be found here. tamara eskenazi and tikva frymer - kensky, ruth : the jps bible commentary, p. 15.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49279661347836706, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.250435"} {"text": "the three most common types of solar cookers are heat - trap boxes, curved concentrators ( parabolics ) and panel cookers. hundreds \u2014 if not thousands \u2014 of variations on these basic types exist. additionally, several large - scale solar cooking systems have been developed to meet the needs of institutions worldwide. most solar cookers work on basic principles : sunlight is converted to heat energy that is retained for cooking. - sunlight is the \" fuel. \" a solar cooker needs an outdoor spot that is sunny for several hours and protected from strong wind, and where food will be safe. solar cookers don ' t work at night or on cloudy days. - dark surfaces get very hot in sunlight, whereas light surfaces don ' t. food cooks best in dark, shallow, thin metal pots with dark, tight - fitting lids to hold in heat and moisture. - a transparent heat trap around the dark pot lets in sunlight, but keeps in the heat. this is a clear, heat - resistant plastic bag or large inverted glass bowl ( in panel cookers ) or an insulated box with a glass or plastic window ( in box cookers ). curved concentrator cookers typically don ' t require a heat trap. - one or more shiny surfaces reflect extra sunlight onto the pot, increasing its heat potential. | previous : patricia mcardle | | next : next featured article |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4753897772847134, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.253018"} {"text": "body long and slender. prostomium elongate, oval to conical. ventral pair of antennae somewhat longer than dorsal. proboscis with two mediodorsal and two lateral rows of papillae, distally and ventrally only wrinkled ridges. often the proboscis is irregularly scattered with papillae, with two lateral papillae at the anterior edge. ventral pair of tentacular cirri longer than dorsal. dorsal cirri of anterior segments more or less asymmetrical, oval, somewhat longer than broad or broader than long, those of mid - body strongly asymmetrical, almost kidney - shaped, up to 2 1 / 2 times as long as broad ; posterior ones asymmetrical, oval, often somewhat longer than broad ( e. spetsbergensis - parapodium ). terminal end of chaetal shaft symmetrical with one large tooth and a few smaller ones on each side. blades long and slender. ventral cirri longer than parapodial lobes. pygidial cirri finger - like. up to 100 mm for 200 segments. living animal dorsally with reddish banding and dark dorsal cirri ; ventrally green. in alcohol almost colourless. on all substrata ; upper sublittoral to 400m. arctic, north pacific, north atlantic, northern north sea to oresund.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4355462289605162, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.254309"} {"text": "( this is reposted from the dictionary help page ) can \u2019 t understand some parts of the dictionary? fear no more! what do these things mean? n. \u2013 noun. usually definitions starting with \u201c a, \u201d \u201c an \u201d or \u201c the \u201d except for \u201c the state of being. \u201d used to name a person, place, thing, or idea. v. \u2013 verb. usually definitions starting with \u201c to \u201d except for \u201c to be. \u201d a word or combination of words that expresses an action or says something about the existence or condition of a noun or pronoun. adj. \u2013 adjective. usually definitions starting with \u201c to be \u201d or \u201c the state of being. \u201d a word that modifies a noun or pronoun. modify means to limit, qualify, or make partial changes. adv. \u2013 adverb. usually starts with \u201c the state of \u201d with a verb and the description of that action. a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another verb ( when, where, how, how often, to what extent ). many adverbs en in - ly. contraction. \u2013 a shortened word acronym. \u2013 the first letters of a bunch of words or phrase interjection. \u2013 a word that you would use to say something out loud, like \u201c damn \u201d or \u201c fuck. \u201d a word or phrase used to express pain, surprise, anger, pleasure, or some other emotions. stands apart from other words in sentences. klingon. \u2013 a word from the klingon language location. \u2013 a location phrase. \u2013 a phrase that has more than 1 word in it ebonics. \u2013 a word or series of words used in ebonics preposition. \u2013 a word like \u201c a. \u201d a word that shows a relation between the word following it and some other word or group of words in a sentence. conjunction. \u2013 a word that combines two parts of a sentence, such as \u201c but, \u201d \u201c and, \u201d and \u201c yet \u201d pronoun. \u2013 a word that replaces another noun. such as he, she, it. it stands for or takes place of a noun and functions in most ways as a noun.?. \u2013 we don \u2019 t know what kind of word it is ex. \u2013 example ; } \u2013 separates one definition from another definition for the same word. similar to the numbering system used in actual dictionaries. the reason we don \u2019 t use numbers in our definitions is because we use numbers sometimes to define", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6094746207781727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.257483"} {"text": "| canto 10 : the summum bonum | | chapter 20 : the rainy season and autumn in vrndavana | bhaktivedanta vedabase : srimad bhagavatam 10. 20. 8 tamasa bhanti na grahah yatha papena pasanda na hi vedah kalau yuge nisa - mukhesu \u2014 during the moments of evening twilight ; khadyotah \u2014 the glowworms ; tamasa \u2014 because of the darkness ; bhanti \u2014 shine ; na \u2014 not ; grahah \u2014 the planets ; yatha \u2014 as ; papena \u2014 because of sinful activities ; pasandah \u2014 atheistic doctrines ; na \u2014 and not ; hi \u2014 certainly ; vedah \u2014 the vedas ; kalau yuge \u2014 in the age of kali. in the evening twilight during the rainy season, the darkness allowed the glowworms but not the stars to shine forth, just as in the age of kali the predominance of sinful activities allows atheistic doctrines to overshadow the true knowledge of the vedas. srila prabhupada comments as follows : \" during the rainy season, in the evening there are many glowworms visible about the tops of trees, hither and thither, and they glitter just like lights. but the luminaries of the sky, the stars and the moon, are not visible. similarly, in the age of kali, persons who are atheists or miscreants become very prominently visible, whereas persons who are actually following the vedic principles for spiritual emancipation are practically obscured. this age, kali - yuga, is compared to the cloudy season of the living entities. in this age, real knowledge is covered by the influence of the material advancement of civilization. the cheap mental speculators, atheists and manufacturers of so - called religious principles become prominent like the glowworms, whereas persons strictly following the vedic principles, or scriptural injunctions, become covered by the clouds of this age. \" people should learn to take advantage of the actual luminaries of the sky \u2014 the sun, moon and stars \u2014 instead of the glowworms ' light. actually, the glowworms cannot give any light in the darkness of night. as clouds sometimes clear, even in the rainy season, and the moon, stars and sun become visible, so even in this kali - yuga there are sometimes advantages. the vedic movement of lord caitanya \u2014 the distribution of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.525059500593545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.260042"} {"text": "at any given time throughout a political campaign the media may want to know what the public at large thinks about policies or candidates. one solution would be to ask everyone who they would vote for. this would be costly, time consuming and infeasible. another way to determine voter preference is to use a statistical sample. rather than ask every voter to state his or her preference in candidates, polling research companies poll a relatively small number of people who their favorite candidate is. the members of the statistical sample help to determine the preferences of the entire population. there are good polls and not so good polls, so it is important to ask the following questions when reading any results. who was polled? a candidate makes his or her appeal to the voters because the voters are the ones who cast ballots. consider the following groups of people : - registered voters - likely voters the political composition of the sample sometimes plays a roll in interpreting poll results. a sample consisting entirely of registered republicans would not be good if someone wanted to ask a question about the electorate at large. since the electorate rarely breaks into 50 % registered republicans and 50 % registered democrats, even this type of sample may not be the best to use. when was the poll conducted? politics can be fast paced. within a matter of days an issue arises, alters the political landscape, then is forgotten by most when some new issue surfaces. what people were talking about on monday sometimes seems to be a distant memory when friday comes. news runs faster than ever, however good polling takes time to conduct. major events can take several days to show up in poll results. the dates when a poll was conducted should be noted to determine if current events have had time to affect the numbers of the poll. what methods were used? suppose that congress is considering a bill that deals with gun control. read the following two scenarios and ask which is more likely to accurately determine the public sentiment. - a blog asks its readers to click on a box to show their support of the bill. a total of 5000 participate and there is overwhelming rejection of the bill. - a polling firm randomly calls 1000 registered voters and asks them about their support of the bill. the firm finds that their respondents are more or less evenly split for and against the bill. how large is the sample? as the discussion above shows, a poll with a larger sample size is not necessarily the better poll. on the other hand, a sample size may be too small to state anything meaningful about public opinion. a random sample of 20 likely voters is too small to determine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42989727175397197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.264285"} {"text": "bycatch of crab occurs in directed crab pot fisheries as well as groundfish and scallop fisheries. in the crab fisheries, crab bycatch includes females of target species, sublegal ( small ) males of target species, and non - target crab. in all other fisheries, crabs are a prohibited species, and must be discarded, so every crab caught incidentally is considered bycatch. crabs caught as bycatch in trawl fisheries are thought to have a high mortality rate ( estimated at 80 % ) ; in the scallop dredge and pot fisheries for crab and groundfish, mortality is considered to be much lower ( between 20 and 50 % ). limits on the bycatch of prohibited crab species have been established in some bering sea fisheries, to reduce the impacts on these species traditionally harvested by other gear types. when bycatch limits are reached, fisheries responsible for the bycatch are closed for the rest of the season, or are prohibited from fishing in areas with historically high bycatch rates. area closures have also been implemented throughout the bering sea and goa to protect crab. in addition to these tools, gear restrictions and other regulations have been implemented to reduce crab bycatch. for example : - biodegradable panels are required for pot gear, to minimize bycatch associated with so - called ghost fishing of lost gear. - tunnel openings for pot gear are limited in size to reduce incidental catch of halibut and crabs. - gillnets for groundfish have been prohibited to prevent ghost fishing and bycatch of non - target species. - in 1999, the use of bottom trawl gear was prohibited for vessels targeting pollock in the bering sea, to reduce crab and halibut bycatch. in 2011, a trawl sweep modification requirement was implemented for vessels participating in the bering sea flatfish fishery, to raise the trawl sweep off the seafloor. research has demonstrated that this gear modification reduces unobserved mortality of red king crab, tanner crab, and snow crab. the council intends for a similar modification to be implemented in the gulf of alaska.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45795740249257344, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.266315"} {"text": "beethoven ' s bagatelles are short compositions written over the span of the composer ' s lifetime, from the early to the late periods. ranging from easy to intermediate level, these popular pieces display a wide variety of moods and musical ideas and are favorites with students and accomplished pianists... read more customers who bought this book also bought : our editors also recommend : beethoven masterpieces for solo piano : 25 works by ludwig van beethoven this collection features 25 popular pieces, including the sonata in c - sharp minor, op. 27, no. 2 ( \" moonlight \" ) ; sonata in d minor, op. 31, no. 2 ( \" tempest \" ) ; 32 variations in c minor ; more. complete variations for solo piano by ludwig van beethoven all 21 sets of beethoven ' s variations, including the diabelli variations, op. 120, 32 variations in c minor ; the \" eroica \" variations, op. 35 ; plus variations on themes by dressler, salieri, sussmayr, righini, other composers. complete piano sonatas, volume i by ludwig van beethoven volume 1 of authoritative schenker edition includes op. 2, nos. 1 - 3 ; op. 7 ; op. 10, nos. 1 - 3 ; op. 13 ; op. 14, nos. 1 - 2 ; op. 22 ; op. 26 ; op. 27, nos. 1 - 2 ; and op. 28. bagatelles, rondos and other shorter works for piano by ludwig van beethoven reprinted from the authoritative breitkopf and hartel edition, this collection features 18 bagatelles, 3 rondos, and 12 landlers and minuets. popular works include rondo a capriccio in g and andante in f. complete sonatinas by friedrich kuhlau these 19 highly accessible sonatinas offer intermediate - level pianists training in pedagogical issues, including scales and arpeggios, that will prepare them for the demands of more rigorous works. five great piano sonatas by ludwig van beethoven this collection features the most famous of the composer ' s 32 piano sonatas. includes \" pathetique, \" \" moonlight, \" \" waldstein, \" \" appassionata, \" \" les adieux. \" new introduction by carl schachter, and performance notes by anton kuerti. allegro barbaro and other short works for solo piano by bela bartok includes allegro barbaro, a sonorous, boisterous piece of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46817008685253647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.270916"} {"text": ". \" new introduction by carl schachter, and performance notes by anton kuerti. allegro barbaro and other short works for solo piano by bela bartok includes allegro barbaro, a sonorous, boisterous piece of power and bravura ; 15 hungarian peasant songs ; 6 rumanian folk dances ; 20 rumanian christmas carols ; and 8 improvisations on hungarian peasant songs. beethoven symphonies nos. 1 - 5 transcribed for solo piano by franz liszt this memorable tribute reveals liszt ' s remarkable capacity for translating orchestral effects into pianistic terms. an astonishing, brilliant, and sensitive tribute to the master by the 19th - century ' s greatest piano virtuoso. favorite piano classics by ronald herder treasury of 83 best - loved pieces in authoritative editions : beethoven ' s fur elise, chopin ' s \" minute \" waltz and polonaise \" militaire, \" debussy ' s clair de lune, liszt ' s liebestraum no. 3, mozart ' s turkish rondo, many more. complete piano concertos in full score by ludwig van beethoven complete scores of 5 great beethoven piano concertos, with all cadenzas as he wrote them, reproduced from authoritative breitkopf & hartel edition. includes new table of contents. complete piano sonatas, volume ii by ludwig van beethoven volume 2 of authoritative schenker edition includes op. 31, nos. 1 - 3 ; op. 49, nos. 1 - 2 ; op. 53 ; op. 54 ; op. 57 ; op. 79 ; op. 81a ; op. 90 ; op. 101 ; op. 106 ; op. 109 ; op. 110 ; op. 111. complete string quartets by ludwig van beethoven reprinted from the authoritative breitkopf & hartel edition, this study score includes : 6 quartets of opus 18 ; 3 quartets of opus 59 ; opuses 74, 95, 127, 130, 131, 132, 135, and grosse fuge. beethoven ' s bagatelles are short compositions written over the span of the composer ' s lifetime, from the early to the late periods. ranging from easy to intermediate level, these popular pieces display a wide variety of moods and musical ideas and are favorites with students and accomplished pianists alike. the romantic era abounded in short compositions for piano : etudes, serenades, impromptus, and other miniatures. beethoven ' s term for his refined little piano gems was kleinigkeiten \u2014 \" small things \" \u2014 or bagate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4723285393634271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.271847"} {"text": "according to the international labour organisation, there are over 215 million children working across the world and of these 115 million are thought to be involved in hazardous work. the number of those between the ages of 5 - 14 and engaged in child labour is estimated by unicef at around 150 million. world day against child labour came and went on june 12, 2012. this wonderful initiative, championed by hundreds of selfless individuals, undoubtedly passed by, unnoticed and unmarked by too many of us, otherwise absorbed in the busy - ness of our lives. child labour is considered to be the hiring or employment of anyone below the national minimum working age or the age of 15 \u2013 whichever is highest. it is a scourge to every supply chain that considers itself to be ethical. in transgression, however, there is opportunity. eradication of child labour is a chance for supply chain practitioners to shine. we can be the agents of change that the world demands, and that our children deserve. but such initiatives are not exclusively altruistic. they make business sense. by taking the necessary steps to ensure toxins like child labour do not impact the supply chain, businesses are protecting their brand, and developing competitive advantage. it is usually assumed that for most people in the developed world, a child \u2019 s right to an education is a self - evident truth. sending the child off to the factory or to the fields ( or even worse, to the army or to the brothels ) is a deprivation a fundamental human right in the 21st century. the stark reality is, that while many less - developed countries are categorized being at extreme risk of transgression, even the planet \u2019 s economic powerhouses are not completely faultless. here is a graphic that was prepared earlier this year by risk analysis firm maplecroft, that reveals the results of its child labour index 2012. i find it stunning : child labour transgressions can fall into two broad classifications : direct ( when a country or organization engages willfully in, or otherwise sanctions child labour practices ) and indirect ( when a country or organization turns a \u2018 blind eye \u2019 to the practice either at home or in other jurisdictions with whom they interact ). the first is the object of metrics. sadly, most of us are guilty of the latter. this past week, i entered into some interesting conversations about the insecure supply chain. this is a systemic condition where the supply chain becomes open to abuse by any number of detrimental influences. the article that motivated these conversations was my post titled supply chain risk management : a matter of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46628349428782634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.280625"} {"text": "entered into some interesting conversations about the insecure supply chain. this is a systemic condition where the supply chain becomes open to abuse by any number of detrimental influences. the article that motivated these conversations was my post titled supply chain risk management : a matter of life and death. in that submission, i wrote about poisons that can creep into the food supply chain. toxic labour practices, including child labor, are no less critical, although the damage done is far less obvious to the consumer. complicating matters are the difficult economic conditions that plague many countries of the world, that have cascaded from the 2008 global financial crisis. many more children are being forced to work to supplement family incomes. child labour, though, has been with us through good times and bad, for centuries, and has become a cultural norm in many regions. in the 21st century, supply chain practitioners will play a critical role in eradicating this problem, through engagement of ethical and sustainable business practices. eliminating child labour from the supply chain carmel giblin, general manager at sedex, crafted a compelling article in the guardian newspaper earlier this week, in recognition of world day against child labour. sedex, the supplier ethical data exchange, is a not for profit membership organisation dedicated to driving improvements in responsible and ethical business practices in global supply chains. as the largest collaborative platform for sharing ethical supply chain data, sedex is an innovative and effective supply chain management solution, helping firms to reduce risk, protect reputation and improve supply chain practices. so, why is child labour such an important issue for businesses? we all know that child labour deprives children of their basic rights, including their right to education, but ensuring that your supply chain is free of child labour can also bring important business benefits. the ethical performance of companies is under increasing scrutiny from customers, the media, investors and other stakeholders. revelations of child labour in the supply chain can damage a company \u2019 s reputation and lead to a loss of revenue. conversely, a child labour free supply chain can help protect your company \u2019 s reputation and ensure you have an educated and capable workforce for the long - term. sedex \u2019 s work with stakeholders has identified some of the most common reasons why children work : in countries or sectors where wages are low, families often rely on the additional income to buy food ; some agricultural jobs pay workers based on the amount of produce picked, which can encourage parents to bring their children into the field to help them ; others are unfamiliar with the rights of children and deem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4666221650035144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.281677"} {"text": "families often rely on the additional income to buy food ; some agricultural jobs pay workers based on the amount of produce picked, which can encourage parents to bring their children into the field to help them ; others are unfamiliar with the rights of children and deem it acceptable to allow children to work. understanding the root cause of the issue can help companies to develop suitable mechanisms for effectively remediating child labour. to resolve the issue of child labour, businesses must first identify where this issue occurs. gaining complete visibility throughout the supply chain is vital if companies are to identify high risk areas and spot potential issues. by increasing visibility within supply chains, companies can engage with their suppliers in a much more focused manner, allowing critical issues like child labour to be dealt with more efficiently. once an occurrence of child labour has been identified, the business then needs to decide how to deal with this issue. kneejerk reactions should be avoided and any action taken should in no way be detrimental to the child. ( read more \u2026 ) maplecroft : conflict and economic downturn cause global increase in reported child labour violations \u2013 40 % of countries now rated \u2018 extreme risk. \u2019 maplecroft provides risk management products and services to leading global corporations across all sectors, governments, un agencies and international non - governmental organisations. for example, banks use our indices and in depth reports to screen and manage risk, corporations use our research to understand investment risk and supply chain managers use our tools for due diligence monitoring. it finds that brazil, china, india, indonesia and philippines, for example, expose companies to high levels of supply chain risk. launching their 2012 child labor index study earlier this year, maplecroft explained : an annual study by risk analysis firm maplecroft has revealed that 76 countries now pose \u2018 extreme \u2019 child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide, due to worsening global security and the economic downturn. this constitutes an increase of more than 10 % from last year \u2019 s total of 68 \u2018 extreme risk \u2019 countries. the child labour index 2012 evaluates the frequency and severity of reported child labour incidents in 197 countries. worryingly, nearly 40 % of all countries have been classified as \u2018 extreme risk \u2019 in the index, with conflict torn and authoritarian states topping the ranking. myanmar, north korea, somalia, sudan are ranked joint first, while dr congo ( 5 ), zimbabwe ( 6 ), afghanistan ( 7 ), burundi ( 8 ), pakistan ( 9 ) and ethiopia ( 10 ) round off the worst performers. the child labour index has been developed by maplecroft to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4502314974718392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.282816"} {"text": "first, while dr congo ( 5 ), zimbabwe ( 6 ), afghanistan ( 7 ), burundi ( 8 ), pakistan ( 9 ) and ethiopia ( 10 ) round off the worst performers. the child labour index has been developed by maplecroft to evaluate the extent of country - level child labour practices and the performance of governments in preventing child labour and ensuring the accountability of perpetrators. by doing so, the index enables companies to identify risks of children being employed within their supply chains in violation of the standards on minimum age of employment. the index also analyses the risk of the involvement of children in work, the conditions of which could have a negative impact on the health, safety and wellbeing of child labourers. maplecroft suggests that the global increase in the use of child labour is mainly caused by a deteriorating human security situation worldwide. this has resulted in increased numbers of internally displaced children and refugees who, together with children from minority communities, continue to be the groups at most risk of economic exploitation. sub - saharan africa is identified as the region posing the most risk in this respect but most of the growth economies have their own unique conditions in respect of child labour and its remediation. ( read more \u2026 ) finally, gerard oonk of the stop child labour campaign in india provides a link to a the campaign \u2019 s wonderful action plan for companies to combat child labour \u2013 published june 12, 2012, which will help companies, ngos and others to do what is needed : eradicate child labour in your supply chain. i recommend the action plan to all supply chain and corporate leaders who are committed to developing ethical and sustainable supply chains. your comments and feedback are welcome. supply chain almanac is now on facebook. \u201c like \u201d us on facebook, or become a friend, to stay up - to - date on all of our posts, our quote of the day, events, and more! also, do not forget to visit our supply chain daily newspaper, for the latest news and views on matters concerning practitioners in the supply chain, logistics, operations, and business. - slavery lives in the supply chain! food multinational nestle drafts its battle plan if you worked for five years or more without pay, and if you were brutally beaten if you tried to run away and were caught,... - what is supply chain management? \u201c social responsibility \u201d module 8 of the excellent \u201c what is supply chain management \u201d series, produced by asu and the w. p. carey school of business, discusses the topic... - foxconn : a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40388358743029357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.283927"} {"text": "select the product you need help with - internet explorer - windows phone - more products how to extract information from office files by using office file formats and schemas article id : 840817 - view products that this article applies to. if you have to extract information from microsoft excel workbooks, microsoft powerpoint presentations, or microsoft word documents, you can use several methods. these methods include api programming calls, office open xml, xml, rtf, or html. if these methods do not address your needs, you may be eligible to participate in a royalty - free file format program and to receive technical documentation for certain microsoft office binary file formats. this article describes several techniques that are available for extracting information from excel workbooks, powerpoint presentations, and word documents. office open xmlthe office open xml formats are designed so that multiple applications on multiple platforms can create and access office open xml documents. by using the office open xml format, you can directly manipulate the file format. you do not have to use microsoft office applications to create or to access the files. benefits of office open xml http : / / www. ecma - international. org / news / tc45 _ current _ work / tc45 - 2006 - 50 _ final _ draft. htmadditionally, visit the following openxmldeveloper. org web site : http : / / openxmldeveloper. orgthe office open xml formats use the open packaging conventions to store the office open xml file information on disk. for more information about the open packaging conventions as used by office open xml, see the office open xml v1. 0 draft, part 2, \" open packaging conventions \". office application programming interfaces ( apis ) office binary file formats are designed to be accessed through the office application programming interfaces ( apis ), instead of by direct manipulation of the file format. because of the complexity of the formats, direct manipulation can cause corruption and is strongly discouraged. for more information about the office apis, visit the following microsoft web site : http : / / msdn2. microsoft. com / en - us / library / aa165081 ( office. 10 ). aspxthe office 97 - 2003 binary file formats use the windows structured storage apis. the office - specific information is stored as streams in this more generalized format. common elements, such as document properties, can be accessed through the structured storage apis and do not require access to the office binary file format documentation. for more information about the windows", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44637943463034524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.291179"} {"text": "office - specific information is stored as streams in this more generalized format. common elements, such as document properties, can be accessed through the structured storage apis and do not require access to the office binary file format documentation. for more information about the windows structured storage apis, visit the following microsoft web site : http : / / msdn2. microsoft. com / en - us / library / aa380369. aspxthe microsoft excel 2007 binary format ( *. xlsb ) stores binary records. this format uses the same part and packaging technologies that are found in spreadsheetml. spreadsheetml is part of the office open xml format. important reading or manipulating the structure directly can cause corruption and is strongly discouraged. xmlxml is a plain - text, unicode - based metalanguage ( a language for defining markup languages ). xml is not tied to any programming language, operating system, or software vendor. xml provides access to a plethora of technologies for manipulating, structuring, transforming, and querying data. as the use of xml has grown, it is now typically accepted that xml is not only useful for describing new document formats for the web, but is also suitable to describe structured data. examples of structured data include information that is typically contained in spreadsheets, program configuration files, and network protocols. microsoft office includes support for xml schemas. microsoft maintains a licensing program for certain office xml schemas. to learn more about office xml schemas, visit the following microsoft web site to view the microsoft office system and xml : bringing xml to the desktop article : rich text format ( rtf ) the rich text format ( rtf ) specification is a method of encoding formatted text and graphics for easy transfer between programs. the rtf specification provides a format for text and graphics interchange that can be used with different output devices, operating environments, and operating systems. rtf uses the american national standards institute ( ansi ), pc - 8, macintosh, or ibm pc character set to control the representation and the formatting of a document, both on the screen and in print. with the rtf specification, documents that are created under different operating systems and that are created by using different software programs can be transferred between those operating systems and those programs. for more information about how to write or how to implement a sample rtf reader, visit the following microsoft web site, and then type rtf reader in the search msdn for box : visio", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5032589155389322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.292241"} {"text": "transferred between those operating systems and those programs. for more information about how to write or how to implement a sample rtf reader, visit the following microsoft web site, and then type rtf reader in the search msdn for box : visio xml schemathrough the microsoft documentation and a royalty - free license, customers and partners can take advantage of the xml schema in its diagramming and data visualization tool. the availability of the visio schema provides a complete and w3c - compliant description of the visio extensible markup language ( xml ) file format, enabling organizations to access information captured in their visio diagrams and uses it with other xml - enabled programs, such as customer relationship management ( crm ) and enterprise resource planning ( erp ) systems, as part of their business processes. for more information and download capabilities, visit the following microsoft web site : htmlhtml files are text files that include the information that users will see, and tags that specify formatting information about how the information will be presented for display purposes. you can use html to store, distribute, and present office documents and data in a format that can be viewed by using most web browsers while retaining the rich content and functionality of office documents. note in microsoft excel 2007, the html file format does not save features that are specific to excel. additionally, the html formal does not support or render all the features in excel 2007 when you save a workbook as html. for more information about how to edit html, visit the following microsoft web site : http : / / msdn2. microsoft. com / en - us / library / aa730778 ( vs. 71 ). aspxfor more information about how to work with code, html, and resource files, visit the following microsoft web site : royalty - free file format programs microsoft office binary file formatsmicrosoft makes its. doc,. xls,. xlsb, and. ppt binary file format specifications available under a royalty - free covenant not to sue to anyone who wishes to implement all or part of these specifications in their products. implementation includes the ability to use the specification documentation for analysis and for forensic reference purposes. microsoft office drawing file format for 2007 and visual basic for applications ( vba ) file format for 2007 are also available under this program. the documentation that covers the binary file format specifications is cumulative and covers the most current form of the binary file formats as well as earlier versions. office binary file format specifications are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4888345201330706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.293314"} {"text": "by swami krishnananda life, ancient as well as modern, is generally calculated and assessed in the light of what we regard as civilisation and culture. we usually, and often, speak of india ' s civilisation as highly advanced, and its culture as superb in every way. but a cultural or sociological study of history is not the proper way of getting a little deeper into the basic impulses that make culture the essential value of life. why should anyone be cultured? unless this question is answered, it is difficult to say what culture is. it is another way of asking, \" why should anyone be good? \" we are very fond of saying that we have to be civilised, cultured and good, but have we found time to think of what consequences would devolve in our lives in the absence of this value? a highly comfortable life of physical satisfaction and social security, with friendliness among the constituents of a society in the manner it is interpreted at any given moment of time, may be regarded as a highlight of civilisation and culture. but we speak of cultures and civilisations, and accept the presence of a multitude of these, implying thereby a simultaneous acceptance of the validity of these multiplicities, and meaning thereby that every culture is relevant to that particular circumstance of society which upholds it as its ideal. it does not mean that the whole of humanity has one culture, one civilisation, one way of thinking. even the way of giving a friendly greeting differs from place to place, what to talk of other things. hence, when we speak of an ethical, moral or cultural society, we oftentimes speak tongue - in - cheek, not being able to assess the basic foundations of these efflorescences which appear outwardly as necessities in the form of culture, civilisation. a comfortable, happy life need not necessarily be a civilised life. who can say that horses or elephants are not happy? each group has its own standards of judging happiness, satisfaction, and even security. animals in the jungle have a satisfaction of their own which is commensurate with the type of understanding with which they are endowed in the state of their evolution. thus, the judgement of culture and civilisation also has something to say in regard to the stage of evolution. there are various types of people in the world. anthro - pologists generally classify humanity into races. this is only a broad classification of human beings, and it does not mean that we have given a clear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5023188356648292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.300616"} {"text": "to the stage of evolution. there are various types of people in the world. anthro - pologists generally classify humanity into races. this is only a broad classification of human beings, and it does not mean that we have given a clear - cut idea of the varieties of the outlooks of people. it is a peculiar classification based on the physiognomy or bone structure, and the appearance of the face \u2014 the nose, particularly. this kind of anthropological classification is not the same as a cultural classification. the anthropological evaluation, if it is applied to people in india, will not find one kind or one set of people throughout the country. there is a geographical impact upon the structure of the body, and many other factors which differentiate the way or conduct of the day - to - day life of people. why go so far? in india there are very obvious and interesting differences even in religious practice, as between the south and the north, for instance. in a state such as kerala, it would be a horror for a person to enter a holy temple wearing a shirt \u2014 and much worse, a turban. it is not only irreligious, it is unthinkable, horrid behaviour to put on a coat and worship a holy deity in a temple. but if we go to a temple such as kedarnath, we will find the pujari wearing a turban and a coat, and it is not regarded as unholy or irreligious. now, why should this peculiar distinction be made in the conduct of a person \u2014 whether it is religious or otherwise \u2014 from place to place? it differs not merely from place to place, but from circumstance to circumstance. perhaps this particular example that i gave has some connection with the circumstance of living \u2014 the climatic conditions particularly, and so on. the dharma of a particular individual or a group of people is the culture, to mention it in a broad outline. the necessity of a person or the need of a group of people under a given set of circumstances, in the light of an ideal that they hold as their religious deity, may be regarded as the determining factor in the expression of culture or civilisation. in india we have various linguistic states. in one way, we may say each state has its own culture \u2014 though not in essence, at least in details. in essence, we have one single culture from kanyakumari to the himalayas, which is why we always speak of bharatiya samskriti, indian culture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5543603787339344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.301633"} {"text": "say each state has its own culture \u2014 though not in essence, at least in details. in essence, we have one single culture from kanyakumari to the himalayas, which is why we always speak of bharatiya samskriti, indian culture ; but in minute details, we differ. hence, when we speak of culture or civilisation, we have to take it in generality as well as in particularity. sometimes differences arise among people due to their behaviour, which may appear to be perfectly recognised and valid from their own point of view \u2014 from the standpoint of their own culture and civilisation \u2014 but may be odd in another atmosphere. our dress in india is an incoherent cynosure in a country like britain, for instance ; and to us, british or european dress looks something quite different from the way in which we would like to dress ourselves. now, does dress make a culture, does language make a culture, or does the way of worshipping of god make a culture? what is culture? if we go threadbare into this problem of culture and civilisation, we will find that it is not one, two or three things, but it is everything that acts as the warp and woof in this fabric of one ' s life, and a total adjustability of the human group may perhaps be called for in the expression of a culture. when a person speaks sweetly, behaves politely, and expresses a generous feeling of charitableness, one feels that the person is cultured or civilised. we generally speak of a person as cultured when there is a charitable expression on the part of that person in regard to others in feeling, in words, and in outward conduct. but while we may regard this standard of judgement of culture and civilisation as something very beautiful, almost approximating perfection, we have to go a little deeper into the causes that motivate the behaviour of a person in this manner. why should one be impelled to speak sweetly to another? though we may accept that speaking sweetly is a part of cultured behaviour, what is it that prompts a person to speak sweetly to another person? if it is selfishness, exploitation \u2014 to utilise that person in some manner by hooking that individual \u2014 then sweet speaking would not be a part of culture. it would be a dramatic, deceptive attitude, and we cannot regard sweet speech as a part of culture. therefore, merely speaking sweetly is not a part of culture ; there is something else behind it. even a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.521162867647931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.302570"} {"text": "not be a part of culture. it would be a dramatic, deceptive attitude, and we cannot regard sweet speech as a part of culture. therefore, merely speaking sweetly is not a part of culture ; there is something else behind it. even a charitable act cannot be called culture unless there is some living force behind it, because we may express a gesture of charity with a highly selfish motive. outward actions can bear the garb of holiness, intense culture, piety and civilisation, but they may have a peculiar axe to grind, which the individual alone will know. thus, culture is not any kind of external gesture \u2014 neither dress, nor even language. sometimes people base their culture on their religion, their scriptures. there are scripture - oriented religions whose adherents interpret everything in their lives from the point of view of that particular sacred text. if something is not mentioned in that text, it would not be a holy attitude. the moment they discover a statement in the text concerning a particular behaviour, it becomes sanctioned. so, the book becomes the guide. these are some of the religions we have in the world. but there are other religions which are prophet oriented. they may have no books, but they have a leader, and whatever that person says is valid and final. there is a final validity of a particular conduct, whether it receives its inspiration from a prophet or a book, and this final interpretation of the validity of the behaviour of a person or a group of people makes it impossible for mankind to have one culture and one civilisation, because it does not appear that we have only one book as our guide or only one man as our leader. sections of people have different leaders \u2014 religious, political, and social \u2014 and different texts are regarded as holy in their own parlance. so, how do we come to know whether a person is cultured or civilised? civilised nations today are those who have up - to - date gadgets of physical amenities. from the point of view of the interpretation of culture as possession of the highest material instruments of action, india cannot be regarded as highly cultured because there are other countries that are more technologically advanced. if technological advancement is the sign of culture and civilisation, india lags behind. but would we say that culture is technological advancement? certainly not! nobody would say ' yes ' to this, because something lurks within us and tells us that whatever be the might and force of the technology that we have in our hands, it may not be the criterion of our culture. we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5041560949611588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.303587"} {"text": "| taekwondo bible, vol. 2 | | 8. unity of samjae and kang - yu 8 - 3. failure of technique people cannot use taekwondo techniques although they ' ve learned them. for they didn ' t learn them exactly. for they didn ' t learn exact techniques. what is the reason you don ' t learn exact techniques? first you don ' t understand the substance of kang - yu, and second you have no idea of samjae even though you understand kang - yu substantially. what ' s the reason you don ' t understand the substance of kang - yu? because you only imitate the technical motions yet losing the truth of kang - yu. what ' s the reason you have no idea of samjae though you know kang - yu? it is also because you lose its invisible foundation in the visible changes understanding kang - yu with the knowledge of samjae and taekwondo as its foundation you come to understand the importance of basics. and you also come to understand the importance of training, mental attitude, and furthermore, of the rightness in your life. the right life is the basis of the entire taekwondo. if you ignore this fact only attached to magnificent motions you will go in vain and danger like those who have exaggerated reputation. mencius warned of this mistake with his analogy to the water of no source. hence saying \u00a1 \u00b0if a thing has no source, it is like the rain water that collects after a downpour in the seventh and eighth months. it may fill all the gutters, but we can stand and wait for it to dry up. thus a gentleman is ashamed of an exaggerated reputation. \u00a1 \u00b12 ) likewise, taekwondo man should be ashamed of exaggerated magnificence of technique more than the firmness of basics. to sum up, the foundation of taekwondo technique is kang - yu ; the foundation of kang - yu is samjae ; and its foundation is ilgiyae as taekwondo. 3 ) and, the foundation of skill is basic motion ; it foundation is training ; and its foundation again is mental attitude. and the foundation of mental attitude is ethical ( right ) life. this is why we say the foundation of taekwondo is verily ethical ( right ) life. 1 ) diamond sutra, 10c. eeayaa\u00df\u00e6oeiaay. yoeen\u00ac\u00dfa\u00df\u00e6ay. yoeen\u00aca\u00a2 \u00a1 \u00a4ua \u00a1 \u00a4u \u00ab \u00a1 \u00a4o\u00ba \u00a1 \u00a4uo\u00df\u00e6ay.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5009056486557895, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.307055"} {"text": "this week we started looking at elements of fiction and nonfiction. of course, as the students compared and contrasted the two types of books, the kids quickly noticed some of the text features. i used this as a segway to introduce the text features that students in fourth grade should know such as graphs, timelines, and diagrams. today, the kids went on a text feature scavenger hunt. the students were to look in their own nonfiction books ( that they had check out from the library or the ones that i had available in the classroom - i prefer students to have a book on a topic they are interested in learning more about ). i used the shabby chic teacher ' s nonfiction text features unit ( freebie - check it out ) to show examples of text features on the promethean board. here are some of my kiddos on their text feature scavenger hunt. after all of the kids have finished, the kids traded books with a friend and they checked their friend ' s work. the kids loved this activity! when the kids were leaving my class, they made comments like, \" mrs. shelby, the activity today was so much fun! \" that ' s always a good thing to hear! : ) so, that ' s what we have been up to in my fourth grade reading class. do you have any awesome strategies you use to review / teach text features?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4999776978018122, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.308527"} {"text": "editor \u2019 s note : we \u2019 re proud to announce the launch of our newest state chapter \u2013 the kentucky tenth amendment center! by michael maharrey, kentucky tenth amendment center welcome to the kentucky chapter of the 10th amendment center. the principle is simple. it is not radical or extremist, nor should it be controversial. the founders of the united states clearly intended a federal government with defined and limited power. the bulk of governance was meant to happen at the state and local level. a the 10th amendment in the bill of rights reaffirms this principle in the simplest of language. a\u20ac\u0153the powers not delegated to the united states by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. a\u20ac simple. straight forward. no need for complicated exegesis or convoluted interpretation. james madison expanded the idea, writing in federalist no. 45. a\u20ac\u0153the powers delegated by the proposed constitution to the federal government are few and defined. those which are to remain in the state governments are numerous and indefinite. the former will be exercised principally on external objects, as war, peace, negotiation and foreign commerce ; with which the last the power of taxation will for the most part be connected. the powers reserved to the several states will extend to all objects which, in the ordinary course of affairs, concern the lives, liberties and properties of the people, and the internal order, improvement and prosperity of the state. a\u20ac the foundation of our country was not laid on empty political theory. it was born from a deep understanding of the danger of concentrated power. as george washington said, a\u20ac\u0153government is not reason ; it is not eloquent ; it is force. like fire, it is a dangerous servant and a fearful master. a\u20ac or as gerald ford put it some 200 years later, a\u20ac\u0153a government big enough to give you everything you want is a government big enough to take from you everything you have. a\u20ac most people intuitively understand that the danger of power increases at higher levels of government. most citizens understand that state and local leaders are more accountable to those they represent at state and local levels. what does nancy pelosi care about the coal miner in eastern kentucky? kentuckians understand the potential tyranny of unbridled federal power. our founders certainly understood and created a brilliant system to keep government power in check. it takes only a quick scan of the news headlines to see that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5106003178243902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.312204"} {"text": "in eastern kentucky? kentuckians understand the potential tyranny of unbridled federal power. our founders certainly understood and created a brilliant system to keep government power in check. it takes only a quick scan of the news headlines to see that the current system of government in the united states bears little resemblance to what the framers of the constitution intended. in the 1990s, the american people cleaned house in washington d. c. republicans swept into power promising to limit government, slash spending, cut earmarks and reform government. instead, a\u20ac\u0153we the peoplea\u20ac got more of the same. more big spending. more federal programs. more favors for special interests. more expanding bureaucracy. in 2008, pres. obama took office promising a\u20ac\u0153hope and change. a\u20ac instead, he and the democrats in power doubled down. clearly, to solution doesna\u20ac\u2122t lie in sending different breeds of politician to washington. yes, we want to elect candidates to federal office who respect the constitutional limits of their power. but we the people of kentucky must insist, through our state government, that we will not accept any more unconstitutional governance from the feds. we must use our power to nullify unconstitutional law and render impotent federal power grabs. we must wean ourselves from the federal trough and stop allowing washington to control frankfort via a carrot and stick approach. the process wona\u20ac\u2122t be easy. the federal government has grown far beyond its intended role and years will likely pass before we can reestablish a proper balance. but we must start now. we must stand together as kentuckians and fight for whata\u20ac\u2122s best for the commonwealth of kentucky. we must demand our liberties and stand up for the constitution that unites us as a nation. it is up to us. we the people. government serves us, not the other way around.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45710038635363043, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.312960"} {"text": "a while back, 1863, actually, in san jose, california, citizens and business people got together to build a railroad from san jose north to san francisco. at the time, the only transportation available to span the 50 miles between the two cities ( although san jose wasn \u2019 t really large enough to be called a city ) was by wagon or by steamship. so farmers bringing produce and animals to market in san francisco or people having business in one of the cities or just visiting, had to put up with the steamship \u2019 s all - day transit time, or several days travel by wagon. and at the time it was being planned and built there was a large amount of criticism of the railroad plan from different groups : farmers complained that the train would disrupt farming ; steamship and stagecoach lines complained about the competition ; and many folks complained that the price ( $ 7 million ) was just too high and the train would never make any money. and all of these groups were a little bit right and quite a bit wrong. after the railroad, named the san francisco & san jose railroad, was put into operation, the horses and cattle in the farms along the route were spooked for a short time until they got used to the trains, then they settled down and things went back to normal. the $ 5 dollar fare ( one way ) charged by the railroad was half the fare charged by the steamship lines, who cut their fare down to $ 5 to try to compete, then dropped the passenger business altogether because the railroad had siphoned off nearly all the passengers. the railroad proved to be so successful that more locomotives and cars were ordered, and thanks to prudent management, the railroad repaid its initial investment and soon was making a profit. an added and unforeseen benefit was the creation and growth of many small towns along the route. and when the first transcontinental railroad was finished in 1869, san jose and all the farms and people served by the san francisco & san jose railroad had themselves, their commerce, their mail, and their information connected to the rest of the united states. and the railroad, known today as cal train, has run every day since 1863 between san jose and san francisco. it still runs several times a day, with amtrak providing passenger services under contract. the fare is a little higher now, though, as you might expect : one - way costs $ 8. 75. what keeps this from being just another nostalgia story is that some of the same arguments are being raised by some of the same groups about another", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43104079370735426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.317556"} {"text": "fare is a little higher now, though, as you might expect : one - way costs $ 8. 75. what keeps this from being just another nostalgia story is that some of the same arguments are being raised by some of the same groups about another railroad, the proposed high speed train project. initially, this service will run all - electric, 1, 000 - passenger trains ( about the same passenger capacity as amtrak \u2019 s coast starlight and southwest chief ) between fresno and los angeles at over 200 miles per hour, covering the 225 - mile distance in about an hour and a half. later on, a leg from san francisco and one from sacramento will be added. having a regularly - scheduled high speed train service will put california \u2019 s transportation system on a par with countries like argentina, belgium, china, france, morocco, south korea, and taiwan ; all of which ( along with several others ) use a high - speed electric rail system to move their citizens and visitors around. as with the san francisco & san jose railroad in 1863, farm groups are opposing high speed rail. they argue that the train will disrupt farming. as before, they are probably right, in the short run. then, as before, the animals and people will get used to the trains and things will settle down. transportation companies worried about the competition from the high - speed train may have reason to, at least in some cases. when france inaugurated its tgv ( train a grande vitesse, literally, high - speed train ) system in 1981, the decision was made to keep fares on par with conventional rail travel, to avoid the concorde effect where only the wealthy could ride. currently there is rail service on the fresno - to - los angeles route via amtrak \u2019 s san joaquin ; this will take you from fresno to los angeles for $ 34 if you don \u2019 t mind spending four and a half hours on the trip and making part of it by bus. flying is another option. several airlines provide service. flying shortens the trip to about an hour and a half, not counting the time spent navigating all of the airport checkpoints ; and costs about $ 200 one way. it also sets you down at lax, about 20 miles from downtown la ; not helpful if your destination is any of the government or entertainment venues. the groups basing their opposition to a california high speed rail system on the costs have a valid point, but as the san francisco & san jose railroad and other systems have shown, prudent management can enable california \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44287462567260216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.318634"} {"text": "government or entertainment venues. the groups basing their opposition to a california high speed rail system on the costs have a valid point, but as the san francisco & san jose railroad and other systems have shown, prudent management can enable california \u2019 s high speed train to recoup its costs and operate at a profit. using the french railway system as an example, their tgv has enabled the system to show an annual profit of \u20ac1. 1 billion ( $ 1. 75 billion ), moving over 100 million passengers a year ; over 2 billion passengers ( over 7 billion in japan ) since the trains were put into service. and then there are the bonuses. rather than just trains, think of the high speed rail more like part of our interstate highway system. based on the history of the interstate system and the history of railroads like the san francisco & san jose, people will begin traveling more because they can. it will now be easy for people in the central valley to come into los angeles to see a sports event or a concert, shop, have dinner, catch a connecting amtrak to chicago or san diego, or just ride the train. and zipping legally through the picturesque central valley at over 200 miles sounds exciting just by itself. and all of this : the convenience, the jobs, the business boosts, and \u2014 ok, the excitement \u2013 is all ready to go. all it requires is a few people to put partisanship aside and give some thought to the benefits for so many people and businesses. posted : thursday, 5 july 2012 look, boss, the train is a post from : la progressive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4448524335837898, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.319445"} {"text": "storrs - the march 2010 floods in southeastern connecticut and rhode island are part of a new pattern of extreme rainfall events in new england that is likely to continue as the region becomes warmer and wetter with climate change. so said david vallee, lead hydrologist at the national weather service ' s northeast river forecast center in taunton, mass., during the keynote address at the connecticut conference on natural resources at the university of connecticut on monday. \" i believe we are now seeing the impact of a warming climate in the intensity of storms and the blocking up of multiple weather events in succession, \" vallee said to an audience of about 270 gathered in the student union. tropical plumes are carrying slow - moving \" atmospheric rivers \" of rainfall to the northeast with historic frequency and intensity, he said, as more moisture is carried over land as average temperatures rise. \" we are just not cold anymore, \" he said, showing a graph of rising average winter termperatures over the last two decades. he traced the beginning of the pattern of annual floods in new england to twin flooding events in october 2005 that caused deaths and dam failures in southeastern new hampshire and eastern massachusetts. next came the may 2006 floods in the merrimack valley in massachusetts, then the april 2007 floods in new hampshire and maine, and the 2008 deluge in northern maine and quebec. \" this was an area with a very infrequent flood history, \" vallee said, showing photos of a town in quebec under water. \" then in 2010, it hit my hometown. \" on the projector were photos of floodwaters lapping the roof of the warwick, r. i., mall and another scene of a nearby flooded downtown showing the catholic church where vallee was confirmed as a boy. this was followed the next year by record flooding in the lake champlain region of new york state and vermont, only to be repeated in the fall of 2012 when hurricane irene brought destructive floods to other sections of the green mountain state. small watersheds of about 75 to 230 square miles are more vulnerable compared to large watersheds, he said, because of fewer large flood - control structures and development patterns that have sent runoff to rivers more quickly. \" we are extremely vulnerable before the spring green - up and just after the fall leaf - out, \" he said. the increased intensity of flooding, vallee said, has widespread implications for land - use and infrastructure decisions. many existing culverts, bridges and dams were built based on what are now outdated assumptions, he said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4256129955654352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.322442"} {"text": "their 2011 human development report is out and you can download a copy from their website in a wide variety of languages. their emphasis this year is on \" sustainability and equity \" - not just for the living but for the yet to be born : this year we explore the intersections between environmental sustainability and equity, which are fundamentally similar in their concern for distributive justice. we value sustainability because future generations should have at least the same possibilities as people today. similarly, all inequitable processes are unjust : people \u2019 s chances at better lives should not be constrained by factors outside their control. inequalities are especially unjust when particular groups, whether because of gender, race or birthplace, are systematically disadvantaged. sustainable human development is the expansion of the substantive freedoms of people today while making reasonable efforts to avoid seriously compromising those of future generations. the world development report 2012 from the world bank is good one to read in conjunction with the undp report. their focus this year is on \" gender equality and development. \" as much as we like to cite extraordinary progress in developed countries to reduce gender inequality, women are still \" systematically disadvantaged \" in many parts of the world. here is ana revenga explaining why this is not just an issue of basic fairness ( equity ) but an economic issue :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47234282098237135, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.324549"} {"text": "it is imperative that children learn a second language in today \u2019 s society. it raises cultural awareness and appreciation in our world. there are also many educational benefits to learning another language, which leads toward greater achievement in other subject areas. learning a second language is a valuable skill for any child \u2019 s future. we live in a highly populated spanish speaking area and i want my daughter to be able to communicate with everyone in her community. my goal is to cultivate a strong desire for her to become a lifelong learner of the spanish language. therefore, we began introducing foreign language studies at a very young age. i received the spanish for you! fiestas curriculum package to review which is a unique spanish program created by debbie annett. it was developed for use in either the homeschool environment or for classroom purposes. debbie annett has been a spanish educator for more than 13 years, teaching children in first grade through high school. she has worked with homeschool families over the years. spanish for you! follows a thematic or unit study approach unlike any traditional textbook approach that i have seen. this product is suitable for children in 3rd - 8th grade. the curriculum teaches receptive language skills such as listening and reading while slowly engaging the child in expressive skills such as speaking and writing. debbie has experienced success in the classroom with teaching children how these components work well together leading towards a better understanding of the language. the curriculum is based upon a combination of different foreign language approaches including but not limited to tpr ( total physical response ), the natural approach, and traditional direct instruction methods. i received the 45 - page soft cover book with a stapled binding in hard copy format along with downloadable zip files in pdf and mp3 format. you will need a program that reads mp3 audio files and updated version of adobe reader. the curriculum includes clear audio files of the book read aloud by senora debbie. the pdf files consist of leveled self - checking worksheets and three leveled lesson guides. the archived worksheet file contains numerous practice sheets including the following formats : fill in the blank, word search, matching, write to respond, circle the correct answer, copywork, scrambled words, drawings, chart completions, tic - tac - toe boards, and the ever so popular question and answer format. you can try sample curriculum worksheets and mini lessons online. the lesson guides are organized into three grade levels 3 - 4, 5 - 6, and 7 - 8 each level progresses in difficulty. the worksheets are organized by lesson noting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4598723473776023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.338707"} {"text": ". you can try sample curriculum worksheets and mini lessons online. the lesson guides are organized into three grade levels 3 - 4, 5 - 6, and 7 - 8 each level progresses in difficulty. the worksheets are organized by lesson noting the appropriate grade level in the title. the higher - grade level material leans more on the writing and reading intensive side requiring more independent thinking and less parental assistance. the fiestas lesson guide lasts 30 weeks for grades 3 - 4 and 24 weeks for grades 5 - 8 meaning one book covers an entire school year \u2019 s worth of lessons. there are currently two books to choose from including fiestas and estaciones. the books can be completed in any order. another book, viajes, is in the works and trial weeks are available to purchase on their website. i used this product on a mac computer with safari as my internet browser and itunes to listen to the mp3 audio files. make sure you familiarize yourself with mp3 reader so that you can pause lessons when necessary. i was unable to pause the audio in the beginning until i actually took the time to learn more about itunes. this curriculum and its components will also work on a pc computer. bonus support materials are included in this package. you will receive black and white flashcard illustrations and audio files of the book read aloud by a native speaker. this enables the child to hear the pronunciation and dialect of a native speaker at a faster pace. the flashcard pictures are utilized quite often during game time and interactive vocabulary lessons. black and white illustrations limit the amount of ink used while offering children the option of coloring them. the bonus flashcards saved us so much time because she didn \u2019 t have to draw every picture, which would have taken my detail - oriented daughter a lot of time to complete. the illustrations enable the child to connect the meaning to the word. in addition to all the material and bonuses, everyone has access to the website which is chock - full of a variety of game ideas requiring minimal, if any, prep work. the materials needed are most likely already in your home. many games found on the website are interwoven in the book \u2019 s lessons. several additional games can be found on the website. all games are complete with printable instructions. i was thrilled to see that many of the games include variations or alternate methods to play. these suggestions make it possible to differentiate learning on another level. the games captured my daughter \u2019 s attention. her favorite games were memory, hangman, bingo, cual falta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46882347196399576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.340202"} {"text": "see that many of the games include variations or alternate methods to play. these suggestions make it possible to differentiate learning on another level. the games captured my daughter \u2019 s attention. her favorite games were memory, hangman, bingo, cual falta?, frio y caliente, burbujas, and the listen and draw activity. we could easily switch out one game for another if too many people were required to play a particular game. the lessons are divided into five topics or fiesta units each covering a different cultural component relevant to spanish - speaking countries : the birthday party, day of the dead, carnival, holy week, and april fair. the curriculum scope and sequence is quite impressive covering the basics such as the alphabet, numbers, commands, and common words or phrases related to the celebrations studied. the curriculum also covers more advanced concepts such as verb conjugates, demonstrative adjectives, possessives adjectives, definite articles, plural forms, adjectives, direct object pronouns, personal pronouns, present progressive, and comparing objects. each lesson introduces a new set of vocabulary terms, verbs, and focuses on several grammar concepts. the guide contains suggestions for making and practicing flashcards in a more interactive manner while playing purposeful games to help children learn spanish naturally. there were optional extension activities or projects included in the guide that enrich the study such as making sugar skulls, creating a day of the dead altar, making day of the dead flowers, and creating a small pinata filled with candies. these activities make the vocabulary learned more meaningful to the child. it is intended that spanish for you! be used four times per week for 10 - 30 minutes each day. each cultural unit included weekly guides that were broken down into four days so the parent or student knows what must be covered every day. the author suggests that the lessons could be done twice a week if necessary and even once a week in a co - op setting. one thing i loved about the curriculum was the flexibility. you set the schedule by deciding how long your child will study spanish and how many days per week. you can tailor the curriculum to meet the needs of your children. some days we completed four lessons a week and other days we extended lessons. the lessons presented in the book spiral and must be followed sequentially ( in the order presented ) since the lessons build on one another. for example, while learning about the day of the dead previously learned vocabulary and skills from the birthday lessons were reiterated and continuously reinforced throughout the book. we used the lesson guide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45184719072092794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.341307"} {"text": "sequentially ( in the order presented ) since the lessons build on one another. for example, while learning about the day of the dead previously learned vocabulary and skills from the birthday lessons were reiterated and continuously reinforced throughout the book. we used the lesson guide and worksheets meant for children in 3rd - 4th grade as indicated in the guide with an occasional adaptation for my four - year - old daughter. my husband also participated in a few lessons. as much as my husband wanted to continue the lessons, he couldn \u2019 t due to schedule conflicts. he believes that the curriculum would serve as a great self - study or introductory program to use in the future preparing him for more difficult courses down the road. the curriculum is adaptable and can be easily modified for younger children. the author \u2019 s expectation for younger children is exposure and not necessarily mastery. grammar concepts will be gently introduced but your child will need ample amount of time to master the grammar concepts. the lessons can be spread out over a longer period, you can do less or more writing, play more games, have them listen to the audio more often than scheduled, lessons or responses can be verbalized, or you can require the child to verbalize their responses instead of writing them. the parent can also make the flashcards instead of requiring younger children to handwrite them. if your child has the ability to write independently, keep in mind that the more you do for children, the less they will absorb on their own. making the flashcards enhances the writing aspect of the curriculum. my daughter, even though very young, was able to make the flash cards. it took much longer than expected, but she had pride in making the materials herself and she was able to practice her writing skills. creating the flashcards without assistance helped her remember the meanings of the words associated with the illustrations. the short, quick lessons worked well in our homeschool environment. my daughter was learning and retaining the vocabulary words and phrases each week before moving on to the next lesson. the repetitiveness and built - in review was beneficial and allowed her to master the lesson \u2019 s vocabulary in a short amount of time. several of the concepts were review for my daughter but with young children repetition helps solidify learning. i appreciated the emphasis on the cultural components and traditions. it is difficult to find a spanish curriculum that teaches authentic information and vocabulary related to the culture of spanish speaking individuals while still covering pronunciation, grammar, spelling, vocabulary, syntax, and more. i also noticed that my daughter attempted to speak spanish more often", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4585698095830474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.342498"} {"text": "it is difficult to find a spanish curriculum that teaches authentic information and vocabulary related to the culture of spanish speaking individuals while still covering pronunciation, grammar, spelling, vocabulary, syntax, and more. i also noticed that my daughter attempted to speak spanish more often in public beginning conversations with employees at restaurants and in stores. the guide indicates that the worksheets and audio files are clearly labeled yet i found it difficult at times locating the worksheet material necessary for each lesson. i think the worksheet files could be more organized for the user and easier to locate if grade levels are separated into individual folders. it is also easier to locate materials when files match the text order exactly eliminating the need to search through each lesson reading every worksheet title to find the worksheet necessary. having flashcards that contain the words and text would enable younger children to participate in lessons while reducing the time spent creating them. this gives parents the option to differentiate by having their children handwrite or print the cards depending on their age or grade level. several games may be more appropriate for larger families with multiple children such as \u201c around the world. \u201d these games might need game substitutions or modifications for families with only one child. the audio files were occasionally too fast for my daughter. i do wish the curriculum included posters, recipes, more craft ideas, game boards and templates, verb charts, library literature suggestions, maps, video clips, internet links to meaningful content, and more songs with lyrics. singing spanish songs was one of my fondest memories when learning spanish in middle school and high school. you will also need to spend some time researching books and online resources to supplement the cultural component of the curriculum. i prefer these resources to be readily available within the curriculum for ease of use. there is, however, a short informative blurb about each celebration at the beginning of the guide. the parent should encourage and practice conversational skills several times throughout the day utilizing the vocabulary otherwise the speaking activities are limited in the book. the book does contain conversation activities that exhibit the child \u2019 s understanding and speaking skills through dialogue also known as question and answer format. spanish for you! is a reasonably priced curriculum compared to other curricula on the market costing merely $ 64. 95 for the complete package designed for 3rd - 8th grade students. it is also now available as split grade level packages for $ 39. 95 making it even more affordable and valuable for families with multiple children working at the same grade level. purchasing all the grade levels at once is obviously more cost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.421765815632258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.343583"} {"text": "- 8th grade students. it is also now available as split grade level packages for $ 39. 95 making it even more affordable and valuable for families with multiple children working at the same grade level. purchasing all the grade levels at once is obviously more cost - efficient in the long run. furthermore, the recent budget - friendly price arrangement meets the needs of families with fewer children wanting to try a new curriculum or approach while limiting the cost up front. i recommend spanish for you! to families looking for a kid - friendly, step - by - step spanish language curriculum that allows for a more independent study approach with a manageable pace and workload. in fact, i was not as involved as i usually like to be in the lessons ; i actually felt more like a facilitator and partner game player. the parent can guide the child or participate more depending on their circumstances. this product can be used with homeschool families that have very minimal, if any, background with the language. you do not need to speak or know spanish to use this curriculum. the audio teaches proper pronunciation allowing the parent to learn the language with their children. this curriculum could definitely be used in a group setting including classrooms ( private and public ), co - op groups, after school care, or possibly in a tutoring setting. i do feel that individuals using a charlotte mason or unit study teaching approach may find this curriculum of ideal interest. the lessons are short and the topics are studied using a thematic unit approach based on cultural elements. the curriculum addresses a variety of learning modalities making the curriculum more usable to families because not all children in the same family have the same learning style or preferences. overall, this one - year curriculum was well written and is a good value for the price. my daughter shocked me with her intense participation and the delight she had towards this curriculum. she was responsive, engaged in the activities, and learned essential spanish that will hopefully help her gain fluency.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45376186297690113, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.344508"} {"text": "how to make a vegetable patch with children so that they can grow and harvest their own food! here \u2019 s what we did : on the opposite side of the lawn to the play garden, my wonderful dad and brother dug out a semi - circular patch from the grass and turned over the soil to loosen it up. we mixed in a whole bag of compost enriched with natural nutrients and turned them over together to mix them. next, the girls helped me to dig some little holes around the outside edge and we planted a border of box hedges. these will grow together to create a bushy, neat border if we keep them trimmed, and can even be shaped in a few years time! ( thanks to my wonderfully green - fingered friend tineke for this lovely idea! ) then they helped dig some more holes and we planted some vegetable plants that we bought at the garden centre. we planted broad beans, runner beans, peas, gourds and wildflowers. they stuck some bamboo canes into the ground as future supports for the climbers and as they start to grow we will secure them. right next to this patch we have a nectarine tree and a cox \u2019 s orange pippin apple tree, so those are being treated as part of the same area. pop was very enthusiastic and managed to break one of the fragile plants, but she learned along the way and ended up being extremely careful after she realised what had happened. she patted the soil around the tops with a flattened hand and asked for \u201c more, more! \u201d once in we set about giving hem a good drink of water. we have a hose pipe ban in the southern uk at the moment, so we used the watering can instead. great for problem solving and gross motor co - ordination! all planted and refreshed, waiting to start growing! we added some colourful pinwheels to help scare the birds away and also, just to look beautiful! pop enjoyed blowing them to make them spin. i drew the other plants that we had planted, including some wild poppies, and we laminated all of the labels and stuck them onto green lolly sticks with tape. when they were done the girls them stuck them into the ground in the appropriate spots. they are watering their patch each day, taking it in turns to do each row, and patently waiting to see the first fruits of their labours! if these are successful we will talk about what they want to grow next and try something new! if you \u2019 d like more ideas, sun hats and wellie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4149937961374902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.347461"} {"text": "wind could power the world studies : wind potentially could power the world ap : by seth borenstein, ap science writer earth has more than enough wind to power the entire world, at least technically, two new studies find. but the research looks only at physics, not finances. other experts note it would be too costly to put up all the necessary wind turbines and build a system that could transmit energy to all consumers. the studies are by two different u. s. science teams and were published in separate journals on sunday and monday. they calculate that existing wind turbine technology could produce hundreds of trillions of watts of power. that \u2019 s more than 10 times what the world now consumes. wind power doesn \u2019 t emit heat - trapping gases like burning coal, oil and natural gas. but there have been questions, raised in earlier studies, about whether physical limits would prevent the world from being powered by wind. the new studies, done independently, showed potential wind energy limits wouldn \u2019 t be an issue. money would be. \u201c it \u2019 s really a question about economics and engineering and not a question of fundamental resource availability, \u201d said ken caldeira, a climate scientist at the palo alto, calif., campus of the washington - based carnegie institution for science. he is a co - author of one of the studies ; that one appeared sunday in the journal nature climate change. caldeira \u2019 s study finds wind has the potential to produce more than 20 times the amount of energy the world now consumes. right now, wind accounts for just a tiny fraction of the energy the world consumes. so to get to the levels these studies say is possible, wind production would have to increase dramatically. if there were 100 new wind turbines for every existing one, that could do the trick says, mark jacobson, a stanford university professor of civil and environmental engineering. jacobson wrote the other study, published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. it shows a slightly lower potential in the amount of wind power than caldeira \u2019 s study. but he said it still would amount to far more power than the world now uses is or is likely to use in the near future. jacobson said startup costs and fossil fuel subsidies prevent wind from taking off. the cheap price of natural gas, for one thing, hurts wind development, he added. henry lee, a harvard university environment and energy professor who used to be energy chief for the state of massachusetts, said there a few problems with the idea of wind powering the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49035801048072675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.351888"} {"text": "pick up any 40 - year - old science textbook \u2013 on chemistry, biology, geology, physics, astronomy or medicine \u2013 and you \u2019 ll find a slew of \u201c facts \u201d and theories that have been proven wrong or are no longer the \u201c consensus \u201d view. climatology is no exception. back in the 1970s, many scientists warned of global cooling \u2013 and fretted that a new ice age brought on by fossil fuel use would cause glaciers to expand, wreaking havoc. they predicted every conceivable disaster, short of roving herds of wooly mammoths stampeding through ice - covered streets. ( the possibility of cloning a well - preserved mammoth could buttress the next scary ice age scenario. ) newsweek \u2019 s 1975 cover story \u201c the cooling world \u201d breathlessly reported that, \u201c after three quarters of a century of extraordinarily mild conditions, the earth ' s climate seems to be cooling down. \u201d meteorologists are \u201c almost unanimous \u201d that the trend will \u201c reduce agricultural productivity for the rest of the century, \u201d it intoned, and \u201c the resulting famines could be catastrophic. \u201d the cia, nasa, national academy of sciences and many news organizations issued similar alarums. dr. john holdren, now president obama \u2019 s science adviser, joined population bomb author paul ehrlich in penning an essay that warned : \u201c the effects of a new ice age on agriculture and the supportability of large human populations scarcely need elaboration here. even more dramatic results are possible, however ; for instance, a sudden outward slumping in the antarctic ice cap, induced by added weight, could generate a tidal wave of proportions unprecedented in recorded history. \u201d the chicken little ice age never arrived. instead, the new \u201c consensus \u201d view is that our planet now faces fossil - fuel - induced catastrophic global warming. a 2006 newsweek story conceded that its ice age theme had been \u201c spectacularly wrong. \u201d but the admission came amid decades of newsweek, time and even businessweek and national geographic stories about an imminent global warming \u201c apocalypse. \u201d be the first to read paul driessen ' s column. sign up today and receive townhall. com delivered each morning to your inbox. fox news ' roger ailes : administration ' s excuses won ' t work, americans died for press freedom | katie pavlich", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5125671294725233, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.357630"} {"text": "by anthony davis the office of the president of the united federation of planets was created in 2184, at the same time as the ratification of the federation constitution. prior to that time, the federation government had no centralized executive authority, and while a \u201c president \u201d did exist to preside over the council, which was at that time a unicameral legislature, he / she had no real power. with the emerging threat posed by the klingon empire in the period following the founding of the federation in 2161, as well as the struggles in maintaining order and cohesion under this weak system of government, the federation \u2019 s leaders decided that a stronger, more effective government was necessary to accomplish the goals for which the federation had been created. thus, in 2183 representatives from the federation \u2019 s six charter member worlds met in the city of san francisco, california on earth and drafted the federation constitution, which, besides guaranteeing certain basic rights to federation citizens, also created a centralized bicameral parliamentary system of government that included an official head of state, the federation president. although the chambers of the upper house of the federation council were located in san francisco, the executive office of the president was headquartered on the top floor the palais de la concorde in paris, france ; this was to make it more difficult for the entire federation government to be destroyed in the event of an attack on earth by a hostile alien force, as well as to facilitate the passage of legislation down from the president to the lower house of the federation council, which was located on the bottom floor of the palais. in accordance with article ii of the federation constitution, any federation citizen over the age of 30 could be elected president, although the upper house of the council usually chose one of its own for the office. the president served as head of state as well as chief diplomat of the federation government ; however, he / she was still technically a part of the council, since the federation operated under a unitary, parliamentary system of government. the president could be removed from office with a vote of no - confidence by a majority of the upper house of the council, although this only actually occurred once in the entire history of the federation. aside from that, there was no fixed limit on how many years a single individual could or must serve as president, and indeed, several federation presidents served for twenty years or longer. however, elections in the federation had to occur at least once every five years, due to a five - year limit on how long any government could stay in power. the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.40721644256702116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.396451"} {"text": "president, and indeed, several federation presidents served for twenty years or longer. however, elections in the federation had to occur at least once every five years, due to a five - year limit on how long any government could stay in power. the first federation president, former starfleet captain jonathan archer, was elected in 2184 and served an eight - year term that ended in 2192. archer had played a critical role in the creation of the federation as well as its wartime predecessor, the coalition of planets, and was considered to be the federation \u2019 s most preeminent founding father. during archer \u2019 s presidency, the new world economy came into effect, resulting in the abolition of the ownership of private property and the severe restriction of the use of money in the federation. the council established a 100 % tax on the income of all citizens, then allocated resources, goods, services, and property through the use of a system of federation \u201c credits \u201d that were rationed out on the basis of need as well as one \u2019 s perceived relative importance to society. initially, the new world economy was extremely controversial, and a number of worlds attempted to secede from the federation in response to its implementation. in order to prevent the dissolution of the federation, archer dispatched a starfleet militia \u2014 led by garth of izar, a prominent starfleet captain who had served in the romulan war \u2014 to force the rebels to surrender and accept the authority of the new federation government. in 2187, garth of izar defeated the rebel forces at the battle of axanar, thereby solidifying the council \u2019 s authority over the federation \u2019 s member worlds and ensuring that the federation would persevere for the next two centuries. the tenth federation president, former human ambassador hiram roth, served the longest term of any person ever to hold the office, from 2264 to 2287. during his presidency, roth presided over the single greatest period of expansion in the federation \u2019 s history. the first two five - year missions of the uss enterprise under the command of captain ( later admiral ) james t. kirk occurred during this period, as a result of which the federation made first contact with over one hundred new civilizations, many of which went on to apply for federation membership. the federation also faced a number of significant external threats during this period, including the re - emergence of the romulans from their century - long period of isolation and an intense and volatile cold war with the klingon empire. twice during roth \u2019 s presidency, earth was thrown into a state", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4383081175610106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.398234"} {"text": "threats during this period, including the re - emergence of the romulans from their century - long period of isolation and an intense and volatile cold war with the klingon empire. twice during roth \u2019 s presidency, earth was thrown into a state of planetary emergency : first when the entity known as v \u2019 ger threatened to destroy the planet, and again when the whale probe posed a similar threat in 2286. among the most controversial of hiram roth \u2019 s actions as president was the approval of project genesis, a terraforming device that many feared could be misused as a terrible weapon. of particular significance during hiram roth \u2019 s presidency was the federation supreme court case plasus v. kirk, in which plasus, the high advisor of stratos, the capital city of federation member world ardana, sued captain james t. kirk \u2014 and by extension, starfleet \u2014 for the role that kirk had played in dismantling that planet \u2019 s rigidly stratified class system, which plasus claimed was a violation of the prime directive. the court however ruled in kirk \u2019 s favor, declaring that the prime directive did not apply to federation member worlds and that the government of ardana was obligated to provide each and every one of its citizens with equal protection under the law and all of the rights guaranteed to them in the federation constitution. although this ruling resulted in positive social change in favor of the oppressed troglyte citizens of ardana, it also greatly increased the power of the federation \u2019 s central government over its member worlds, to the point where the last remnants of internal autonomy among the member worlds was permanently erased. the eleventh federation president, ra - ghoratreii, was the first person to hold that office who was from a planet that was not one of the six charter members of the federation ( earth, vulcan, andor, tellar, rigel, and denobula ). ra - ghoratreii, an efrosian, was his own race \u2019 s ambassador to the federation council and served as president from 2288 to 2300. ra - ghoratreii is most noted for having negotiated the khitomer peace accords with the klingon empire in 2291, which very nearly resulted in his assassination by a conspiracy of klingon officers and members of section 31. he was also president during most of the third and final five - year mission of the uss enterprise ( ncc - 1701 - a ) under the command of captain james", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4635864721340027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.399789"} {"text": "in his assassination by a conspiracy of klingon officers and members of section 31. he was also president during most of the third and final five - year mission of the uss enterprise ( ncc - 1701 - a ) under the command of captain james t. kirk, which led to the establishment of diplomatic relations with a number of races with whom the federation would have extensive dealings in the 24th century, including the cardassians, the talarians, and the breen. for his many accomplishments, ra - ghoratreii is considered to be one of the greatest presidents in federation history and is seen as the individual who guided the federation into the 24th century. the sixteenth president of the federation, grazerite ambassador jaresh - inyo, was elected in 2367, as the federation was still reeling from its stinging defeat by the borg at the battle of wolf 359 the previous year. in stark contrast to ra - ghoratreii, inyo is widely regarded as one of the worst presidents in federation history, due to his incompetence, indecisiveness, and clear lack of leadership ability, as well as a number of controversial actions taken during his presidency that had catastrophic consequences for the entire alpha quadrant. as a grazerite, inyo abhorred all forms of conflict and desperately sought to bring an end to the period of violence that the federation had been enduring for the past several years and to usher in new era of peace and prosperity in its place. instead, however, inyo \u2019 s term in office was marred by increased violence, internal turmoil, the collapse of the federation - klingon alliance that ra - ghoratreii had helped to create, and the overall diminshing of the federation \u2019 s standing in the eyes of the rest of the galaxy. shortly after taking office, inyo signed an armistice with the cardassian union, which quickly proved to be tenuous and unstable as the cardassians demonstrated that they could not be trusted. inyo also took a stance of official neutrality in the klingon civil war, forcing captain jean - luc picard of the uss enterprise ( ncc - 1701 - d ) to undertake more surreptitious methods to ensure that the federation \u2019 s interests were protected. when the cardassians wihdrew from bajor in 2369, inyo extended the hand of friendship to the new bajoran provisional government, arranging for starfleet to take control of the former cardassian space station in orbit of the planet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4543519830215779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.401798"} {"text": "cardassians wihdrew from bajor in 2369, inyo extended the hand of friendship to the new bajoran provisional government, arranging for starfleet to take control of the former cardassian space station in orbit of the planet, which was subsequently renamed deep space nine, and for the federation to aid the bajorans in the rebuilding of the world, with the goal of eventually admitting bajor as a member of the federation. however, in 2370 inyo signed a second treaty with the cardassians, negotiated by admiral alynna nechayev, and per the terms of this agreement, he ordered the forced relocation of federation colonists in the newly - formed demilitarized zone in 2370 ; this action ultimately led to the maquis uprising, in which former federation citizens who refused to abandon their homes in the dmz took up arms to defend themselves against their cardassian occupiers. upon the discovery of the bajoran wormhole, inyo, under pressure from starfleet, authorized and encouraged the exploration of the gamma quadrant, with the intention of eventually establishing colonies and outposts there and expanding federation influence into that region of space. this policy brought the federation into direct conflict with the dominion, which claimed suzeranity over the gamma quadrant and viewed the federation \u2019 s attempts to establish a presence there as intrusive and threatening. official first contact between the federation and the dominion occurred in 2370, when the uss odyssey was destroyed by the jem \u2019 hadar in the gamma quadrant while on a mission to investigate the dominion threat. concurrent with this incident, a vorta representative of the dominion transported onto deep space nine and issued an ultimatum to the federation, demanding that they cease and desist in their efforts to explore the gamma quadrant or face reprisals by the dominion. starfleet ignored this warning and instead began preparing for war ; inyo, though at first receptive to the prospect of trying to meet the dominion \u2019 s demands, ultimately relented under pressure from starfleet command and the federation council, who were determined not to appear to show weakness by attempting to appease the dominion. in 2371, following the failed attack on the dominion founders \u2019 homeworld in the gamma quadrant by the romulan tal shiar and the cardassian obsidian order, the military - run government of the cardassian union collapsed, replaced by the democratically - elected detapa council. klingon chancellor gowron, suspecting that the dominion had infiltrate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4524114011588107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.403298"} {"text": "tal shiar and the cardassian obsidian order, the military - run government of the cardassian union collapsed, replaced by the democratically - elected detapa council. klingon chancellor gowron, suspecting that the dominion had infiltrated the new cardassian government, launched an invasion of the cardassian union and requested the assistance of his federation allies. rather than support the klingons however, inyo condemned the invasion and instructed starfleet to remain neutral in the conflict. in response, gowron withdrew from the khitomer accords, destroying the klingon - federation alliance that had existed for almost thirty years. in early 2372, a changeling agent of the dominion carried out a terrorist attack in the city of antwerp, belgium on earth that killed 27 people and made starfleet aware that the dominion had somehow managed to infiltrate the federation homeworld. presented with evidence of this infiltration by starfleet admiral james leyton and captain benjamin sisko, inyo reluctantly decided to declare martial law on earth and began ordering federation civilians and starfleet personnel to undergo forced blood screenings to prove that they were not changelings. in doing so, inyo played right into the hands of leyton, a section 31 agent, who was plotting to overthrow the federation \u2019 s democratically - elected government in a military coup d \u2019 etat \u2014 a plot which was later foiled by sisko and the crew of the uss defiant. once the crisis was resolved, these actions scandalized inyo \u2019 s presidency and caused massive public outcry ; seeking to avoid the political fallout and in desperate need of a scapegoat, the federation council gave inyo a vote of no confidence and made him the first federation president to be forcibly removed from office. the seventeenth president of the federation, bolian ambassador min zife, had been one of jaresh - inyo \u2019 s chief political opponents in the council and led the charge to have him removed from office after the changeling scare. upon becoming president, zife issued a formal apology to those federation citizens who had seen their civil liberties violated by the previous administration. he then began the process of mobilizing the federation for war against the dominion, which had been made inevitable by his predecessor \u2019 s policies, while simultaneously contending with renewed aggression on the part of the klingons, who declared war on the federation in 2372, and the borg, who launched an invasion of sector 001 in 2373. zife is best known as the president who guided", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4307722527015686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.404864"} {"text": "simultaneously contending with renewed aggression on the part of the klingons, who declared war on the federation in 2372, and the borg, who launched an invasion of sector 001 in 2373. zife is best known as the president who guided the federation through the dominion war, although during this period the influence of starfleet was so strong that the de facto leaders of the federation were admiral william ross and captain benjamin sisko. zife was one of the primary signators of the treaty of bajor, which officially ended the dominion war in 2375. after the war, zife \u2019 s primary focus was on rebuilding the federation \u2019 s defensive capability, which again included strong support for starfleet. also, it was during zife \u2019 s presidency that the federation first began to explore and attempt to extend its influence into the beta quadrant, incurring the resentment and hostility of many species native to that region of space, who began to see the federation as an imperialistic and hegemonic threat to their sovereignty and the preservation of their religious and cultural identities. one of the most controversial actions taken by the zife administration, in conjunction with the federation council and certain members of starfleet command, was the attempt to forcibly and secretly relocate the inhabitants of the ba \u2019 ku homeworld in the briar patch so that the federation and its allies, the son \u2019 a, would be able to exploit the rejuvenating properties of the metaphasic radiation given off by the planet \u2019 s rings. zife and the council determined that, because the ba \u2019 ku already possessed warp drive ( even if they chose not to use it ), were not native to the planet, and numbered only around 300 people, this action did not constitute a violation of the prime directive and that the federation was in its rights to remove the planet \u2019 s inhabitants so long as it was for a purpose that served \u201c the needs of the many. \u201d however, captain jean - luc picard and the crew of the uss enterprise ( ncc - 1701 - e ) exposed the federation / son \u2019 a plot, prevented the forced relocation of the ba \u2019 ku, and ultimately halted the federation \u2019 s efforts to take control of the planet. thankfully for zife, the incident in the briar patch was very scarcely reported by the the government - run federation news service ( fns ), the only mainstream media conglomerate in the federation, and thus his popularity was not effected in any way. one of the defining characteristics of min zife \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43009967828946916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.408005"} {"text": "was very scarcely reported by the the government - run federation news service ( fns ), the only mainstream media conglomerate in the federation, and thus his popularity was not effected in any way. one of the defining characteristics of min zife \u2019 s presidency was that for the first time in federation history, a strong movement in opposition to the existing political establishment began to develop, in the form of the new essentialists led by pascal fullerton. beginning as a small group of dissidents best known for their attempt to sabotage the weather control network on risa in 2372, the new essentialist movement grew during and after the dominion war, as many federaton citizens, particularly young people, became disillusioned with the federation and began seeking alternative lifestyles. the new essentialists promised a return to the core values upon which the federation had been founded, which meant, among other things, the rejection of the new world economy in favor of a return to a capitalistic free - market system, the restoration of planetary sovereignty that had been lost since plasus v. kirk, and a non - interventionist foreign policy guided by a strict interpretation of the prime directive. by 2377, new essentialists numbered in the millions on planets across the federation and had become powerful enough to organize themselves into the federation \u2019 s first true political party, the new essentialist party ( nep ), led by fullerton. in response, the federation establishment created the social federalist party ( sfp ) to represent its own values and interests and to keep the nep from getting the upper hand and taking over the council ; the sfp chose zife as their first leader and candidate for president in the election of 2377. although the sfp won the election decisively, the nep did manage to capture more than a quarter of the seats in the federation council ; from this point forward, partisan politics would define how the council worked, and the next president of the federation would be known as soon as the election results came in. in 2378, less than a year after being re - elected, min zife was abruptly forced to resign as president, after the tezwa crisis scandalized his presidency and made a vote of no confidence in him by the federation council almost inevitable. shortly after resigning, zife and several other prominent figures within the federation government were privately assassinated by agents of section 31, while admiral ross watched, powerless to do anything to stop them. the eighteenth president of the federation, cestan ambassador nanietta bacco", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5202370841060255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.409153"} {"text": "resigning, zife and several other prominent figures within the federation government were privately assassinated by agents of section 31, while admiral ross watched, powerless to do anything to stop them. the eighteenth president of the federation, cestan ambassador nanietta bacco, succeeded min zife after his resignation in 2378. bacco, the only female federation president in the 24th century, had considerably more executive experience than either of her two predecessors, having served as governor of cestus iii for eleven years prior to being elected to the federation council. consequently, bacco \u2019 s administration was far more smoothly run, centralized, and efficient than that of min zife or jaresh - inyo ; her imperial style and extensive delegation of responsibility mirrored that of ra - ghoratreii, and she was initially therefore greeted with great praise and high expectations, especially after the corruption and disappointment that the previous two administrations had brought. although bacco maintained consistent public support during this period, the unexpectedly slow reconstruction of the federation \u2019 s post - war infrastructure \u2014 especially in comparison to the rate at which starfleet was rebuilt \u2014 earned her many political enemies and further fueled the rise of the new essentialist movement. in may of 2378, not long after bacco \u2019 s election, the federation celebrated a momentous and unexpected event : after seven years lost in the delta quadrant, the uss voyager returned to earth, seemingly miraculously. in the process, the crew of voyager dealt a crippling blow to the borg collective, insuring that the borg would pose no threat to the federation for many years to come. furthermore, voyager brought back a number of significant technological advances from the delta quadrant, including replicator technology that was exponentially more efficient than that currently used by the federation, borg - enhanced bio - neural circuitry technology, ablative hull armor, transphasic torpedoes, and even the technology to build a rudimentary transwarp drive system. bacco greeted captain kathryn janeway in person when voyager landed in san francisco and presented her and the rest of her crew with commendations for their actions and their service to the federation. however, admiral nechayev, fearing janeway \u2019 s newfound popularity and still considering voyager \u2019 s maquis crew members to be fugitive criminals, placed janeway under arrest shortly thereafter and quickly arranged for her and her crew to be court - martialed for the allegedly criminal actions they had committed in the delta quadrant. nechayev \u2019 s attempt to smear the reputation of the voyager crew failed however when lieutenant geoffrey henderson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45461208249701235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.410706"} {"text": "shortly thereafter and quickly arranged for her and her crew to be court - martialed for the allegedly criminal actions they had committed in the delta quadrant. nechayev \u2019 s attempt to smear the reputation of the voyager crew failed however when lieutenant geoffrey henderson, a voyager crew member who had played a critical role in the ship \u2019 s return from the delta quadrant and was widely regarded as a hero by the public, gave a stirring testimony in janeway \u2019 s defense that was broadcast on the federation news service throughout the federation and turned public opinion decidedly in janeway \u2019 s favor. based on this reaction, bacco took the unprecedented step of intervening in an internal starfleet disciplinary hearing, forcing nechayev to call off the trial and granting a general pardon to all members of the voyager crew for whatever actions they might have committed prior to entering or while in the delta quadrant. nechayev begrudingly complied with the president \u2019 s demands, under the conditions that voyager herself was to be taken out of service and transferred to the oberon advanced research facility in orbit of the planet uranus ; that none of the ship \u2019 s former maquis crew members \u2014 including senior officers chakotay, b \u2019 elanna torres, and tom paris \u2014 would be permitted to retain their starfleet commissions or serve on starfleet vessels as ranking officers again ; and that janeway would receive a promotion to the rank of vice - admiral, thereby depriving her of the opportunity to command a starship again and placing her behind a desk. bacco and janeway agreed to these terms, but nechayev would nevertheless continue to harbor a deep personal resentment towards the both of them, and she would dedicate the next several years of her career to destroying them and their reputations. meanwhile, bacco and janeway would go on to develop a very close relationship, with janeway becoming the president \u2019 s most trusted advisor and confidant. as president, bacco \u2019 s primary focus was on continuing the rebuilding of the federation \u2019 s defenses, namely starfleet, and on bringing peace to a war - weary quadrant. to these ends, in 2379 bacco signed an alliance with the romulan star empire, made possible by praetor shinzon \u2019 s coup and subsequent defeat by captain jean - luc picard and the crew of the uss enterprise ( ncc - 1701 - e ). a starfleet task force, led by the uss titan under the command of captain william t. riker, was assigned to assist the romulans in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4961319388098488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.412617"} {"text": "luc picard and the crew of the uss enterprise ( ncc - 1701 - e ). a starfleet task force, led by the uss titan under the command of captain william t. riker, was assigned to assist the romulans in the rebuilding of their society, and sobath, the first romulan ever to serve in starfleet, entered the academy in september of 2379. however, in january 2380 bacco \u2019 s plans for achieving peace through strength were complicated by the destruction of the romulan colony on t \u2019 met iv, and an attack on earth several weeks later that wiped out nearly all of the upper house of the federation council. initially, the remans were blamed for the attacks, and so, on the advice of admiral janeway \u2014 who by this time had become the senior - most officer in charge of all beta quadrant and eastern alpha quadrant affairs and had originally ordered picard and the enterprise on the mission that led to the opening of diplomatic relations with the romulans \u2014 bacco authorized starfleet to launch an invasion of remus and to institute a regime change that would result in the establishment of a democratic government more friendly towards federation interests. the ensuing conflict, known as the reman war, lasted only a matter of weeks, but it resulted in a prolonged and costly occupation of remus that would cause bacco \u2019 s reputation to become tarnished over time. furthermore, an investigation by the crew of the titan revealed that the beta quadrant resistance movement ( beta - qrm ), an interstellar terrorist organization dedicated to ousting the federation from the beta quadrant and establishing a theocratic \u201c anti - federation \u201d in its place as a counterbalance to the federation / klingon / romulan alliance, was actually responsible for the attacks on t \u2019 met iv and on the federation council, and that these attacks had been the beta - qrm \u2019 s way of making their presence known to the galaxy. this revelation threw bacco \u2019 s entire rationale for the war into question and cost her a significant amount of trust among the federation people, many of whom came to see the federation occupation of remus as a violation of the prime directive. there were accusations from many in the general public, particularly the new essentialist party, that bacco, in collusion with janeway, had exaggerated or fabricated the threat posed by remus as an excuse to go to war, and that their ultimate purpose was really to acquire control of that planet \u2019 s dilithium resources. some fringe elements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44965988233005433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.414311"} {"text": "janeway and bacco ) \u2014 and the fact that the federation occupation of remus had turned into a virtual quagmire, with an ever increasing number of starfleet officers being killed in guerrilla attacks by reman insurgents \u2014 the social federalists managed, just barely, to hold on to a majority of seats in the upper house of the federation council, thereby securing bacco a second term as president. the social federalists did however lose control of the lower house of the federation council to the new essentialists, creating a divided government for the first time in federation history and making it extremely difficult, if not impossible, for bacco to get any of her agenda passed. as the beta - qrm gained strength and support among various rogue states opposed to the federation throughout the beta quadrant, particularly during the occupation of remus, it began conducting increasingly bold attacks against federation colonies, outposts, and interests in that region of space. this included the attack on the uss viking in the phoenix cluster in 2383, in which over 700 starfleet personnel were killed. in 2386, the launch of the powerful battleship uss commodore \u2014 widely perceived as an aggressive, escalatory move by starfleet \u2014 and the subsequent violent encounters with the remans, dominion, and numerous other races, many of which were allied with the beta - qrm, further reinforced the public \u2019 s perception of bacco as a warmongering president, incompetent and out of touch, who had reneged on all the promises she made when she was originally elected to office, and whose policies had made the federation less safe and less respected in the galaxy. her approval rating went into a freefall, eventually sinking below 30 %. in 2388, bacco announced that she would not seek another term as president, hoping that by doing so she would increase the chances of the social federalist party retaining control of the upper house of the federation council. instead, the sfp nominated former starfleet admiral william ross as their candidate. nevertheless, the new essentialist party soundly defeated the sfp in the election of 2388, capturing 67 % of the seats in the lower house the federation council as well as 52 % of the seats in the upper house of the federation council. this outcome brought an end to what had in essence been 204 uninterrupted years of social federalist rule. the nineteenth president of the federation, former human ambassador jeremy armstrong, was the first \u2014 and last \u2014 president elected from the new essentialist party, which had in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4798130739524228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.417123"} {"text": "had in essence been 204 uninterrupted years of social federalist rule. the nineteenth president of the federation, former human ambassador jeremy armstrong, was the first \u2014 and last \u2014 president elected from the new essentialist party, which had in the course of only 15 years grown from a small fringe movement into the dominant political force in the federation. armstrong was also the first human to hold the office of president since hiram roth, although his tenure in the office ultimately turned out to be far shorter and much less distinguished. a suave, handsome, smooth - talking man with endless charm and a tremendous talent for persuading others to follow him, armstrong emerged as the new face of the the new essentialists in 2388 when, to the shock of political commentators throughout the federation, the nep ousted its founder and longtime leader, pascal fullerton, from power despite his immense popularity among the public. at the time, armstrong was a relative unknown who, despite his tremendous charisma and impressive oratorical skills, was a political lightweight with virtually no executive experience. the party \u2019 s rationale was that fullerton \u2019 s shady past, along with his age ( over 70 by this time ) would make him a less attractive candidate for president to more moderate, independent voters as well as young voters than the sfp candidate, william ross, thereby causing him to become a liability to the party as a whole. in fact, however, the decision to replace fullerton was greatly influenced by alynna nechayev, who had become a very prominent, powerful voice in the party since joining it after resigning from starfleet at the beginning of the reman war. armstrong was essentially nechayev \u2019 s man, and the party leaders judged that they could not afford to alienate her or her supporters by nominating fullerton a third time. nevertheless, many new essentialists still loyal to fullerton were outraged by his removal, causing a major schism at the convention with nearly a third of the delegates threatening to walk out in protest. ultimately, however, fullerton stepped out onto the convention floor and publicly endorsed armstrong, managing to retain at least enough cohesion within the party to confirm his nomination. running on a nebulous campaign of \u201c hope \u201d and \u201c change \u201d, armstrong served as a far more effective spokesperson for the nep than fullerton had been, winning the support of enough moderate and independent voters to swing the election of 2388 in the nep \u2019 s favor. however, once elected, armstrong found that delivering \u201c change", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4876276379260206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.418338"} {"text": "a far more effective spokesperson for the nep than fullerton had been, winning the support of enough moderate and independent voters to swing the election of 2388 in the nep \u2019 s favor. however, once elected, armstrong found that delivering \u201c change \u201d was much harder than he had imagined. armstrong \u2019 s confirmation process, ordinarily a formality in federation politics, was disrupted when a faction of new essentialists in the upper house of the council still loyal to fullerton refused to cast their votes him, instead choosing either to abstain or to cast their votes for ross. as a result, the council remained deadlocked in a tie for several days, unable to garner the votes necessary to actually confer the powers of the office of president upon the president - elect, until finally several social federalists, after making closed - room deals with the incoming administration through nechayev, armstrong \u2019 s new chief of staff, crossed party lines to vote for him. by the time armstrong was able to assemble a governing coalition, he had made so many concessions to the other side that the domestic policy of his new administration was barely distinguishable from the previous one, thwarting most of the new essentialists \u2019 hopes for change before his presidency even began. this, however, turned out not to be that great a concern for armstrong, despite what the rhetoric of his campaign had suggested. like most politicians, armstrong \u2019 s concern was to remain popular and in power, and he pursued any policy he believed would aid him to that end, even if that policy violated the nep platform or was a direct continuation of sfp policies he and other new essentialists had previously condemned. uninterested in the minutiae of being a chief executive, armstrong allowed most of the policy - making for his administration to be crafted by his aides, in particular by nechayev, who became his chief of staff, and her small staff of palais de la concorde officials, many of whom were secretly affiliated in some way with section 31. armstrong meanwhile, enjoyed most of the perks of the office of the president, spending most of his time womanizing, playing sports and acting - out holonovels in the palais \u2019 s auditorium - sized holosuite, or consuming illicit substances acquired through presidential privilege. despite all this, armstrong was shielded from public criticism, both by his immense popularity and by the fact that fns was engineered to provide positive coverage for him and his administration. under armstrong \u2019 s inept, largely indifferent leadership,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5341986640188614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.419916"} {"text": "through presidential privilege. despite all this, armstrong was shielded from public criticism, both by his immense popularity and by the fact that fns was engineered to provide positive coverage for him and his administration. under armstrong \u2019 s inept, largely indifferent leadership, the nep began to lose its way, gradually becoming little more than a lightweight version of the sfp. one set of new essentialist reforms that armstrong did implement, shortly after the federation \u2019 s disastrous first contact with the fen domar in july of 2388, was to reorganize the structure of the federation \u2019 s military by commissioning the creation of the federation defense force ( fdf ), a separate military entity designed to compliment starfleet \u2019 s traditional role as the sole armed forces of the federation. the federation \u2019 s first real army, the fdf was placed directly under civilian control, with the federation president as its commander - in - chief. also, the fdf was initially composed entirely of volunteer soldiers rather than academy - schooled cadets ; these recruits were trained specifically for combat, not science, and in the field they were led by generals, not admirals, who had no interest in exploration. the armstrong administration sold the fdf to the public as both a necessary tool for the defense of the federation in the wake of the glaringly obvious threats posed to the federation by outsiders and as a response to public distrust and antipathy towards starfleet, whose power and influence many felt had grown too great in the years since the dominion war. the public eagerly embraced the idea of the fdf, and starfleet was made subordinate to that new civilian institution. this effectively put an end to starfleet \u2019 s exploratory activities and made the commander - in - chief of starfleet, admiral jean - luc picard, into little more than a powerless figurehead who took his orders directly from the president. meanwhile, captain benjamin sisko, who had recently returned from his thirteen year sojurn with the bajoran prophets, was given a promotion to admiral and appointed chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, thereby placing him in command of the fdf and placing starfleet at his disposal. the uss commodore, which had been assigned to the beta quadrant as the federation \u2019 s first line of defense in that region, was reassigned to the alpha quadrant and placed under the authority admiral sisko, while admiral janeway was reassigned to be superintendant of starfleet academy. in january of 2389, only a matter of months after armstrong took office, terrorists belonging to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4884989065729264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.422411"} {"text": "reassigned to the alpha quadrant and placed under the authority admiral sisko, while admiral janeway was reassigned to be superintendant of starfleet academy. in january of 2389, only a matter of months after armstrong took office, terrorists belonging to the beta quadrant resistance movement hijacked two civilian transport vessels and, bypassing earth \u2019 s defenses from within, crashed them into starfleet headquarters in san francisco and the palais de la concorde in paris, resulting in the deaths of nearly 42, 000 civilians, including almost all of the lower house of the federation council ( a third ctv had also been hijacked and was headed for the federation council chambers in san francisco, but this ship was intercepted and destroyed by the uss commodore before it could reach its target ). for several days after the attacks, armstrong \u2019 s whereabouts were unknown to the general public ; most people assumed he was being held in an undisclosed location for security reasons, and this idea was reinforced by fns. in truth, however, armstrong was buried alive, trapped beneath the rubble of the palais along with several surviving members of his staff. eighteen hours after the palais crumbled to the ground, nechayev and some of her aides found the president, gravely wounded and unlikely to survive if moved. nechayev recognized how valuable armstrong was to the implementation of their goals, and she knew how the loss of their beloved new leader would devastate the morale of the federation people ; however, rather than attempting to rescue him, nechayev shot armstrong with a phaser set to kill. she then had his consciousness transferred into a computer and resurrected him as a sentient isomorphic projection, keeping him in place as the figurehead leader of a federation government of which she \u2014 and by extension, section 31 \u2014 was now actually in control. from this point forward, armstrong would occasionally be trotted out by the administration to act as the mouthpiece for the government \u2019 s policies, but he had little to no input in any of the actual decision - making process, his movement was severely restricted ( unless he was provided with a mobile emitter ), and nechayev could turn him on and off at will. in response to the attacks on earth, nechayev had armstrong order the fdf \u2014 and by extension, starfleet \u2014 to launch a retaliatory strike against the ktarian republic, whose theocratic leaders, the shimars, were among the primary supporters of the beta - qrm and were known to be providing its leaders with safe haven", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48121754584609777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.425386"} {"text": ", starfleet \u2014 to launch a retaliatory strike against the ktarian republic, whose theocratic leaders, the shimars, were among the primary supporters of the beta - qrm and were known to be providing its leaders with safe haven. angry and thirsty for vengeance, the federation people wholeheartedly supported this action, and the federation council authorized the new war with little debate on the matter. a fleet of federation starships, led by the uss commodore under the command of now - captain geoffrey henderson, invaded the ktarian system and quickly dispatched the ktarian and beta - qrm defense forces there. as the fleet surrounded ktaris, nechayev ordered henderson to carry out starfleet general order 24 \u2014 the complete destruction of all life on the planet \u2019 s surface \u2014 unless the ktarians agreed to hand over the leaders of the beta - qrm. believing the federation to be bluffing, the ktarians refused ; however, henderson, himself so blinded by anger and hatred towards the ktarians dating as far back as the death of his brother aboard the uss viking, actually carried out the order, against the advice of his first officer and another prominent member of his crew. the federation fleet bombarded ktaris with transphasic torpedoes, destroying most of the planet \u2019 s major cities and causing the ktarian government to collapse. over 700 million ktarians were killed in the assault, in comparison to the nearly 42, 000 people who had died in the attack on earth. as intended, the federation assault on the ktarian homeworld broke the back of the beta quadrant resistance movement. federation forces occupied the planet and began hunting down the remnants of the beta - qrm leadership, as well as the ktarian republic \u2019 s theocratic leaders, the shimars. however, even after the beta - qrm collapsed, a number of other significant threats to federation security remained. in march of 2389, a terrorist group known as the new maquis hyjacked a federation civilian transport vessel on its way from mars to earth. the new maquis intended to crash the ctv into downtown san francisco, killing tens of thouands, in retribution for the attack on ktaris. two passengers however, tom paris and b \u2019 elanna torres, who themselves were former members of the original maquis, managed to stop the terrorists with the assistance of the uss commmodore \u2014 but not without they themselves being accused of having been part of the plot first. two months later, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45129290182601584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.426652"} {"text": "april 12, 2005 > new year, thai style new year, thai style by ceri hitchcock - hodgson splashes of water, lots of color and good times mark the songkran celebration of the thai new year, the most important of all thai festivals and holidays. from april 13 to 15, families and friends gather to celebrate by visiting temples, make offerings to the monks, bathe buddha images, thoroughly clean their houses and sprinkle water on each other to wish good luck. songkran is a physical and spiritual \" spring cleaning \" that ushers in the coming year and sweeps out the old. this is a time of introspection for the thai theravada buddhist population, which makes up about 95 percent of the thai population. individuals reflect upon acts of kindness and thoughtfulness each has personally experienced and how generosity and compassion bring peace, happiness and well - being. songkran is also the time when reunions and family ties are renewed and respect is paid to elders. the underlying significance of songkran is the process of cleansing and purification - purging ills, misfortune and evil and starting the new year fresh. water is symbolic of the cleaning process and signifies purity. the practices of songkran date back to the pre - buddhist spring festivals during which throwing water was a symbol of luck to bring rain for the crops. buddhism spread to thailand in the 13th century and the ritual was converted to the religious custom of cleansing the statues of buddha once a year. songkran is a word from the sanskrit language that means \" movement \" or \" change \" and refers to the orbit of the sun moving into aries of the zodiac calendar. the traditional thai calendar is a combination of the solar and lunar movements but the new year is based on movements of the sun. in modern times, the date is set as april 13. the first day of the celebration, known as maha songkran, begins by bidding farewell to the outgoing year with a thorough \" spring cleaning. \" this act emphasizes awareness of responsibilities toward family and home. the day continues with merit - making, offerings such as rice, dessert and / or fruit, drinking water, candles and lotus blossoms presented to buddhist monks. merit - making is an act of giving that demonstrates generosity toward others and is an integral part of the festival. later in the day, buddha images are bathed with lustral ( blessed ) water in a gesture of respect. religious ceremonies include a procession of buddha images through city streets offering residents of the community to take part in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5066307995979533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.432666"} {"text": "is an integral part of the festival. later in the day, buddha images are bathed with lustral ( blessed ) water in a gesture of respect. religious ceremonies include a procession of buddha images through city streets offering residents of the community to take part in the bathing rites. in thailand, an annual \" miss songkran \" parade and floral floats are part of the popular festivities. during wan nao ( april 14 ), the day between the old and new years, when the position of the sun is in transition between pisces and aries, merit - making continues in the morning with more offerings of food to the monks and family members. in the evening, sand is brought to temples to build pagodas called \" phra chedis sai \" decorated with colorful flags and flowers. an ancient belief says that when an individual walks away from a temple, particles of sand from the temple grounds are inadvertently carried away on shoes or sandals. building these \" sand castles \" is seen to be a practical way of replacing the sand lost and a merit - making act through which blessings are earned. this tradition may have started centuries ago as a part of cleansing rituals where new, clean sand was added to the temple floor once a year. this custom highlights the roles and responsibilities of temples, monasteries and the community that is served by the religious institution. wan nao is also the day when the world - famous water festival takes place. water is an integral part of thai new year traditions, both as a symbol of cleansing and of renewal. the ceremonial sprinkling of water on another ' s shoulder has evolved in to a day of water fights, complete with water guns and hoses. although throwing large amounts of water has become the epitome of songkran festivities, it has always been the more delicate water splashing that represents the true nature of songkran and the thai new year. sprinkling water on each other during the festival is a gesture of hospitality ; individuals ' attempt to cool each other off in the intense summer heat. traditionally, younger people pay respect by pouring water from silver bowls on the hands of elders in a ceremony known as \" rod nahm dum hua. \" the elders then ask the younger people to forgive them for speaking harshly during the past year and offer the youth a blessing and words of wisdom. this ritual is performed in the home while more vigorous water throwing is done outside. pouring small amounts of scented lustral water on the heads of the elders on \" wan parg - bpee \" as a sign of respect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5069762513808029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.433696"} {"text": "blessing and words of wisdom. this ritual is performed in the home while more vigorous water throwing is done outside. pouring small amounts of scented lustral water on the heads of the elders on \" wan parg - bpee \" as a sign of respect is also part of this custom that dates back to ancient times. while some people might sprinkle a bit of scented water on the shoulder to wish a happy new year, the young people of thailand have turned it in to the world ' s largest water fight. during the day, water ceremonies involving the temple and home are performed in a subdued, happy manner. at night, thai youth use buckets, barrels, water guns and hoses to celebrate the custom in their own exaggerated manner. it is not unusual in bangkok to get dowsed with a bucket of ice water by someone on the back of a moving pickup truck. a related practice is tying strings around the wrists of others and expressing good wishes for the new year. a person approaches another with a gentle smile and holds out the string by the two ends and then begins to tie. the person receiving the string has his or her arm outstretched with the under side of the wrist facing upward. while tying the strings, the person recites short prayers of blessing spoken directly for the individual. during songkran a person could have as many as 25 or 30 strings on each wrist, each from a different person ; these are to be left on until they fall off on their own accord. another common custom involves a person with a small silver bowl filled with a white powder or pasty substance as a sign of protection and promises to ward off evil. in one of the oldest songkran rituals, a person with the paste is often older and he or she applies the paste to various parts of the face, neck and torso of others. one is expected to leave this paste on until it washes off with normal bathing. new year ' s day falls on april 15. typical merit - making rites performed on this day include the presentation of food and other offerings to buddhist monks at the temples ; donations are made ; fish and birds are released ; and a bathing ritual is observed whereby lustral water is poured over respected elders in a gesture of respect and reverence. the seeking of their blessing or forgiveness for past wrongdoing is also implied. the religious ceremonies and folk rituals associated with songkran are principally performed to bring good luck and prosperity. the rituals are also acts of gratitude and indebtedness undertaken in the memory of those who have passed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49019196529227343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.434807"} {"text": "prefixes, suffixes, inflectional endings, and root words spelling words correctly using prefixes this strategy will focus on the prefix \" re - \" to help predict the meaning of words. the same strategy can be used to introduce other common prefixes such as \" dis - \", \" in - \" and \" im - \". prefixes and suffixes students will create two mini books. one will incorporate prefixes and the other will focus on suffixes. each book will include the meanings, sample words, and two well - written sentences for each suffix or prefix. also supports tech cos 12 making singular nouns plural this lesson involves the use of the structural analysis element of the inflectional ending \" - s \" to make singular nouns plural. vocabulary root word drawing a lesson plans page lesson plan, lesson idea, thematic unit, or activity in language arts and art called vocabulary root word drawing. forming possessives showing possession in english is a relatively easy matter ( believe it or not ). by adding an apostrophe and an s we can manage to transform most singular nouns into their possessive form : word confusion : students choose the correct word to complete the sentence in this online game. inflected endings : some languages, such as chinese, hmong, and vietnamese do not use inflected endings to form verb tenses. students may need help understanding that adding - ed to a verb indicates that the action happened in the past. spelling changes in inflected verbs may be difficult for ells to master. prefixes and suffixes : some english prefixes and suffixes have equivalent forms in the romance languages. for example, the prefix dis - in english ( disapprove ) corresponds to the spanish des - ( desaprobar ), the french des - ( desapprouver ), and the haitian creole dis - or dez - ( dezaprouve ). students who are literate in a romance language may be able to transfer their understanding of prefixes and suffixes much easier than those from non - romance languages. e / b, d, e : help ells classify english words into meaningful categories. use word walls, graphic organizers, and concept maps to group related words, record them in meaningful ways, and create visual references that can be used in future lessons. teachers can help students group and relate words in different ways. for example, place a large picture of a tree on the wall. place prefix and suffix cards on the different branches ( i. e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4911872283981548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.440249"} {"text": "create visual references that can be used in future lessons. teachers can help students group and relate words in different ways. for example, place a large picture of a tree on the wall. place prefix and suffix cards on the different branches ( i. e. prefixes : pre -, re - un - ; suffixes : - ful, - less ) and root words on the roots ( write, view, paint ). this visual representation can help students conceptualize that prefixes and suffixes are added on to root words. e / b, d, e : the teacher creates a display of words containing greek and latin roots and adds to it during the school year. ells can refer to the display to help in understanding new words. ( example of display : the tree display above, or a poster with three columns - root, meaning, and word, i. e. aqua, water, aquarium ) e / b : read one ' s own writing or simple narrative text and begin to produce phonemes appropriately. e / b : recognize and produce english phonemes students already know, and possibly use them in simple phrases or sentences. e / b : recognize sounds in spoken words with accompanying illustrations e / b : use cues for sounding out unfamiliar words with accompanying illustrations e / b : blend sounds together to make words, shown visually d : remove or add sounds to existing words to make new words, shown visually ( i. e. \" cover up the t in cart. what do you have now? \" ) d : use letter - sound relationships and word roots to produce and understand multi - syllabic words ; e : use letter - sound relationships and word roots to produce and understand new word families. d, e : recognize and use prefixes and suffixes to find meanings of unknown words. e : segment illustrated sentences into words and phrases. e : identify and analyze sentence and context clues to find meanings of unknown words. e / b, d, e : when sharing new vocabulary words, make sure to write each word divided into syllables ( i. e. dic - tion - ar - y ). when introducing each word, sound it out, pausing between each syllable, and then blend the syllables together. have students repeat after you. ask students how many syllables the word has. tell students : pay attention to the syllables in a word. this will help you spell the word, and it will help you pronounce it, too. e / b, d, e : before teaching the phonics skills", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5381086954751438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.442015"} {"text": "the sun is an incredibly powerful source of energy. that \u2019 s why tva is using photovoltaic ( pv ) panels to transform solar energy into usable electricity. when rays of sunshine strike a solar panel, they give some of the electrons inside it more energy, a process that creates an electrical current. tva has set up photovoltaic systems at various solar sites throughout the region. can pv systems produce power on cloudy days? see the solar faq for the answer to this question and others. properly placed wind turbines can generate electric power anywhere the wind blows steady and strong. wind turbines use the momentum of moving air to quietly turn large blades that are attached to the shaft of an efficient electric generator. wind energy is a major contributor to green power switch. tva has one wind power site, located on buffalo mountain near oak ridge, tenn. the site has 15 very large and three smaller turbines. how large are the blades on the wind turbines? see the wind q & a for the answer to this question and others. wastewater methane collection is a potential source of renewable energy. biogas energy is produced when organic wastes decay \u2013 in wastewater treatment plants or landfills, for example. tva collects methane gas, a by - product of organic decay, from the city of memphis wastewater treatment plant and co - fires it with coal at allen fossil plant. how does firing methane with coal help the environment? read the answer to this and other questions in the biogas faq.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4719927679823277, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.443597"} {"text": "what leed measures leed is a voluntary certification program that can be applied to any building type and any building lifecycle phase. it promotes a whole - building approach to sustainability by recognizing performance in key areas : choosing a building \u2019 s site and managing that site during construction are important considerations for a project \u2019 s sustainability. the sustainable sites category discourages development on previously undeveloped land ; minimizes a building \u2019 s impact on ecosystems and waterways ; encourages regionally appropriate landscaping ; rewards smart transportation choices ; controls stormwater runoff ; and reduces erosion, light pollution, heat island effect and construction - related pollution. buildings are major users of our potable water supply. the goal of the water efficiency credit category is to encourage smarter use of water, inside and out. water reduction is typically achieved through more efficient appliances, fixtures and fittings inside and water - wise landscaping outside. | energy & atmosphere according to the u. s. department of energy, buildings use 39 % of the energy and 74 % of the electricity produced each year in the united states. the energy & atmosphere category encourages a wide variety of energy strategies : commissioning ; energy use monitoring ; efficient design and construction ; efficient appliances, systems and lighting ; the use of renewable and clean sources of energy, generated on - site or off - site ; and other innovative strategies. | materials & resources during both the construction and operations phases, buildings generate a lot of waste and use a lot of materials and resources. this credit category encourages the selection of sustainably grown, harvested, produced and transported products and materials. it promotes the reduction of waste as well as reuse and recycling, and it takes into account the reduction of waste at a product \u2019 s source. | indoor environmental quality the u. s. environmental protection agency estimates that americans spend about 90 % of their day indoors, where the air quality can be significantly worse than outside. the indoor environmental quality credit category promotes strategies that can improve indoor air as well as providing access to natural daylight and views and improving acoustics. | locations & linkages the leed for homes rating system recognizes that much of a home \u2019 s impact on the environment comes from where it is located and how it fits into its community. the locations & linkages credits encourage homes being built away from environmentally sensitive places and instead being built in infill, previously developed and other preferable sites. it rewards homes that are built near already - existing infrastructure, community resources and transit, and it encourages access to open space for walking, physical activity and time spent outdoors. | awareness & education", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5384233824357769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.447173"} {"text": "infill, previously developed and other preferable sites. it rewards homes that are built near already - existing infrastructure, community resources and transit, and it encourages access to open space for walking, physical activity and time spent outdoors. | awareness & education the leed for homes rating system acknowledges that a green home is only truly green if the people who live in it use the green features to maximum effect. the awareness & education credits encourage home builders and real estate professionals to provide homeowners, tenants and building managers with the education and tools they need to understand what makes their home green and how to make the most of those features. | innovation in design the innovation in design credit category provides bonus points for projects that use new and innovative technologies and strategies to improve a building \u2019 s performance well beyond what is required by other leed credits or in green building considerations that are not specifically addressed elsewhere in leed. this credit category also rewards projects for including a leed accredited professional on the team to ensure a holistic, integrated approach to the design and construction phase. usgbc \u2019 s regional councils, chapters and affiliates have identified the environmental concerns that are locally most important for every region of the country, and six leed credits that address those local priorities were selected for each region. a project that earns a regional priority credit will earn one bonus point in addition to any points awarded for that credit. up to four extra points can be earned in this way. see the regional priority credits for your state \u00bb source : u. s. green building council", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5025427540886178, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.447837"} {"text": "a major thrust of the effort is to establish the potential of this technology for calibration and validation of satellite - based ocean - color measurements. the new floats are enabled with a two - way communication system that allows researchers to control when the floats descend and ascend, and when they take measurements. \u201c radiometers allow us to do a better job in modeling primary production, \u201d says boss. \u201c we \u2019 re trying to see if we can use them to calibrate satellites, and plan on having other sensors measure for scattering. that allows us to get more information on what \u2019 s in the water. \u201d most of the existing floats are programmed to descend and ascend for specific periods of time to take a predetermined number of measurements. using wireless communication and data dissemination created by cls america, researchers will provide the floats with commands during missions, including changes in response to events such as hurricanes. the data collected will be sent to a centralized web site for all researchers to analyze and for future input into assimilating ocean ecosystem models. with more advanced communications systems, it may also be possible to increase the life of profiling floats. currently, researchers can record about 300 profiles from one float. the devices are limited by battery life, and once the batteries die, it \u2019 s not possible to recapture the devices. one of boss \u2019 goals is to test recovery possibilities, so that floats can be reused. scientists from the nasa goddard earth sciences data and information services center, partners in this project, are building a tool that will provide crucial remotely sensed information around the float surfacing location for measurement context. every time a float reports its location, nasa will provide real - time data on weather, temperature and events in a 50 - kilometer radius. \u201c we have the opportunity to make a huge difference in the future of our field and its ability to provide much - needed information on how carbon and other material are processed globally, \u201d says boss.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5052802633811737, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.449836"} {"text": "sensors flag environmental damage to art at the met new york it will take a good eye to spot them, but dozens of tiny, very modern works of art have been installed near the 15th - century unicorn tapestries and other medieval masterpieces at a new york city museum. the metropolitan museum of art announced this week that a network of wireless environmental sensors designed to prevent damage to the collection is being tested at its cloisters branch. the ibm sensors \u2014 each housed with a radio and a microcontroller in a case about the size of a pack of cigarettes \u2014 can measure temperature, humidity, air flow, light levels, contaminants and more. they are inexpensive and run on low power, and several can be positioned in a room, scientists said. the information collected goes into a three - dimensional \" climate map \" that can be accessed on a computer, and the data can then be analyzed to adjust the climate, spot trends and even make predictions. \" nobody in the world at this moment has this kind of information, not at this level of detail, \" said paolo dionosi vici, associate research scientist at the metropolitan. \" it ' s the analytics that will keep us one step ahead technologically. \" the network now covers about a third of the cloisters, which houses 3, 000 medieval works in several ancient buildings that were disassembled in europe and rebuilt in northern manhattan. the met expects to expand the network throughout the cloisters and eventually to the main museum on fifth avenue. the climate at museums like the cloisters is already tightly controlled, with especially fragile items kept in sealed cases. curators don ' t have to worry about the ravages that might happen to a fresco in an open italian church, for example. but the artwork is sensitive to small climate variations. \" a window in a museum, in summer, that can be a hot spot, \" vici said. \" and the light from the window on the floor can increase the temperature of the floor. until now, that is a variation we might not know about because we were not taking so many measurements. \" another factor that can influence the climate in a museum is the number of visitors \u2014 and where the visitors have been. \" if it ' s raining outside the cloisters and the tourists that come in are wet, that has an effect, \" vici said. the idea is to keep the effects from causing any damage, even slow damage, to the art. \" whenever we have to act on an object to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5058388045013835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.454424"} {"text": "the etiology and treatment of childhood jordan w. smoller university of pennsylvania childhood is a syndrome which has only recently begun to receive serious attention from clinicians. the syndrome itself, however, is not at all recent. as early as the 8th century, the persian historian kidnom made references to \" short, noisy creatures, \" who may well have been what we now call \" children. \" the treatment of children, however, was unknown until this century, when so - called \" child psychologists \" and \" child psychiatrists \" became common. despite this history of clinical neglect, it has been estimated that well over half of all americans alive today have experienced childhood directly ( suess, 1983 ). in fact, the actual numbers are probably much higher, since these data are based on self - reports which may be subject to social desirability biases and the growing acceptance of childhood as a distinct phenomenon is reflected in the proposed inclusion of the syndrome in the upcoming diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition, or dsm - iv, of the american psychiatric association ( 1990 ). clinicians are still in disagreement about the significan clinical features of childhood, but the proposed dsm - iv will almost certainly include the following core - congenital onset - emotional lability and immaturity - knowledgy deficits - legume anorexia clinical features of childhood although the focus of this paper is on the efficacy of conventional treatment of childhood, the five clinical markers mentioned above merit further discussion for those unfamiliar with this patient in one of the few existing literature reviews on childhood, temple - black ( 1982 ) has noted that childhood is almost always present at birth, although it may go undetected for years or even remain subclinical indefinitely. this observation has led some investigators to speculate on biological contribution to childhood. as one psychologist has put it, \" we may soon be in a position to distinguish organic childhood from functional childhood \" ( rogers, 1979 ). this is certainly the most familiar marker of childhood. it is widely known that children are physically short relative to the population at large. indeed, common clinical wisdom suggests that the treatment of the so - called \" small child \" ( or \" tot \" ) is particularly difficult. these children are known to exhibit infantile behavior and display a startling lack of insight ( tom and jerry, 1967 ). emotional lability and immaturity this aspect of childhood is often the only basis for a clinician ' s diagnosis. as a result, many otherwise normal adults are mis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5139408711936055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.467460"} {"text": "behavior and display a startling lack of insight ( tom and jerry, 1967 ). emotional lability and immaturity this aspect of childhood is often the only basis for a clinician ' s diagnosis. as a result, many otherwise normal adults are misdiagnosed as children and must suffer the unnecessary social stigma of being labelled a \" child \" by professionals and friends alike. while many children have iqs with or even above the norm, almost all will manifest knowledge deficits. anyone who has known a real child has experienced the frustration of trying to discuss any topic that requires some general knowledge. children seem to have little knowledge about the world they live in. politics, art, and science - - children are largely ignorant of these. perhaps it is because of this ignorance, but the sad fact that most children have few friends who are not, themselves, this last identifying feature is perhaps the most unexpected. folk wisdom is supported by empirical observation - - children will rarely eat their vegetables ( see popeye, 1957, for review ). causes of childhood now that we know what it is, what can we say about the causes of childhood? recent years have seen a flurry of theory and speculation from a number of perspectives. some of the most prominent are reviewed emile durkind was perhaps the first to speculate about sociological causes of childhood. he points out two key observations about - the vast majority of children are unemployed, and - children represent one of the least educated segments of our society. in fact, it has been estimated that less than 20 % of children have had more than fourth grad education. clearly, children are an \" out - group. \" because of their intellectual handicap, children are even denied the right to vote. from the sociologist ' s perspective, treatment should be aimed at helping assimilate children into mainstream society. unfortunately, some victims are so incapacitated by their childhood that they are simply not competent to work. one promising rehabilitaion program ( spanky and alfalfa, 1978 ) has trained victims of severe childhood to sell lemonade. the observation that childhood is usually present from birth has led some to speculate on a biological contribution. an early investigation by flintstone and jetson ( 1939 ) indicated that childhood runs in families. their survey of over 8, 000 american families revealed that over half contained more than one child. further investigation revealed that even most non - child family members had experienced childhood at some point. cross - cultural studies ( e. g., mowgli and din, 1950 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5223671316647079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.468534"} {"text": ", 000 american families revealed that over half contained more than one child. further investigation revealed that even most non - child family members had experienced childhood at some point. cross - cultural studies ( e. g., mowgli and din, 1950 ) indicated that family childhood is even more prevalent in the far east. for example, in indian and chinese families, as many as three out of four family members may have childhood. impressive evidence of a genetic component of childhood comes from a large - scale twin study by brady and partridge ( 1972 ). these authors studied over 106 pairs of twins, looking at concordance rates for childhood. among identical or monozygotic twins, concordance was unusually high ( 0. 92 ), i. e., when one twin was diagnosed with childhood, the other twin was almost always a child as well. a considerable number of psychologically - based theories of the development of childhood exist. they are too numerous to review here. among the more familiar models are seligman ' s \" learned childishness \" model. according to this model, individuals who are treated like children eventually give up and become children. as a counterpoint to such theories, some experts have claimed that childhood does not really exist. szasz ( 1980 ) has called \" childhood \" an expedient label. in seeking conformity, we handicap those whom we find unruly or too short to deal with by labelling them \" children. \" treatment of childhood efforts to treat childhood are as old as the syndrome itself. only in modern times, however, have human and systematic treatment protocols been applied. in part, this increased attention to the problem may be due to the sheer number of individuals suffering from childhood. government statistics ( dhhs ) reveal that there are more children alive today than at any time in our history. to paraphrase p. t. barnum : \" there ' s a child born every minute. \" the overwhelming number of children has made government intervention inevitable. the nineteenth century saw the institution of what remains the largest single program for the treatment of childhood - - so - called \" public schools. \" under this colossal program, individuals are placed into treatment groups based on the severity of their condition. for example, those most severely afflicted may be placed in a \" kindergarten \" program. patients at this level are typically short, unruly, emotionally immature, and intellectually deficient. given this type of individual, therapy is essentially one of patient management and of helping the child master basic skills ( e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.550798870277157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.469530"} {"text": "a \" kindergarten \" program. patients at this level are typically short, unruly, emotionally immature, and intellectually deficient. given this type of individual, therapy is essentially one of patient management and of helping the child master basic skills ( e. g. finger - painting ). unfortunately, the \" school \" system has been largely ineffective. not only is the problem a massive tax burden, but it has failed even to slow down the rising incidence of childhood. faced with this failure and the growing epidemic of childhood, mental health professionals are devoting increasing attention to the treatment of childhood. given a theoretical framework by freud ' s landmark treatises on childhood, child psychiatrists and psychologists claimed great successes in their clinical intervention. by the 1950 ' s, however, the clinicians ' optimism had waned. even after years of costly analysis, many victims remained children. the following case ( taken from gumbie and poke, 1957 ) is typical. - billy j., age 8, was brought to treatment by his parents. billy ' s affliction was painfully obvious. he stood only 4 ' 3 \" high and weighed a scant 70 lbs., despite the fact that he ate voraciously. billy presented a variety of troubling symptoms. his voice was noticably high for a man. he displayed legume anorexia, and, according to his parents, often refused to bathe. his intellectual functioning was also below normal - - he had little general knowledge and could barely write a structured sentence. social skills were also deficient. he often spoke inappropriately and exhibited \" whining behaviour. \" his sexual experience was non - existent. indeed, billy considered women \" icky. \" his parents reported that his condition had been present from birth, improving gradually after he was placed in a school at age 5. the diagnosis was \" primary childhood. \" after years of painstaking treatment, billy improved gradually. at age 11, his height and weight have increased, his social skills are broader, and he is now functional enough to hold down a \" paper route. \" after years of this kind of frustration, startling new evidence has come to light which suggests that the prognosis in cases of childhood may not be all gloom. a critical review by fudd ( 1972 ) noted that studies of the childhood syndrome tend to lack careful follow - up. acting on this observation, moe, larrie, and kirly ( 1974 ) began a large - scale longitudinal study. these investigators studied two groups. the first group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.521385141186678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.470579"} {"text": "1972 ) noted that studies of the childhood syndrome tend to lack careful follow - up. acting on this observation, moe, larrie, and kirly ( 1974 ) began a large - scale longitudinal study. these investigators studied two groups. the first group consisted of 34 children currently engaged in a long - term conventional treatment program. the second was a group of 42 children receiving no treatment. all subjects had been diagnosed as children at least 4 years previously, with a mean duration of childhood at 6. 4 years. at the end of one year, the results confirmed the clinical wisdom that childhood is a refractory disorder - - virtually all symptoms persisted and the treatment group was only slightly better off than the controls. the results, however, of a careful 10 - year follow - up were startling. the investigators ( moe, larrie, kirly, & shemp, 1984 ) assessed the original cohort on a variety of measures. general knowledge and emotional maturity were assessed with standard measures. height was assess by the \" metric system \" ( see ruler, 1923 ), and legume appetite by the vegetable appetite test ( vat ) designed by popeye ( 1968 ). moe et al. found that subjects improved uniformly on all measures. indeed, in most cases, the subjects appeared to be symptom - free. moe et al. report a spontaneous remission rate of 95 %, a finding which is certain to revolutionize the clinical approach to childhood. these recent results suggests that the prognosis for victims of childhood may not be so bad as we have feared. we must not, however, become too complacent. despite its apparently high spontaneous remission rate, childhood remains one of the most serious and rapidly growing disorders facing mental health professionals today. and, beyond the psychological pain it brings, childhood has recently been linked to a number of physical disorders. twenty years ago, howdi, doodi, and beauzeau ( 1965 ) demonstrated a six - fold increased risk of chicken pox, measles, and mumps among children as compared with normal controls. later, barby and kenn ( 1971 ) linked childhood to an elevated risk of accidents - - compared with normal adults, victims of childhood were much more likely to scrape their knees, lose their teeth, and fall off their bikes. clearly, much more research is need before we can give any real hope to the millions of victims wracked by this insidious disorder. american psychiatric association ( 1990 ). the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5113519188082568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.472602"} {"text": "fall off their bikes. clearly, much more research is need before we can give any real hope to the millions of victims wracked by this insidious disorder. american psychiatric association ( 1990 ). the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition : a preliminary report. washington, d. c. ; apa. barby, b., & kenn, k. ( 1971 ). the plasticity of behavior. in b. barby & k. kenn ( eds. ), psychotherapies r us. detroit : flintstone, f., & jetson, g. ( 1939 ). cognitive mediation of labour disputes. industrial psychology today, 2, 23 - 35. fudd, e. j. ( 1972 ). locus of control and shoe - size. journal of footwear psychology, 78, 345 - 356. gumbie, g., & pokey, p. ( 1957 ). a cognitive theory of iron - smelting. journal of abnormal metallurgy, 45, 235 - 239. howdi, c., doodi, c., & beauzeau, c. ( 1965 ). western civilization : a review of the literature. reader ' s digest, 60, moe, r., larrie, t., and kirly, q. ( 1974 ). state childhood versus trait childhood. tv guide, may 12 - 19, 1 - 3. moe, r., larrie, t., kirly, q. ( 1974 ). spontaneous remission of childhood. in w. c. fields ( ed. ), new hope for children and animals. hollywood : acme press. popeye, t. s. m. ( 1957 ). the use of spinach in extreme circumstances. journal of vegetable science, 58, 530 - 538. popeye, t. s. m. ( 1968 ). spinach : a phenomenological perspective. existential botany, 35, 908 - 813. rogers, f. ( 1979 ). becoming my neighbour. new york : ruler, y. ( 1923 ). assessing measurements protocols by the multi - method multiple regression index for the psychometric analysis of factorial interaction. annals of boredom, 67, 1190 - 1260. spanky, d., & alfalfa, q. ( 1978 ). coping with puberty. sears catalog, 45 - 46. suess, d. r. ( 1983 ). a psychometric analysis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.534947007141612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.473586"} {"text": "supporting people through diagnosis with chronic hepatitis b - australian research suggests that little or no pre or post test counselling occurs at the time people are diagnosed with chronic hepatitis b. people who have recently been diagnosed with chronic hepatitis b may be feeling confused, worried, shocked or afraid. - as it is likely that newly diagnosed people will have many unanswered questions about hepatitis b, it is to provide information about hepatitis b in an appropriate format. avoid giving too much information at once, and encourage people to meet with you a few times to go over their questions and concerns about their diagnosis. it could be useful if you are not confident about your hepatitis b knowledge to frame the discussion in terms of both of you learning more about hepatitis b. - if you are working with a someone recently diagnosed with chronic hepatitis b, encourage them to think about if, when and how they might disclose their new diagnosis to others. family and friends may be a great source of care and support, but unexpected reactions can and do happen. generally speaking, hepatitis b is not very well understood in the community, so print resources might be useful to help the person manage any questions that may arise. - unfortunately printed resources about hepatitis b are not available in all languages and for all literacy levels, so face to face conversations are ideal in many instances. if you have printed resources, they can be useful as a prop for having a more in - depth discussion about hepatitis b and the realities of living with hepatitis b. - people with chronic hepatitis b should regularly see hepatitis specialist such as a gastroenterologist or infectious disease physician at a local hospital. people will need to be referred to these specialists by a general practitioner ( gp ). not all gps are aware of this, so check with your patient / client whether they have had such a referral. - gps with a good understanding of hepatitis b are another useful resource, although many gps are not aware of the implications of hepatitis b infection or of the impact of infection on their patients. other support services can be found here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42017884019047524, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.476143"} {"text": "editor \u2019 s note : jon margolis, a retired political reporter for the chicago tribune, is a vtdigger. org columnist. rural living isn \u2019 t necessarily a country idyll. in fact, for the last few decades, rural areas, such as most of vermont, have been tougher places to live \u2013 and to earn a living \u2013 than the cities and suburbs. now comes word that rural life is not only harder but shorter. a new study called \u201c falling behind : life expectancy in us counties from 2000 to 2007 in an international context, \u201d shows life expectancy is actually declining in many rural counties. as can be seen from its title, the study, whose lead writer was sandeep c. kulkarni of the university of washington \u2019 s institute for health metrics and evaluation, was primarily focused on comparing longevity outcomes between the u. s. and other advanced countries. it found far more disparities between affluent and poorer counties in the u. s. than elsewhere. the disparities were striking. on a county - by - county basis, \u201c life expectancy in 2007 ranged from 65. 9 to 81. 1 years for men and 73. 5 to 86. 0 years for women, \u201d the study found. in all, the report found, life expectancy fell in 860 \u2013 or more than one fourth \u2013 of the nation \u2019 s 3, 147 counties. more than 60 percent of those counties \u2013 561 of them \u2013 are rural. in fact, in every rural state, life expectancy fell for at least one sex in at least one county. well, almost every rural state. the exception? vermont, where life expectancy for both men and women rose in all 14 counties. barely in essex county ( four tenths of a percent for men ; three tenths for women ) but at a healthy rate in the other counties. the longest life expectancy for men was 77. 8 years in lamoille county. chittenden and addison county women could expect to live 82. 2 years, the longest of their sex. in every county, women lived longer, but male life expectancy had increased more between 1987 and 2007. the results do not necessarily prove that vermont is healthier than other rural states. perhaps it \u2019 s just whiter. everywhere, african - americans and hispanics had lower life expectancies. the lowest \u201c were in counties in appalachia and the deep south, extending across northern texas \u2026 ( with ) more isolated counties with low life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42768189795226286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.481327"} {"text": "\u2019 s just whiter. everywhere, african - americans and hispanics had lower life expectancies. the lowest \u201c were in counties in appalachia and the deep south, extending across northern texas \u2026 ( with ) more isolated counties with low life expectancies in a number of western counties with large native american populations, \u201d the report found. still, even in comparison with other white, rural, counties around the country, vermont \u2019 s appear relatively healthier and perhaps more prosperous. before celebration gets out of hand, though, vermonters might ponder the results of another new study \u2013 this one from the university of new hampshire \u2019 s carsey institute \u2013 which found that \u201c last year more people died than were born in nearly a quarter of u. s. counties, \u201d and four of them were in vermont : bennington, essex, rutland and windsor. bennington \u2019 s \u2018 natural decrease \u201c was 252 deaths over births. rutland county \u2019 s was 157, windsor \u2019 s 74 and essex county \u2019 s 63. ( in the carsey study, all four counties also had total population declines. but these are 2009 figures, and differ from the 2010 census, in which population declined only in bennington, essex, and windsor counties. what have thee counties \u2013 or the state \u2013 been doing wrong? apparently nothing. unless that is, being rural is doing something wrong. \u201c this is pretty typical for rural areas, \u201d said the carsey institute \u2019 s senior demographer, unh sociology professor kenneth johnson. \u201c natural decrease is pretty widespread across country, and is much more evident in the great plains. \u201d as johnson explained it, natural decrease is especially common wherever farming, logging, or mining were important to a county \u2019 s economic foundation. producing these goods needs far fewer workers than it did a few decades ago, so even where the mines and forests have not been depleted, there is less demand for young and middle - aged adult workers, which would include women \u2013 and the husbands of women \u2013 in their child - bearing years. but, he said, there is also a generally positive development that can lead to natural decrease \u2013 the in - migration of \u201c amenity - minded \u201d relatively affluent, relatively young, retirees. if a county attracts new residents who are empty - nesters in their early sixties, 25 years or so later, they will start dying. their children who are having children of their own are having them elsewhere. johnson said this factor is more evident in several counties in florida and in carroll county, n. h.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4278910706722854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.482281"} {"text": "early sixties, 25 years or so later, they will start dying. their children who are having children of their own are having them elsewhere. johnson said this factor is more evident in several counties in florida and in carroll county, n. h., just north of lake winnipesaukee. but vermont has also been a destination for not - quite - senior citizens, both retirees and professionals who can earn their keep from their homes. this influx started in the late 1960s and early 1970s. as johnson pointed out, \u201c natural decrease doesn \u2019 t occur immediately, \u201d and people who moved to vermont in their fifties and sixties in the late decades of the last century would be reaching their final years in the first decades of this one. just because vermont \u2019 s rural population is declining no faster ( and probably more slowly ) than those in other states does not mean that falling populations are not a problem. \u201c people don \u2019 t want to see a decline, \u201d johnson said. \u201c usually natural decrease occurs because of the loss of so many young people. probably some schools have to close because there aren \u2019 t enough kids any more. and there are other problems, such as not enough volunteer firefighters in towns that depend on them. \u201d so what can be done? perhaps little or nothing. \u201c some of it is just inevitable, \u201d johnson said. neither in vermont nor on the great plans are so many small farms ever likely to be economically viable as was the case 50 and 100 years ago. where natural decrease has ended, he said, is usually in rural counties \u201c just beyond the edges of metropolitan areas, \u201d where better transportation and cheaper homes encouraged people to move farther away from the cities and from their jobs. that, of course, is the suburban sprawl solution, not the most popular course in vermont. there is a small - farm agricultural revival in the state, with an increasing number of farms growing fresh vegetables for local consumption or producing cheese from their own cows, sheep, and goats. but whether there are or will be enough of these farms to bring a critical mass of young and middle - aged people to rural vermont remains unknown. the other possibility, johnson said, is expanding those \u201c amenities \u201d enough to attract newcomers to rural counties. even if the first newcomers are older, he said, their presence eventually \u201c creates opportunities for younger adults \u201d to staff, restaurants, hotels, hospitals, and the other services the new residents want. but to make a major difference, at least some of those \u201c amenity \u201d attractions would have to be big", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4224665614452338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.483355"} {"text": "a barbados family tree with ' sugar in the blood ' in her new book, sugar in the blood, andrea stuart weaves her family story around the history of slavery and sugar in barbados. stuart ' s great - great - great - great - great - great - great - great - grandfather landed on the island in the 1630s. he had been a blacksmith in england, but became a sugar planter in barbados, at a time when demand for the crop was exploding worldwide. stuart is descended from a slave owner who, several generations after the family landed in barbados, had relations with an unknown slave. stuart was well into her research and writing of the book before she fully accepted the reality of her family ' s story. it was, she tells fresh air ' s terry gross, \" not until maybe four years into the research that i realized that this was the truth of it... of my family ' s story that... one side of my family had owned another, and that that was as bleak and as straightforward as it got.... that is the quintessence of the hideousness of slavery, isn ' t it? that a family member could own their child... or own a series of children and live with that, and... keep them in continued slavery and live comfortably with that. it made me understand slavery or see it in a very, very personal, intense way. \" stuart says that it was \" completely common in the caribbean \" for planters to have many different family groups, meaning that a planter would have his legitimate, white family and then father children with enslaved women. the thinking behind this practice was, in one sense, that the planter was breeding his own slaves to work the plantation after britain outlawed the trans - atlantic slave trade in 1807. more psychologically speaking, however, stuart says, the practice also provided a \" sense of claiming your... total power over everybody in the plantation world over which you preside. \" on when planters would baptize the slave women they had sex with \" that was often something that planters did if they were going to be in a slightly longer - term relationship with a new, individual female slave. while they have kind of one - off... relations with a slave that they... just sort of... picked randomly on the plantation, usually if... the relationship was going to last, it was quite common for them to get... the slave woman baptized, which is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3682702850957546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.512743"} {"text": "with a slave that they... just sort of... picked randomly on the plantation, usually if... the relationship was going to last, it was quite common for them to get... the slave woman baptized, which is an ironic thing because, obviously, they felt that that was... a rather virtuous gesture, which is extraordinary when, in fact, they were basically raping underage girls. \" on how, after some of her ancestors worked as slaves on a plantation, her grandparents bought and farmed a sugar plantation in barbados \" it always seems to me an extraordinary irony that... my grandfather would decide \u2014 or rather his father would decide \u2014 that it was a good idea to go back into sugar, after the history \u2014 the torrid history \u2014 that our family had had with that particular crop, but i think, you know, even at the turn of the [ 20th ] century... it must have felt like sugar was still the biggest game in town, still the historic crop of the island. to be a planter was to be at the absolute top of the social tree and so, in some ways, you can see that for successful businessmen \u2014 even those who came from a slave line \u2014 that becoming a planter must have felt like real success, and i think that is why my great - grandfather decided to buy and also start to farm a plantation again. \" on how, after moving to england from barbados in 1976 with her family, the color of her skin meant something different \" whereas in the caribbean my slightly lighter skin marked me out as being perhaps potentially a little more privileged, in britain there was none of that subtlety or ideas... about race. it was very much : i was a black person and that was that, and one was very much reduced to a series of stereotypes \u2014 and rather dull stereotypes at that \u2014 about what it was to be a black person. \" on the current prospect of her family ' s barbados plantation being sold for real estate \" i can remember and spent so much of my youth being at my grandmother ' s and grandfather ' s plantation and listening to the... sound of the cane and running around... this little magic world of beautiful gardens that surround the plantation house.... it was all for me a very idyllic adventure, and so the idea of it being over is both painful, because it represents to me very much my caribbean childhood, my past, my family, and then another part of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4633006867842263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.513916"} {"text": ".... it was all for me a very idyllic adventure, and so the idea of it being over is both painful, because it represents to me very much my caribbean childhood, my past, my family, and then another part of me thinks that it ' s time... for me \u2014 as well as the island \u2014 to close the door on the plantation story and walk into the future. \" on how her research and knowledge of her family ' s past has changed her thinking about sugar \" it was not until i was reading some of the work by the abolitionists, and... one of their big... campaigns was that it was ' blood - stained sugar, '... that it carried the blood of slaves, and i remember actually at that point putting some sugar into something and thinking, ' ah, it ' s this! ' and... i thought again about the way that commodities \u2014 in my case it was sugar ; in america the parallels would be, as i say, cotton or tobacco \u2014 how these... commodities have such real, visceral impacts on the way our lives unfold and how extraordinary that is. \" terry gross, host : this is fresh air. i ' m terry gross. i want to thank dave davies for filling in for me last week while i took the week off. my guest, andrea stuart, is the descendent of a slave owner and one of that man ' s slaves. she has a bloodline that she describes as blending the history of both oppressed and oppressor. she suspects this is true of many families, which, like hers, are mixed - race on both sides. stewart has written a new book called \" sugar in the blood, \" which traces her family tree beginning with her white ancestor who left ireland for barbados in the late 1630s. his great - great - grandson owned a plantation in barbados and fathered children with several of his slaves, including the woman who became stuart ' s forebear. stuart ' s book also describes the history of slavery in the caribbean, where she was born and raised. her father became dean of the medical school at the university college of the west indies in jamaica. as a child, she spent her summers with her extended family in barbados, where her grandparents owned a plantation. andrea stuart, welcome to fresh air. when did you start thinking about the fact that one of your ancestors was owned by another one of your ancestors? andrea stuart : i don ' t think i actually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46636008701813497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.514963"} {"text": "in barbados, where her grandparents owned a plantation. andrea stuart, welcome to fresh air. when did you start thinking about the fact that one of your ancestors was owned by another one of your ancestors? andrea stuart : i don ' t think i actually thought about that until quite late in the process of writing my book. it was really one of those things that kind of hits you sort of later on. i mean, it very much began as a process of being interested in my family history. so it wasn ' t until quite late in the day that i had this moment of clarity, maybe four years into the research, that i realized that this was the truth of it, that was the reality of my life, of my family ' s story, that we - you know, one side of my family had owned another. gross : and what did that mean to you? stuart : i think i found that a real kind of one of those aha moments, you know, where you sort of think that is the quintessence of the hideousness of slavery, isn ' t it, that a family member could own their child and - or you know what i mean, or own series of children and live with that and remain - and keep them in continued slavery. and it made me understand slavery or see it in a very, very personal, intense way. gross : in trying to find documentation of your slave - owning ancestors and of your ancestors who were slaves, one of the things you found was that there was documentation of your white ancestors, but for the slave the only documentation you found was what? stuart : well, the irony of slavery is that - and i think it ' s true whether it ' s on mainland america or in the caribbean or south america, is that the system is such that you only know what the white planter who owns you has recorded about you. so it ' s always through the conduit of this other person. so what i could know about my slave ancestors were the things that were recorded by their owner, and in the case of my ancestors, their father, in his inventories and mentions of slaves for sale or documents that he ' d created, which are usually about transactions and / or money in relation to them as stock. gross : so i ' m going to open to the page now of the family tree. gross : so here it is. there ' s robert cooper ashby, who is your great - great - great - great grandfather. gross : and then there ' s women", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45076885457421756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.515991"} {"text": "so i ' m going to open to the page now of the family tree. gross : so here it is. there ' s robert cooper ashby, who is your great - great - great - great grandfather. gross : and then there ' s women on either side of him in this family tree. there ' s mary ann ashby, who is a slave, who became kind of like his wife after robert cooper ' s wife died, although they couldn ' t marry because she had been a slave, and that would have been illegal at that time. stuart : yes, that ' s right, yes. gross : but they had how many children together? gross : that ' s a lot. stuart : it is a lot, especially since many of the children were born concurrent with his legitimate white wife, who had only one child, and also with other relationships with slave women on the plantation. so, he was a very busy man. gross : how many slave women were you able to document that he had either sexual relations with or children with? stuart : well, i think we kind of came down to about four or five groups. i suspect, of course, that there would have been more, it ' s just a question of what you can work out historically. and apparently, this was completely common in the caribbean for planters to have, you know, kind of quite a large number of family groups. a contemporary of robert cooper ' s had six separate little family groups. and there are rumors of plantation owners on the other islands who - one french planter declared that up to a third of his slave stock came from his \" own loins, \" was the quote. so it was quite common, this very profligate sexual behavior with slaves. gross : that ' s just kind of chilling, what you just said. it almost sounds like you ' re breeding your own slaves to work the plantation. stuart : i think there is certainly a degree of feeling like that. it ' s sort of, you know, you are kind of producing your own workforce. but also i think it ' s that sort of sense of claiming you ' re in total power over everybody in the plantation world over which you preside. your - his legitimate wife would have had very little redress. there was no chance, really, of her leaving him, as all the money that she had previously brought to the marriage was now in his name. so everyone - from his wife, his legitimate white wife, to his various other liaisons really had very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47039564203156153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.516997"} {"text": "was no chance, really, of her leaving him, as all the money that she had previously brought to the marriage was now in his name. so everyone - from his wife, his legitimate white wife, to his various other liaisons really had very little say in what happened to them in the world that he presided over and created. gross : one thing you speculate about, you speculate that your great - great - great - great grandmother, who had been a slave, was probably baptized before the slave owner had sexual relations with her because you say that most of the slave owners had no compunctions about sleeping with a young teenager, but they were reluctant to have sexual relations with somebody who hadn ' t been baptized and was therefore a heathen. stuart : yes, i mean, with one of his groups ' of children, suki ann ( ph ), he baptized her at 14, and that was often something that planters did if they were going to be in a slightly longer - term relationship with the individual female slave. while they may have, you know, kind of one - off relations with a slave that they had just picked, sort of picked randomly on the plantation, usually if the relationship was going to last, it was quite common for them to get the slave woman baptized, which is an ironic thing because obviously felt that that was a, you know, a rather virtuous gesture, which is extraordinary, when in fact that they were, you know, basically raping underage girls. but that was - thus are the ironies slavery, i think. gross : so the first documented slave ancestor is john stephen ( ph ). he ' s the son of the plantation owner, robert cooper... gross :... and the unknown slave... gross :... who gave birth to john stephen. what ' s the first documentation you were able - the earliest documentation you were able to find for john stephen? stuart : the first moment i discovered john stephen was in an old inventory, and he was described as being 14 years old, colored, which was the term the west indian planters used for - certainly the barbadian planters for those who were mixed - race, and a laborer. i was looking for him because the good thing about barbados, it ' s a very small place, and a lot of the lore or family lore does get passed down. so we had - i had a sense that i was going to find this person. you know, people had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44940717692129817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.517929"} {"text": "the good thing about barbados, it ' s a very small place, and a lot of the lore or family lore does get passed down. so we had - i had a sense that i was going to find this person. you know, people had - we knew that he was robert cooper ' s because even in my generation, there has always been talk of robert cooper because he was such a large and affluent planter. his reputation and his - the stories of him has kind of lingered in the community. so that ' s how - but all of it, i have to say, is hearsay. i mean, we as a family assume that all of the - i think we ' re talking about 18 children of mixed descent that he in some way prioritized, at no point does he ever admit, even when he was living with them - he doesn ' t describe him as his children in that way. so we know this because of what the family knows, if you see what i mean, what ' s been passed on and what we know for sure. gross : and the early documentation of john stephen that you found is in what was called a slave return that was kept by robert cooper, the plantation owner, and that was required. a slave owner at that time in barbados had to keep a registry of their slaves. what was the reason for that? stuart : it was the end of the slave trade. one of the important decisions after the end of the slave trade in 1807 was in order to prevent illicit slave trading in the region, planters had to submit a yearly list of slaves on their plantation just to show that they couldn ' t sneak on slaves who had been illicitly sold in the region. so, they started documenting their slaves very carefully. and then later on, of course, they would then become compensated when slavery was itself abolished because they were compensated per head of slave. so it was to their advantage to make sure that all the slaves on their plantation were indeed recorded so that they would get the maximum amount of money. gross : and just to clarify here that, you know, in barbados, the slave trade was ended before slavery was ended. so you couldn ' t, like, import slaves from africa, but you could still own slaves. stuart : absolutely, that ' s right. gross : if you ' re just joining us, my guest is andrea stuart. we ' re talking about her new book that ' s part memoir and part history. it ' s called \" sugar in the blood : a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4451262522453407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.519103"} {"text": ", that ' s right. gross : if you ' re just joining us, my guest is andrea stuart. we ' re talking about her new book that ' s part memoir and part history. it ' s called \" sugar in the blood : a family ' s story of slavery and empire. \" let ' s talk more after a break. this is fresh air. ( soundbite of music ) gross : if you ' re just joining us, my guest is andrea stuart, and she ' s the author of the new book \" sugar in the blood : a family ' s story of slavery and empire. \" and it ' s the story of her family tree in barbados, where her great grandfather eight times removed first came to barbados, and her great grandfather four times removed was a slave owner who had relations with an unknown slave, and that ' s where her family tree really starts. and her book is also basically a history of slavery in barbados, and that history is a little different from the history of slavery in the u. s. so let ' s get back to your family tree, which you ' ve traced back to a slave owner, your great grandfather four times removed, and an unknown woman slave who he had relations with. their son, john stephen, spent three decades in slavery before slavery was ended in barbados. what did he do after he was freed? stuart : we have traces of him as, you know, doing kind of a number of - kind of finding a place in the community. he became a shoemaker. i assume he also went on being a carpenter because that was the trade he was given on the plantation. and he married a woman of a similar caste, also a mixed - race slave of a very prominent planter. they had - i think it - i ' m trying to remember now, i think it ' s six or eight children. and he - he kind of managed to have a certain genuine quality of life, really, in that the privileges that were set up by being this son of a planter carried on through his life. to some degree that meant that he had - he had advantages that ordinary slaves just didn ' t. gross : after some of your ancestors worked as slaves on a plantation, how did your grandparents come to own a sugar plantation in barbados? stuart : well, it always seems to me an extraordinary irony that my grandfather would decide, or rather his father would decide, that it was a good idea to go back into sugar after the history, the torrid history that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4482363250683291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.520087"} {"text": "sugar plantation in barbados? stuart : well, it always seems to me an extraordinary irony that my grandfather would decide, or rather his father would decide, that it was a good idea to go back into sugar after the history, the torrid history that our family had had with that particular crop. but i think, you know, even at the turn of the century - and we ' re talking about the turn of the 20th century - it must have felt like sugar was still the biggest game in town. it was still the historical crop of the island. to be a planter was to be at the absolute top of the social tree. and so in some ways you can see that for successful businessmen, even those who came from a slave line, the idea of becoming a planter must have felt like real success. and i think that was why my great grandfather decided to buy and also start to farm a plantation again. gross : so we ' re talking about grandparents who were what they would describe as mulatto, they were mixed - race. they were the descendents of the slave who had children through the slave owner. so who were their workers when they owned a plantation? stuart : well, yes, i mean, as i said, i was thinking about this when i was writing the book. and when i was a little girl going up to see my family ' s plantation, the workers were people who were darker skinned than us and who came - who were basically people who remained - who would have been the sort of bulwark of the kind of slave world the century before. they were the ones who didn ' t marry or work - you know, when i say marry, they didn ' t become involved racially with the planters - or quite so much. so they tended to be the poorer and blacker barbadians. so it was ironic that we had this juxtaposition of a family like mine who were given a certain degree of privilege, not least the color of their slightly lighter skin, because of their interrelationships with planters and their world being farmed by and cared for by workers who hadn ' t had that same history. gross : how did your grandparents and great grandparents treat the workers? stuart : i think that my grandfather was an eccentric, i would say is the nice way of putting it. and i think that he, he very much cast himself in the role of planter. of course, times had changed enough that one - the kind of horrible extremities of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46535860865021256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.521073"} {"text": "eccentric, i would say is the nice way of putting it. and i think that he, he very much cast himself in the role of planter. of course, times had changed enough that one - the kind of horrible extremities of being a planter with - along with violence, and - was no longer possibly legally or even, you know, in a social sense. but he was, i think, rather overbearing. he very much cast himself in the role of planter, drank too much, gambled too much, womanized too much and, you know, was very much - it was a role that he couldn ' t quite shed. gross : so knowing that your family is a result of, you know, quote, \" illegitimate children \" that a slave owner had with an unknown slave, how does it make you feel knowing that your, you know, your mixed - race grandfather and great grandfather had illegitimate children, too? it ' s not really a word i like to use, illegitimate children, but, you know, children out of marriage. stuart : well, i suppose, to be honest, it was completely so much a part of plantation culture and carried on being part of plantation culture all the way through up until the present day, really, that it feels - i wasn ' t at all surprised. i mean, when i discovered that my grandfather had four additional outside - of - marriage children, that ' s what they were called in barbados, i was surprised that i didn ' t know because it ' s a small island, but i was not very surprised. and i was - you know, my uncle, i remember my uncle telling me a story about how he found out about one of his illegitimate brothers and sisters because one guy in his class said to him, oh, you see that guy over there, he ' s your brother. and my uncle turned around and met this man, and he was indeed his brother by another woman who worked the plantation. it ' s amazing how powerful the kind of - the kind of archetype of the plantation was, and i think this is true on mainland america and in the caribbean, about how the behavior of the plantation carried on after slavery ended. it was an archetypal way of living that just has enormous power and resonance and just went on long after officially slavery was over. gross : your father is a doctor, and he was the dean at the medical school at the university college of the west indies in jamaica. he was knighted for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4478378667350523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.523212"} {"text": "that just has enormous power and resonance and just went on long after officially slavery was over. gross : your father is a doctor, and he was the dean at the medical school at the university college of the west indies in jamaica. he was knighted for his contributions to medical education. so i presume that when you were growing up, you had a pretty high status in the islands, you know, your grandparents owned a plantation, your father was dean of the medical school. so can you talk a little bit about your status in the islands and how race and the color of your skin did or didn ' t figure into that. stuart : yes, i mean, i had a very lucky upbringing as a child in that sense that i was - my father was a doctor, and we were - we had a very comfortable, pleasant life, really. i think i sort of mentioned in the book that we were the first generation of black children who, really, who could enjoy the fruits of a tropical caribbean childhood without slavery, you know, kind of yawning over us, really. and yes, i think i was very, very lucky. i think the idea of race and status in the caribbean has changed - not entirely changed. i think that there ' s still a kind of recognition that people who have lighter skins, therefore who are obviously descendent from both planter and slave, do tend to still have certain amounts of privileges. and it ' s not an accident that up until say my mother ' s generation, people were very actively making sure that they married other light - skinned people. and i think there ' s very, very many sort of parallels with america in this regard so that people could maintain the privileges associated with those realities. but i think now i think that ' s much less significant in that way. i think now certain barbados and many of the islands are much more of a meritocracy, and there ' s a much stronger emergence of kind of, you know, my father being very typical of, quote - unquote, \" darker skinned \" but, you know, very dynamic men who have come forward and kind of dominate the middle classes. so i think it ' s a privilege that now is kind of not as important. gross : andrea stuart will be back in the second half of the show. her new book is called \" sugar in the blood : a family ' s story of slavery and empire. \" i ' m terry gross, and this is fresh air. ( soundbite of music )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45664363793048457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.524267"} {"text": "back in the second half of the show. her new book is called \" sugar in the blood : a family ' s story of slavery and empire. \" i ' m terry gross, and this is fresh air. ( soundbite of music ) gross : this is fresh air. i ' m terry gross, back with andrea stuart, author of the new book \" sugar in the blood, \" which traces her family tree. her great grandfather four times removed owned a sugar plantation in the caribbean island barbados, and fathered children with at least three of his slaves, including the woman who became stuart ' s forbear. those children became his slaves, too. stuart describes her bloodline as blending the history of both oppressed and oppressor. her book also describes the history of slavery in barbados. the history of slavery in barbados is significantly different than the history of slavery in the united states, so i ' d like to talk a little bit about that slavery. you describe barbados as the first slave society in the british americas and the first society entirely organized around its slave system. and you say it became the model for the plantation system throughout the americas. what made barbados the model? stuart : i think that barbados became the model, because it was the place in the british colonies where they found their cash crop - which was sugar, in their case, but on mainland america, we could discuss tobacco or cotton later. they found their mainland. they had found their crop, and they worked out how to create a working system which involves the importation of slaves from africa, how to organize gangs and groups, how to organize it in a kind of working - as a workforce, how to create laws that would police it, how to create a kind of racial story that would justify it. they did all those things and created that model which then became - and you can see its links in kind of mainland america and, indeed, across the americas generally. i mean, we must remember that, for example, the carolinas were settled by - the very early carolinas were - at least half of their early governors were from barbados. so - and you had a vast kind of backwards and forwarding between - i mean, now we think of america - mainland america and the caribbean and south america as somehow very distinct, different places, but certainly, the caribbean and mainland america in those days were described as the americas by the british, particularly colonists. and many people who had great plantations on mainland america also owned plantations in the caribbean, and vice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47008345444908806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.525471"} {"text": "as somehow very distinct, different places, but certainly, the caribbean and mainland america in those days were described as the americas by the british, particularly colonists. and many people who had great plantations on mainland america also owned plantations in the caribbean, and vice versa. you had enormous trade links between the groups. they were, in the historical sense, the same place, which i know that we find to imagine now, but it was. and so those interactions meant that what happened in the caribbean had enormous influence on what happened in mainland america. gross : and you ' re saying that it was in the caribbean, specifically in barbados, that slavery was codified, that there were laws. they were practices that were written down and codified. there was a law in 1661 that was passed called for the better ordering and governing of negroes. gross : and i think one of the things that this law did - correct me if i ' m wrong - was that it clarified the differences between slaves and indentured servants. so there were also indentured servants in barbados. what were the differences? stuart : yes, it ' s quite fascinating because, of course, we forget now that on mainland america and in the caribbean, the first servants were indentured white laborers who worked a term. they were given - in exchange for their passage to the americas, they were given - they worked for five years, or it could be six or seven, depending on the agreement they had with their owners. and then they were free, and they were given a certain amount in the hope that they could then start a new life in the new world. so it was - barbados, like much of the americas, was actually, initially a european world, the dominant workforce being white and the owners also being white, were - you know. and so therefore, you had - it was only after the kind of realization that sugar was going to be able to - potentially - to make the money it was going to that they realized that they simply didn ' t have the same stock available of white indentured servants that they would need, and hence, shift over to slavery. so the white indentured servants worked in parallel in the early days with black slaves. and there was an enormous sense that it was important that these two groups didn ' t become close. there were a number of rebellions where the two groups worked together, and - because they were actually, of course, suffering the same - much of the same terrible ill - treatment and abuse and neglect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4663470318982542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.526517"} {"text": "that these two groups didn ' t become close. there were a number of rebellions where the two groups worked together, and - because they were actually, of course, suffering the same - much of the same terrible ill - treatment and abuse and neglect. so the laws of 1661 made a real effort to give certain privileges to white indentured servants that were not given to the black workers in order that the two groups would not feel that they had common cause, so that they would not get together. and mainly, they made a lot of - there was a lot of racial significance put on the separation between these two groups. it ' s fascinating to see how racism is clearly invented at this point. there ' s a letter by one planter being sent home, saying : we describe ourselves here as the term whites, he said, is how we describe europeans here. and they really used created that term whites, in order to separate themselves from blacks, who were, therefore, became the kind of complete opposite and so on. it was a very, very canny move to create - to make sure that these two groups didn ' t come together. gross : you write that in barbados, as slavery grew, whites in barbados were afraid they ' d be outnumbered by slaves. was that more of a fear on the island of barbados then it was, say, in mainland america, in the american south? stuart : yes. i think this is one of the acute differences between the two, and i think of the two countries - or the two sets of conditions, the caribbean and indeed a lot of south america. there was this real, you know - barbados, for example, was four - the slaves were four times the size of the white population by the 18th century. so there was a real reality that slaves outnumbered the white population, which created a kind of siege mentality that was extraordinary. this never happened in mainland america. so the same population never had the same level of threat for the white population, which is not to say that they were not horribly and brutally maltreated. of course they were. but it was not the slave owners of the caribbean, and i think, you know, that some of them were of english descent, some french, some dutch, spanish - all lived in a state of extraordinary paranoia in relation to the number of slaves that they were surrounded by, hence the particularly draconian and disgraceful treatment of the slaves in the caribbean and those parts of the americas. gross : slavery in the united states", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48555536930237386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.527512"} {"text": "lived in a state of extraordinary paranoia in relation to the number of slaves that they were surrounded by, hence the particularly draconian and disgraceful treatment of the slaves in the caribbean and those parts of the americas. gross : slavery in the united states ended with a civil war. but several decades before that, in 1833, the slaves in barbados were freed. what brought about that emancipation? stuart : well, i think one of the things i feel very passionately about was that in britain, where i live, the story is very much around the importance of the abolitionist movement in britain and, you know, all the various people who were associated with it and very much put this down to the abolitionists movement. but the reality was, i think, that the slaves worked as hard for their freedom as the abolitionists did for them on their behalf. because i think that what was happening more and more, particularly in the caribbean - because that ' s where my story is set - was that more and more people, more and more slave revolts were happening. it was becoming so fractious and difficult that it was almost the point where the british authorities were feeling this is impossible for us to contain. the great specter of haiti was, of course, the great turning point. the 12 - year struggle on that extraordinarily island, in which the black slaves of the island managed to defeat both the british army and the great french republic and create the first slave - free slate in the americas, is one of the kind of biggest unforgotten stories of our age, and i think of that of the whole americas. it ' s an extraordinary tale. gross : if you ' re just joining us, my guest is andrea stuart. we ' re talking about her new book \" sugar in the blood : a family ' s story of slavery and empire. \" and it ' s about her family tree in barbados, and also about the history of slavery in barbados. she traces her family tree to a slave owner and one of his slaves. let ' s take a short break, here. this is fresh air. ( soundbite of music ) gross : if you ' re just joining us, my guest is andrea stuart, and we ' re talking about her new book \" sugar in the blood : a family ' s story of slavery and empire. \" and it ' s part family history and part history. it ' s the story of her family tree. she is from barbados, where her ancestry traces back to a slave owner", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4483690750728719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.528463"} {"text": "in the blood : a family ' s story of slavery and empire. \" and it ' s part family history and part history. it ' s the story of her family tree. she is from barbados, where her ancestry traces back to a slave owner who impregnated one of his slaves, and those two people, the slave and the slave owner, are her ancestors. her book is also a history of slavery in barbados. so slavery ends in barbados in 1833. gross : you ' ve said that you were part of the first generation that grew up more out of the shadow of slavery. gross : so what was different, do you think, for your generation? what ' s the point of demarcation there? stuart : well, i suppose i think that my father ' s generation, for example, the kind of the whole world of the plantation, its ethos, its ideas about what was not valuable and who was valuable really still overshadowed the life of - on the island. and i think, you know, very much, american - african - americans will probably sympathize with that. i remember my mother was rather beautiful and entered a beauty contest when she was - in the ' 50s. and, of course, she knew - she said she knew she just wouldn ' t win, because there had never been a black beauty queen in all the beauty contests, and that didn ' t happen until, i think, the ' 70s. so that there was - and, you know, my father, i remember, joined a club in barbados when i was - where my grandfather worked, and it didn ' t allow black members until 1975. so the kind of ethos of the plantation - the racism, the attitudes to, you know, kind of workers and people and so on - really cast a very long shadow, a shadow that was very, very evident for a very long time. and i think this, as i say, this is something that, you know, the african - american experience kind of echoes. once slavery was over, it took a long time for it to really go away. gross : so when you moved to england - which was back when you were a teenager - what year are we talking? stuart : seventy - six, i think it was. gross : ok. and you moved with your family, because your father accepted a position there. stuart : mm - hmm. mm - hmm. yeah. gross : did the color of your skin - and you ' re, you know,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.439714273775774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.529367"} {"text": "was. gross : ok. and you moved with your family, because your father accepted a position there. stuart : mm - hmm. mm - hmm. yeah. gross : did the color of your skin - and you ' re, you know, you ' re a light - skinned black. gross : to the color of your skin mean something in england that it didn ' t mean in barbados or jamaica, where you lived the previous part of your life? stuart : the color of my skin did mean something different when i moved to britain, whereas, in the caribbean, my slightly lighter skin marked me out as being perhaps potentially a little more privileged, in britain there was none of that subtlety or ideas about race. it was very much i was a black person, and that was that. and one was very much reduced to a series of stereotypes - and rather dull stereotypes, at that - about what it was to be a black person. gross : do you think that in england, there ' s a different understanding of slavery and of the racial aftereffects of slavery, because the slavery wasn ' t in england? you know, the english colonies had slaves, but - i mean, some of the english colonies had slaves, but that wasn ' t happening in england itself. stuart : yes. i think that - i think it ' s generally true that one of the reasons there is a difference between britain and mainland america was that there is that sense in britain that it was something that happened a long time ago and far away, while in america, the slave experience very, very much existed, coexisted on the same piece of ground. and i think that that reality has made it irretrievable in america ' s history to be something that was dealt with. what i think is fascinating in britain is how little memory contemporary britons have of the reality of the fact that when that my family ' s family story first started, britain was not very far away at all. i ' m not talking geographically, but culturally. it was, you know, people like my first ancestor, who was an englishman, were absolutely - called themselves and described themselves as englishmen transplanted. they were still english. they still had the same mores, attitudes, behaviors, and they believed themselves to be english. and i think - so there ' s a real difference in how these two groups have dealt with slavery. and i also think that the fact that america had such a strong population of - number population of black people has made it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49082245198818636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.530373"} {"text": "themselves to be english. and i think - so there ' s a real difference in how these two groups have dealt with slavery. and i also think that the fact that america had such a strong population of - number population of black people has made it incredibly important to come to terms with this extraordinary history, while in britain we ' re a relatively small minority. i think it ' s been easier for britain to ignore the history of their slave past than it has been for the mainland america. gross : is the plum grove sugar plantation still owned by your family? stuart : yes. i mean, it ' s no longer a working plantation and i think they ' re going to sell it and it ' s going to become real estate which is now much more, sort of, lucrative than sugar plantation space is, if you see what i mean. gross : will you be glad when that chapter of your family history is over, the plantation chapter? stuart : that ' s an - it ' s an extraordinary feeling. i have an enormous - and this is the irony of it all - is that i can remember and spent so much of my youth being at my grandmother ' s and grandfather ' s plantation and listening to the swaying sound of the cane. and running around, you know, this little magic world of beautiful gardens that surround the plantation house, then were bracketed all around by all the sugar cane and knowing the workers. and, you know, generally it was all for me a very idyllic adventure. and so the idea of it being over is both painful, because it represents to me very much my caribbean childhood, my past, my family, and then another part of me thinks that maybe it ' s time. for the island just - for me as well as the island to close the door on the plantation story and to walk into the future. gross : i ' m wondering, finally, if because of this book about the history of sugar and sugar plantations and slavery in barbados, where you ' re from, and also your book is a history of your family tree, if eating sugar has a different meaning for you than it does for me. like, if you think about all of that every time you put sugar in your coffee or, you know, eat something that has sugar sprinkled on it. stuart : that ' s a fascinating question. originally, when i started, oddly enough, doing the book i didn ' t have - it didn ' t particularly click. and it was not until i was reading some of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4798184950173483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.531324"} {"text": "##rinkled on it. stuart : that ' s a fascinating question. originally, when i started, oddly enough, doing the book i didn ' t have - it didn ' t particularly click. and it was not until i was reading some of the work by the abolitionists and one of their big, kind of, campaigns was that it was blood - stained sugar. that was what they described it, that it carried the blood of slaves. and i remember actually at that point putting some sugar into something and thinking, ah, it ' s this. you know? and realizing that his commodity just is, you know, and i thought again about the way that commodities - in my case it was sugar, in america the parallels would be, as i say, cotton or tobacco - how these simple - these commodities have such real visceral impact on the way our lives unfold and how extraordinary that is. that we don ' t consume them with any of those realizations, but that ' s the truth of it. gross : well, andrea stuart, i want to thank you very much for talking with us. stuart : it ' s been delightful. thank you. gross : andrea stuart is the author of the new book \" sugar in the blood : a family ' s story of slavery and empire. \" you can read an excerpt on our website freshair. npr. org. coming up, milo miles reviews the new yo la tengo album \" fade. \" this is fresh air. transcript provided by npr, copyright npr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47099719794650713, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.531878"} {"text": "fractions, number lines, and order what is wrong with the following sample advertisement statement? for one day only, save,, and even more! this is a sale you cannot miss! each fraction value is less than the previous value,, but the ending \" and even more \" implies that each fraction value is becoming greater in value. the statement is a common mistake that many people make when using fractions. here, the order of the fractions in the statement is based on the value of the denominator and not on the true value of the fraction. the statement should be, for one day only, save,, and even more! since the advertisement is implying that on some items a person can save more than half the listed price. we use a number line model to illustrate fraction order for values between 0 and 1. we divide that length into two equal - sized pieces and label the point where the segment is divided with the coordinate. the distance from 0 to represents a length of one - half the whole segment from 0 to 1. we further divide each of those halves in half ; the points where each segment is divided are represented by the fractions and. as with equivalent fractions from the previous session, we may label the point at as, that is, this is another way to visualize equivalent fractions. the next diagrams illustrate an extension of fraction order relationships to twelfths, sixths, fourths, thirds, and halves, and how they relate to each other on the segment between 0 and 1. we bring these number lines together in the illustration below to a single number line with the coordinates labeled with the simplified form for each of the fractions in the above illustration. when we compare values, the one that is farthest to the left on the number line has the least value. looking at the diagram below, we see that ( circled values ). likewise, we see that ( boxed values ). if we did not refer to a completed number line, we could still determine these inequalities by changing each pair of fractions to fractions with common denominators. since,, and, we have. twelfths is a common denominator for fourths and thirds. since and, we have. sixths is a common denominator for halves and sixths. further note that we could have compared all four of the fractions,,, and by changing them all to the common denominator of twelfths. since, we have. by converting the fractional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5247125716694507, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.536630"} {"text": "denominator for halves and sixths. further note that we could have compared all four of the fractions,,, and by changing them all to the common denominator of twelfths. since, we have. by converting the fractional values to fractions with common denominators, we are able to easily compare their relative sizes. notice that the least common denominator is the least common multiple ( lcm ) of 2, 3, 4, and 6. the value of the lcm ( 2, 3, 4, 6 ) is 12 as illustrated below with the set intersection method for finding the least common multiple. reminder : we can also find the least common multiple ( lcm ) by prime factorization into the exponential form. 2 = 2 taking the largest exponent of each prime factor we get 22 \u00b7 3 = 4 \u00b7 3 = 12. so, lcm ( 2, 3, 4, 6 ) = 12. five students brought identical sized pans of bars to sell in a bake sale. the bars were all cut to be the same size. by the end of the sale, three - fourths of cary ' s bars, two - thirds of dana ' s bars, half of jamie ' s bars, five - eighths of lynn ' s bars, and seven - eighths of terry ' s bars were sold. whose pan of bars was the median amount sold? the median of a set of fractions can be found by using the same method that we used for a set of whole numbers. remember that the median is found by first ordering the set of values, and that a good method for ordering fractional values is to rewrite them with a common denominator. solution for the above problem : we first find the least common denominator by finding the least common multiple for 4, 3, 2, 6, and 8. we find the lcm by the prime factorization method. next, place the fractions in order from least to greatest. the median value is the 3rd value of. we take the simplest form, so the median is. we have found that cary sold the median number of bars. example : find the median of this list : solution : first we need to order these values from least to greatest. there are many ways to do this. we could use a number line like the one on the previous page. here, we will change all of these values to a common denominator : now we place these in order from least to greatest and select", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46977255439595544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.537511"} {"text": "there are many ways to do this. we could use a number line like the one on the previous page. here, we will change all of these values to a common denominator : now we place these in order from least to greatest and select the median. since there are 10 values in the list, we need to find the value that is halfway between the 5th and 6th values. so, the median is. we may use bar diagrams to help solve some types of problems. for example, use a bar diagram to solve the following problem : missy had $ 45. she spentof her money on a book. how much money does she have left? solution : the answer to the question, \" what is of $ 45? \" gives us the amount she spent. the amount she has left would be the amount left after the amount she spent is removed. we have that 1 unit is $ 9. so, 2 units would be $ 18 and 3 units would be $ 27. missy has $ 27 left after spending $ 18 of her $ 45. one way of estimating solutions to problems involving fractions is to use 0,, and 1 as key points or anchors to help us visualize the relative size of fractions between 0 and 1. these are good reference points or landmarks to keep in mind when estimating solutions. example : is closer to 0,, or 1? solution : first we notice that is equivalent to one - half, so is greater in value than. next we notice that the numerator 5, is as close as we can get to the denominator 6, without reaching. so we conclude that is closer to one. example : is closer to 0,, or 1? solution : first we notice that is equivalent to. we conclude that is slightly larger than one - half. example : estimate the value of the sum for. solution : we estimate the value of the sum to be 3, since. note that the symbol, \u2248, means approximately equal to. the symbol should be used anytime an estimate or approximation is made during a computation. order is heaven ' s first law. an essay on man iv - pope, alexander ( 1688 - 1744 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4945772196806431, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.538477"} {"text": "jane brody on health and aging. since the start of the 21st century, americans have made great progress in controlling high blood pressure, though it remains a leading cause of heart attacks, strokes, congestive heart failure and kidney disease. now 48 percent of the more than 76 million adults with hypertension have it under control, up from 29 percent in 2000. but that means more than half, including many receiving treatment, have blood pressure that remains too high to be healthy. ( a normal blood pressure is lower than 120 over 80. ) with a plethora of drugs available to normalize blood pressure, why are so many people still at increased risk of disease, disability and premature death? hypertension experts offer a few common, and correctable, reasons : jane brody speaks about hypertension. \u00b6 about 20 percent of affected adults don \u2019 t know they have high blood pressure, perhaps because they never or rarely see a doctor who checks their pressure. \u00b6 of the 80 percent who are aware of their condition, some don \u2019 t appreciate how serious it can be and fail to get treated, even when their doctors say they should. \u00b6 some who have been treated develop bothersome side effects, causing them to abandon therapy or to use it haphazardly. \u00b6 many others do little to change lifestyle factors, like obesity, lack of exercise and a high - salt diet, that can make hypertension harder to control. dr. samuel j. mann, a hypertension specialist and professor of clinical medicine at weill - cornell medical college, adds another factor that may be the most important. of the 71 percent of people with hypertension who are currently being treated, too many are taking the wrong drugs or the wrong dosages of the right ones. dr. mann, author of \u201c hypertension and you : old drugs, new drugs, and the right drugs for your high blood pressure, \u201d says that doctors should take into account the underlying causes of each patient \u2019 s blood pressure problem and the side effects that may prompt patients to abandon therapy. he has found that when treatment is tailored to the individual, nearly all cases of high blood pressure can be brought and kept under control with available drugs. plus, he said in an interview, it can be done with minimal, if any, side effects and at a reasonable cost. \u201c for most people, no new drugs need to be developed, \u201d dr. mann said. \u201c what we need, in terms of medication, is already out there. we just need to use it better. \u201d but many doctors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4302519674181041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.544119"} {"text": "a reasonable cost. \u201c for most people, no new drugs need to be developed, \u201d dr. mann said. \u201c what we need, in terms of medication, is already out there. we just need to use it better. \u201d but many doctors who are generalists do not understand the \u201c intricacies and nuances \u201d of the dozens of available medications to determine which is appropriate to a certain patient. \u201c prescribing the same medication to patient after patient just does not cut it, \u201d dr. mann wrote in his book. the trick to prescribing the best treatment for each patient is to first determine which of three mechanisms, or combination of mechanisms, is responsible for a patient \u2019 s hypertension, he said. \u00b6 salt - sensitive hypertension, more common in older people and african - americans, responds well to diuretics and calcium channel blockers. \u00b6 hypertension driven by the kidney hormone renin responds best to ace inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, as well as direct renin inhibitors and beta - blockers. \u00b6 neurogenic hypertension is a product of the sympathetic nervous system and is best treated with beta - blockers, alpha - blockers and drugs like clonidine. according to dr. mann, neurogenic hypertension results from repressed emotions. he has found that many patients with it suffered trauma early in life or abuse. they seem calm and content on the surface but continually suppress their distress, he said. one of dr. mann \u2019 s patients had had high blood pressure since her late 20s that remained well - controlled by the three drugs her family doctor prescribed. then in her 40s, periodic checks showed it was often too high. when taking more of the prescribed medication did not result in lasting control, she sought dr. mann \u2019 s help. after a thorough work - up, he said she had a textbook case of neurogenic hypertension, was taking too much medication and needed different drugs. her condition soon became far better managed, with side effects she could easily tolerate, and she no longer feared she would die young of a heart attack or stroke. but most patients should not have to consult a specialist. they can be well - treated by an internist or family physician who approaches the condition systematically, dr. mann said. patients should be started on low doses of one or more drugs, including a diuretic ; the dosage or number of drugs can be slowly increased as needed to achieve a normal pressure. specialists, he said, are most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4403856706047709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.545088"} {"text": "dr. mann said. patients should be started on low doses of one or more drugs, including a diuretic ; the dosage or number of drugs can be slowly increased as needed to achieve a normal pressure. specialists, he said, are most useful for treating the 10 percent to 15 percent of patients with so - called resistant hypertension that remains uncontrolled despite treatment with three drugs, including a diuretic, and for those whose treatment is effective but causing distressing side effects. hypertension sometimes fails to respond to routine care, he noted, because it results from an underlying medical problem that needs to be addressed. \u201c some patients are on a lot of blood pressure drugs \u2014 four or five \u2014 who probably don \u2019 t need so many, and if they do, the question is why, \u201d dr. mann said. how to measure your blood pressure mistaken readings, which can occur in doctors \u2019 offices as well as at home, can result in misdiagnosis of hypertension and improper treatment. dr. samuel j. mann, of weill cornell medical college, suggests these guidelines to reduce the risk of errors : \u00b6 use an automatic monitor rather than a manual one, and check the accuracy of your home monitor at the doctor \u2019 s office. \u00b6 use a monitor with an arm cuff, not a wrist or finger cuff, and use a large cuff if you have a large arm. \u00b6 sit quietly for a few minutes, without talking, after putting on the cuff and before checking your pressure. \u00b6 check your pressure in one arm only, and take three readings ( not more ) one or two minutes apart. \u00b6 measure your blood pressure no more than twice a week unless you have severe hypertension or are changing medications. \u00b6 check your pressure at random, ordinary times of the day, not just when you think it is high.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47281615780519615, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.545787"} {"text": "inaugurated in 1973, the sydney opera house is a great architectural work of the 20th century that brings together multiple strands of creativity and innovation in both architectural form and structural design. a great urban sculpture set in a remarkable waterscape, at the tip of a peninsula projecting into sydney harbour, the building has had an enduring influence on architecture. the sydney opera house comprises three groups of interlocking vaulted \u2018 shells \u2019 which roof two main performance halls and a restaurant. these shell - structures are set upon a vast platform and are surrounded by terrace areas that function as pedestrian concourses. in 1957, when the project of the sydney opera house was awarded by an international jury to danish architect j\u00f8rn utzon, it marked a radically new approach to construction. view from the air towards the south east \u00a9 commonwealth of australia outstanding universal value the sydney opera house constitutes a masterpiece of 20th century architecture. its significance is based on its unparalleled design and construction ; its exceptional engineering achievements and technological innovation and its position as a world - famous icon of architecture. it is a daring and visionary experiment that has had an enduring influence on the emergent architecture of the late 20th century. utzon ' s original design concept and his unique approach to building gave impetus to a collective creativity of architects, engineers and builders. ove arup ' s engineering achievements helped make utzon ' s vision a reality. the design represents an extraordinary interpretation and response to the setting in sydney harbour. the sydney opera house is also of outstanding universal value for its achievements in structural engineering and building technology. the building is a great artistic monument and an icon, accessible to society at large. criterion ( i ) : the sydney opera house is a great architectural work of the 20th century. it represents multiple strands of creativity, both in architectural form and structural design, a great urban sculpture carefully set in a remarkable waterscape and a world famous iconic building. all elements necessary to express the values of the sydney opera house are included within the boundaries of the nominated area and buffer zone. this ensures the complete representation of its significance as an architectural object of great beauty in its waterscape setting. the sydney opera house continues to perform its function as a world - class performing arts centre. the conservation plan specifies the need to balance the roles of the building as an architectural monument and as a state of the art performing centre, thus retaining its authenticity of use and function. attention given to retaining the building ' s authenticity culminated with the conservation plan and the utzon design principles. the sydney opera house was included in the national heritage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5003018212584118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.551700"} {"text": "and as a state of the art performing centre, thus retaining its authenticity of use and function. attention given to retaining the building ' s authenticity culminated with the conservation plan and the utzon design principles. the sydney opera house was included in the national heritage list in 2005 under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 and on the state heritage register of new south wales in 2003 under the heritage act 1977. listing in the national heritage list implies that any proposed action to be taken inside or outside the boundaries of a national heritage place or a world heritage property that may have a significant impact on the heritage values is prohibited without the approval of the minister for the environment and heritage. a buffer zone has been established. the present state of conservation is very good. the property is maintained and preserved through regular and rigorous repair and conservation programmes. the management system of the sydney opera house takes into account a wide range of measures provided under planning and heritage legislation and policies of both the australian government and the new south wales government. the management plan for the sydney opera house, the conservation plan and the utzon design principles together provide the policy framework for the conservation and management of the sydney opera house. a major cultural centre for sydney and its siting at bennelong point had been discussed since the 1940s. in 1956 the new south wales government called an open - ended international design competition and appointed an independent jury, rather than commissioning a local firm. the competition brief provided broad specifications to attract the best design talent in the world ; it did not specify design parameters or set a cost limit. the main requirement of the competition brief was a design for a dual function building with two performance halls. the competition generated enormous interest in australia and overseas. the new south wales government \u2019 s decision to commission j\u00f8rn utzon as the sole architect was unexpected, bold and visionary. there was scepticism as to whether the structure could be built given utzon \u2019 s limited experience, the rudimentary and unique design concept and the absence of any engineering advice. the competition drawings were largely diagrammatic, the design had not been fully costed and neither utzon nor the jury had consulted a structural engineer. utzon \u2019 s design concept included unprecedented architectural forms and demanded solutions that required new technologies and materials. the new south wales government also faced public pressure to select an australian architect. the sydney opera house is often thought of as being constructed in three stages and this is useful in understanding the history of the three key elements of its architectural composition : the podium ( stage 1 : 1958 \u2013 1961 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5237321756635025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.552785"} {"text": "public pressure to select an australian architect. the sydney opera house is often thought of as being constructed in three stages and this is useful in understanding the history of the three key elements of its architectural composition : the podium ( stage 1 : 1958 \u2013 1961 ), the vaulted shells ( stage 2 : 1962 \u2013 1967 ) and the glass walls and interiors ( stage 3 : 1967 \u2013 1973 ). architect j\u00f8rn utzon conceived the overall design and supervised the construction of the podium and the vaulted shells. the glass walls and interiors were designed and their construction supervised by architect peter hall supported by lionel todd and david littlemore in conjunction with the then new south wales government architect, ted farmer. peter hall was in conversation with utzon on various aspects of the design for at least eighteen months following his departure. ove arup & partners provided the engineering expertise for all three stages of construction. design and construction were closely intertwined. utzon \u2019 s unique design together with his radical approach to the construction of the building fostered an exceptional collaborative and innovative environment. his collaborative model marked a break from conventional architectural practice at the time. the design solution and construction of the shell structure took eight years to complete and the development of the special ceramic tiles for the shells took over three years. the sydney opera house became a testing laboratory and a vast, open - air pre - casting factory. the sydney opera house took sixteen years to build ; this was six years longer than scheduled and ten times more than its original estimated cost. on 20 october 1973 the sydney opera house was officially opened by queen elizabeth ii. after inauguration, new works were undertaken over time. between 1986 and 1988 the land approach and forecourt were reconstructed and the lower concourse developed under the supervision of the then new south wales government architect, andrew andersons, with contributions by peter hall. between 1998 and 1999 the recording and rehearsal room was converted into two areas : an assembly area for the orchestra and the studio, a revitalised performance space for the presentation of innovative music and performing arts. in 1998, in accordance with the celebration of the 25th anniversary of inauguration, the sydney opera house trust appointed sydney architect richard johnson to advise on future development of the site and to establish planning principles. through johnson, the sydney opera house trust began negotiations to reconcile with utzon and to re - engage him with the building in an advisory capacity. in 1999 utzon formally accepted premier carr \u2019 s invitation to re - engage with the project by setting down design principles that outline his vision for the building and explain the principles behind his design", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44695346578320694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.553856"} {"text": "the universe may be a deterministic system, but that doesn ' t mean random chance doesn ' t exist, or that you can determine the exact path the future will take in advance. for example, heisenburg ' s uncertainty principle shows that you can affect an electron ' s position by measuring its momentum, and vice versa. that ' s because electrons are so small that the act of observing them causes a change in their position or momentum, depending on whether you ' re measuring their momentum or position. there ' s a well - known experiment where you shoot electrons at a double - slit in a screen and then see what pattern they form ; if you don ' t observe the electrons going through the slit, they generate a standard wave interference pattern ( meaning the electrons are seemingly interfering with themselves ), but if you do, the pattern changes to one generated by particles. furthermore, if you delay the observation ( i. e., by using a removable detector screen ), you can cause a retroactive change from a wave pattern to a particle one, and if you make it possible to destroy the measurement of which slit the electron goes through, you can cause a second retroactive change, from a particle pattern to a wave one. here ' s something interesting to think about. let ' s say you have two people, essentially identical, except one believes that free will somehow exists, and the other believes that it doesn ' t. the two people will act differently based on whether they believe in free will or not. furthermore, if they later change their minds ( in other words, make themselves believe the opposite of what they believed before ), it will change their behavior. to make the point even clearer, if you had a third person who had never heard of free will, they ' d act in a completely different way than the other two - but once they heard of it, depending on whether it was \" free will exists \" or \" free will doesn ' t exist \", it would instantly change their behavior from then on. in other words, yes, i believe it ' s possible to change your own behavior by making yourself change what you believe. i don ' t know whether that would actually be considered free will, but i do know that it ' s close enough to count for me.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6283492408870633, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.556854"} {"text": "the roman catholic church in its latin rite traditionally distinguished between the major orders ( holy orders ) of bishop, priest, deacon and subdeacon, and four minor orders, that of acolyte, exorcist, lector and porter ( in descending sequence ). 13 in 1972, the minor orders were renamed \" ministries \", with those of lector and acolyte being kept throughout the latin church. 4 the rites by which all four minor orders were conferred are still employed for members of some roman catholic religious institutes and societies of apostolic life authorized to observe the 1962 form of the roman rite. in view of the 1972 renaming, what they are inducted into are now canonically called ministries, with those of lector and acolyte being kept throughout the latin church in general. from the beginning of the 3rd century there is evidence in western christianity of the existence of what became the four minor orders ( acolytes, exorcists, doorkeepers and readers ), as well as of cantors and fossores ( tomb diggers ). the evidence for readers is probably the earliest. in the west, unlike the east, where imposition of hands was used, the rite of ordination was by the handing over to them of objects seen as instruments of the office. 5 the council of sardica ( 343 ) mentions the lectorate alone as obligatory before ordination to the diaconate. the obligation to receive all four minor orders appears to date only from a time when they ceased to indicate exercise of an actual function. even in the early years of the 20th century, no minimum age, other than that of the \" age of reason \", was laid down for receiving minor orders. 2 however, the 1917 code of canon law laid down that nobody was to be given clerical tonsure, which had to be received before minor orders, before beginning the regular course of theological studies. 6 before the entry into force of that code, it was an almost universal custom to confer all four minor orders at one time, since the bishop was authorized to dispense from the rule that each order had to be exercised for some time before reception of the next highest order. 2 today, as indicated in the 1983 code of canon law, anyone who is to be ordained to the diaconate must already have received the ministries of lector and acolyte and exercised them for a suitable period, with an interval of at least six months between becoming an acolyte and becoming a deacon. 7 the 1917 code of canon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42411352840363215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.563484"} {"text": "the diaconate must already have received the ministries of lector and acolyte and exercised them for a suitable period, with an interval of at least six months between becoming an acolyte and becoming a deacon. 7 the 1917 code of canon law also restricted conferral of tonsure and any order below that of the presbyterate to those who intended to become priests and who were judged likely to be worthy priests. 8 previously, there were lay cardinals and others, including the famous franz liszt, who received minor orders alone. they could even marry and remain clerics, the status of belonging to the clergy being at that time conferred through clerical tonsure, provided that they married only once and that to a virgin ; but by the early 20th century a cleric who married was considered to have forfeited his clerical status. 2 today, a man who receives what were previously called minor orders is not yet a cleric, since today one becomes a cleric only upon ordination to the diaconate, 9 a rule that applies even to members of institutes authorized to observe the 1962 form of the roman rite, 10 such as the priestly fraternity of st. peter and others under the care of the pontifical commission ecclesia dei. in the early 20th century, auguste boudinhon said that, on the grounds that minor orders did not originate with jesus or the apostles, the view that minor orders and the subdiaconate were sacramental, a view held by several medieval theologians, was no longer held. 2 the slightly earlier g. van noort said that the view of their sacramentality, which was held by most scholastic theologians, including thomas aquinas, was then held only by a few, among whom he mentioned louis billot ( 1846 - 1931 ) and adolphe tanquerey ( 1854 - 1932 ). 11 in the 1950s, antonio piolanti recognized as orders only episcopacy, priesthood ( presbyterate ) and diaconate, 12 the three whose transmission is reserved to bishops. 13 in speaking of the hierarchical structure of the church, the second vatican council mentioned only these three orders, not minor orders or subdiaconate. 14 by pope paul vi ' s motu proprio ministeria quaedam of 15 august 1972, the term \" minor orders \" has been replaced by that of \" ministries \". 15 two of what were called minor orders, those of reader and acolyte, are kept throughout the latin church, and national episcopal conferences are free to use the term \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43752176474428184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.564498"} {"text": "term \" minor orders \" has been replaced by that of \" ministries \". 15 two of what were called minor orders, those of reader and acolyte, are kept throughout the latin church, and national episcopal conferences are free to use the term \" subdeacon \" in place of that of \" acolyte \". 16 the motu proprio specified the functions of each of these two ministries, 17 a prescribed interval, as decided by the holy see and the national episcopal conference, is to be observed between receiving them. 18 candidates for diaconate and for priesthood must receive both ministries and exercise them for some time before receiving holy orders. 19 conferral of the minor orders or ministries is by the ordinary : either a diocesan bishop or someone who is equivalent in law to a diocesan bishop or, in the case of clerical religious institutes and societies of apostolic life, a major superior. 20 the two ministries that are in use throughout the latin church could be conferred even on men21 who are not candidates for holy orders. 22 eastern christianity traditionally views the subdeacon as a minor order, 23 unlike the practice of the west which considered it a major order. the other common minor order is lector ( reader ). the minor order of porter is mentioned historically in some service - books, but no longer is given ; all of the rights and responsibilities of each minor order are viewed as contained in the subdiaconate. 2 the 22 sui iuris eastern churches that are in union with rome have their traditional minor orders, governed by their own particular law. 24 in all eastern catholic churches, subdeacons are minor clerics, since admission to major orders is by ordination as deacon. 25 the byzantine tradition allows for several orders of minor clerics. the sui iuris byzantine catholic metropolitan church of pittsburgh, also called the byzantine - ruthenian church, has the minor orders of candle bearer, cantor, lector and subdeacon, and in english uses the term \" ordination \" for their cheirothesis. 26 the minor orders of candle bearer and cantor are given before tonsure during ordination to the lectorate. 27 eastern orthodox churches routinely confer the minor orders of lector and subdeacon, and some jurisdictions also ordain cantors. ordination to minor orders is done by a bishop at any public worship service, but always outside the context of the divine liturgy. 28 the order of taper - bearer is now used as part of ordination as a lector. the orders of door", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4540773097711046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.565490"} {"text": ". ordination to minor orders is done by a bishop at any public worship service, but always outside the context of the divine liturgy. 28 the order of taper - bearer is now used as part of ordination as a lector. the orders of doorkeepers, exorcists, and acolytes are no longer in common use. 29 - the concise oxford dictionary of the christian church - auguste boudinhon, \" minor orders \" in catholic encyclopedia 1911 - catechism of the council of trent ( dublin 1829 ), p. 310 - ministeria quaedam, ii : \" the orders hitherto called minor are henceforth to be spoken of as ' ministries '. \" - a. villien, h. w. edwards, history and liturgy of the sacraments, pp. 237ff. - canon 976 of the 1917 code of canon law - code of canon law, canon 1035 - canon 973 of the 1917 code of canon law - code of canon law, canon 266 - instruction on the application of the apostolic letter summorum pontificum, 30 - g. van noort ( revised by j. p. verhaar ), tractatus de sacramentis ( paul brand, bussum, netherlands 1930 ), vol. ii, pp. 145 - 146 - antonius piolanti, de sacramentis ( fifth edition, marietti 1955 ), pp. 461 - 463 - piolanti 1955, pp. 463 - 468 - dogmatic constitution on the church lumen gentium - ministeria quaedam, ii - ministeria quaedam, iv - ministeria quaedam, iv - vi - ministeria quaedam, x - ministeria quaedam, xi - ministeria quaedam, ix - ministeria quaedam, vii - ministeria quaedam, iii - faulk, edward. 101 questions & answers on eastern catholic churches. new york : paulist press, 2007, p. 51 - cceo, title x, canon 327, 1992. retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11. - cceo, title 12, canon 560 and canon 565, 1992. retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11. - particular law for the byzantine - ruthenian church in the usa ( 29 june 1999 ). retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11. - eparchial newsletter ( october \u2013 november 1998 ) eparchy - of - van - nuys. org accessed 2007 - 11 - 28 - the sacramental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42547148811856494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.566443"} {"text": "viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. dr. andy walker ; unraveling an olmo mystery in 1989, dr. harold olmo gave dr. andy walker a collection of grape seeds that he had produced the previous year. walker believed they had the potential for resistance to both pierces \u2019 disease ( pd ) and the dagger nematode ( xiphinema index ) that vectors fanleaf virus. they were the offspring of two v. rupestris females and six m. rotundifolia males. the rotundifolia is known to confer resistance to pd, x. index and fanleaf virus. walker \u2019 s lab began investigating the actual value of these rootstocks as parents in breeding new genotypes with effective resistance across a broad spectrum of applications, including rootstocks, raisin, table and winegrape production. for the next fifteen years, they tested and retested...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5173016975680185, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.567961"} {"text": "louisiana voodoo, also known as new orleans voodoo, describes a set of religious practices which originated from the traditions of the african diaspora. it is one of many incarnations of african - based religions rooted in west african dahomeyan vodun which developed within the french, spanish, and creole speaking african american population of the u. s. state of louisiana. they became syncretized with the catholicism and francophone culture of south louisiana as a result of the slave trade. during the 19th century, voodoo queens became central figures to voodoo and presided over ceremonial meetings and ritual dances. they also earned an income by administrating charms, amulets, and magical powders guaranteed to cure ailments, grant desires, and confound or destroy one \u2019 s enemies. the most famous voodoo queen of new orleans was marie laveau. in the 1830s she conducted private rituals behind her cottage on st. ann street of the new orleans french quarter, performed exorcisms, and offered sacrifices to spirits. also a devout catholic, marie encouraged her followers to attend catholic mass. the influence of her catholic beliefs further facilitated the adoption of catholic practices into the voodoo belief system. today, she is remembered for her skill and compassion for the less fortunate, and her spirit is considered one of the central figures of louisiana voodoo. today, voodoo is a major tourist attraction to the city of new orleans. shops selling charms, gris - gris, candles, and powders cater to both tourists and practitioners. the new orleans historic voodoo museum houses numerous artifacts and provides daily tours of the museum, the st. louis cemetery, and the new orleans french quarter. the museum also provides spiritual services including matrimony blessings, marriage ceremonies, consultations, and other rituals. voodoo ceremonies have been held against contemporary problems facing new orleans, such as crack cocaine abuse, burglaries, prostitution and assaults. louisiana voodoo is often confused with but is not completely separable from haitian vodou and southern hoodoo. it differs from vodou in its emphasis upon gris - gris, voodoo queens, use of hoodoo occult paraphernalia, and li grand zombi ( snake deity ). the cure - all was a voodoo spell that could solve all problems. there were different recipes in voodoo spells for cure - all ; one recipe was to mix jimson weed ( warning : due to the toxicity of jimson weed, it is not advised for unskilled practitioners to create ) with sulfur and honey. the mixture was placed in a glass", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4090232408070983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.573704"} {"text": "spells for cure - all ; one recipe was to mix jimson weed ( warning : due to the toxicity of jimson weed, it is not advised for unskilled practitioners to create ) with sulfur and honey. the mixture was placed in a glass, which was rubbed against a black cat, and then the mixture was slowly sipped. li grande zombi is the major serpent spirit of worship which corresponds to the loa damballah - weddo. it is most commonly linked to the name of marie laveau ' s pet snake, a huge boa constrictor or royal python ( ball python ) who was worshipped at her new orleans voodoo rituals on bayou st. john. st. john ' s eve the ouanga, a charm used to poison an enemy, contained the poisonous roots of the figure maudit tree, brought from africa and preserved in the west indies. the ground up root was combined with other elements such as bones, nails, roots, holy water, holy candles, holy incense, holy bread, or crucifixes. the administrator of the ritual frequently evoked protection from jehova, the christian god, and jesus christ. a love powder is a half teaspoonful of sugar, teaspoonful of peppermint and a teaspoonful of grated candied orange peel ; give a teaspoonful of this mixture in a glass of wine and the person will love you forever. in new orleans, gris gris is often carried in the form of a doll or a bag and is essentially a means of carrying a charm or a spell. voodoo mama ' s authentic new orleans gris gris ( gree gree ) are powerful magickal talismans created according to new orleans voodoo tradition. page 4 of 7 all pages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44116535513215505, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.574342"} {"text": "by gene emery new york ( reuters health ) - older women with thin bones should be screened every year and those with denser bones can safely wait up to 17 years to have their next bone mineral density test, according to new research. current recommendations have relied on bone mineral density readings to try to predict the speed at which bones weaken with time, said lead author dr. margaret gourlay of the university of north carolina at chapel hill school of medicine. \" this is the first u. s. study to do it based on patients. \" based on results from 4, 957 women who were studied for 15 years, the report, \" makes a major contribution toward filling a significant knowledge gap in the field of osteoporosis, \" said dr. margery gass, executive director of the north american menopause society, whose guidelines for brittle bone disease suggest testing postmenopausal women every two to five years. about 10 million americans over 50, most of them women, have osteoporosis, according to the national institutes of health. the cost to the u. s. health care system is as much as $ 18 billion per year. gourlay ' s team found that the best time to have a subsequent bone density test depended on a woman ' s starting point, as gauged by the so - called t score derived from using x - rays to measure the density of bones in the hip. the lower the score, the weaker the bones. among women age 67 or older who started out with a normal t score of - 1. 00 or higher, it took an average of 16. 8 years for 10 percent of the group to develop osteoporosis, indicated by a score of - 2. 50. they also looked at women with osteopenia, in which \" your bones are thinner but not at the osteoporosis level yet, \" gourlay told reuters health. as those t scores fell, it took less time for osteoporosis to develop in 10 percent of the women. for women with the lowest starting scores of - 2. 00 to - 2. 49, the interval was just 1. 1 years. for women with a score of - 1. 50 to - 1. 99, it was 4. 7 years. and among women who scored - 1. 01 to - 1. 49, it took 17. 3 years for one in 10 to progress to osteoporosis. the researchers adjusted the analysis to account for estrogen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4146837112750147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.580047"} {"text": "was 4. 7 years. and among women who scored - 1. 01 to - 1. 49, it took 17. 3 years for one in 10 to progress to osteoporosis. the researchers adjusted the analysis to account for estrogen use and risk factors for osteoporosis. the volunteers were women from maryland, minnesota, pennsylvania and oregon. \" we knew that the groups that had thinner bones to start with were going to transition to osteoporosis faster, \" said gourlay. however, \" we were not expecting this kind of separation between the low risk and high risk group. for those women with a t score above - 1. 5 to have just a 10 percent chance of making the transition to osteoporosis after 17 years was a great surprise. this was very good news. \" however, the time intervals were not the same for all women age 67 and older. they shrank as women aged. \" for example, among women with moderate osteopenia, the estimated ( bone density ) testing interval was approximately 5 years for women who were 70 years old and approximately 3 years for those who were 85 years old, \" the researchers wrote in the new england journal of medicine. gourlay cautioned that the time scales may also be very different for women under 67. \" the findings in this paper will enable clinicians to recommend bone mineral density testing from an evidence - based position, \" gass said in an e - mail, adding that testing has been both under - used and over - used, depending on the setting, \" primarily because of lack of data to inform guidelines. \" it ' s under - used in women over 65 and over - used \" in early postmenopausal women, the majority of whom are at very low risk of fracture, \" she said. \" some clinicians are even getting a ' baseline ' in early postmenopausal women, something no medical society is recommending. \" her group recommends screening for all women who are age 65 and older and for women ages 50 to 64 if they are smokers, consume alcohol daily, weigh less than 127 pounds, have rheumatoid arthritis, have already had a fracture suggesting that their bones might be weak or had a parent who suffered a hip fracture. the test itself typically costs $ 250. gourlay said it ' s not clear if the guidelines will save money. \" this tells us how to use the test better, but we ' re still concerned that overall the test", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4010740552663649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.581164"} {"text": "key : \" s : \" = show synset ( semantic ) relations, \" w : \" = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) \" an example sentence \" - s : ( n ) swing ( a state of steady vigorous action that is characteristic of an activity ) \" the party went with a swing \" ; \" it took time to get into the swing of things \" - s : ( n ) swing ( mechanical device used as a plaything to support someone swinging back and forth ) - s : ( n ) swing ( a sweeping blow or stroke ) \" he took a wild swing at my head \" - s : ( n ) swing, swinging, vacillation ( changing location by moving back and forth ) - s : ( n ) swing, swing music, jive ( a style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s ; flowing rhythms but less complex than later styles of jazz ) - s : ( n ) lilt, swing ( a jaunty rhythm in music ) - s : ( n ) golf stroke, golf shot, swing ( the act of swinging a golf club at a golf ball and ( usually ) hitting it ) - s : ( n ) baseball swing, swing, cut ( in baseball ; a batter ' s attempt to hit a pitched ball ) \" he took a vicious cut at the ball \" - s : ( n ) swing ( a square dance figure ; a pair of dancers join hands and dance around a point between them ) - s : ( v ) swing ( move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting ) \" he swung his left fist \" ; \" swing a bat \" - s : ( v ) swing, sway ( move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner ) \" he swung back \" - s : ( v ) swing ( change direction with a swinging motion ; turn ) \" swing back \" ; \" swing forward \" - s : ( v ) swing, swing over ( influence decisively ) \" this action swung many votes over to his side \" - s : ( v ) swing, sweep, swing out ( make a big sweeping gesture or movement ) - s : ( v ) dangle, swing, drop ( hang freely ) \" the ornaments dangled from the tree \" ; \" the light dropped from the ceiling \" - s : ( v ) swing ( hit or aim at with a sweeping arm movement ) \" the soccer player began to swing at the referee \" - s : ( v ) swing ( alternate dramatically between high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6324796343883676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.583724"} {"text": "key : \" s : \" = show synset ( semantic ) relations, \" w : \" = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) \" an example sentence \" - s : ( n ) output, yield ( production of a certain amount ) - s : ( n ) return, issue, take, takings, proceeds, yield, payoff ( the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property ) \" the average return was about 5 % \" - s : ( n ) yield, fruit ( an amount of a product ) - s : ( n ) output, yield, production ( the quantity of something ( as a commodity ) that is created ( usually within a given period of time ) ) \" production was up in the second quarter \" - s : ( v ) yield, give, afford ( be the cause or source of ) \" he gave me a lot of trouble \" ; \" our meeting afforded much interesting information \" - s : ( v ) give way, yield ( end resistance, as under pressure or force ) \" the door yielded to repeated blows with a battering ram \" - s : ( v ) render, yield, return, give, generate ( give or supply ) \" the cow brings in 5 liters of milk \" ; \" this year ' s crop yielded 1, 000 bushels of corn \" ; \" the estate renders some revenue for the family \" - s : ( v ) concede, yield, cede, grant ( give over ; surrender or relinquish to the physical control of another ) - s : ( v ) yield, relent, soften ( give in, as to influence or pressure ) - s : ( v ) move over, give way, give, ease up, yield ( move in order to make room for someone for something ) \" the park gave way to a supermarket \" ; \" ` move over, ' he told the crowd \" - s : ( v ) give, yield ( cause to happen or be responsible for ) \" his two singles gave the team the victory \" - s : ( v ) concede, yield, grant ( be willing to concede ) \" i grant you this much \" - s : ( v ) succumb, yield ( be fatally overwhelmed ) - s : ( v ) yield, pay, bear ( bring in ) \" interest - bearing accounts \" ; \" how much does this savings certificate pay annually? \" - s : ( v ) give, yield ( be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5971125061269658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.586151"} {"text": "human rights or women ' s rights! where human rights are abused, women \u2019 s rights become a moon in the sky - flaws in the justice system. flaws in the justice system. in bangladesh women litigants are deprived of justice for weaknesses in the legal system. most of the civil laws promulgated during the british colonial regime ; many of which treat women unequally, consequently become victims of inequality in all aspects of their live. in the last century women made advances in socio - economic fields notwithstanding innumerable hindrances, but cruelty to women has not been ceased, rather it seems to have increased. although there are laws, yet they fail to establish the rights of women and assure justice to the litigant women. had the state law become women - friendly, it would have been easier to ensure justice too. it is astounding that women become victims in the state which espouses full freedom for women. in spite of the abolition of the system of self immolation of hindu wife on her dead husband ' s pyre and child - marriage, the rights of women could not be established in full in our social system. women even today, are afraid of various social curses like dowry related murder, abduction, throwing of acid etc. with the waxing up of law and order in the country oppression against women is mounting. for different causes women lag behind in terms of justice. but in the face of the demands spearheaded by women organisations the government promulgated the family court ordinance on june 17, 1985. it was presumed that the law would play an epoch - making role in maintaining the rights of women, but unfortunately even after the laps of 25 years it has done very little in this respect. the reasons for which the women community fails to establish its rights despite the existence of the family courts ordinance are as follows : 1. according to section 4 of the ordinance all assistant judge courts shall be treated as family courts. so the speedy trial is a far cry and the lengthy process of getting legal aid for women does not come to an end. 2. as per provisions of law only disputes relating to five matters like dissolution of marriage, restitution of conjugal rights, dower, maintenance, guardianship and custody of children may be solved in the family courts, but is the life of women in reality confined to these five subjects only? consistently, this law and the court are not sufficient to change the problem and the position of a woman ' s life. 3. as per article 27 of bangladesh constitution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4252914768692774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.590955"} {"text": "courts, but is the life of women in reality confined to these five subjects only? consistently, this law and the court are not sufficient to change the problem and the position of a woman ' s life. 3. as per article 27 of bangladesh constitution - all citizens are equal before law and entitled to equal protection of law. though equality of all citizens in the eyes of law is mentioned in the constitution, the districts of the chittagong hill tracts, bandarban and rangamati have been excluded. considering all sides this law does not fall within the status of a universal law. 4. family courts have been empowered to deal with civil suits only, so it is not possible to file cases against criminal offences committed within the family in these courts. 5. though provision for fixed court fee has been made, yet there are many other expenses which have not been fixed resulting in the problems faced by rural women seeking redress. besides, we may say since the said law is in the light of the muslim family law, it cannot render any service to the hindus, buddhists, christians and tribal litigant women. therefore, it is a weak law. 6. according to section 20 of the family law ordinance, no procedure of the civil procedure code except section 10 and 11 shall apply to any proceedings brought to the family court. thus the family court ordinance 1985 is not a self sufficient law. 7. the code of civil procedure, 1908 needs to be amended to ensure that women get justice. for ensuring justice to women it is necessary to treat women as a human being. it must be borne in mind that women and man are not opponents of one another. it is the demand of time to make the family law ordinance a women - friendly law. the government for the greater interest of citizens will consider the genuine demand of more than half the population of the country.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44834249355156863, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.591714"} {"text": "by deborah zabarenko washington ( reuters ) - sea ice in the arctic ocean is likely to shrink to a record small size sometime next week, and then keep on melting, a scientist at the u. s. national snow and ice data center said on monday. \" a new daily record... would be likely by the end of august, \" said ted scambos, lead scientist at the data center, which monitors ice in the arctic and elsewhere. \" chances are it will cross the previous record while we ' re still in sea ice retreat. \" the amount of sea ice in the arctic is important because this region is a potent global weather - maker, sometimes characterized as the world ' s air conditioner. this year, the loss of sea ice in the arctic has suggested a possible opening of the northwest passage north of canada and alaska and the northern sea route by europe and siberia. as parts of the arctic melted, 2012 also set records for heat and drought in much of the northern hemisphere temperate zone, especially the continental united states. this summer could see the ice retreat to less than 1. 5 million square miles ( 4 million square km ), an unprecedented low, scambos said. the previous record was set in 2007, when arctic ice cover shrank to 1. 66 million square miles ( 4. 28 million square km ), 23 percent below the earlier record set in 2005 and 39 percent below the long - term average from 1979 to 2000. however, 2007 was a jaw - dropping \" perfect storm \" of conditions that primed the area for thawing sea ice : warmer and sunnier than usual, with extremely warm ocean water and winds all working together to melt the arctic. last year, arctic sea ice extended over the second - smallest area on record, but that was considered to be closer to a \" new normal \" rather than the extreme conditions of 2007, nsidc said then. this year is similar to 2011, scambos said by telephone from colorado. the melt season started between 10 days to two weeks earlier than usual in some critical areas including northern europe and siberia. signs of climate change if the sea ice record is broken this month, that would be unusually early in the season ; last year ' s low point came on september 9, 2011. typically, the melting of arctic sea ice slows down in august as the northern hemisphere moves toward fall, but this year, it has speeded up, scambos said. \" i doubt there ' s been another year that had as rapid an early august", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4659504525693706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.595555"} {"text": "the melting of arctic sea ice slows down in august as the northern hemisphere moves toward fall, but this year, it has speeded up, scambos said. \" i doubt there ' s been another year that had as rapid an early august retreat, \" he said. overall, the decline of arctic sea ice has happened faster than projected by the united nations intergovernmental panel on climate change five years ago, according to nsidc data ( http : / / nsidc. org / news / images / 20070430figure1. png ). to scambos, these are clear signs of climate change spurred by human activities, notably the emission of heat - trapping greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide. \" everything about this points in the same direction : we ' ve made the earth warmer, \" he said. this summer has also seen unusual melting of the ice sheet covering greenland, with nasa images showing that for a few days in july, 97 percent of the northern island ' s surface was thawing. the same month also saw an iceberg twice the size of manhattan break free from greenland ' s petermann glacier. the change is apparent from an nsidc graphic showing current arctic ice cover compared with the 1979 - 2000 average, scambos said. the graphic is online at http : / / nsidc. org / arcticseaicenews /. \" what you ' re seeing is more open ocean than you ' re seeing ice, \" he said. \" it just simply doesn ' t look like what a polar scientist expects the arctic to look like. it ' s wide open and the ( ice ) cap is very small. it ' s a visceral thing. you look at it and that just doesn ' t look like the arctic ocean any more. \" ( editing by doina chiacu ) ( this story corrects the name of the agency to u. s. national snow and ice data center, instead of u. s. national climate data center, in the first paragraph )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44779350032997556, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.596381"} {"text": "giant panda ( en ) ; panda geant ( fr ) ; panda gigante ( sp ) ; temperate broadleaf and mixed forests of southwest china endangered ( iucn 3. 1 ) 1, 600 in the wild ( 2004 ) did you know? that the panda cub is 1 / 900th the size of its mother upto 150cm for adults 100 to 150 kg learn more about this amazing species! about the panda : - panda population - habitat : where they live - diet : what do they eat? - how long do panda ' s live? - what do they look like : size, weight, colors... - natural enemies and defenses - panda image gallery - evolutionary history - the future - why are they endangered? - why save the panda? - how we can save the panda? - what can i do to help? - get answers... - in 2004, a survey counted 1, 600 pandas in the wild ( read more ) - an adult panda can weigh about 100 - 150kg and grow up to 150cm - pandas have the digestive system of a carnivore, but they have adapted to a vegetarian diet of bamboos. - a panda may eat 12 - 38kg of bamboo a day - the panda cub is 1 / 900th the size of its mother, one of the smallest newborn mammals relative to its mother ' s size. - pandas are good tree climbers. - when breeding, pandas require at least 30km\u00b2 to support them over the short term. love giant pandas? emblem of hope for a nation and global biodiversity over 50 reserves created by mid - 2005, the chinese government had established over 50 panda reserves, protecting more than 10, 400km\u00b2 and over 45 % of remaining giant panda habitat. however, habitat destruction continues to pose a threat to the many pandas living outside these areas. currently, only around 61 % of the population, or about 980 pandas, are under protection in reserves. as china ' s economy continues its rapid development, it is more important than ever to ensure the giant panda ' s survival. wwf on the ground wwf has been active in giant panda conservation since 1980. more recently, wwf has been helping the government of china to undertake its national conservation programme for the giant panda and its habitat. this programme has made significant progress : reserves for this species cover more than 16, 000 km\u00b2 of forest in and around their habitat. a survey ( released in 2004 ) revealed that an estimated 1, 600 individuals remain in the wild", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42579932999107745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.600293"} {"text": "all links within content go to mayoclinic. com vegetarian diet : a starter ' s guide to a plant - based diet special to cnn. com adopting a healthy vegetarian diet isn ' t as simple as scraping meat off your plate and eating what ' s left. you need to take extra steps to ensure you ' re meeting your daily nutritional needs. vegetarian diet planning a healthy vegetarian diet consists primarily of plant - based foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts and seed. because the emphasis is on nonmeat food sources, a vegetarian diet generally contains less fat and cholesterol, and typically includes more fiber. vegetarians fall into groups defined by the types of animal - derived foods they eat : - vegans eliminate all foods from animals, including meat, poultry, fish, milk, eggs and cheese. they eat only plant - based foods. - lacto - vegetarians consume milk and milk products along with plant - based foods. they omit eggs as well as meat, fish and poultry. - lacto - ovo vegetarians omit red meat, fish and poultry but eat eggs, milk and milk products, such as cheese and yogurt, in addition to plant - based foods. to keep your vegetarian diet on track, you may find using a vegetarian food pyramid helpful. this pyramid outlines various food groups and food choices that, if eaten in the right quantities, form the foundation of a healthy vegetarian diet. meatless products, such as tofu dogs, soy burgers, nut loaves or texturized vegetable protein, add variety to your vegetarian diet. these products, found in many grocery stores and health food markets, simulate the taste and texture of meat and usually have less fat and fewer calories. many of the meatless products, such as tofu or tempeh, are made from soybeans. if you follow a vegan diet, you may need to find alternatives for eggs and dairy products. try these suggestions when meal planning or cooking : ensuring adequate nutrition - milk. drink fortified soymilk, rice milk or almond milk in place of cow ' s milk. - butter. when sauteing, use olive oil, water, vegetable broth, wine or nonfat cooking spray instead of butter. in baked goods, use canola oil. - cheese. use soy cheese or nutritional yeast flakes, which are available in health food stores. - eggs. in baked goods, try commercial egg replacers \u2014 a dry product made mostly of potato starch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43182357861270243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.608315"} {"text": "baked goods, use canola oil. - cheese. use soy cheese or nutritional yeast flakes, which are available in health food stores. - eggs. in baked goods, try commercial egg replacers \u2014 a dry product made mostly of potato starch. or you can use the following to replace one egg : 1 / 4 cup whipped tofu or 1 tablespoon milled flaxseed mixed with 3 tablespoons of water. for an egg - free omelet try using tofu instead of eggs. the more restrictive a diet is, the more difficult it is to get all the nutrients your body needs. a vegan diet, for example, eliminates food sources of vitamin b - 12, as well as milk products, which are a good source of calcium. other nutrients, such as iron and zinc, are available in a meatless diet, but you need to make an extra effort to ensure they ' re in yours. here are nutrients that may be deficient in a vegetarian diet and how you can get these nutrients from nonmeat sources : - protein. your body needs protein to maintain healthy skin, bones, muscles and organs. vegetarians who eat eggs or dairy products have convenient sources of protein. other sources of protein include soy products, meat substitutes, legumes, lentils, nuts, seeds and whole grains. - calcium. this mineral helps build and maintain strong teeth and bones. low - fat dairy foods and dark green vegetables, such as spinach, turnip and collard greens, kale, and broccoli are good sources of calcium. tofu enriched with calcium and fortified soymilk and fruit juices are other options. - vitamin b - 12. your body needs vitamin b - 12 to produce red blood cells and prevent anemia. this vitamin is found almost exclusively in animal products, including milk, eggs and cheese. vegans can get vitamin b - 12 from some enriched cereals, fortified soy products or by taking a supplement that contains this vitamin. - iron. like vitamin b - 12, iron is a crucial component of red blood cells. dried beans and peas, lentils, enriched cereals, whole - grain products, dark, leafy green vegetables, and dried fruit are good sources of iron. to help your body absorb non - animal sources of iron, eat foods rich in vitamin c \u2014 such as strawberries, citrus fruits, tomatoes, cabbage and broccoli \u2014 at the same time you consume iron - containing foods. - zinc. this mineral is an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4352598673733855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.609675"} {"text": "body absorb non - animal sources of iron, eat foods rich in vitamin c \u2014 such as strawberries, citrus fruits, tomatoes, cabbage and broccoli \u2014 at the same time you consume iron - containing foods. - zinc. this mineral is an essential component of many enzymes and plays a role in cell division and in the formation of proteins. good sources of zinc include whole grains, soy products, nuts and wheat germ. the key to a healthy vegetarian diet \u2014 or any diet for that matter \u2014 is to enjoy a wide variety of foods. since no single food provides all of the nutrients that your body needs, eating a wide variety helps ensure that you get the necessary nutrients and other substances that promote good health. start with what you know if you ' re thinking of switching to a vegetarian diet but aren ' t sure how to begin, start with what you already know. make a list of meals you prepare on a regular basis. some of these may already be meat - free, such as spaghetti or vegetable stir - fry. next, pick out dishes that could easily become meat - free with a couple of substitutions. for example, you can make vegetarian chili by leaving out the ground beef and adding an extra can of black beans or soy crumbles. or make fajitas using extra - firm tofu rather than chicken. you may be surprised to find that some dishes require only simple substitutions. once you have compiled a list of vegetarian meals, add new meal ideas. buy or borrow vegetarian cookbooks. scan the internet for vegetarian menus or for tips about making meatless substitutions. check out ethnic restaurants to sample new vegetarian cuisine. the more variety you bring to your vegetarian diet, the better the chance you ' ll meet all your nutritional needs. no matter what your age or situation, a well - planned vegetarian diet can meet your nutritional needs. even children and teenagers can do well on a plant - based diet, as can older people, and pregnant or breast - feeding women. if you ' re unsure whether a vegetarian diet is right for you, talk to your doctor or a registered dietitian. flaxseed : is ground or whole better? dietary fiber : an essential part of a healthy diet whole grains : high in nutrition and fiber, yet low in fat healthy diet decisions : do you know what to eat?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4643899319996295, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.610672"} {"text": "webmd medical news laura j. martin, md dec. 6, 2010 - - flu season is here, and so far georgia is the state hit the hardest by this year \u2019 s influenza virus, according to the cdc. \u201c georgia is reporting high levels of influenza - like activity, \u201d anne schuchat, md, director of the cdc \u2019 s national center for immunization and respiratory diseases, said at a news conference. \u201d it gets a 10 of 10, and is leading the country in terms of what we will be seeing. \u201d the flu - - largely influenza type b - - has been reported throughout georgia, and been seen mainly in school - aged children, she says. in the u. s., flu season usually begins in the fall and runs through early spring. it peaks anywhere from late november through march. \u201c we know that the flu season has started here in georgia, and there has been sporadic reporting of influenza - like viruses throughout the country, \u201d including the southeast region of the u. s. and some of the western states, she says. \u201c places that don \u2019 t have as much flu as georgia will. \u201d the good news is that this year \u2019 s flu vaccine, which is recommended for everyone older than 6 months, is likely a good match for this year \u2019 s flu, schuchat says. \u201c some h1n1, an a / h3n2 strain, and b - strains have been seen this year, [ along with ] a mixture of b strains and a strains that haven \u2019 t been characterized, \u201d she says. this year \u2019 s vaccine protects against seasonal flu and the h1n1 swine flu. \u201c flu is unpredictable, but based on the viruses circulating so far, we do expect the vaccine to be a good match. \u201d as far as what type of flu season we can expect, schuchat can \u2019 t predict, but there is ample vaccine to go around which can keep flu activity at a minimum. approximately 160 million doses of the vaccine have already been distributed nationwide, she says. \u201c don \u2019 t be complacent because disease activity is low this year ; flu is coming, \u201d she says. \u201c you don \u2019 t want to find out how bad the season is going to be before you get the flu vaccine. \u201d schuchat says she is encouraged by the number of people who have already received a flu vaccine so far this season. \u201c we are a little ahead of last year \u2019 s seasonal flu vaccine, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4069825594709679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.613386"} {"text": "early complementary feeding may reduce risk of allergies in children published online : november 26, 2012 even though the timing of infant feeding has proven to be important in preventing a number of childhood diseases and for optimal growth, its role in the prevention of childhood allergies is inconclusive. despite this insufficient evidence, expert bodies, including the american academy of pediatrics, the european society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition, and the australian society of clinical immunology and allergy, all recommend that for the prevention of allergic diseases, the child should be exclusively breastfed for the first 4 - 6 months of life, thereafter complementary foods can be introduced. in recent times several studies have examined whether these recommendations are optimal and are supported by strong scientific evidence. the findings from the majority of these studies have largely indicated that delaying the introduction of complementary foods up to 4 to 6 months seems not to prevent the occurrence of allergies. although these findings have come only from observational studies, the ethical dilemma in randomizing breastfeeding has made it impossible to confirm the results in a randomized controlled trial, which is currently the gold standard in guiding effective clinical decisions. consequently, well - designed observational epidemiological studies remain the primary source to address the question of whether the timing of infant feeding may play any preventive role in the development of childhood asthma and allergies. in a recent study published in the journal of allergy and clinical immunology ( jaci ), nwaru et al investigated whether the duration of breastfeeding and the age when complementary foods are introduced may influence the risk of asthma and allergic symptoms among 5 - year - old finnish children who were recruited at birth. on a form parents recorded the age of the child when each complementary food was added to the diet. the form was kept at home and continuously completed as new foods were introduced to the child until the age of two years. when the children were 5 years of age, the parents also completed the international study of allergies and asthma in childhood ( isaac ) questionnaire for the assessment of the development of asthma and allergic symptoms. blood samples were also collected from the children to assess allergic antibodies. the authors did not see any association between the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the development of asthma and allergic symptoms. however, they observed that children who were breastfed for less than 9. 5 months compared to those with longer breastfeeding had almost three - fold risk of developing asthma, particularly non - atopic asthma, by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44655990599143935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.616728"} {"text": "webmd medical news louise chang, md dec. 21, 2011 - - offering a baby a french fry, piece of bread, or even a handful of cereal may set him up for a lifelong affinity for salty foods and the health risks that go along with it. a new study shows that babies fed starchy table foods, which often contain added salt, before 6 months of age show a preference for salt that persists through their preschool years. infants who had been introduced to starchy foods preferred a saltier drink and drank 55 % more of the saltier drink during a test at 6 months of age. by the time they were preschoolers, the same children were also more likely to lick the salt from foods and eat plain salt. researchers say the results suggest the ability to detect salty taste matures sometime between 2 - 6 months of age. \u201c there could be quite a bit of difference in how that taste for salt matures, depending on whether or not an infant is exposed to sodium during that period, \u201d says researcher leslie stein, phd, senior research associate at the monell chemical senses center in philadelphia. if confirmed by larger studies, experts say the findings suggest that early exposure to salty foods in the first few months of life could play an important role in setting flavor preferences for a lifetime. eating too much sodium, often in the form of salt, is associated with an increased risk of high blood pressure. curbing salt intake has been a major public health goal for years, but researchers say efforts thus far have been largely unsuccessful, in part because people like the taste of salt. in the study, published in the american journal of clinical nutrition, researchers tested a group of 61 infants at 2 months and 6 months of age for salt preference by measuring how much they drank from three different bottles. one bottle contained plain water, another contained a moderately salty concentration of sodium ( about the saltiness of commercial chicken soup ), and a third contained a higher concentration of sodium ( which tastes extremely salty to adults ). researchers found that 2 - month - old infants were indifferent or rejected the salt solutions. but at 6 months of age, the infants who were already eating starchy table foods preferred both salty solutions to water. the babies that had not yet been introduced to these foods were still indifferent or rejected the salt solutions. exposure to other types of table foods, such as fruits and vegetables, was not associated with an increased preference for salt. years later, the mothers of the 26 children returned for questioning about their child \u2019 s eating habits as preschoolers between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47047431598587575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.620962"} {"text": "salt solutions. exposure to other types of table foods, such as fruits and vegetables, was not associated with an increased preference for salt. years later, the mothers of the 26 children returned for questioning about their child \u2019 s eating habits as preschoolers between ages 3 and 4. researchers found that 12 preschoolers who were introduced to starchy foods before 6 months of age were more likely to lick salt from foods like pretzels and crackers and were also slightly more likely to eat plain salt. \u201c what our study shows is that babies \u2019 taste system is very malleable, \u201d stein tells webmd. \u201c if early exposure to salt increases the preference and taste for salt of an individual, then one might imply that down the road it might be harder to eat lower - salt food and enjoy it. \u201d nutrition experts say the results emphasize the importance of starting healthy eating habits as early as possible. \u201c this study helps us appreciate that what we do in the first year of life is so important to how kids eat, how well they eat, how varied they eat, and what their food preferences are, \u201d says pediatric nutritionist jill castle, rd. castle says that between 6 months and 8 months of age, babies should only be just starting to be exposed to starchy table foods like bread, crackers, and ready - to - eat cereals in small amounts. the bulk of their daily calories should still come from breast milk or formula, iron - fortified baby cereal, fruit, and vegetables. experts say many parents aren \u2019 t aware that ready - to - eat cereals, bread, crackers, and other starchy foods marketed to children contain sodium, which can add up over the course of the day if the child is eating a variety of these foods. \u201c there seems to be an increased preponderance of parents trying to choose those types of foods for their kids, \u201d says pediatrician christine wood, md. \u201c these foods are being marketed as being appropriate for children, but i really try to focus in on parents trying to have the focus on a lot of fresh foods, fruits, and vegetables being the most important things. \u201d aside from increasing the risk of high blood pressure and heart disease down the road, wood says there are also more immediate health risks associated with children developing a taste for salty foods. \u201c we know that starchier foods in general are more calorie - dense foods, \u201d says wood, who is also the author of how to get kids to eat great and love it! that may lead to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4488740866499705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.622363"} {"text": "australian bureau of statistics 3301. 0 - births, australia, 2007 quality declaration previous issue released at 11 : 30 am ( canberra time ) 28 / 10 / 2008 | page tools : print page print all rss search this product | the previous record was in 1971, when there were 276, 400 births registered. this gives australia a total fertility rate of 1. 93 babies per woman, up from 1. 81 in 2006 and the highest since 1981 when it was 1. 94. the northern territory and tasmania had the highest total fertility rates, recording 2. 27 and 2. 19 babies per woman respectively. women in the northern territory and tasmania also had their children at a younger age ; fertility for these two states was at its highest in 25 - 29 year - olds - compared to the rest of australia where the highest fertility was in the 30 - 34 age group. nearly half ( 43 % ) of the 2007 births were to first time mothers, and a third ( 33 % ) were having their second child. there were 14, 200 births registered where at least one parent was an indigenous australian. more details are available in births, australia, 2007 ( cat. no. 3301. 0 ) available for free download from the abs website < www. abs. gov. au >. regional, state and territory information is also available on the website. media note : the total fertility rate represents the average number of babies that a woman could expect to bear during her reproductive lifetime if current fertility rates continued. these documents will be presented in a new window. this page last updated 10 november 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3650113099439554, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.625043"} {"text": "add. ms 10336 in the british library has hitherto been regarded as an unpromising - looking document dating from c. 1500, transmitting random notes by one john tucke, an obscure scholar whose connection with the musical profession is unclear. as dr woodley disarmingly tells us in his preface, ' john tucke is hardly a name which springs immediately to the lips of many historians of tudor music, nor is he dignified with an entry in the standard musical dictionaries '. no longer. from this material, dr woodley constructs a masterly ' case - study ', as he modestly calls it, moving deftly between biography, palaeography, translation and analytical musicology to conjure up a fascinating picture, not only of tucke, his notebook, its relevance to other composers ' music and the role of music in the quadrivium but also of many aspects of social life and behaviour in the early tudor period. the study is divided into three parts : an examination of tucke ' s career, a translation and explanation of selected passages from the manuscript, and finally an attempt to apply tucke ' s analytical approaches to some of the music of the period. the biographical section of the book is a lesson not only in how to pursue your subject but also in how to try to adduce the reason behind his actions. at every turn, with every scrap of evidence, woodley is at hand to explain why, ask if this is normal, and discuss what the motivation may have been. so, as with faltering steps we accompany tucke to winchester college in 1495, our parents have already been advised by uncle woodley that their action in renting property in burford as tenants of new college, oxford, despite ( probably ) living in london is perfectly reasonable, it being quite common practice for ambitious tudor parents to ensure their sows education by becoming tenants of institutions such as new college with a view to his being admitted to \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48720745788782294, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.627404"} {"text": "criminal disfranchisement proved to be a hot issue in the republican presidential debates recently, leading to a cnn poll asking, \u201c should felons be allowed to vote after serving their sentences? \u201d the results showed that the majority feel that those with past convictions should have that right. the washington post also editorialized on the issue friday, making the point that it is unjust to prevent \u201c individuals from having a full stake and a full voice in the community and its leadership \u201d after they have already paid their debts to society and earned their right to freedom. additionally, the post ran an op - ed by charles colson, founder of the prison fellowship and former counsel to president richard nixon who also saw no point in denying the right to vote for those who have already served their time. \u201c voting does not put anyone in danger, \u201d he wrote. \u201c sound public policy would teach us that if we want to turn ex - offenders into responsible citizens, we must demand of them responsible behavior. and once they demonstrate responsible behavior, what possible justification is there, beyond scoring political points during an election, for stripping them of their civil rights for the rest of their lives? \u201d criminal disfranchisement laws, like recent laws requiring id to vote or restricting third - party registration of voters, have a disproportionate and unfair impact on minorities. criminal disfranchisement laws have their roots in the jim crow era and their harmful effects continue today as 13 percent of african - american men have lost their right to vote \u2013 a rate seven times the national average. similarly, latino citizens are also disproportionally disfranchised because they are over - represented in the criminal justice system. due to these laws in states throughout the nation, an estimated 5. 3 million citizens cannot vote, and nearly four million of those are not in prison but working in our communities. the democracy restoration act, which has been introduced in both the house and senate, would eliminate the confusion around these laws and restore the right of millions to vote in federal elections. \u201c citizens should not be denied their right to vote due to a past criminal conviction, \u201d said deborah j. vagins, aclu senior legislative counsel. \u201c they are working, paying taxes, raising families and living in our communities. they deserve to have a voice. \u201d criminal disfranchisement laws are another example of voter suppression tactics that threaten our democracy. our government shouldn \u2019 t be in the business of deciding whose vote matters most.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41935272726211614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.630178"} {"text": "racial profiling is \" a sloppy, lazy substitute \" for actual policing, said professor deborah ramirez from northeastern university school of law, at a house judiciary subcommittee on the constitution, civil rights, and civil liberties hearing called \" racial profiling and the use of suspect classifications in law enforcement. \" the witnesses at the hearing represented many different organizations and fields, like the national association for the advancement of colored people, the sikh coalition, muslim advocates, police officers, and professors. this diverse group of experts agreed on the following key points : - racial profiling is an abusive practice that targets innocent citizens solely because of the way that they look. - racial profiling is not an effective law enforcement strategy. research shows that racial profiling diverts officers ' attention from using actual, objective signs of suspicious behavior to effectively assess situations. - racial profiling erodes trust between law enforcement and its community. as a result, people are less likely to report a crime or work with the police to give information that could apprehend an actual criminal. despite its ineffectiveness, racial profiling continues to persist in many law enforcement practices. it ' s not just at traffic stops either, as commonly thought. it ' s in airport security checks, where sikhs are screened 100 percent of the time at some airports. it ' s in fbi monitoring actions, where innocent muslim citizens fear a surprise visit from the fbi at their local mosque or at their front door. and, it ' s even being introduced as a part of civil immigration policy, about which salt lake city chief of police christopher burbank stated that aside from seeing the person run across the border, there is no way for an officer to suspect a person of being an illegal immigrant aside from basing their reasoning on physical characteristics. to finally end the practice of racial profiling, congress should pass legislation which incorporates the following : - independent data collection tracking law enforcement officers ' stops and searches to accurately measure the extent of racial profiling - funds for better law enforcement training that teaches officers how to look for suspicious behavior, and - a way for people to redress their grievances if they are a victim of racial profiling, which will hold officers accountable for their actions. while there have been attempts to end racial profiling in congress, no bill has successfully been passed. communities across the country have been subjected to this useless, degrading tactic for too long. now is the time for congress to reintroduce and pass comprehensive legislature to end racial profiling!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4540761990765276, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.632882"} {"text": "what sets allergies in motion? thursday, august 2, 2012 tau research identifies a protein group that may kick - start allergic reactions allergies, or hypersensitivities of the immune system, are more common than ever before. according to the asthma and allergies foundation of america, one in five americans suffers from an allergy \u2014 from milder forms like hay fever to more severe instances, like peanut allergies which can lead to anaphylactic shock. while medications like antihistamines can treat the symptoms of an allergic reaction, the treatment is too limited, says prof. ronit sagi - eisenberg, a cell biologist at tel aviv university ' s sackler faculty of medicine. cells release dozens of molecules during an allergic reaction, and available medications address only a small subset. now she and her fellow researchers are working to identify what triggers allergic reactions in the body, with the goal of stopping an allergic reaction before it starts. the answer may lie within the rab family, a group of 60 proteins that are known to regulate the distribution of proteins throughout the body. along with her ph. d. student nurit pereg - azouz, prof. sagi - eisenberg found that 30 of these proteins determined how cells react to an allergen, and two of these have been identified for further research as instruments of preventative medication. when the chain of events leading up to an allergic reaction can be understood, drugs can be developed to inhibit the initial reaction, explains prof. sagi - eisenberg. this research has been published in the journal of immunology. getting to the root allergic reactions can appear as rashes, respiratory difficulties, or swelling, but they ' re all caused by the same mechanism. when exposed to an allergen, the body activates the immune system. but mast cells, located throughout the body, sense that the immune system has mistakenly been activated against something that is not bacterial or viral, and they release biologically active molecules to create an inflammatory response. so what causes mast cells to react? prof. sagi - eisenberg and her team work to identify the exact chain of events in an allergic reaction. they looked to the rab family of proteins as a potential source for answers, screening for the proteins ' involvement in initiating allergic reaction. \" we genetically manipulated mast cells so that they contained mutated versions of these proteins, which were already active without an allergen, \" explains prof. sagi - eisenberg.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5080327622823122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.642415"} {"text": ", screening for the proteins ' involvement in initiating allergic reaction. \" we genetically manipulated mast cells so that they contained mutated versions of these proteins, which were already active without an allergen, \" explains prof. sagi - eisenberg. if a protein was relevant, it would cause an allergic reaction. \" this new methodology allowed us to screen for the functional impact of each member of this family, determining if they either inhibited or activated the allergic process. \" in the end, the researchers flagged 30 proteins that were relevant to the process of creating an allergic reaction in the body, and have identified two that appear to be the most involved. further research will use these two proteins as tools to gain more understanding of allergic reactions. targeted drugs could prevent allergic reaction an allergic reaction is not only a function of two proteins interacting \u2014 it ' s the result of a chain of events. by identifying crucial links in such a chain, researchers can create targeted drugs that break the chain. new medications that target tumor cells, for example, are directed at halting the tumor ' s ability to function and grow, starving it of crucial blood and oxygen supplies. prof. sagi - eisenberg envisions similar medications for allergies, with medications that address the source of the allergic reaction instead of the symptoms. the need for such medications is pressing. steroids, the only available type of drug that effectively prevents mast cells from secreting biologically active agents, also cause harm to kidneys, bones, and the immune system. patients may suffer more from the treatment than they do from the allergy itself. alternative medications that are as effective as steroids but will be devoid of their adverse side effects are desperately needed. prof. sagi - eisenberg ' s work will help to identify proteins that can be targeted by medications without impacting the function of other cells, she hopes. for more medicine and health news from tel aviv university, click here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.511311830600853, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.644511"} {"text": "maricopa county residents and businesses will now be able to receive real - time text alerts when dust pollution reaches levels that are potentially dangerous. the rapid response notification system was launched on wednesday by the maricopa county air quality department and is intended to both warn residents of health hazards and to prompt people to take action to reduce the amount of dust in the air. the system uses the existing 12 monitors located around the valley to measure the particles, but with new software it is able to send air quality data to the department every five minutes. now officials will be able to take action the moment a problem is identified. the need for such a system became evident after party - goers in south phoenix stirred up enough dust to cause one monitor to register levels above those allowed by federal standards. the party was on a saturday night and the violation was not discovered until monday. \u201c we \u2019 d like to move forward and avoid this happening again, \u201d said holly ward, public relations officer for the department, who adds \u201c all of us are notified so we can stop pollution before it becomes a concern. \u201d maricopa county has struggled with meeting the standards of the federal clean air act in the past and is currently in the last year of a three - year plan to clean up the air. failure to stay in compliance could mean sanctions and the loss of up to $ 7 billion in federal transportation dollars. this money is used to fund projects such as new roads and highways. health concerns are also a reason why the county is taking steps to warn residents about air quality as quickly as possible. according to ward, small particles roughly one - eighth the size of a human hair can settle deep into the lungs and cause breathing problems. \u201c the federal health standard is good for those of us that breath because it is about our lungs and our health, \u201d said ward, who adds that the standard is based on what the lungs can take, not on climate. \u201c to have a heads up would really be a godsend for a lot of people with asthma, \u201d said joy autore of chandler, who moved to the valley of the sun from nebraska because of her breathing problems. autore said that both she and her daughter, who also has asthma, have trouble breathing because of a decline in the air quality over the last 10 years. she welcomes the new text alert system and hopes it will help remind her daughter to use her inhaler. \u201c if you \u2019 re not near a tv or a computer you don \u2019 t see that stuff coming in, so a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3983650686327146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.650853"} {"text": "who did god give the torah to at mount sinai? most people reply, \" god gave the torah to moses. \" and what were the jewish people doing while moses was receiving the torah? \" worshipping the golden calf. \" correct answers \u2013 but not according to the bible. the above answers come from cecil b. demille ' s classic film, \" the ten commandments. \" amazing the impact one movie can have on the jewish education of generations of jews. it ' s a great film, but demille should have read the original. the version found in the torah is quite different. the torah ' s claim is that the entire people heard god speak at mount sinai, experiencing national revelation. god did not just appear to moses in a private rendezvous ; he appeared to everyone, some 3 million people. this claim is mentioned many times in the torah. [ moses told the israelites ] : ' only beware for yourself and greatly beware for your soul, lest you forget the things that your eyes have beheld. do not remove this memory from your heart all the days of your life. teach your children and your children ' s children about the day that you stood before the lord your god at horev [ mount sinai ]... god spoke to you from the midst of the fire, you were hearing the sound of words, but you were not seeing a form, only a sound. he told you of his covenant, instructing you to keep the ten commandments, and he inscribed them on two stone tablets. ' ( deut. 4 : 9 - 13 ) ' you have been shown in order to know that god, he is the supreme being. there is none besides him. from heaven he let you hear his voice in order to teach you, and on earth he showed you his great fire, and you heard his words amid the fire. ' ( deut. 4 : 32 - 36 ) moses called all of israel and said to them : ' hear, o israel, the decrees and the ordinances that i speak in your ears today \u2015 learn them, and be careful to perform them. the lord your god sealed a covenant with us at horev [ mount sinai ]. not with our forefathers did god seal this covenant, but with us \u2015 we who are here, all of us alive today. face to face did god speak with you on the mountain from amid the fire. ' ( deut. 5 : 1 - 4 ) the torah claims that the entire jewish nation heard god speak", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3592709884320911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.669961"} {"text": "\u2015 we who are here, all of us alive today. face to face did god speak with you on the mountain from amid the fire. ' ( deut. 5 : 1 - 4 ) the torah claims that the entire jewish nation heard god speak at sinai, an assertion that has been accepted as part of their nation ' s history for over 3, 000 years. demille ' s mistake is such a big deal because the jewish claim of national revelation, as opposed to individual revelation, is the central defining event that makes judaism different than every other religion in the world. history and legends two types of stories are part of any national heritage. the first kind is legends. included in this category is george washington ' s admission to chopping down the cherry tree, along with his statement, \" i cannot tell a lie. \" johnny appleseed planting apple trees across america with his discarded apple cores is another legend. then there is history. for example, george washington was the first president of the united states. william the conqueror led the battle of hastings in 1066 in which harold, king of england, was killed. the jews of spain were expelled from their country in 1492, the year christopher columbus set sail. what is the difference between legend and history? a legend is an unverified story. by their very nature legends are unverifiable because they have very few eyewitnesses. perhaps little george did chop down the cherry tree. we can ' t know if it happened. this does not mean that the legend is necessarily false, only that it is unverifiable. no one thinks legends are facts, therefore they are not accepted as reliable history. history, however, is comprised of events we know actually happened. it is reliable because we can determine if the claimed event is true or false through a number of ways. one key to verification is the assertion that large numbers of eyewitnesses observed the specific event. why is the number of claimed original witnesses a principal determining factor in making historical accounts reliable? this can be understood through looking at the nature of the following series of claims and weighing their levels of credibility. the nature of the claim itself can often determine its degree of believability. the believability game gauge the level of credibility of the following scenarios. some claims are inherently unverifiable. for example, would you believe me if i told you the following : \" last week after dinner, i went for a walk through the forest near my house. suddenly everything was awash in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5144462676260404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.670973"} {"text": "scenarios. some claims are inherently unverifiable. for example, would you believe me if i told you the following : \" last week after dinner, i went for a walk through the forest near my house. suddenly everything was awash in a tremendous light and god appeared to me, designating me as his prophet. he told me to announce this revelation to you at this time. \" in theory this could have happened. it doesn ' t seem likely, but you don ' t know i ' m lying. would you choose to believe me? without any substantiating evidence, why choose to believe me? a foolish move, indeed. would you believe me if i told you the following : \" last night while i was eating dinner with my family, the room started to suddenly shake and god ' s booming voice was heard by all of us. he designated me as his prophet and commanded me to announce this revelation. \" this could have happened too. if i were to bring in my family to confirm the story it would be more believable than the first story. you certainly don ' t know if i ' m lying. would you believe me? would you fork over $ 10, 000 dollars if i told you god commanded you to do so? no way. there is still not enough evidence to trust my claim \u2015 because it is very possible that my family is lying. there is another type of claim that you can know is false. for example, would you believe me if i told you this : \" do you remember what happened 10 minutes ago just as you began reading this article? remember how the room started shaking, then the ceiling opened up to the skies, and you and i together heard god ' s booming voice come down and say ' thou shalt hearken to the voice of nechemia coopersmith for he is my prophet! ' and then the room went back to normal and you continued reading. you remember that, don ' t you? \" is this believable? this kind of claim is completely different. the two previous scenarios at least had the possibility of being true. you chose not to accept them because they were unverifiable. however this third scenario is impossible to believe. i ' m claiming something happened to you that you know did not happen. since you didn ' t experience it, you know i ' m lying. i cannot convince you of something that you yourself know didn ' t happen. i cannot convince you of something that you yourself know didn ' t happen. this first type", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5192668323428821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.673305"} {"text": "happen. since you didn ' t experience it, you know i ' m lying. i cannot convince you of something that you yourself know didn ' t happen. i cannot convince you of something that you yourself know didn ' t happen. this first type of claim \u2015 that something happened to someone else \u2015 is unverifiable, because you do not know for certain that the claim is a lie. therefore it is possible for a person to decide to accept the claim as true if he really wanted to and take that leap of faith. however, the other type of claim \u2015 that something happened to you \u2015 you know if it is inherently false. people do not accept patently false assertions, especially those that carry significant consequences. sinai : an impossible hoax so far we have seen two types of claims \u2015 one is unverifiable and the other is inherently false. could the revelation at sinai have been a brilliant hoax, duping millions of people into believing that god spoke to them? let ' s imagine the scene. moses comes down the mountain and claims, \" we all today heard god speak, all of you heard the god ' s voice from the fire... \" assuming moses is making it up, how would the people respond to his story? \" moses! what are you talking about?! boy, you sure had us going there for awhile. we may have even believed you if you came down and claimed that god appeared to you personally. but now you blew it! now we know you ' re lying because you ' re claiming an event happened to us that we know didn ' t happen! we did not hear god speak to us from any fire! \" if the revelation at sinai did not occur, then moses is claiming an event everyone immediately knows is an outright lie, since they know that they never heard god speak. it is preposterous to think moses can get away with a claim that everyone knows is lie. revelation claimed later in history? perhaps a hoax such as this could have been attempted at a later period in history. perhaps the claim of national revelation did not originate at sinai, but began, for example, 1, 000 years after the event was said to have occurred. perhaps the leader ezra, for example, appears on the scene, introducing a book purported to be written by god and given to a people who stood at sinai a long time ago. could someone get away with this kind of hoax? for example, would you believe the following : \" i want to let you in on a very little -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5226329530088027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.674492"} {"text": "to be written by god and given to a people who stood at sinai a long time ago. could someone get away with this kind of hoax? for example, would you believe the following : \" i want to let you in on a very little - known, but true fact. in 1794 over 200 years ago, from may until august, the entire continent of north america mysteriously sank under the sea. for those four months, the whole continent was submerged and somehow all animal, plant and human life managed to adapt to these bizarre conditions. then, on august 31, the entire continent suddenly floated up to the surface and life resumed to normal. \" is there a possibility that i ' m telling the truth? do you know for a fact that it is a lie? after all, it happened so long ago, how do you know it didn ' t happen? maybe you learned about in school and just forgot about it. a significant event with many eyewitnesses cannot be perpetuated as a hoax. you know that north america did not sink hundreds of years ago for one simple reason : if it did, you would have heard about it. an event so unique and amazing, witnessed by multitudes of people would have been known, discussed, and passed down, becoming a part of history. the fact that no one has heard of it up until now means you know the story is not true, making it impossible to accept. an event of great significance with a large number of eyewitnesses cannot be perpetuated as a hoax. if it did not happen, everyone would realize it is false since no one ever heard about it before. thus, if such an event was indeed accepted as part of history, the only way to understand its acceptance is that the event actually happened. let ' s assume for the moment that the revelation at mount sinai is really a hoax ; god did not write the torah. how did the revelation at sinai become accepted for thousands of years as part of our nation ' s history? imagine someone trying to pull off such a hoax. an ezra figure shows up one day holding a scroll. \" hey ezra \u2013 what are you holding there? \" \" this is the torah. \" \" the torah? what ' s that? \" \" it ' s an amazing book filled with laws, history and stories. here, take a look at it. \" very nice, ezra. where did you get this? \" \" open up the book and see what it says. this book was given thousands of years ago to your ancestors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49326385593532296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.675486"} {"text": "with laws, history and stories. here, take a look at it. \" very nice, ezra. where did you get this? \" \" open up the book and see what it says. this book was given thousands of years ago to your ancestors. three million of them stood at mount sinai and heard god speak! god appeared to everyone, giving his law and instruction. \" how would you respond to such a claim? the people give ezra a quizzical look and say, \" wait a second, ezra. something is a little fishy here. why haven ' t we ever heard of this before? you ' re describing one of the most momentous events that could ever happen, claiming that it happened to our ancestors \u2013 and we never heard about it? \" \" sure. it was along time ago. of course you never heard about it. \" \" c ' mon ezra! it ' s impossible that our grandparents or great - grandparents would not have passed down the most significant event in our nation ' s history to some of the people! how could it be that no one has heard about this up until now?! you ' re claiming all my ancestors, the entire nation, 3 million people heard god speak and received a set of instructions called the torah, and none of us have heard about it?! you must be lying. \" if one cannot pull off a hoax with regard to a continent sinking, so too one cannot pull off a hoax to convince an entire people that their ancestors experienced the most unique event in all of human history. everyone would know it ' s a lie. for thousands of years, sinai was accepted as central to jewish history. how else can this be explained? given that people will not fall for a hoax they know is a lie, how could national revelation have been not only accepted \u2015 but faithfully followed with great sacrifice by the vast majority of jews? the only way a people would accept such a claim is if it really happened. if sinai did not happen, everyone would know it ' s a lie and it would never have been accepted. the only way one can ever claim a nation experienced revelation and have it accepted is if it is true. sinai : the only claim of national revelation throughout history, tens of thousands of religions have been started by individuals, attempting to convince people that god spoke to him or her. all religions that base themselves on some type of revelation share essentially the same beginning : a holy person goes into solitude, comes back to his people, and announces that he has experienced a personal revelation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5193255686937147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.676446"} {"text": "attempting to convince people that god spoke to him or her. all religions that base themselves on some type of revelation share essentially the same beginning : a holy person goes into solitude, comes back to his people, and announces that he has experienced a personal revelation where god appointed him to be his prophet. would you believe someone who claims that god appointed him a new prophet? would you believe someone who claims to have received a personal communication from god appointing him or her as god ' s new prophet? maybe he did. then again, maybe he didn ' t. one can never know. the claim is inherently unverifiable. personal revelation is an extremely weak basis for a religion since one can never know if it is indeed true. even if the individual claiming personal revelation performs miracles, there is still no verification that he is a genuine prophet. miracles do not prove anything. all they show \u2015 assuming they are genuine \u2015 is that he has certain powers. it has nothing to do with his claim of prophecy. israel did not believe in moses, our teacher, on account of the miracles he performed. for when one ' s faith is based on miracles, doubt remains in the mind that these miracles may have been done through the occult and witchcraft... what then were the grounds of believing him? the revelation on sinai which we saw with our own eyes, and heard with our own ears, not having to depend on the testimony of others... ( mishna torah - foundations of torah 8 : 1 ) a bold prediction there are 15, 000 known religions in all of recorded history. given this inherent weakness, why do all of them base their claim on personal revelation? if someone wanted their religion to be accepted, why wouldn ' t they present the strongest, most believable claim possible \u2015 i. e. national revelation! it ' s far more credible. no one has to take a leap of faith and blindly trust just one person ' s word. it is qualitatively better to claim that god came to everyone, telling the entire group that so - and - so is his prophet. why would god establish his entire relationship with a nation through one man, without any possibility of verification, and still expect this nation to obediently follow an entire system of instructions, based only on blind faith? yet, judaism is the only religion in the annals of history that makes the best of all claims \u2015 that everyone heard god speak. no other religion claims the experience of national revelation. why? furthermore, the author of the torah predicts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5097166030711854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.677409"} {"text": "blind faith? yet, judaism is the only religion in the annals of history that makes the best of all claims \u2015 that everyone heard god speak. no other religion claims the experience of national revelation. why? furthermore, the author of the torah predicts that there will never be another claim of national revelation throughout history! ' you might inquire about times long past, from the day that god created man on earth, and from one end of heaven to the other : has there ever been anything like this great thing or has anything like it been heard? has a people ever heard the voice of god speaking from the midst of the fires as you have heard and survived? ' ( deut. 4 : 32 - 33 ) let ' s consider the option that god did not write the torah, and its author successfully convinced a group of people to accept a false claim of national revelation. in this book, the author writes a prediction that over the course of history no one will ever make a similar claim. that means if such a claim is ever made at some future time, the prediction will end up being false and his religion is finished. how could the author include in the book he is passing off as a hoax the prediction that no other person will ever attempt to perpetuate the same hoax when he just made that exact claim? if he could do it, he can be certain that others will too, especially since it is the best possible claim to make. if you are making up a religion, you do not write something you know you cannot predict and whose outcome you would think is guaranteed to be exactly the opposite. however, aside from the jewish claim of mount sinai, it is a fact that no other nation has ever claimed such a similar national revelation. let ' s summarize two primary questions : 1. out of 15, 000 known religions in recorded history, why is judaism the only one that claims national revelation, the best of all claims? why do all other religions base themselves on the inherently weak assertion of personal revelation? 2. if judaism ' s claim is indeed an example of a successful hoax that falsely asserts national revelation, the author just got away with passing off the best possible claim, and others will certainly follow suit. why then would he predict that no one else will ever make a similar claim, a prediction he knows he cannot foresee, and whose outcome is likely to be the exact opposite? there is one simple answer to both questions. a national revelation \u2015 as opposed to personal revelation \u2015 is the one lie you cannot get", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4524988138052589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.678368"} {"text": "a similar claim, a prediction he knows he cannot foresee, and whose outcome is likely to be the exact opposite? there is one simple answer to both questions. a national revelation \u2015 as opposed to personal revelation \u2015 is the one lie you cannot get away with. it is one event you cannot fabricate. the only way to make this claim is if it actually happened. if the claim is true, the people will believe it because they are agreeing to something they already know. either they personally witnessed it, or their ancestors collectively passed down the account as part of their nation ' s accepted history. if the claim is false, it ' s like trying to convince you that god spoke to you or your parents and somehow you never heard of it. no one would ever accept such a claim. therefore no other religion has ever made the best of all claims, because it is the one claim that can only be made if it is true. one cannot pass national revelation off as a hoax. when inventing a religion, the originator must resort to personal revelation, despite its inherent weakness, since it is a claim that is unverifiable. the originator can hope to find adherents willing to take a leap of faith and accept his or her religion. after all, no one can ever know it is a lie. [ of course, no one can know if it ' s true either. ] this simply cannot work with national revelation since it ' s the one claim that everyone will know is a lie. it ' s no wonder that all other religions are based on ' personal ' revelation. only judaism can claim national revelation since the jewish people is the only nation in the history of mankind who ever experienced it. furthermore, it is interesting to note that the other major religions of the world both accept the jewish revelation at sinai, including the five books of moses in their bible, and hold the sinai revelation as a key component of their religion. when starting their own religions, why did they build upon the jewish claim? why didn ' t they just deny the revelation ever happened? the answer is that they knew that if national revelation can never be fabricated ; so too, its validity can therefore never be denied. now it is understandable how the author of the torah can confidently predict that there will never be another claim of national revelation in history. because only god knew it would happen only once, as it did \u2015 at sinai over 3, 000 years ago. based on a segment of aish hatorah ' s discovery seminar.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5052595445310941, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.679340"} {"text": "you can put this solution on your website! you have several questions here. let ' s take one at a time. $ 300 is borrowed the amount owed after 12 months is $ 00 what is the interest rate. we need i = prt for this question. p = 300, t = 12 months. time is measured in years, so t = 1. we don ' t have interest rate or amount of interest paid back. it appears according to the question that $ 300 is paid back after 12 months. without some r or i info. i can ' t solve this one. question # 2 : 25 is 12 % of what number? 25 = ( 12 / 100 ) * n cross multiply to get 2500 = 12n divide to get n = 208. 33 x + y = 130 6. 50x + 250y - 604. 5 don ' t know if we are solving algebraically or graphing. i will show solve algebraically. i think you mean ( i ) x + y = 130 ( ii ) 6. 50x + 2. 50y = 604. 5 step 1 : multiply ( i ) by - 2. 50 to get - 2. 5x - 2. 5y = - 325 6. 50x + 2. 50y = 604. 5 step 2 : add down to eliminate y. 4x = 279. 5 step 3 : solve for x. x = 69. 875. step 4 : solve for y. y = 60. 125 graph the solutions of equalities ( i ) 4x + 5y < 20 ( ii ) 4x - 2y < 8 find x and y intercepts for both equations. ( i ) x - int = 5 ; y - int = 4. plot 5 on the x - axis and 4 on the y - axis and connect with dashed line. shade down toward you. ( ii ) x - int = 2 ; y - int = - 4. plot 2 on the x - axis and - 4 on the y - axis and connect with dashed line. shade up away from you. where there is double shading, you have the answer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48732718024526367, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.682652"} {"text": "animal rights articles moo - ving people toward compassionate living visit the all - creatures. org home page. write us with your comments : firstname. lastname @ example. org what ' s wrong with xenotransplantation? merriam - webster : xenotransplantation is the transplantation of an organ, tissue, or cells between two different species from campaign for responsible transplantation ( crt ) why crt is opposed to xenotransplantation the alleged chronic shortage of human organs has led some researchers and federal health officials in the us and elsewhere to consider using organs from animals such as pigs and nonhuman primates. xenotransplantation, attempted since 1905, is marred by a history of failures and intense human and animal suffering. but the prospect of commercializing the technology has created huge financial incentives for biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies who have invested hundreds of millions of dollars in xenotransplantation. the desire to gain a return on such large investments has led many companies to make exaggerated claims about the alleged merits of the technology. crt believes that these claims are baseless and that, in fact, the technology is dangerous, expensive, inhumane, and unnecessary, and should therefore be banned. - transplanting living animal organs into humans circumvents the natural barriers ( such as skin and gastrointestinal tract ) that prevent infection, thereby facilitating the transmission of infectious diseases from animals to humans. - many animal viruses have the ability to jump species barriers and kill humans. viruses that are harmless to their animal hosts, can be deadly when transmitted to humans. for example, macaque herpes is harmless to macaque monkeys, but lethal to humans. - many viruses, as innocuous as the common cold or as lethal as ebola, can be transmitted via a mere cough or sneeze. an animal virus residing in a xenograft recipient could become airborne, infecting scores of people, and causing a potentially deadly viral epidemic of global proportions akin to hiv or worse. - pigs, genetically altered to carry human genes, are being considered as the source animals of choice for xenotransplants, despite the existence of over 25 diseases in pigs that can infect humans. the influenza virus of 1918, which resembled a common swine flu, killed more people in modern history than any other epidemic including aids and the black plague. new mutations of swine influenza are being seen around the globe, and novel pig", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5026830858488844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.810067"} {"text": ", or the large costs associated with xenotransplantation. hhs issued voluntary guidelines to regulate the technology. it is highly probable that hhs will be unable to protect the xenograft recipient or the public from being infected by an animal virus. as a result, hhs should have considered how the government would handle an infectious epidemic before the guidelines for xenotransplantation were issued. - hhs has not addressed how infected individuals will be identified and how those infected will be prevented from spreading diseases. hhs has also failed to address who will pay for treatment and care for those infected. treating and caring for individuals infected with animal viruses will most likely cost the u. s. billions of dollars. so far, hhs has not stated whether it would compensate victims who inadvertently come into contact with a lethal animal virus. however, this should be a consideration because the government has already had to respond to compensation claims filed by persian gulf war veterans, victims of agent orange, hemophiliacs infected by hiv - tainted blood, and parents of vaccine - damaged children. although hhs identifies procedures for obtaining informed consent in the xenotransplantation guidelines, the agency failed to consider several important issues. an institute of medicine 1996 report on xenotransplantation indicates that \" more research needs to be done on the psychological, religious, and social interpretations of xenotransplants for patients and their families. \" hhs should have considered that xenograft patients will most likely be very ill when they decide to take part in xenograft procedures. these patients, many in desperate situations, must understand highly complex issues, including the experimental nature of xenotransplantation and the health risks not only to themselves, but also their close personal contacts. it is unlikely that patients would fully understand the consequences of their participation in such experiments. - health authorities were unable to prevent the worldwide spread of hiv infection. similarly, they were unable to prevent ebola outbreaks in sudan, zaire ( 1976, 1979, 1995 ) and the us ( 1989, 1996 ). furthermore, there is evidence that humans have become ill after consuming or being injected with animal materials. there is a reported link between the smallpox vaccine ( derived from animal cells ) and aids, a recently acknowledged link between human lung, brain and bone cancer and the sv ( simian virus ) 40 ( found in old batches of the salk polio vaccine ), and the threat of emerging infectious diseases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4584783866727027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.813157"} {"text": "from animal cells ) and aids, a recently acknowledged link between human lung, brain and bone cancer and the sv ( simian virus ) 40 ( found in old batches of the salk polio vaccine ), and the threat of emerging infectious diseases, including human creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( cjd ) from the consumption of \" mad cows \" in europe, the netherlands, and the us. it would be a tragedy if federal health authorities failed to respect the precautionary principle and facilitated the introduction and spread of a new viral epidemic. responsible health authorities would steer clear of xenotransplantation in the interest of human health. - in september 1996, the department of health and human services ( hhs ) issued a set of draft voluntary guidelines on xenotransplantation. currently, xenotransplantation is \" regulated \" by the food and drug administration ( fda ) ; over the last several years, fda has approved limited clinical trials with animal tissues, cells, and organs, typically pig livers, used outside the body as temporary \" bridges \" to \" filter \" the blood of patients awaiting human liver transplants. xenotransplant products that utilize both a device and a biologic ( such as the \" liver - assist device \" ) would be considered a combination product and regulated both by the fda ' s center for biologic evaluation and research ( cber ) and the center for drug evaluation and research. animal organs used in xenotransplantation would be considered biologics and covered by cber. ironically, cber scientists have acknowledged that xenotransplantation presents a risk of introducing novel pathogens into the human population. - the fda ' s active support for xenotransplant research is inconsistent with positions the agency has taken in the past. in 1991, the fda ordered a recall of a disinfectant, sporicidin, used by dentists and doctors to sterilize equipment, claiming that it did not adequately protect patients from infectious microorganisms. fda commissisoner at the time, david kessler, said fda would \" not tolerate products that would permit the transmission of disease from one patient to another. \" - proposed regulatory oversight of xenotransplantation procedures is weak and would likely be highly flawed. although xenotransplants subject patients and non - patients to significant health risks, hhs chose a lenient method for monitoring the health effects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4809818781381187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.815547"} {"text": "regulatory oversight of xenotransplantation procedures is weak and would likely be highly flawed. although xenotransplants subject patients and non - patients to significant health risks, hhs chose a lenient method for monitoring the health effects from the procedures by constructing voluntary guidelines on xenotransplantation. as it stands, the guidelines are to be \" enforced \" at the local level by institutional review boards ( irbs ). virologist jonathan allan has stated that, \" in choosing voluntary guidelines to be enforced at a local level [ via irbs ], \u2026 the fda / cdc committee has chosen the least stringent and possibly least successful method of policing these transplant procedures. \" - in a draft 1998 report, the hhs ' s own inspector general june gibbs brown said that institutional review boards, whose members are unpaid, and who are charged with monitoring the treatment of participants in clinical trials, \" face crushing workloads, inadequate training and potential conflicts of interest. \" - even if fda were to assume the responsibility for monitoring all clinical xenotransplant trials, that would not necessarily be an improvement. fda has already failed to successfully provide oversight for human tissue banks ; the agency has also been criticized by scientists and consumer groups for approving the use of a controversial genetically engineered bovine growth hormone despite the existence of several studies questioning its safety. - in the federal guidelines, hhs recommends a strict monitoring regimen for patients and their close contacts. the rigorous and potentially \" life - long surveillance \" program, would require complete physical exams and sampling regimens. but hhs fails to discuss the issue of noncompliance with the monitoring program. what would happen if individuals choose to sporadically participate or entirely withdraw from the program and hhs is not able to detect an infectious disease? a disease could spread before hhs recognizes its existence. - in all areas of human activity, particularly when money is involved, the potential for fraud, error, and negligence exists. in the past, such behavior has placed human health at considerable risk. witness the hiv - contaminated blood scandals in france, china, japan and the us, for example, in which employees and / or medical authorities knowingly allowed hiv - contaminated blood to be used for transfusions and blood - clotting treatments for hemophiliacs. - given the enormous amount of data, paperwork, and filing xenotransplant procedures would generate, it would be naive ( given human nature ) to assume that data will be properly recorded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45005378459729417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.833036"} {"text": "clotting treatments for hemophiliacs. - given the enormous amount of data, paperwork, and filing xenotransplant procedures would generate, it would be naive ( given human nature ) to assume that data will be properly recorded, stored, reviewed, and updated. regulatory mechanisms often fail to prevent or correct these errors and / or behaviors, the consequences of which could be disastrous in the face of a xenogeneic infection. - xenotransplantation is not a cost effective technology. it is riskier and promises to be even more expensive than human - to - human transplantation ( roughly $ 300, 000 per operation, not including the hidden costs of breeding, housing, feeding, medicating, testing, transporting, rendering, and disposing of the waste and remains of herds of transgenic animals ). - the fda wants to establish a registry to archive xenograft patient and source animal tissue samples. this archive is to be funded by taxpayers. fda officials estimate the cost of the registry at $ 250, 000 to $ 300, 000 a year, and the cost for the archive at $ 1 million a year. - xenotransplant researchers acknowledge that ' rearing pigs under germ - free conditions, is extremely expensive and time - consuming and the production of germ - free pigs would greatly add to the cost of providing donor organs. ' currently it costs from $ 25, 000 to $ 100, 000 to test just one pig for the presence of known bacteria and viruses. the biotechnology company nextran explains that one of its pig organs will eventually cost the same as a human organ. - based upon this estimate, xenotransplantation is not cost effective. - the current transplant costs for human organs range from $ 116, 000 for a kidney to more than $ 300, 000 for a liver. factoring in years of follow - up care and immunosuppressive drugs, the cost rises to about $ 400, 000 for a liver transplant and over $ 300, 000 each for heart and lung transplants. a 1996 institute of medicine report predicts that xenotransplantation will push annual transplant cost from $ 3 billion to $ 20. 3 billion. these costs are beyond the means of a majority of americans and an already overburdened health care system. - it is predicted that, by the year 2000, 48 million americans will lack basic healthcare. another 30 + million will be underinsured. the unins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43197229192400105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.835800"} {"text": "the means of a majority of americans and an already overburdened health care system. - it is predicted that, by the year 2000, 48 million americans will lack basic healthcare. another 30 + million will be underinsured. the uninsured ( largely minorities, 18 to 24 - year - olds, and the working poor ) who are chronically ill are least likely to receive proper care, with the result that untreated conditions can lead to serious health consequences. can we justify spending hundreds of thousands of dollars on operations that, if they ever succeed, would at best benefit a small minority of patients, while dramatically driving up health care costs for all? animal welfare concerns - biotechnology companies are breeding pigs with human genes in the hopes of fooling the human immune system into accepting a foreign organ from another species. this disturbing genetic reconstruction of life ( the creation of animals that are, in essence, part animal and part human ) is advancing on a commercial scale with almost no informed public discussion or effective oversight. - scientific studies have demonstrated that pigs are highly intelligent and sensitive animals. pigs used in studies at the university of pennsylvania manipulated joysticks with their mouths to solve mazes and play games on a computer. pigs used in biomedical research can be subjected to painful biological and surgical manipulations at experimenters ' discretion, causing great pain and suffering before death. policy - makers in the u. s. and elsewhere have decided that it is \" ethical \" to use pigs in xenotransplants because pigs are killed for food. but two wrongs do not make a right. ironically, it is precisely because people eat too many pigs, and have unhealthy lifestyles, that pig organ transplants are being considered. a large majority of heart, liver, and kidney transplants could be prevented if people reduced their meat, ( and alcohol and tobacco consumption ). we should ask whether it is acceptable to make pigs and other nonhuman animals scapegoats for our species ' self - destructive behaviors. transgenic technology is very imprecise. previous transgenic pig research programs have produced animals with various painful physical abnormalities including arthritis, stomach ulcers, muscular weakness, defective vision, and weakened immunity. transgenic animals are destined to spend their lives confined in unnatural, sterile environments, unable to fulfill their basic behavioral needs, until death. in her book, genetic engineering : dream or nightmare ( 1998 ), british biologist mae - wan ho wrote that, \" the creation of transgenic animals for xenotranspl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5044338994634134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.837959"} {"text": "sterile environments, unable to fulfill their basic behavioral needs, until death. in her book, genetic engineering : dream or nightmare ( 1998 ), british biologist mae - wan ho wrote that, \" the creation of transgenic animals for xenotransplantation... [ is ] scientifically flawed and morally unjustifiable. [ it carries ] inherent hazards in facilitating cross - species exchange and recombination of viral pathogens. these projects ought not to be allowed to continue without full public review. \" - in crt ' s opinion, hhs failed to consider the environmental consequences of xenotransplantation as required by the national environmental policy act ( nepa ). hhs issued guidelines for xenotransplantation without complying with any of nepa ' s requirements. nepa requires that agencies \" take a ' hard look ' at the environmental consequences before taking a major action. \" hhs failed to take the required \" hard look \" at the environmental and health consequences of its actions because no environmental impact statement ( eis ) was performed. by completely ignoring the entire eis requirements, hhs has violated nepa. - crt believes that xenotransplantation is a \" significant \" action because it is highly controversial and poses unique and unknown health effects to the xenograft recipient and the general public. furthermore, xenotransplantation affects \" the quality of the human environment. \" federal regulations define \" the quality of the human environment \" to include \" the natural and physical environment and the relationship of people with that environment. \" in this case, the relationship of people to their environment is affected by the hhs ' s action because xenotransplantation may create deadly new animal viruses. due to this significant public health concern, hhs should have prepared an eis. - xenotransplantation also poses significant threats to the environment. the animals needed for xenotransplantation will increase the environmental problems caused by animal - based agriculture. u. s. farms already generate about 1. 4 billion tons of animal manure a year, 130 times the quantity of u. s. human sewage, according to a 1997 report by the senate agriculture committee entitled, animal waste pollution in america : an emerging national problem. this untreated and largely unregulated manure, contaminated with bacteria, parasites, chemicals and heavy metals, is washed off farmland by rain and discharged into streams and rivers, killing fish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5231150898325683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.841012"} {"text": "animal waste pollution in america : an emerging national problem. this untreated and largely unregulated manure, contaminated with bacteria, parasites, chemicals and heavy metals, is washed off farmland by rain and discharged into streams and rivers, killing fish, and making people who eventually drink it, bathe in it, and wash their clothes with it, sick. - in march 1999, a community in sarpy county, nebraska denied a permit to a xenotransplantation pig breeding / research facility because of environmental concerns alone. - surveys find animal waste is degrading 1, 785 bodies of water in 39 states. pesticides, insecticides and antibiotics which are commonly used in agriculture may also contribute to soil and ground water contamination and consequently, harm human health. pollution from factory farms impairs more miles of u. s. rivers than all other industry sources and municipal sewers combined. during the past two decades, the number of coastal waters that host major and recurring attacks by harmful microbes has doubled. pigs and pig waste pose a particular danger because they contract and transmit many human diseases including meningitis, salmonella, chlamydia, giardia, cryptosporidiosis, brucella, worms and influenza. the hazards from hogs increases when they are packed closely together. - hog farms pollute the air. in minnesota, tests showed eight of 32 air samples taken near manure lagoons exceeded air quality standards for hydrogen sulfide. a study done at duke university medical center revealed that those who lived downwind from hog factory farms suffered from a variety of illnesses including increased tension, depression, flu - like symptoms, fatigue, dizziness, blackouts, loss of appetite, and sleep disturbances. - hhs also failed to address the environmental and health impacts caused by the disposal of numerous remains of genetically modified animals. conventional agricultural operations continuously wrestle with the problems of how to dispose of millions of tons of perishable animal tissue each year. incineration, burial, and composting are all expensive, unhygienic, and environmentally problematic. in fact, in 1997, the sierra club filed a lawsuit against a hog farm, citing 50 violations of federal environmental laws, including the farm ' s illegal pits for disposing dead pigs. disposing of transgenic pigs is a significant environmental and health concern, because if the bodies of source animals are disposed of improperly, their dna could replicate, spread, and recombine, picking up genes from viruses in other species,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4851637441754277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.842961"} {"text": ". disposing of transgenic pigs is a significant environmental and health concern, because if the bodies of source animals are disposed of improperly, their dna could replicate, spread, and recombine, picking up genes from viruses in other species, and consequently, create new pathogens. thus, disposing of genetically modified animals is an issue that should have been addressed in an eis. - can we justify raising more pigs for human use at a time when the environmental protection agency is placing new restrictions on livestock pollution? breeding animals for xenotransplantation would create a host of environmental problems, described above. conventional farming and rendering operations have yet to solve these problems which continue to threaten public health across the us ( see www. hogwatch. org ). return to animal rights articles please help our efforts we welcome your comments : fair use notice : this document may contain copyrighted material whose use has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owners. we believe that this not - for - profit, educational use on the web constitutes a fair use of the copyrighted material ( as provided for in section 107 of the us copyright law ). if you wish to use this copyrighted material for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. all creatures animal rights article : justice, peace, love, compassion, ethics, organizations, bible, god, lord, jesus, christ, holy spirit, grass roots, animals, cruelty free, lifestyle, hunting, fishing, traping, farm, farming, factory, fur, meat, slaughter, cattle, beef, pork, chicken, poultry, hens, battery, debeaking. thee is also a similarity to the human aspects of prolife, pro life, pro - life, abortion, capital punishment, and war. | home page | animal issues | archive | art and photos | articles | bible | books | church and religion | discussions | health | humor | letters | links | nature studies | poetry and stories | quotations | recipes | what ' s new? | thank you for visiting all - creatures. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4680478137832438, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.843864"} {"text": "an articles archives diet - diseases - enzymes - exercise - health - herbs - longevity - medicine - minerals - natural health - nutrition - stress - vegan - vegetarian - vitamins we began this archives as a means of assisting our visitors in answering many of their health and diet questions, and in encouraging them to take a pro - active part in their own health. we believe the articles and information contained herein are true, but are not presenting them as advice. we, personally, have found that a vegan diet has helped our own health, and simply wish to share with others the things we have found. each of us must make our own decisions, for it ' s our own body. if you have a health problem, see your own physician. most of these quotations are from the book moooove over milk ( 132 pp. published 1997 by lets eat, hot springs, u. s. a. ) babies and infants \" babies who are fed whole cows milk during the second six months of life may experience a 30 % increase in intestinal blood loss and a significant loss of iron in their stools. \" paediatrics 1992 ; 89 ( 6 ) : 1105 - 1109 \" we should strive to use foods.... that meet the nutrient needs of the older infant... yet avoid toxicity. cow milk simply does not meet this standard of quality. \" journal of paediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 1993 ; 16 ( 1 ) : 2 \" drinking cows milk may weaken immune function in children and lead to problems with recurring infections. \" nature 1978 ; 272 ( 5654 ) : 632 \" about 20 % of babies suffer from colic, or abdominal cramping and gas. milk proteins may be one of the leading causes of this digestive disorder. \" lancet 1978 ; 2 ( 8087 ) : 437 - 439, paediatrics 1991 ; 87 ( 4 ) : 439 - 444 \" a young age at introduction of dairy products and high milk consumption during childhood may increase the childs risk of developing juvenile diabetes. \" diabetologia 1994 ; 37 ( 4 ) : 381 - 387 \" early cow milk exposure may increase juvenile diabetes risk by about 1\u00bd times. \" diabetes care 1994 ; 17 ( 1 ) : 13 \" epedemiologic and serologic data in humans also suggest a relation between cows milk and diabetes. \" new england journal of medicine 1992 ; 327 ( 5 ) : 302 - 307 ( \" cows milk protein", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4788262397410845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.855396"} {"text": "17 ( 1 ) : 13 \" epedemiologic and serologic data in humans also suggest a relation between cows milk and diabetes. \" new england journal of medicine 1992 ; 327 ( 5 ) : 302 - 307 ( \" cows milk protein ) may play a fundamental role in the development of... iddm. \" diabetes 1996 ; 45 ( 2 ) : 178 - 182. [ iddm : insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ] \" an estimated 50 million americans experience intestinal discomfort after consuming dairy products. symptoms include bloating, stomach - pain, cramps, gas or diarrhoea. \" postgraduate medicine 1994 ; 95 ( 1 ) 113 - 120 \" adults who consume large quantities of milk, who have high lactase activity,... suffer repeated small galactose challenges, accumulation of galacticol in the lens, and a greater likelihood of developing senile cataracts. \" digestive diseases and sciences 1982 ; 27 ( 3 ) 257 - 264 \" milk fat has been identified as a ( cholesterol - elevating ) fat because it contains cholesterol and is primarily saturated. \" journal of dairy science 1991 ; 74 ( 11 ) : 4002 - 4012 \" milk and many components of milk ( butterfat, milk protein, calcium from milk, and riboflavin )... were positively related to coronary heart disease mortality for all 40 countries studied. \" circulation 1993 ; 88 ( 6 ) : 2771 - 2779 \" two glasses of whole milk contain about the same amount of cholesterol as one 3 - ounce beef steak. \" lifestyle capsules p. 309 substituting just 20 grams of soy protein for animal protein daily can \" significantly lower serum concentrations of total cholesterol, ldl cholesterol, and triglycerides. \" james anderson md, new england journal of medicine 1995 ; 333 ( 5 ) : 276 - 282 [ the volunteers in this study all consumed the same amounts of fat and cholesterol ; the reduction in blood cholesterol levels was due to the protective effect of soy. ] \" cultures with the highest milk consumption have the highest osteoporosis rates, a disease rarely found in non - milk - drinking cultures. \" dr. hans diehl, dynamic living p. 108. \" osteoporosis is caused by a number of things, one of the most important things being too much dietary protein! \" american journal of clinical nutrition 1974 ; ( 9 ) : 916 - 925 \" dietary protein increases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47695652156734863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.858190"} {"text": ". 108. \" osteoporosis is caused by a number of things, one of the most important things being too much dietary protein! \" american journal of clinical nutrition 1974 ; ( 9 ) : 916 - 925 \" dietary protein increases production of acid ( in the blood ) which can be neutralized by calcium mobilized from the skeleton. \" american journal of clinical nutrition 1995 ; 61 ( 4 ) : 909 \" fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes are good sources of boron, which helps stop calcium loss in the body. because milk is low in boron and high in phosphorous and protein, it is not a good osteoporosis - fighting food. \" dr. forest h. nielsen, u. s. department of agriculture, in nutrition today jan / feb 1988 ; 4 - 7 \" excessive protein intake could account for the 1. 0 % to 1. 5 % loss in bone mass each year typically seen in post - menopausal women. \" journal of laboratory and clinical medicine 1982 ; 99 ( 1 ) : 46 - 55 \" sulphur amino acids in animal products seem to be primarily responsible for the increased calcium loss. \" calcified tissue international 1989 ; 44 ( 5 ) : 335 - 338 \" meat based diets are more acid producing than lacto - ovo vegetarian ( lov ) diets ; and lov diets are more acid producing than vegan diets. \" journal of the american dietetic association 1985 ; 85 ( 7 ) : 841 - 845 \" in western countries eating more than 75g a day of protein is likely to cause excessive calcium loss. \" journal of bone and joint surgery ( am ) 1967 ; 49 ( 5 ) : 915 - 924 \" soybean milk is an excellent source for increasing bone mineral density and mechanical bone strength... the peptides ( proteins ) in the soybean milk are effective for the acceleration of intestinal calcium absorption. \" american institute of nutrition 1993 ; journal of nutrition, science and vitaminology 1994 ; 40 ; 201 - 211 \" nations with the highest dietary fat consumption also have the highest rates of prostate and breast cancer. \" advances in cancer research 1980 ; 32 : 237 - 345 \" dietary factors ( mainly high fat and animal protein intake ) appear to be the most important risk determinants for colon cancer. \" regulatory toxicology and pharmacology 1986 ; 6 ( 1 ) : 24 - 54 in a study involving 3, 334 cancer patients, frequent whole", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47582528493751985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.861020"} {"text": "and animal protein intake ) appear to be the most important risk determinants for colon cancer. \" regulatory toxicology and pharmacology 1986 ; 6 ( 1 ) : 24 - 54 in a study involving 3, 334 cancer patients, frequent whole milk consumption led to \" significant risk increases for cancers of the oral cavity, stomach, rectum, lung, and breast. \" nutrition and cancer 1990 ; 13 ( 1 - 2 ) : 89 - 99 there is much evidence suggesting that compounds present in soya beans can prevent cancer in many different organ systems \". journal of nutrition 1995 ; 125 ( 3 suppl ) : 733s - 743s ) \" us government regulations permit pasteurised milk to have up to 750, 000 lymphocytes [ pus cells ], 20, 000 bacteria, and 10 coliform organisms per 1 / 5th. teaspoon about 8 drops! but at 40 f, the temperature of a good refrigerator, the population of those bugs can double every 35 - 40 hours! \" moooove over milk no wonder milk is a major source of human infection. for example as recently as thursday 29 june 2000 over 5, 000 people in japan became seriously ill after drinking milk contaminated with the staphylococcus germ, typically found in the pus of boils and abscesses. \" any time a patient of mine is found to have streptococcal pharingytis or pyoderma, we can establish by history that he has ingested milk protein within five days... \" dr. frank oski, md ( paediatrician ). dont drink your milk p. 24 we have not touched on cjd, tb, listeriosis, campylobacter, salmonella, e coli, crohns disease, lactose intolerance, or allergies. fortunately there are many good alternatives to animal milk. soy milk for example, especially that fortified with vitamin b12 and additional calcium. plant - based milk is clean and cruelty - free! it is admittedly more expensive than cows milk, but how much do you value your health? if the government subsidies were removed from livestock farming the price would be much more competitive. turning soy into milk via a machine wastes nothing. feeding the soy to dairy cows to produce cows milk wastes 90 % of it. which should be realistically cheaper? over nine tenths of the worlds soy production is fed to livestock. governments continue to subsidise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4566250891738266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.864399"} {"text": "- historic sites an entry from the small soviet encyclopedia, vol. ix, columns 240 - 41, before june 22, 1941 october 1960 | volume 11, issue 6 roosevelt, franklin ( born 1882 ) \u2014 president of the u. s. a. from 1907 \u2014 an active democratic [ party ] leader. became a member of the new york state senate in 1910 ; assistant to the secretary of the navy, 1913 - 21 ; governor of the state of new york, 1928 - 32. became president of the u. s. a. in 1933. roosevelt was the spokesman of those strata of the american bourgeoisie which, under the conditions of economic crisis and acute class struggle, considered it imperative to grant sizable concessions to the working class and the farming masses. roosevelt proclaimed the so - called new deal, consisting of the passage of a number of laws designed to regulate industrial and agricultural production. he was responsible for establishing the national industrial recovery administration ( nira ), the purpose of which was to create \u201c class peace \u201d in the u. s. a. by fixing maximum hours and minimum wages for all branches of industry. in foreign affairs, roosevelt \u2019 s most outstanding achievements were the establishment of normal diplomatic relations between the u. s. a. and the u. s. s. r. ( november 16, 1933 ), as well as the proclamation of the good neighbor policy toward latin american countries. it was this policy which met with the approval of the american people and which enabled him to become reelected in 1936. having survived the most critical years of the crisis, the reactionary circles of financial capital came to regard roosevelt \u2019 s concessions as excessive, and pressured the supreme court into declaring the nira and the new deal unconstitutional. under the influence of reactionary elements in the republican as well as in his own democratic party, roosevelt became increasingly more reactionary. this reversal became particularly pronounced after the outbreak of the second imperialist war in europe. in the interests of imperialist american circles, who demanded the u. s. a. \u2019 s active participation in the war for the purpose of redividing the world, the embargo on arms was repealed on behalf of france and great britain [ sic ]. in response to roosevelt \u2019 s demands, the congress systematically appropriated huge sums of money for rearmament. at the same time, the u. s. increased its pressure on latin american countries, with the aim of subordinating their policies to american interests. domestically, the roosevelt administration accelerated its offensive against the democratic rights of the american people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4168117209151435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.870977"} {"text": "- historic sites connecting with eastern europe americans have always sympathized with the eastern european countries in their struggles for democracy, but for two centuries we haven \u2019 t been able to help much. do we have a chance now? a distinguished expatriate looks at the odds. november 1990 | volume 41, issue 7 even in these days of nine - hour airplane journeys and instant telephony, the united states and eastern europe are very far apart. when it comes to the places and shapes of nations and states east of germany and west of russia, there occurs in the eyes of most americans an instant blur. there are obvious reasons for this. one of them is the plain reality of perspective. when americans look across the atlantic, the shapes of the british isles, of france, of scandinavia, of the iberian and italian peninsulas are recognizable and familiar, even in these times of a scandalously neglected education in geography. but this is not only a matter of shapes. the states of western and northern and southern europe are familiar because they are old. this may be true of the nations of eastern europe but not of their states. the independence of every one of them \u2014 except for poland \u2014 is more recent than that of the united states. greece, bulgaria, romania, albania, yugoslavia, hungary, czechoslovakia, lithuania, latvia, estonia, finland \u2014 their independent statehoods have come about during the last 160 years. some of them \u2014 like yugoslavia and czechoslovakia and, to some extent, romania \u2014 were cemented together only after world war i, fewer than three generations ago. but the independence of every one of these countries has been cheered on, promoted, and encouraged by the american people and its governments during two centuries. this still holds true, even as the russian occupation and the communist regimes in the eastern half of europe are vanishing. the american - eastern europe connection is a long and complex story, often entangled with the vicissitudes of american domestic politics. again the polish - american connection stands out. pulaski and kosciusko are names known and respected by generations of americans. but while many americans venerated the cause of polish independence, the governments of the united states before world war i did not espouse that cause, wishing instead to maintain their relations with the russian, german, and austrian empires, which had partitioned poland among themselves at the time of the first presidency of george washington. this discrepancy between american popular sentiment and the interests of american foreign policy as seen by presidents and secretaries of state", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4404889142597094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.878062"} {"text": "russian, german, and austrian empires, which had partitioned poland among themselves at the time of the first presidency of george washington. this discrepancy between american popular sentiment and the interests of american foreign policy as seen by presidents and secretaries of state has confused, perplexed, and, on occasion, plagued politicians as well as the potential recipients of their sympathies. fifty years after the american war of independence came the greek war of independence against turkey. oblivious of the fact that the greeks could not achieve their independence alone \u2014 their independence had to be won through the armed intervention of britain, france, and russia, often at cross - purposes with one another \u2014 many americans cheered on the greek national rising, as had byron and lamartine during that halcyon decade of romanticism. in the 182os american philhellene societies multiplied ; american towns adopted hellenic names ( including ypsilanti, michigan, named after a somewhat dubious foreign ad venturer who had brought russia to the greek side in the war against turkey ). it was this kind of sentimentalism that john quincy adams had in mind in his classic peroration on the fourth of july in 1821 when he said that americans are friends of liberty everywhere in the world but that they will not go abroad in search of monsters to destroy. thirty years later came another sentimental wave. the hungarian nation had risen up against austrian rule. alone among all nations of the world, the united states gave official recognition to the hungarian republic. the southern whig president zachary taylor was persuaded to send a minister to represent the united states in hungary. before he got there, the austrian and russian armies had forced the hungarian army to surrender. hungary \u2019 s leader, lajos kossuth, a classic nineteenth - century figure of a republican and a democrat, had to flee. in december 1851 he came to visit the united states. enormous crowds greeted him. he was the first foreign statesman, after lafayette, to receive a ceremonial reception in washington. by then the president was millard fillmore, whose secretary of state was none other than daniel webster. \u201c we shall rejoice to see our american model upon the lower danube and on the mountains of hungary! \u201d webster declared at the washington banquet in kossuth \u2019 s honor. there were kossuth hats, kossuth coats, kossuth beards, kossuth cigars. a county of iowa was named kossuth ; american children ( like george f. kennan \u2019 s father in milwaukee ) were given the first name of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4511138571018666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.879102"} {"text": "december 1972 | volume 24, issue 1 for some men the only solution to the dilemma of blacks and whites together was for the blacks to go back where they came from when, on august 14, 1862, president abraham lincoln spoke to a visiting \u201c committee of colored men \u201d at the white house, it was already becoming clear that one result of the war between the states would be the freeing of millions of slaves. slavery was toppling under the blows of war, and in just another month the president would issue the preliminary version of the emancipation proclamation. the \u201c colored men \u201d whom lincoln addressed were free already ; some of them had been free all their lives. the president, however, gave them no heartening affirmations of their equality. instead, he proposed to them the resettling of american blacks, either in africa or in central or south america. \u201c you are cut off, \u201d he reminded his visitors, \u201c from many of the advantages which the other race enjoy. the aspiration of men is to enjoy equality with the best when free, but on this broad continent, not a single man of your race is made the equal of a single man of ours. \u201d he felt it was \u201c better for us both \u2026 to be separated, \u201d that is, that the negroes of america go elsewhere \u2014 all of them. he ruminated aloud about their going to liberia, in africa. perhaps, he suggested, that was too far away : \u201c \u2026 some of you would rather remain within reach of the country of your nativity. i do not know how much attachment you may have toward our race. it does not strike me that you have the greatest reason to love them. but still you are attached to them at all events. \u201d so he had in mind the possibility of a colony in central america, and he asked for \u201c a hundred tolerably intelligent men, with their wives and children, \u201d to be the pioneer colonists there, although he admitted he would be satisfied with a quarter that number. thus did the great emancipator propose voluntary exile for the nation \u2019 s blacks. he was by no means the first, nor the last, to nourish such a solution to an agonizing american racial problem. serious discussion of that prospect began as early as the 1770 \u2019 s with samuel hopkins, a rhode island congregational minister ; hopkins proposed training black missionaries to begin a negro return to africa. thomas jefferson, in the virginia assembly, put forward a program that would emancipate the slaves as they became adults. having", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4333447083970777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.922813"} {"text": "s with samuel hopkins, a rhode island congregational minister ; hopkins proposed training black missionaries to begin a negro return to africa. thomas jefferson, in the virginia assembly, put forward a program that would emancipate the slaves as they became adults. having been trained in various useful arts, they would be sent to a distant colony. jefferson believed slavery was evil, both morally and politically. yet deeper than his abhorrence of the institution was his fear that american freed negroes would become so - numerous that race war would be inevitable. the fear of a genocidal blood bath has been a persistent argument in favor of an absolute separation of the black and white races \u2014 a proposal that has surfaced repeatedly in the nation \u2019 s history. the presumed inevitability and incurable nature of race prejudice have likewise been advanced to justify total separation. such fears and attitudes have been most evident in periods of heightened racial tension, and it is at those times that negro emigration has appeared to many to be a reasonable, perhaps the only, solution. the quarter century after reconstruction, for example, a particularly desperate era for american blacks, saw the creation of such enterprises as the liberian exodus joint stock steamship company, the united transatlantic society, and the international migration society. just after the first world war, when honorable service brought blacks no bettered status and little relief from violently enforced prejudices, a black messiah, marcus aurelius garvey, arose with ambitious plans for building an african empire with black americans. there was an african nationalist pioneer movement in the 1930 \u2019 s, when the depression compounded the problems confronting the negro community. and in spite of improvement in the situation of negroes since then, the still agonizingly slow advance of equality spawned a small frontier village of black \u201c hebrews \u201d in liberia in the 1960 \u2019 s. the resettlement idea thus appears to have had remarkable vitality. but it has never been particularly effective. lincoln \u2019 s plans for moving negroes south of the border is illustrative. it came a cropper, specifically, on the greed of white promoters of proposed colonies and the opposition of central american governments. but those stumbling blocks might have been hurdled had it not been for the more basic problem common to all such projects. any resettlement program had to expose, had to carry with it like a disfiguring scar, painful conflicts and contradictions in the racial practices and pretensions of the american community. nowhere are these better shown than in the rise and fall of the largest and longest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.479278863240751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.925567"} {"text": "to expose, had to carry with it like a disfiguring scar, painful conflicts and contradictions in the racial practices and pretensions of the american community. nowhere are these better shown than in the rise and fall of the largest and longest - lived of the resettlement organizations, the american colonization society, founded in 1816. the sole purpose of the society was stated in its formal title, the american society for colonizing the free people of color in the united states. free negroes, as henry clay remarked to the society \u2019 s first organizational meeting, \u201c neither enjoyed the immunities of freemen, nor were they subject to the incapacities of slaves. \u201d prejudice, clay said, worked to keep them a lower caste, and it was \u201c desirable \u2026 both as it respected them, and the residue of the population of the country, to drain them off. \u201d in 1750 there had been only a few thousand free negroes in the american colonies. but the numbers would soon rise, because the philosophy that legitimized the american revolution also encouraged emancipation. slaveholder joseph hill of virginia, for one, writing his will in 1783, gave his bondsmen their freedom upon his death, explaining that \u201c after full and deliberate consideration, and agreeable to our bill of rights, \u201d he was \u201c fully persuaded that freedom is the natural life of all mankind. \u201d virginia law had closely restricted manumission until 1782. after the restrictions were removed, the number of free negroes in the state rose from fewer than three thousand to nearly thirteen thousand by 1790. that year the number of free negroes in the united states had grown to just under sixty thousand. many northern states had abolished slavery or were about to, a process completely accomplished throughout the north by 1818. this further swelled the totals so that in 1820 the census would count more than 233, 000 free negroes. free they were, but in no sense equal. they did not live well. their rights in law were restricted and growing more so ; with rare exceptions they could not testify against whites in court, and without exception they could not serve on juries. the punishments for blacks were often more severe than for whites who committed the same crimes. in virginia, for example, after 1831, free negroes guilty of many minor offenses received the same punishments \u2014 including whippings \u2014 as those meted out to slaves for identical misdemeanors. a few states conferred the legal right to vote, but some withdrew it later as the number of free blacks multiplied. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45558269974801907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.928557"} {"text": "minor offenses received the same punishments \u2014 including whippings \u2014 as those meted out to slaves for identical misdemeanors. a few states conferred the legal right to vote, but some withdrew it later as the number of free blacks multiplied. and where law did not deny negroes the vote, custom often did. circumscriptions were beginning to be placed on the right of free negroes to move from state to state, as no state particularly relished being a repository for newly emancipated slaves. education was either not available or was segregated. the jobs open to free negroes were limited. the result of all this was distilled in the words of the valedictorian of a negro school in new york in 1819 : why should i strive hard and acquire all the constituents of a man, if the prevailing genius of the land admit me not as such, or but in an inferior degree! pardon me if i feel insignificant and weak. \u2026 what are my prospects? to what shall i turn my hand? shall i be a mechanic? no one will employ me ; white boys won \u2019 t work with me. shall i be a merchant? no one will have me in his office ; white clerks won \u2019 t associate with me. drudgery and servitude, then, are my prospective portion. can you be surprised at my discouragement? there was plenty of reason for the complaint. nonetheless, free negroes, instead of earning sympathy for their disadvantages, were often described in the terms traditionally used to excoriate the poor of any race : they lived \u201c that way \u201d on purpose ; they collected in horrid slums, bred disease and incredible numbers of children, committed all sorts of loathsome crimes, did no work unless it was absolutely necessary, were noted for drunkenness, and were, as henry clay put it, \u201c a useless and pernicious, if not dangerous portion \u201d of america \u2019 s population. in the ante - bellum south it was often said that free negroes taught slaves to steal and helped them dispose of stolen goods, that they acted as a powerful lure to freedom for slaves, that they inspired and assisted slave rebellion. and there was no point in wasting education on them, for that would only give them an appetite for privileges unreachable. \u201c the more you improve the condition of these people, \u201d said a washington lawyer ( who was also chief clerk of the united states supreme court ), \u201c the more you cultivate their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44085966233369356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.931661"} {"text": "would only give them an appetite for privileges unreachable. \u201c the more you improve the condition of these people, \u201d said a washington lawyer ( who was also chief clerk of the united states supreme court ), \u201c the more you cultivate their minds, the more miserable you make them. \u201d they were in a trap, with every exit blocked ; every exit, that is, but one. the reverend robert finley, pastor of the presbyterian church in baskingridge, new jersey, a community with 1, 500 free negroes, remarked in 1816 upon the depressed condition of those of his parishioners who were black. \u201c every thing connected with their condition, including their colour, is against them, \u201d he declared, \u201c nor is there much prospect that their state can ever be greatly ameliorated, while they continue among us. \u201d but he went on to propose a remedy. \u201c could not, \u201d he suggested, \u201c the rich and benevolent devise means to form a colony on some part of the coast of africa \u2026 which might gradually induce many free blacks to go and settle, devising for them the means of getting there, and of protection and support till they were established. \u201d the \u201c rich and benevolent \u201d were much in evidence in that era between 1815 and the 1840 \u2019 s, supporting a flood of societies that promoted the bible, peace, temperance, christian missions, sunday schools, and the welfare of various underprivileged segments of the community. as it happened, finley could even point to an existing project similar to the very one he had in mind. the british had freed a number of slaves during the revolution and transported them to great britain. many had gravitated to the slums, and british philanthropists had undertaken to relocate them in africa by starting a colony at sierra leone. the financing and government had not been well managed, and shortly the crown had felt constrained to assume responsibility from the philanthropists, but sierra leone was now a going concern. an american colony in africa would also have to be financed at least in part by the government, finley knew. but it would benefit the nation in many ways. it would remove a trodden - down minority from the people who were doing the treading ; it would give america a commercial outpost in africa ; and by supplying a catchall for emancipated slaves it would encourage manumission in the south \u2014 which finley hoped would ultimately rid the nation of slavery. there was also an additional philanthropic attraction in the colony \u2019 s potential for red", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4207775548921472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.934692"} {"text": "; and by supplying a catchall for emancipated slaves it would encourage manumission in the south \u2014 which finley hoped would ultimately rid the nation of slavery. there was also an additional philanthropic attraction in the colony \u2019 s potential for redeeming africa, since it would act as a spiritual, educational, and mercantile lighthouse on the dark continent. encouraged by the reception given the idea among his friends in new jersey, finley went to washington at the end of 1816, and during the christmas season the american society for colonizing the free people of color in the united states was formally established. among the fifty or so leading lights who participated in its founding were speaker of the house henry clay, representatives john randolph of virginia and daniel webster of new hampshire, secretary of the treasury william harris crawford, attorney general richard rush, the author of \u201c the star - spangled banner, \u201d francis scott key, general andrew jackson, and the nephew of george washington, supreme court justice bushrod washington, who became the society \u2019 s first president. it was an auspicious beginning. bushrod washington memorialized congress in january, 1817, asking legislative support for creating an african colony. but congress did not respond favorably, and in hopes of becoming more convincing through the presentation of some solidly researched data on possibilities, the society sent out a two - man expedition to west africa in the next year. the reverend samuel j. mills and professor ebenezer burgess visited sierra leone, sherbro island ( a hundred miles southeast of the british colony ), and a number of villages along the coast of africa \u2019 s \u201c shoulder, \u201d close to the gulf of guinea. the best that mills and burgess took away from their many parleys with black native leaders was a few hedged promises that land for colonists might be made available. most of the local negroes were hostile to the idea. but the visitors \u2019 impressions of what they saw and heard were strongly influenced by their hopes. when they headed home in may, 1818, they were highly optimistic, particularly about sherbro island as a location. mills had been ill for much of their trip, and he died on the homeward voyage ; but professor burgess communicated their joint enthusiasm to the society. with the support of the colonizationists, a bill was now pushed through congress to stiffen regulation of the african slave trade by making the federal government, rather than the states, responsible for suppressing it. the law gave president monroe power to care for and relocate any slaves captured from the holds of slave ships by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41796075480496453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.937772"} {"text": "pushed through congress to stiffen regulation of the african slave trade by making the federal government, rather than the states, responsible for suppressing it. the law gave president monroe power to care for and relocate any slaves captured from the holds of slave ships by the government in its policing of the seas. it authorized him, moreover, to commit a naval squadron to the task and, most significantly from the society \u2019 s point of view, to create a station on the coast of africa for the landing of \u201c contraband \u201d blacks rescued from their kidnappers. the colonizationists hoped that this might be the nucleus of their hoped - for colony. monroe thought well of negro resettlement, and he leaned toward such a liberal interpretation. but an adverse opinion from secretary of state john quincy adams blocked the society \u2019 s attempt to get the president to buy land for a colony under the new statute. adams felt that neither the law nor the constitution could be construed as permitting the nation to set up a colony anywhere. at length, monroe and the colonizationists worked out a compromise : the society would buy the land, and the federal government would post two agents to africa, along with a number of negro volunteer colonists as workmen, to set up the african station. in january, 1820, eighty - six black \u201c workmen, \u201d two thirds of whom were women and children, sailed for sherbro island aboard the merchant ship elizabeth, with a sloop of war as convoy. the expedition was led by two federal agents, both nominated by the society, the reverend samuel bacon and john p. bankson. also on board was the society \u2019 s own agent, samuel crozer. on sherbro they found a rude camp waiting for them, built by a former american slave, john kizell ; he had been mills \u2019 s and burgess \u2019 interpreter on the island two years earlier. crozer went off to negotiate with the island leaders for a larger tract of land. they, as it turned out, wanted the colony as little as they had when mills and burgess had talked to them earlier. the thwarted colonists moved into kizelps camp, and shortly \u201c african fever \u201d began to strike them down. crozer came back to find several of them dead. he himself fell ill and died. so did john bankson. so did a navy officer. and so, finally, did the last surviving agent, the reverend mr. bacon. crozer had turned over authority to one of the black colonists, the reverend daniel coker of baltimore,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4569848025611256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.940057"} {"text": "did john bankson. so did a navy officer. and so, finally, did the last surviving agent, the reverend mr. bacon. crozer had turned over authority to one of the black colonists, the reverend daniel coker of baltimore, and coker contended with a disunited and unhealthy colony for a while before giving it up and taking some of the survivors to a refuge on the mainland. nevertheless, despite this discouraging beginning, two more federal agents and two more colonization - society representatives were sent out, along with thirty - three more settlers, in 1821. two of the four leaders died, but the team managed to work out arrangements for the use of forty square miles of land on the coast south of sierra leone. but the deal committed the society to an annual rent of three hundred dollars, and the society, when the issue was presented to it, refused to accept the agreement, considering the sum an unjustified tribute to the heathen king who controlled the land. with all their difficulties, the colonizationists still had monroe \u2019 s support, and now they arranged for a physician, eli ayres, and a navy lieutenant, robert f. stockton, to be posted by the government to africa to continue the search for a suitable site. ayres and stockton headed for cape mesurado, a promontory thirty - six miles long and three miles wide, on the grain coast. earlier agents had not been able to buy the cape from the local chief, king peter, and the first attempt by ayres and stockton was also fruitless. after days of waiting for king peter to palaver again, they marched inland to his village and at pistol point forced him to sell. the price for cape mesurado was less than three hundred dollars in clothes, guns, powder, rum, tobacco, and trinkets. this \u201c purchase \u201d from an unwilling seller the american colonization society named liberia \u2014 \u201c free land \u201d \u2014 and the first settlement there, monrovia. for more than forty years the society got along with varying degrees of the sort of limited federal support that had helped found liberia. this backing was augmented by contributions from individuals and occasionally from state legislatures. agents of the society toured the country, spreading information about colonization, raising money, starting state and local auxiliaries. this effort was aided after 1825 by the publication of a monthly paper, the african repository and colonial journal. liberia grew. by the time of the civil war, some eleven thousand free negroes \u2014 at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4010199285405517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.941334"} {"text": "money, starting state and local auxiliaries. this effort was aided after 1825 by the publication of a monthly paper, the african repository and colonial journal. liberia grew. by the time of the civil war, some eleven thousand free negroes \u2014 at least half of them newly emancipated slaves \u2014 had been resettled there. the managers of the society never gave up hope that the federal government would eventually commit itself to resettlement on a massive scale. but they soon found themselves in an insoluble dilemma over that question. they were determined to act as a national, unifying force, but there was no way for the society to bid for federal aid and yet to avoid being caught up in the growing sectional debate or to become itself a cause for debate. for one of the burning issues of the day was the very question of whether the federal government had any power to deal with slaves ( or ex - slaves ) in any fashion. such controversy made it inevitable that until the civil war, help for colonization from the national government would be small. and meanwhile the hope of federal assistance on a grand scale acted as a damper on private contributions, and these were further reduced by the competition of many other enterprises in philanthropy. moreover, the sheer size of the task to be performed was also defeating. realistically, this was the sort of project that could not hope to succeed if left to private philanthropy. by 1830 the number of free negroes in the united states was over 319, 000 ; it had increased by nearly 86, 000 in the preceding ten years. and in that ten - year span the american colonization society had raised $ 113, 000 and resettled 1, 430 free blacks. but in spite of many obstacles and limited progress, the colonizationists remained confident that eventually the country would see things their way. many respectable, influential men, of both north and south, belonged to the society or were in sympathy with the idea. liberia had survived serious trials \u2014 the ever - present malaria, small wars with the native population, the unreliability of supply shipments, the difficulties of administration at long distance, and rebellions by the colonists. settlers now held appointive posts in the government, and a newspaper, the liberia herald, was being published. still, the optimism of the society could not overcome a second paradox in its very nature. just as they could not easily be healers of sectional strife while asking federal help for a program distrusted by many southerners, so they could not avoid the fact that their program had both", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4432308025388658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.942380"} {"text": "society could not overcome a second paradox in its very nature. just as they could not easily be healers of sectional strife while asking federal help for a program distrusted by many southerners, so they could not avoid the fact that their program had both proslavery and antislavery implications, which conflicted with each other. some indeed wanted emancipation and believed that if slave - holders were offered the prospect of getting rid of their bondsmen, they would be willing to sign the deeds of manumission. but others, especially in the south, wanted resettlement to be used simply to secure the peace and safety of the slave states by isolating the slaves from the contaminating influence of the free blacks. even members of the society who were antislavery in principle had developed serious misgivings about emancipation unless it was accompanied by resettlement. as francis scott key put it in 1838 : i have emancipated seven of my slaves. they have done pretty well, and six of them, now alive, are supporting themselves comfortably and creditably. yet i cannot but see that this is all they are doing now ; and, when age and infirmity come upon them, they will probably suffer. \u2026 i am still a slaveholder, and could not, without the greatest inhumanity, be otherwise. \u2026 the laws of maryland contain provisions \u2026 under which slaves, in certain circumstances, are entitled to petition the courts for their freedom. as a lawyer, i always undertook these cases with peculiar zeal, and have been thus instrumental in liberating several large families and many individuals. i cannot remember more than two instances, out of this large number, in which it did not appear that the freedom i so earnestly sought for them was their ruin. it has been so with a very large proportion of all others i have known emancipated. nor was this exclusively the view of a southerner. john a. dix of new york declared to a meeting of his state \u2019 s colonization society in 1830, \u201c the mass of crime committed by africans is greater, in proportion to numbers, in the non - slaveholding than in the slaveholding states ; and as a rule the degree of comfort enjoyed by them is inferior. this is not an argument in favor of slavery ; but it is an unanswerable argument in favor of rendering emancipation and colonization co - extensive with each other. \u201d officially, the society took no line except advocating removal of free negroes. but in the interests of \u201c sound", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4911037370939449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.943360"} {"text": "favor of slavery ; but it is an unanswerable argument in favor of rendering emancipation and colonization co - extensive with each other. \u201d officially, the society took no line except advocating removal of free negroes. but in the interests of \u201c sound policy, \u201d as a modern defender of the society points out, the organization let its members make what they wished of that aim, depending on where they worked. with some fairness, colonization was criticized in the north as being the tool of slaveholders and in the south as a tool of the abolitionists \u2014 as was bound to happen when it was depicted by its own members both as a way to eliminate and to guarantee slavery. but the problems of trying to satisfy a northern and a southern membership were common to all organizations of the ante - bellum period, especially those seeking compromise. a much more serious handicap for the society was that it uncritically accepted the theory that blacks were inferior to whites. in this, of course, the members had the company of most of their contemporaries, for it was a belief deeply rooted in american life even though it ran against the grain of the official american credo. both jefferson and lincoln had at least tentatively subscribed to it, and their support of resettlement proposals was motivated in part by it. the society did not conceal its prejudice. negroes, said ralph gurley, secretary of the society and editor of the african repository, were \u201c a people which are injurious and dangerous to our social interests, as they are ignorant, vicious, and unhappy. \u201d that was why it was necessary to send them to africa. the disparity of principles did not go unnoticed. \u201c they can love and benefit [ negroes ] four thousand miles off, but not at home, \u201d wrote william lloyd garrison to a friend in 1831. \u201c they profess to be, and really believe that they are, actuated by the most philanthropic motives ; and yet are cherishing the most unmanly and unchristian prejudices. \u201d garrison had himself been a supporter of colonization \u2014 had even spoken for it publicly in 1829. but he was struck by the racial bias that lay at the root of the colonization idea. it was entirely at odds with christianity, he thought ; and it was most certainly at odds with the american political philosophy that \u201c all men are created equal. \u201d he prepared a long essay, thoughts on african colonization, which he published in 1832. taking as his keynote the phrase \u201c out of thine own mouth will i condemn thee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46130961986158603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.944347"} {"text": "at odds with the american political philosophy that \u201c all men are created equal. \u201d he prepared a long essay, thoughts on african colonization, which he published in 1832. taking as his keynote the phrase \u201c out of thine own mouth will i condemn thee, \u201d he built his attack around quotations from the colonizationists. for instance, the president of union college, the reverend eliphalet nott, was one who spoke of free blacks in terms garrison found offensive : \u201c we have endeavored [ he quoted nott ], but endeavored in vain, to restore them either to self respect, or to the respect of others. \u201d it is painful to contradict so worthy an individual ; but nothing is more certain than that this statement is altogether erroneous. we have derided, we have shunned, we have neglected them, in every possible manner. \u2026 again : \u201c it is not our fault that we have failed. \u2026 \u201d we are wholly and exclusively in fault. what have we done to raise them up from the earth? what have we not done to keep them down? once more : \u201c it has resulted from a cause over which neither they, nor we, can ever have control. \u201d in other words, they have been made with skins \u201c not colored like our own, \u201d and therefore we cannot recognize them as fellow - countrymen, or treat them like rational beings! one sixth of our whole population must, for ever, in this land, remain a wretched, ignorant, and degraded race, \u2014 and yet nobody be culpable \u2014 none but the creator who has made us incapable of doing unto others as we would have them do unto us! horrible \u2014 horrible! if this be not an impeachment of infinite goodness, \u2014 i do not say intentionally but really, \u2014 i cannot define it. that was the crux of the matter, the essential contradiction that defeated large - scale resettlement. prejudice, garrison pointed out, ought not to be countenanced in a country founded on an assurance of the inherent nobility of every man. to be true to itself the nation should be putting on armor and battling against racial bias. furthermore, by grounding their appeal in a view of blacks that was derogatory \u2014 however gentle and sympathetic it might sometimes be \u2014 the colonizationists bore a heavy responsibility for keeping free negroes in a depressed condition. as for the society \u2019 s effect on slavery, it actually retarded the freeing of slaves, garrison believed, since it concentrated on the slow process of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4700859619750126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.945320"} {"text": "be \u2014 the colonizationists bore a heavy responsibility for keeping free negroes in a depressed condition. as for the society \u2019 s effect on slavery, it actually retarded the freeing of slaves, garrison believed, since it concentrated on the slow process of voluntary emancipation and voluntary colonization \u2014 which showed no honest promise of success anyway. as negro abolitionist james porten had put it in 1817, \u201c let not a purpose be assisted which will stay the cause of the entire abolition of slavery. \u201d the direct assault of garrison \u2019 s thoughts proved disastrous to the society ; for while garrison was perhaps in a tiny minority, his views carried weight with the very humanitarians who might otherwise have unswervingly supported a high - minded organization like the society. but in addition, the society \u2019 s most important opposition came from free negroes themselves. the colonizationists operated on the assumption that of course negroes would want to go \u201c home \u201d to africa. but most did not. black resistance to the colonization idea was evident as soon as the society was founded. a philadelphia meeting in january, 1817, resolved : \u201c our ancestors were, though not from choice, the first cultivators of the wilds of america, and we, their descendants, claim a right to share in the blessings of her luxuriant soil which their blood and sweat manured. we read with deep abhorrence the unmerited stigma, attempted to be cast on the reputation of the free people of color. \u2026 we declare that we will never be separated from the slave population of this country. \u2026 \u201d outright deportation of unwilling negroes would not have been at all in keeping with the society \u2019 s spirit of philanthropy ; it would have represented too great a departure from its concept of christian charity. nonetheless, with the shadow of slavery behind it, the \u201c offer \u201d of deportation to the blacks had something of a threat about it. in any event, many of the manumitted slaves who were sent to liberia were freed only on condition that they exile themselves there. rarely did large numbers of free negroes volunteer to go, and then only in times of extreme distress, as during the uproar that followed nat turner \u2019 s rebellion, when their situation was especially uncomfortable. the repression of free negroes by law was aimed in part at \u201c encouraging \u201d their emigration. the contradictions between resettlement under pressure and human dignity, as well as the inextricable entanglement of the venture in the sectional quarrel, began to tell. many disillusioned and discouraged colonizationists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43997009110820245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.946455"} {"text": "\u201c encouraging \u201d their emigration. the contradictions between resettlement under pressure and human dignity, as well as the inextricable entanglement of the venture in the sectional quarrel, began to tell. many disillusioned and discouraged colonizationists defected to the ranks of abolition. state auxiliaries went off in separate directions \u2014 those of maryland, kentucky, mississippi, new york, and pennsylvania created their own settlements of negroes in liberia. such losses multiplied the already serious financial difficulties of the national organization, which had been burdened all along with the cost of having to help support liberia in addition to its normal organizational costs. in 1847 liberia was finally cut loose from the parental purse strings and given independence. the society continued to send out settlers \u2014 nearly six thousand in the final thirteen years before the war. relocation of negroes still appealed to many americans, but after decades of denunciation by both sides in the sectional quarrel, the american colonization society was in such bad odor it could not even get the federal government to recognize liberia as a nation until 1862. and by then president lincoln was considering various resettlement programs of his own and giving liberia short shrift. the society outlasted the war and the nineteenth century. in 1909 it had five surviving members, who bequeathed its records to the library of congress, and one of its recent historians relates that a \u201c skeletal organization \u201d received \u201c a small legacy \u201d as recently as 1959. help was given to negroes immigrating to liberia until 1899. but long before that year, the nation had turned \u2014 however haltingly \u2014 to a solution more in keeping with america \u2019 s best impulses. \u201c \u2026 [ i ] t is the purpose of god, i am fully persuaded, \u201d garrison had declared, in a prophecy still not completely realized, \u201c to humble the pride of the american people by rendering the expulsion of our colored countrymen utterly impracticable, and the necessity for their admission to equal rights imperative. \u2026 i see them here, not in africa, not bowed to the earth, or derided and persecuted as at present, not with a downcast air or an irresolute step, but standing erect as men destined heavenward, unembarrassed, untrammelled, with none to molest or make them afraid. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4308821598173025, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.947414"} {"text": "last modified : friday, june 22, 2012 7 : 55 pm i \u2019 ve heard of concerns that fracking \u2014 a process that \u2019 s used for drilling for oil and gas \u2014 may be associated with causing earthquakes. has the environmental protection agency issued any warnings about its safety and the environment? the epa has issued no official warning about fracking and earthquakes. but it did mount an extensive investigation of allegations that the practice \u2014 formally called hydraulic fracturing \u2014 has contaminated groundwater around pavillion, wyo. the town, with a population of 231, sits just west of the pavillion gas field, site of 169 production wells and 33 surface pits used for drilling - fluid disposal and storage, according to a draft report on the epa \u2019 s investigation. the draft, released in december, says the agency, at the behest of residents, tested water from shallow wells and later drilled two monitoring wells to collect deep - groundwater samples for analysis. the report says testing detected multiple synthetic chemicals related to hydraulic fracturing in samples from both the shallow and deep wells. researchers said the contaminants in the shallow wells \u2014 including benzene and xylenes \u2014 likely came from the nearby storage and disposal pits. the concentrations of chemicals found in the deep wells suggest the contaminants may have migrated upward from the gas field layer, according to the report. \u201c alternative explanations were carefully considered to explain individual sets of data, \u201d the report reads. \u201c however, when considered together with other lines of evidence, the data indicates likely impact to ground water that can be explained by hydraulic fracturing. \u201d the epa plans to open the study for peer review, but it has postponed the move until it finishes analyzing additional samples from several wells. the agency will accept public comments on the report through october. a national research council report released earlier this month \u2014 titled \u201c induced seismicity potential in energy technologies \u201d \u2014 listed three major findings from a study of drilling operations \u2019 and earthquakes : hydraulic fracturing \u201c does not pose a high risk for inducing felt seismic events. \u201d injection well operations \u201c pose some risk for induced seismicity \u201d \u2014 a fact the informer pointed out in january. carbon capture and storage operations, \u201c due to the large net volumes of injected fluids, may have potential for inducing larger seismic events. \u201d \u201c although induced seismic events have not resulted in loss of life or major damage in the united states, their effects have been felt locally, and they raise some concern about additional seismic activity and its consequences in areas where energy development is ongoing or planned, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47928873522170956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.950605"} {"text": "inverting the turing test the most human human : what talking with computers teaches us about what it means to be alive. brian christian. xiv + 303 pp. doubleday, 2011. $ 27. 95. in his book the most human human, brian christian extrapolates from his experiences at the 2009 loebner prize competition, a competition among chatbots ( computer programs that engage in conversation with people ) to see which is \u201c most human. \u201d in doing so, he demonstrates once again that the human being may be the only animal that overinterprets. you may not have heard of the loebner competition, and for good reason. the annual event was inspired by the turing test, proposed by alan turing in his seminal 1950 paper \u201c computing machinery and intelligence \u201d as a method for determining in principle whether a computer possesses thought. turing meant his test as a thought experiment to address a particular philosophical question, namely, how to define a sufficient condition for properly attributing intelligence, the capacity of thinking, to a computer. he proposed that a blind controlled test of verbal indistinguishability could serve that purpose. if a computer program were indistinguishable from people in a kind of open - ended typewritten back - and - forth, the program would have passed the test and, in turing \u2019 s view, would merit attribution of thinking. the loebner competition picks up on this idea ; it charges a set of judges to engage in conversation with the chatbot entrants and several human confederates, and to determine which are the humans and which the computers. at the end, a prize is awarded to the \u201c most human \u201d chatbot \u2014 that is, the chatbot that is most highly ranked as human in paired tests against the human confederates. \u201c each year, the artificial intelligence ( ai ) community convenes for the field \u2019 s most anticipated and controversial annual event, \u201d christian says. well, not so much. the ai community pretty much ignores this sideshow. it \u2019 s the chatbot community that has taken up the loebner competition. the loebner prize has done little for ai beyond spreading confusions about turing \u2019 s test, some of which unfortunately find their way into christian \u2019 s ( otherwise quite sound ) book. for instance, christian promulgates the common misunderstanding that turing \u2019 s test would be passed by a computer if it \u201c fool [ ed ] 30 percent of human judges after five minutes of conversation. \u201d ( although turing makes a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5766138584147846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.958309"} {"text": "sound ) book. for instance, christian promulgates the common misunderstanding that turing \u2019 s test would be passed by a computer if it \u201c fool [ ed ] 30 percent of human judges after five minutes of conversation. \u201d ( although turing makes a side comment about this more limited criterion, he understood the test to have no time limit and a threshold of statistical indistinguishability, which is the only philosophically sustainable stance. ) and most important, christian conflates the turing test with the loebner competition. but the two are different in many ways. in particular, on the turing test, unlike in horseshoes and hand grenades, close doesn \u2019 t count. better performance on a turing test is not a valid basis for concluding that a machine is \u201c closer to thinking \u201d or \u201c more human. \u201d as a kind of afterthought, the promoters of the loebner competition have been naming, in addition to the \u201c most human \u201d chatbot, the \u201c most human \u201d human \u2014 the confederate who performs best according to the same criteria in the paired tests against the chatbots. the conceit of the book is that christian takes on a kind of moral charge to win this dubious distinction on behalf of humanity. of course, there \u2019 s nothing \u201c most human \u201d about the person so named. rather, the awardee is the person whose behavior is most distinguishable from the particular bag of tricks that the chatbots happen to use. if you \u2019 re interested in winning this award, it behooves you to understand how the chatbots work, and how to distinguish yourself from them. certainly christian \u2019 s book is successful in providing this guidance. he points out that the chatbots tend to deal with each turn in the conversation independently ; they have no memory. so a good confederate will tie multiple turns of dialogue together. the chatbots are light on factual knowledge, so they \u2019 ll deflect questions rather than answering them. a good confederate will answer directly. this is all useful information for the confederates, but it is even more important for the judges. in reading the transcripts, you wish that the judges had read turing \u2019 s original paper, which does a great job of exemplifying a good judge \u2019 s probing approach. under that kind of attack, the chatbots would have no hope at all, which is why the loebner competition is such thin gruel. with so little substance, can the loebner competition really shed any light on what makes us human? early", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.568099021779312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.959332"} {"text": "kind of attack, the chatbots would have no hope at all, which is why the loebner competition is such thin gruel. with so little substance, can the loebner competition really shed any light on what makes us human? early on, christian talks about an only slightly tongue - in - cheek claim made by harvard psychologist daniel gilbert : gilbert says that every psychologist must, at some point in his or her career, write a version of \u201c the sentence. \u201d specifically, the sentence reads like this : \u201c the human being is the only animal that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. \u201d when nonhumans rival humans in some area, we learn what can \u2019 t fill that blank. but given the vast gulf in verbal performance between chatbots and people, they don \u2019 t seem to illuminate the matter. why is it, then, that even with such poor performance the chatbots still hold people \u2019 s interest? why, after rehearsing all of the limitations of chatbot performance, does christian still stick to the claim that even the primordial chatbot eliza \u2019 s performance was \u201c stunning, maybe even staggering \u201d? it comes back to the issue of overinterpretation. human cognition is geared toward finding patterns ; that \u2019 s what we do, and we do it well. as infants, we track the changing conditional probabilities of sounds in human speech, which allows us to learn where the boundaries are between words. as children we learn new words at a rate of several per day. we hear the patterns in music, see the objects in images, understand the logic of a story in a sequence of sentences. we can \u2019 t help ourselves. we even do it when it isn \u2019 t appropriate. sure, we learn to recognize the faces of our family members and our friends. but we also see faces where there aren \u2019 t any, in the moon, in clouds. we see causality where there is only coincidence \u2014 when a supplicant \u2019 s prayer is answered, or when the rain dance is followed by rain. and we hear coherent language use where there are only snippets of canned text. turing understood all this, which is why he left his turing test wide open, unconstrained by time limit or style of questioning. christian understands this too ; the book \u2019 s conceit is more honored in the breach than in the observance. in the end, who cares about distinguishing oneself from the weak performances put on by even the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5473597471095928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.960317"} {"text": "time limit or style of questioning. christian understands this too ; the book \u2019 s conceit is more honored in the breach than in the observance. in the end, who cares about distinguishing oneself from the weak performances put on by even the best chatbots? i expect not even christian, who admits the award is \u201c disappointing, anticlimactic. \u201d the book is most successful when it roams farthest from its ostensible subject. christian uses the hook of pursuing the \u201c most human human \u201d award as an opportunity to explore a wide range of matters related, more or less, to issues of language use by humans and computers, and it is here that the book is most rewarding and entertaining. he riffs from the statelessness of chatbot conversation to markov chains to information theory to text compression to morality, from phonagnosia to speed dating to the coherence of personality to the television show the office to the travails of customer service. the connections of these subjects to the hook and to one another are tangential at best, but that \u2019 s okay in a popular science book. these are fascinating topics more or less related to cognitive science and its broad connections to the humanities. the \u201c most human human \u201d bit is the macguffin. stuart m. shieber is james o. welch, jr., and virginia b. welch professor of computer science and director of the office for scholarly communication at harvard university. he is the editor of the turing test : verbal behavior as the hallmark of intelligence ( the mit press, 2004 ). \u00bb post comment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5453301119644537, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.960923"} {"text": "august 6, 2011 civil gideon : an idea whose time should not comeby lawrence j. siskind the u. s. supreme court recently revisited the heavily disputed territory of \" civil gideon \" - - the doctrine delineating when, if ever, indigent civil litigants are legally entitled to counsel appointed and paid for by the state. the name \" civil gideon \" comes from the 1963 landmark decision of gideon v. wainwright, which held that the sixth amendment grants indigent defendants the right to state - appointed and state - paid counsel in criminal cases. in turner v. rogers, the high court confronted the case of michael turner, a deadbeat dad with a drug problem. after repeatedly failing to pay child support, turner was sentenced to serve a 12 - month sentence for civil contempt. at the contempt hearing, turner did not have counsel. neither did rebecca rogers, the mother of their child, who sought the hearing and asked the court to confine turner because of his pattern of nonpayment. in its 5 - 4 decision, the court vacated the south carolina judgment. the court acknowledged that the sixth amendment right to counsel established in gideon v. wainwright was inapplicable because turner was sentenced to civil, not criminal, contempt, and in such cases, the defendant \" holds the keys of his prison in his pocket. \" once he complies with the order, he is discharged. if he is financially unable to pay, he cannot be held in contempt. nevertheless, because turner did not receive clear notice that his ability to pay was a critical question, the majority found that his incarceration violated the fourteenth amendment ' s due process clause. the dissenting justices maintained that the due process clause never provides a constitutional right to appointed counsel in civil contempt hearings, even if those hearings may lead to incarceration. justice clarence thomas pointed out that reading the due process clause to provide a right to appointed counsel for indigent defendants facing incarceration would render the sixth amendment superfluous. in the wake of its narrow holding, the court seems closely divided between those who believe that the due process clause never provides a civil gideon right, and those who would cite the captain of hms pinafore : \" what never? well, hardly ever. \" the closeness of the decision suggests that the civil gideon issue is likely to remain hotly debated in the legal profession and in the states. the aba house of delegates has passed a resolution urging the states \" to provide legal counsel as a matter of right at public expense where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4992851309719357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.968612"} {"text": "the decision suggests that the civil gideon issue is likely to remain hotly debated in the legal profession and in the states. the aba house of delegates has passed a resolution urging the states \" to provide legal counsel as a matter of right at public expense where basic human needs are at stake, such as... shelter, sustenance, safety, health or child custody. \" the alaska bar association board of governors and the conference of delegates of california bar associations ( now known as the conference of california bar associations ) have passed similar resolutions. many other state bar associations have set up committees to study the issue, as have local organizations, such as the san francisco and alameda county bar associations. the california legislature has enacted a pilot program, funded by increased court cost fees, that is expected to funnel about $ 11 million to legal aid societies that provide counsel to civil litigants. the idea of providing free legal counsel to poor civil litigants sounds not only idealistic, but also eminently sensible, at least at first blush. our adversarial system rests on the notion that truth and justice will emerge from the crucible of a carefully structured contest, conducted under legal procedures and principles. arming the litigants with professionals trained to utilize those procedures and principles should render the crucible more likely to generate fair results. but even if providing poor civil litigants with counsel is a good idea, should it be a government entitlement program? those who agree with the aba house of delegates and contend that counsel should be provided to poor litigants \" at public expense \" argue that privately funded legal aid societies aren ' t up to the task because their resources are limited. but limited resources are exactly why legal aid societies are a better solution than a government entitlement program. civil gideon proponents inhabit a world in which every indigent is a deserving litigant. she is a tenant about to be evicted by a greedy landlord, or a loving parent denied access to his child. that is not reality. legal aid societies, precisely because their resources are limited, are adept at choosing their cases carefully, screening out the frivolous and the undeserving. criminal gideon illustrates the shortcomings of a system that lacks the screening mechanism. at the trial level, because every indigent is entitled to free counsel, few if any receive competent representation. attorney general eric holder, jr. recently described a missouri county where the public defender office refused to accept more criminal cases after its caseload exceeded 395 cases per lawyer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4613861060491513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.969687"} {"text": "because every indigent is entitled to free counsel, few if any receive competent representation. attorney general eric holder, jr. recently described a missouri county where the public defender office refused to accept more criminal cases after its caseload exceeded 395 cases per lawyer per year. he mentioned a tennessee public defender office where six attorneys were assigned to handle 10, 000 misdemeanor cases in a single year. it is simply impossible to imagine the system providing adequate representation under those circumstances. the new york civil liberties union is pursuing a class action against the state, alleging that its public defenders are so overwhelmed that they routinely fail to investigate their cases or make basic legal arguments. considering the sorry state of criminal gideon, one would expect proponents of a government entitlement program for poor civil litigants to have chosen a different title from \" civil gideon. \" it ' s a badly tarnished brand. providing criminal counsel at public expense has ensured that deserving cases are lost in the sea of undeserving ones. the same will happen in the civil sphere if civil gideon proponents have their way, and the screening function now provided by legal aid societies is removed. apart from a lack of screening, a government entitlement program is also a bad idea because of plain economics. economists may not agree on much, but they do agree on one basic idea. if you price a good or service below the market rate, people will want more of it. if civil litigation is free, there will be more of it. and that ' s not necessarily good for the litigants themselves, or for society as a whole. consider turner v. rogers, the case recently reviewed by the high court. on at least four occasions, turner refused to pay child support until threatened with contempt. then he somehow found the money to provide for his child. had turner been provided with counsel, free of charge, to oppose the mother ' s efforts to obtain child support, is it more likely he would have paid - - or that he would have taken advantage of the system to dodge his responsibilities? thousands of marital, landlord - tenant and debtor - creditor disputes are resolved every year by informal negotiation and settlement. perhaps the results are not always \" fair, \" a difficult term to define in these circumstances. but the fact that one or both parties cannot afford counsel ensures that there will be pressure to reach a quick and efficient resolution. making counsel available for free, to any party below a certain income level, ensures that many ordinary disputes, once settled by discussions, will become cl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41919065744512607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.970714"} {"text": "one or both parties cannot afford counsel ensures that there will be pressure to reach a quick and efficient resolution. making counsel available for free, to any party below a certain income level, ensures that many ordinary disputes, once settled by discussions, will become clogs in an increasingly overloaded justice system. a government - funded entitlement program is also problematic because such programs have to draw lines, and those lines are seldom fair. take the california pilot program. to qualify for a state - appointed attorney, the litigant must earn under twice the federal poverty line, which comes out to roughly $ 44, 500 for a family of four. imagine two immigrants, one of whom has been here longer than the other, and has saved up enough to purchase his residence and rent out a room. in a landlord - tenant dispute between the two, why should one party earning $ 44, 000 per year receive free legal service while his opponent making $ 45, 000 pays full freight? that leads to a related question : why should the public, through their tax dollars, take sides in any civil dispute? that may make sense in the criminal gideon context, where the resources of the state are mobilized against the defendant, and taking sides tends to level the playing field. but why should the public take sides in a private dispute between two neighbors? finally, civil gideon is a bad idea today because the states cannot afford it. the california court system has seen a 30 - percent reduction in its resources over the past three years. the legislature has slashed the current $ 3. 5 - billion budget by $ 350 million. san francisco has been particularly hard - hit. the court has sent layoff notices to 40 percent of its employees, and officials predict a five - year wait for lawsuits to get to trial. the situation is not much better in other states. when the aba house of delegates passed its resolution urging the states \" to provide legal counsel as a matter of right at public expense, \" it did not bother to calculate what that expense might be, or how the states might pay for it. lawyers providing advice in other circumstances with such blithe indifference to the consequences might face malpractice charges. the lack of foresight is particularly galling when one considers that the aba was asking the public to fund a program that would generate revenue and create employment for its own members. of course, that apparent self - interest, by itself, should not bar the organization from taking a stand in favor of civil gideon. but it should at least motivate the aba", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44373654128268647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.972779"} {"text": "program that would generate revenue and create employment for its own members. of course, that apparent self - interest, by itself, should not bar the organization from taking a stand in favor of civil gideon. but it should at least motivate the aba to explore and disclose all the potential pitfalls of the proposal. in 2007, the california state bar ' s 2007 commission on access to justice report found a $ 394 - million gap in unfunded civil legal services. ironically, that figure is about the same size as the recent budget cut. if california cannot afford its current legal budget, where is it going to find the money for a new legal entitlement program? in an ideal economic climate, civil gideon would be problematic. in today ' s financial emergency, it is a non - starter. there are measures the states can take, short of accepting the aba ' s invitation to create a new entitlement program at public expense, to address the problem. states can encourage and expand clinics and help - lines which provide advice to pro se litigants. they can reduce our profession ' s monopoly by allowing non - lawyers, such as paralegals, to represent indigent parties in certain cases. they can expand the jurisdiction of small claims courts, where neither side is allowed to use counsel. they can increase opportunities for prevailing parties to recover attorney fees, so that deserving indigent parties will have a greater chance of attracting private counsel. ultimately, however, it falls on the shoulders of our own profession to address the problem. helping poor people navigate the civil justice system remains a laudable goal, one which private attorneys should support. they should do so on their own time and on their own nickel. thousands already do. a government entitlement program is not the solution. lawrence j. siskind, of san francisco ' s harvey siskind, chairs the aba intellectual property law section ' s pro bono committee. follow us on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4287212580305258, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.973881"} {"text": "the chronology of the new world : two faces of one reality by n. guidon and b. arnaud the paper gives a review of archaeological work in the south - eastern part of piaui state, brazil, with particular reference to the chronology and geological history of rockshelter sites, such as toca do boqueirao da pedra furada, and toca do sitio do meio. the article analyses critiques of early dates in south america, notes a bias towards the rejection of early dates, and gives additional documentation to the early dates in piaui state. it concludes by urging that a new consensus be developed among archaeologists studying early american sites. the chronology of the earliest period, of occupation in the new world is a subject of intensive controvesy. in the endless debate one might reflect that everything seems to have been said already. the situation does not change each time there is a new discovery, unfailingly the dehate takes up again around the same arguments. this results in dogmatic positions and a climate of ideological fervour. today, it seems to us that we have no hope of writing an article ahout the chronology of pleistocene america which will not convince the convinced, and augment the suspicions of the sceptics! yet it is time for the ' cold war ' of americanist archaeology to come to an end ; the two camps - those favouring early colonization, and those setting a limit at 12, 000 - 14, 000 before present - must seek out in collaboration the evidence necessary for building up a cultural sequence which can be accepted as the only really accurate record of the peopling of the continent in this paper, as our contribution to such an exercise, we review the work of our own expedition in piaui ( brazil ), and the arguments for and against the evidence which we have revealed. a climate of scepticism first we draw attention to the climate of, cepticism attending old dates. reviewing work mried out in the old crow hasin of north - west canada, guthrie ( 1984 ) begin \" the following critique deal, only with the pleistocene archaeological interpretatio \", pertaining to the old crow osteological material and is not intended to reflect negatively on the excellent paleontological, taphonomic, paleoecological, paleoclimatic, geographic, stratigrapt, ic and holocene archaeological studies which have been and are being carried out by highly qualified old crow basin re \" arch team '. one may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5147706711520537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:46:59.997776"} {"text": "state. for the holocene, our results have never provoked controversy, even though we have discovered new aspects of culture. the unexpected age of a certain pottery type, and the ages of rock paintings covered by archaeological layers dating to 10, 500 bp have drawn no reaction - even though rock paintings and pottery have always been considered as very recent features in the prehistory of north - eastern brazil. in spite of the bias seen above, we know now that homo sapiens sapiens has an antiquity of 100, 000 to 90, 000 years in the old world, and must concede that this is sufficient to allow the possibility that humans were in america from 70, 000 to 50, 000 years ago. north - eastern brazil showing the area of sao raimundo nonato. the excavations at toca do boqueirao da pedra furada the area of sao raimundo nonato in the south - eastern part of piaui state occupies a region of broken country between the sedimentary basins of piaui - maranhao and the sao francisco river. all along the cuesta front which separates the two basins, and in the valleys inside the basins, thousands of rockshelters have formed - hundreds of which have traces of prehistoric human activity ( guidon and delibrias 1985, 1986 ; delibrias et al. 1988 ). for over twenty years we have carried out investigations in this area. we will give a rapid review of the excavations undertaken in the great rockshelter of toca do boqueirao da pedra furada ( 42o 33 ' 30 \" w, 8o 50 ' s ) between 1978 and 1988. the rockshelter is over 70 meters long. the initial area of excavation, up against the rockwall of the site, measured 7 m by 3 m. the subsequent seasons of work raised the extent up to 700 square metres, through an average depth of 4 metres. from 1978 to 1983 we encountered problems in interpreting the stratigraphy in the western part of the site. the holocene layers were well preserved, but in the east they had been eroded. in contrast, the pleistocene layers had been partly destroyed in the west, whereas to the east they were perfectly preserved, since they were protected by blocks fallen from the shelter roof. the slopes ofthe layers presented a complex picture, highly variable from place to place. it was only in 1983, after discovering a mass of fallen rocks almost directly in contact with the rocky floor, that we were able to understand how the site had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5048621386890579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.000207"} {"text": ". the slopes ofthe layers presented a complex picture, highly variable from place to place. it was only in 1983, after discovering a mass of fallen rocks almost directly in contact with the rocky floor, that we were able to understand how the site had been formed. this basic discovery allowed us the certainty that we had primary archaeological layers which had not been disturbed by erosion. let us pause for a moment over this assertion : it is effectively almost impossible to interpret a stratigraphic sequence, or the association between a charcoal sample and stone tools, if one is working in a small test - pit. unfortunately a high proportion of american excavations are carried out using the technique of test - pits, and only small areas are excavated. our experience at pedra furada is much more conclusive : we would never have been able to make interpretations with assurance or work out the details of deposition without uncovering the site almost completely. the great abri ( rockshelter ) of boqueirao da pedra furada was thus formed in the following manner, beginning with a major rockfall about 60, 000 years ago. the rockfall isolated the part of the site under the overhang from the slope down to the valley ( the shelter is situated 19 metres above a plain, and so safe from all flooding ). sands composed of material derived from the sandstone shelter walls then began to be deposited over the rockfall. the first humans arrived at the site, perhaps drawn by the presence of a water source towards the west, in the depths of a vertical crevice funneling water down from the plateau above. this water course was probably responsible for the erosion which destroyed the outer part of the pleistocene layers, but it never penetrated the area of the archaeological site. plan and section of toca do boqueirao da pedra it appears that the first inhabitants then cleared a level area, using fire to break up the largest boulders. these events were not forest fires : the boulders destroyed were only those by the shelter wall, under the overhang, and none of the boulders isolating the shelter from the valley were touched. the first campsite thus lay protected between the pile of boulders and the back wall of the shelter. as the ancient rocks of the plateau are composed of conglomerates, the violent torrents of water which occurred during wet periods were able to transport quartz and quartzite pebbles downwards. as we have already explained, these pebbles were unable to fall down into the shelter, except for the outer parts which were not protected by the overhang. under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5221926420646097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.001329"} {"text": "of water which occurred during wet periods were able to transport quartz and quartzite pebbles downwards. as we have already explained, these pebbles were unable to fall down into the shelter, except for the outer parts which were not protected by the overhang. under the overhang the only sediments are sands derived from the sandstone of the cliffs. in their fall, the pebbles sometimes broke naturally, forming flakes which are often larger than those produced in human stoneworking. a flake formed as the result of such a fall thus remains outside the covered part of the site. there is no possibility that such a flake could cross the wall of boulders and enter the interior of the shelter without human transport. radiocarbon ( c14 ) dates in years before the present and correlation between divisions and sedimentological layers for the site of pedra furada. in the area of human habitation, the flakes and other stone pieces are concentrated primarily around the edges of structures which contain charcoal. these structures were situated close to the shelter wall, and were made up of fragments of rock derived from it, and large cobbles ( these could not have fallen in from outside the shelter, for the reasons already given ). large excavations made outside the overhang have not revealed any similar structures. outside the shelter, in the talus, charcoal was rare and sparse. the features are therefore interpreted as hearths, and we regard any hypothesis invoking forest fires as quite impossible, since, whatever else, these would have had to move from the outside to the inside. over thousands of years the sediments accumulated gently, covering the boulders of the rockfall. then around 22, 000 to 18, 000 years ago there was a further rockfall on the eastern side, creating a new entry for water to plunge down from the plateau. this ran along the edge of the shelter area, then changed its course at the middle of the shelter, finally taking the direction of the talus, down to the plain. it did not encroach upon the inhabited areas cose to the shelter wall. another watercourse existed on the easlern side, around 12, 000 to 11, 000 years ago. because of the topography of the site, the water in this new channel only ran in the eastern area. radiocarbon ( c14 ) dates from pedra furada seen in relation to stratigraphy and granulometry ( courtesy fabio parenti, 1991 ) in summary. there were times, at different stratigraphic levels, when lorrents of rainwater ran across", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4936623207076267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.002349"} {"text": ") dates from pedra furada seen in relation to stratigraphy and granulometry ( courtesy fabio parenti, 1991 ) in summary. there were times, at different stratigraphic levels, when lorrents of rainwater ran across the east and west margins of the sheltered area, and also on its southern edge, in the direction of the talus - but the areas under the shelter itself have not been subjected to water action, either in the pleistocene and the holocene, owing to the palaeotopography of the site, and thanks to the protection offered by the pile of fallen rocks. a summary of the various occupations and dates is given in table 1. we have given this account of the areas outside the abri. including the walercourses, so as to make comparisons with the area within the overhang. all this work. adding even more data to the mass obtained from a large excavation, allows us to interpret the totality of the depositional processes : and so we are happy to invite specialists in micro - stratigraphy to come and discuss issues on site. at pedra furada a favourable conjunction of natural factors allowed major complexes of prehistoric campsites of different ages to succeed one another on the site, and to be preserved intact. these factors include the rockfalls, the shape of the shelter, and the position of the crevasses carrying water. their relative importance has only been discovered because we have excavated over 70 per cent of the total site area. in an excavation of large extent, it is possible to expose the areas surrounding any structures, and so easier to establish the relationships between them, the charcoal which they contain, and the lithic pieces deposited around them. the geological history of pedra furada has been reconstructed by geomorphologists, with whom we have worked for many years studying the stratigraphy and the sequence of formational episodes on the site in great detail. fabio parenti is writing a doctoral thesis on the pedra furada excavations under the direction of one of us ( ng ). this will provide much more detail of problems concerning formation of the site over a long period. other rock shelters have been investigated in the same area, including the rockshelter of toca do sitio do meio ( 42o 33 ' w, 80 49 ' s ), which is less than 2 km from pedra furada. the oldest date obtained for the site is 14, 300 \u00b1 400 years before the present ( gif - 539", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.472635436712614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.003394"} {"text": "meio ( 42o 33 ' w, 80 49 ' s ), which is less than 2 km from pedra furada. the oldest date obtained for the site is 14, 300 \u00b1 400 years before the present ( gif - 5399 ). the holocene levels have been disturbed by modern use of the site, but the pleistocene levels are sealed, like those at pedra furada, by a great rockfall, later than 15, 000 before the present, and which we place provisionally at about 12, 000 years. the site will be excavated again in 1991, which should allow us to ascertain the extent of the zone of human occupation sealed under the rockfall. toca do cima dos pilao, 2 km from pedra furada, is a limestone site. the fossil fauna recovered from such limestone sites shows us that not long ago the area had a quite different climate. prairies with scattered clumps of trees stretched across the plain, while the rims of the basin, including pedra furada, were covered with humid tropical forest. the excavations in the limestone caves have yielded long stratigraphic sequences. in these sediments deposited during drier periods succeed those of wetter periods. the former have not yet been dated, but excavations in baixao do perna i, a site on the massif of sediments, may provide answers, as this rockshelter contains almost exclusively holocene layers. in the final pleistocene the inhabited part of the site was only 4 m above the valley bottom. there was a rocky surface protected by a shelter wall covered with paintings. this floor was strewn with a cover of cobbles, indicating a former stream of great force. in the rainy seasons the water used to rise and flood the site completely, carrying everything away. hence, the first hearths which survive probably indicate the end of a very wet period. a date of 10, 500 \u00b1 110 before the present ( beta 32971 ) has already been obtained for one of these hearths, situated 40 cm above the base of the site. this evidence tends to confirm - and it is a working hypothesis - that there was a very wet period about 12, 000 years ago. thus excavations carried out on sites protected from water action ( pedra furada, sitio do meio, caldeirao dos rodrigues i ) provide dates substantially earlier than 12, 000 years, while sites in valley bottoms exposed to erosion preserve only material aged less than 12, 000 years. this emphasizes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4572133465294914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.004401"} {"text": "of the tendency to define a complex by its most striking elements, the fine pieces. these simplistic labels hide the reality of great cultural complexity ( cf. hallam 1977 ). then again, the reconstruction of the palaeoclimate presented by schmitz ( 1987 : 55, 60, 71 ) is not substantiated. no pollen analyses are cited, nor any studies of palaeofauna as indicators of vegetation, and consequently of climate. the author continues ( p. 59 ) ' the absence of gregarious animals ( bison, horse, guanaco, etc. ), which could support a specialized hunting economy, led to the development of a generalized hunting and gathering subsistence on the planalto dominated by parkland. ' this statement is incorrect since numerous sites in the north - east of brazil have yielded abundant remains of megafauna, including mastodon, llama and horse ( guerin 1991 ). although no dates have been obtained as yet, the associated lithic material indicates that this fauna disappeared relatively late. the concepts of ' specialized hunting economy ' and ' generalized hunting and gathering subsistence ' are in our view artificial partitions created in the industrial age. we now turn to some points made by lynch ( 1990 : 20 - 1 ). the author voices concern that the site lies ' at the level of the modern flood plain '. since the rockshelter still exists, it can be verified that pedra furada is situated more than 19 metres above the immense plain surrounding the sao francisco river. this is an important point, since this is not a narrow valley subject to flooding. the sites are set into the cuesta front of the sedimentary basin which encompasses the plain, and on the east this is open to the atlantic, some 1, 200 km away. one can thus be quite sure that the waterlevel has never reached the height of the rockshelter. the watercourses which transported cobbles down from the plateau are found at the two ends of the great shelter, which is more than 70 metres long. we have considered in our analyses only the material coming from the protected area. lynch is concerned that we have taken charcoal samples in disturbed areas, ' including parts... in the stream channel itself, labelled \" actual torrent ' s passage \" '. our plan, however, refers to a present - day watercourse which involves only one part of the site. it traverses only the upper layers in the eastern part. the plan shows the surface contours", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.499721493909749, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.013415"} {"text": "found in association with flint artifacts, nobody has called their anthropogenic nature into doubt. equally difficult to explain would be pottery using peoples, who are predominant in the region from about 3, 000 years before the present, and who used exclusively quartz and quartzite for making tools, although they used jade for exquisite ornaments. as a further example, the inhabitants of some shell middens on the brazilian coast were working in quartz at 5, 000 years before the present. as for the flint knappers, we would like the opportunity to show them certain specimens which have been made in these ' difficult raw materials '. experiment enables us to understand certain parts of the ' operational chain ', but we will never have the same facility as an individual who has been knapping from childhood, and who does not have other techniques at his disposal. technical competence is not acquired as easily as one might think, and the stone age knapper will use his hands and arms quite differently from a professor of archaeology. in the case of pedra furada the work being carried out by fabio parenti at present will provide more precise answers, but we can state definitely now that there are retouched pieces. we agree with butzer ( 1988 ) who suggests that, even if the pieces were naturally formed, the stone material has been carried by humans, since we have found cobbles, fragments flakes and retouched pieces in parts of the abri where they could not possibly have arrived by natural means. another alleged problem ( p. 21 ) is that we have found no wooden or bone tools. this observation could be seen to increase doubts about the human manufacture of the stone industry, since in the classical scheme for this period, one ought always to find a stone industry associated with bone or wood tools. at piaui we have never found any of these, even in the holocene levels. on this point, guidon recalls the advice of a great master of archaeology, andre leroi - gourhan : ' carry on excavating : sooner or later excavation resolves problems '. hearths and bushfires many hearths have been recorded and dated at pedra furada ( cf. guidon and delibrias 1986 ), but these have also raised doubts. lynch ( 1990 : 21 ) writes ' it seems quite possible that these resulted from natural brush fires in the surrounding semi desert caatinga '. we do not accept this, since in that case : - we should find charcoal scattered in layers, and not concentrated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5077307405773619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.015799"} {"text": "1990 : 21 ) writes ' it seems quite possible that these resulted from natural brush fires in the surrounding semi desert caatinga '. we do not accept this, since in that case : - we should find charcoal scattered in layers, and not concentrated in the centre of the hearth arrangements ; - the quantity of charcoal should have been greater on the talus side than under the less - vegetated abri ; - patches of charcoal should have been found in the stratigraphy of the plain, since it would have been impossible for wind and water to have collected charcoal and placed it systematically and exclusively in small heaps inside the structures. in relation to the critique which has been made of the hearth arrangements ( foyers ) at pedra furada we emphasize that they were made from blocks and cobbles, and that these cobbles could not have fallen naturally where they were found. the charcoal exposed existed only inside the structures. lynch attempts to link the dated charcoal with caatinga fires. in the present - day the site area of pedra furada is covered with forest vegetation. the caatinga covers the plain and the lower part of the talus. contrary to what one might imagine, the trees and shrubs of the primary caatinga consist of very hard wood which burns only with difficulty. some of these cannot even be used for firewood, and one has to select particular kinds for making a fire. when agriculturalists practise fire - clearing, the fire only takes in cut and dried trees, and does not survive more than 3 metres around. it takes hold only in secondary caatinga, resulting in bush - clearing in areas where shrubs and low growth are dominant. a further reason for rejecting the link between the charcoal and caatinga fires is the quite different nature of the pleistocene vegetation cover, as noted above. lynch is also concerned by the possibility of bioturbation by animals in the archaeological layers. this factor cannot be applied to the pleistocene levels on this site, since they were protected from animal activities by a screen of boulders from the rockfalls. only the holocene levels have suffered some disturbance, which can be attributed to an armadillo ( thet tatouay ). at toca do sitio do meio, lynch mentions ' badly disturbed contexts ' and a date of over 40, 000 before the present. in fact, the oldest date obtained for the site is 14, 300 \u00b1 400 before the present ( gif - 5399 ). although the holocene levels have been disturbed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4775843385621633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.016846"} {"text": "' and a date of over 40, 000 before the present. in fact, the oldest date obtained for the site is 14, 300 \u00b1 400 before the present ( gif - 5399 ). although the holocene levels have been disturbed by modern activity on the site, the pleistocene levels are sealed, like those at pedra furada, by a great rockfall ( see above ). in relation to a third site, toca do caldeirao dos rodrigues, lynch considers that the charcoal is the result of natural fires, because we stated that the date of 18, 000 before the present obtained for the site was not associated with a lithic industry, but we have indicated the presence of hearths ( guidon and delibrias 1985 ). carbon contamination has also been invoked to explain the old dates. the three rockshelters which have yielded dates older than 12, 000 before the present are, however, sited in the sandstone cuesta, where it is impossible for the charcoal to have been contaminated by ancient carbon, for the simple reason that there is no carbon in the geological formations of the region. the only possibility of contamination, if there were any, would be from the humic acids of groundwater, or from roots, factors which could only tend to make the dates younger ( delibrias, pers. comm. ). a way forward we have attempted to provide answers to certain doubts expressed about the interpretations in our work carried out in south - east piaui. it is fair to stress that current theory about the peopling of the americas is only a working hypothesis, based on conjectures rather than on facts. reworking of the hypothesis is therefore necessary whenever new evidence indicates that it does not correspond with present realities. this procedure is the controlling rule of all scientific research. often, one can sense the wish to reproduce in america a model derived from the old world, where prehistoric people must be moulded to the needs of archaeological theories. we think, on the contrary, that archaeologists should build their models on the basis of the facts available to them. many archaeologists could benefit from the article of hallam ( 1977 ) concerning australia. for an archaeology of the peopling of the americas to progress, it must similarly free itself from old world models. when one classifies a tool, for example a sidescraper ( racloir ), the critical judgement is based on the edge angle, and not on the fact that the piece in question can be identified as one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48453168978785754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.022151"} {"text": "old world models. when one classifies a tool, for example a sidescraper ( racloir ), the critical judgement is based on the edge angle, and not on the fact that the piece in question can be identified as one of the types on bordes ' list, or some other old world typology. these names are not satisfactory, and are used by default because there is a need for some common language, but the typology of the new world ought to free itself completely from this influence, and be reviewed in its entirety. it would be helpful if we could rise above the present state of controversy about new world chronologies, so as to establish an entente between the different currents of thought. it is unfortunate, for example, that authors, who doubt the discoveries made at piaui have not visited the sites. working parties, meetings of specialists on site, and formal debates, should take place regularly if we are to establish an agreed basis for evaluating evidence. it would be constructive for american prehistory if we could seek out a consensus upon the value of the factual material which accumulates year by. then, on the basis of the evidence which we now possess, new theoretical propositions could be set forward. ecole des hautes etudes en sciences sociales butzer, k. w. 1988. \" a marginality ' model to explain major spatial and temporal gaps in the old and new world pleistocene settlement records. \" geoarchaeology, 3 : 193 - 203. delibrias, g., guidon, n. and parenti, f. 1988. \" the toca do boqueirao do sitio da pedro furada : stratigraphy and chronology. \" in early man in the southern hemisphere, supplement to archaeometry : australasian studies 1988. guerin, c. 1991. \" la faune de vertebres du pleistocene superieur de l ' aire archeologique de sao raimundo nonato ( piaui, bresil ). \" comptes rendus de l ' academie des sciences ( paris ), 312, series ii : 567 - 72. guidon, n. and delibrias, g. 1985. \" inventaire des sites sud - americaines anterieurs a 12, 000 ans. \" l ' anthropoloqie, 89 : 385 - 407. guidon, n. and delibrias, g. 1986. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5593150344163422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.035131"} {"text": "cleon in \" wasps \" and \" knights \" \" wasps was produced in 422, the year of cleon ' s death ; \" knights \" was two years earlier. in 424, the mission to pylos and the capture of the spartans by cleon was probably uppermost in most athenians ' minds as heralding a new and favourable phase of the war ; it certainly was in aristophanes ' mind, if \" knights \" is any evidence. after this date, the war became more remote from attica, so there is not the same immediacy about it and this is reflected in the predominantly \" civil \" aspect of the references to cleon in \" wasps \". overall, the picture of cleon is consistent in the two plays, the arrogant behaviour of the victor of pylos is inseperable from the patronising purchaser of votes in the assembly : we can say that aristophanes can detect no false modesty in the man! pylos runs through \" knights \". aristophanes ' major justification for critcising cleon is that he did not acknowledge the preliminary roles of demosthenes and nicias ( 54 - 7 ), aristophanes keeps returning to it and claiming that the rewards accruing are out of proportion to the gains ( free dining rights ( 176 and 531 ), illicit \" take - aways \" ( 271ff ) and front seat at public events ( 529 and 702 etc ) until cleon must have cringed at the very mention of pylos - assuming him to have been present. but, what is more, an opportunity for peace was lost. cleon had a vested interest in the war continuing ; so long as it continued no one would know what he was doing - even though he was filling his coffers ( 1218 ) at the expense of the people of athens - as a moment ' s reflection would have revealed. cleon attempts ( successfully, suggests aristophanes ) to avert suspicion by his \" gifts \", but these are small slices ( 1220 ) of big cakes ( 1219 ). he is relying on this policy - again with success - to remain in a position where he will wield influence and receive reward. he has forgotten the veterans, believing that if a real enemy, that is a non - greek one, comes along then the aristos will again be needed - the knights - but that, in buying the \" great unwashed \", cleon will destroy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45403340596054786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.044535"} {"text": "forgotten the veterans, believing that if a real enemy, that is a non - greek one, comes along then the aristos will again be needed - the knights - but that, in buying the \" great unwashed \", cleon will destroy the whole class. the main point of contact between the two plays is the demonstration that jurors receive a small share of the wealth of the empire ( 653ff ) - and anticleon proves that it is a very real wealth. the whole agon demonstrates how cleon ' s mind works as he manipulates the citizen body and, in this context of the drama, how easily it is duped. just as he is dismissive of nicias and demosthenes, his attitude to the old men is to ignore their value, and use them for his own glory. aristophanes lodges the blame eith the whole army of demagogues ( 701 ), but it is unlikely that he is spreading the blame ; more likely that he is branding cleon as the worst of a thoroughly disreputable bunch! the trial of the dogs is pointed at cleon, and he suggests that he is fiercely protective of his reputation as a general, inferring that the failure of laches / labes to produce a military victory was evidence of bribery by the enemy ( 236 and 895 ) and that he has bought the verdict beforehand. this very willingness to pursue litigation ( of which aristophanes has had first hand experience ) contrasted with the \" gentlemanly \" behaviour of a pericles, beneath whose dignity such a thing would have been. it was fair play for \" jack ' s as good as his master \" when the \" master \" was only a tanner, but it took aristophanes ( anticleon ) to pont out that he was indeed the master! the main point of consistency in the references, veiled or overt, to cleon is that if he has any redeeming features, then they are incapable of detection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47785995894139344, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.047162"} {"text": "share with those who care spina bifida association of delaware po box 807 wilmington, delaware, 19899 spina bifida is a birth defect which involves damage to the spine and nervous system. spina bifida means that the vertebrae and the spinal cord did not form properly as the fetus developed in the motheris womb. there are three forms of spina bifida. the mildest form, occulta, is harmless and may never be detected. the second is called meningocele, and can cause weak muscles and poor skin. the third and most serious condition is called myelomeningocele. when this condition occurs the spinal column does not form properly leaving the spine split in two. this usually results in paralysis of the legs and no control of the bowels and bladder. spina bifida is often accompanied by hydrocephalus ( water on the brain ) which can be controlled by a surgical procedure called shunting. children with sb also have a condition called arnold chiari malformation type ii, an abnormality of the two parts of the brain. most of the children in our association and the tri - state area go to the \" dupont hospital for children \", located in wilmington, delaware for their medical care. the dupont hospital runs a spinal dysfunction clinic on tuesdays of each week, which consists of urology, orthopedics, rehab, social service workers and physical therapy evaluations. neurosurgery is also available. one out of 1, 000 babies in the u. s. have spina bifida. more than 11, 000 children are born with this defect every year. it is the second most common birth defect, the most disabling and one of the least understood. what causes spina bifida? many theories about spina bifida have been advanced but none have been substantiated. even though the cause of spina bifida still remains a mystery, most researchers believe it is a result of a combination of factors, including heredity and environment. one of the goals of the spina bifida association of delaware ( sbad ) is to discover the cause. we are a group of parents, relatives, and friends of people who have spina bifida. by acting as a source of information, we can help organizations who are conducting spina bifida research. the spina bifida association of delaware is a non - profit organization. all donations are tax deductible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5289698183965341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.051314"} {"text": "news release from the royal society for the prevention of accidents as the warm weather continues, the royal society for the prevention of accidents ( rospa ) is issuing advice about how to stay safe in and around water. traditionally, the number of accidental drownings peaks during spells of warm weather, particularly when the warm conditions coincide with weekends, school holidays and national celebrations. rospa ' s advice particularly covers inland waters, such as rivers, lakes, lochs, quarries and reservoirs, which are the most common locations for accidental drownings throughout the year. figures from the national water safety forum show that in 2010, 420 people died from accidents or natural causes in water across the uk, and, of these, more than half ( 217 ) died as a result of incidents in inland waters. rospa believes that leisure should be \" as safe as necessary, not as safe as possible \", and the accident prevention charity is keen that families get out and about to enjoy the outdoors during the summer. to enable them to have fun and stay safe, rospa has put together the following water safety tips : - swimming at properly - supervised sites, such as beaches, lidos or swimming pools, is best, although rospa appreciates that not everyone can go to these locations - if you choose to go to an unsupervised site, think through the hazards first and ensure you know what to do if something goes wrong - among the hazards to consider are that water can be a lot colder than you are expecting so be careful if you jump in or go for a swim to cool off. also, there may be strong currents and underwater debris that you cannot see from the bank - before you get into the water, consider how you are going to get out again - be honest about your swimming ability - remember that alcohol and swimming never mix - parents and carers : discuss the hazards with your children and remind them that children should never swim alone at unsupervised locations. david walker, rospa ' s leisure safety manager, said : \" rospa ' s advice is to swim at properly - supervised sites, such as lifeguarded beaches, lidos or swimming pools. however, we appreciate that not everyone can get to these locations and understand the temptation to go swimming in inland waters like rivers and lakes, especially during warm weather. \" among the hazards to consider at inland waters are that, even on a hot day, water can be a lot colder than you are expecting and there may be strong currents and underwater debris", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4114050197736717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.054561"} {"text": "circa : 600 bc to 300 bc dimensions : 13. 5 \" ( 34. 3cm ) high x 11. 25 \" ( 28. 6cm ) wide style : late kingdom this monumental granite head is a fragment from a stone sarcophagus of the late dynastic period. in its complete state the head would have been attached to a recumbent body above a large rectangular coffin containing the mummified remains of the deceased. hieroglyphic inscriptions would have the named the owner and possibly included spells from the book of the dead. the expense of the material and the quality of the carving indicate that the sarcophagus belonged to a high ranking official who had both the wealth and the status to place such a commission. for the ancient egyptians the furnishing of a tomb could be a life - long occupation. preparing for the afterlife as well as displaying worldly wealth were the two main concerns. the mummified remains would not have been placed directly within the granite sarcophagus. for extra protection and ceremony another equally elaborate coffin, probably made of a more perishable material such as wood, would have been included inside. anthropoid - shaped coffins originated during the middle kingdom and soon became the standard form. the preservation of the deceased \u2019 s image, albeit highly idealised, was considered critical to the soul \u2019 s rebirth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4324177531680095, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.059641"} {"text": "most researchers agree that the roots of tourette ' s syndrome are largely biological. the disorder ' s characteristic tics - - head jerks, eye blinks and grunts, to name a few - - seem to stem from abnormalities in the basal ganglia or with dopamine function. what ' s more, people with the disorder generally experience tics as involuntary, which would seem to make tourette ' s a poor candidate for behavior therapy, notes psychologist john piacentini, phd, director of the child ocd, anxiety and tic disorders program at the university of california, los angeles. \" for the last 50 years, tourette ' s has been considered a neurological disorder with very little role for behavioral interventions, \" piacentini says. however, attitudes are changing, he says. though previously people believed that the tics of tourette ' s could only be stopped by medication, new research indicates that environmental contingencies play a role in tic expression. for instance, people suppress tics if they are rewarded for doing so, according to several recent studies. this finding is promising, but a barrier remains : many medical professionals still falsely believe that holding in tics leads to an explosion of tics later, notes michael himle, a fifth - year graduate student and tourette ' s syndrome researcher at the university of wisconsin - milwaukee. \" there is a lot of belief out there that when a child suppresses their tics, what you get is a rebound effect, \" himle says. \" some professionals have used this to caution against the use of behavior therapy. \" research by himle and others is countering that belief, and, as a result, funding agencies are now taking a serious look at nonpharmacological treatments for tourette ' s. in fact piacentini and his colleagues recently received about $ 6 million in grants from the national institute of mental health to try out a new behavioral technique for treating tourette ' s. the treatment, known as the comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics, ( cbit ) combines behavior therapy with an attempt to root out anything that might be inadvertently rewarding tic attacks. \" this is a really exciting time, \" piacentini notes. \" we are... developing behavioral interventions for what at root cause is a neurological disorder. \" fifty - five percent of medical professionals believe that tourette ' s tics can ' t be controlled and 77 percent believe that if tics are suppressed, they will be even worse later, according to a 2004", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4436962693655263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.069802"} {"text": "root cause is a neurological disorder. \" fifty - five percent of medical professionals believe that tourette ' s tics can ' t be controlled and 77 percent believe that if tics are suppressed, they will be even worse later, according to a 2004 survey published in cognitive and behavioral practice ( vol. 11, no. 1, pages 298 - 305 ). the survey of 78 neurologists, family practitioners, psychiatrists and clinical psychologists showed that many members of the medical community held beliefs about tourette ' s syndrome that were false or untested, says study author douglas woods, phd, a university of wisconsin - milwaukee psychology professor. \" it ' s almost freudian, this idea that you can try to repress an unwanted urge, and the more you suppress it the more it will bubble up somewhere else, \" woods notes. woods and his student himle set out to test those assumptions. in a study published in a 2005 issue of behaviour research and therapy ( vol. 43, no. 1, pages 1443 - 1451 ), they rewarded seven children, ages 8 to 11, for suppressing their tics. they told the children a \" tic detector \" would reward them with a token for every 10 seconds they did not tic. they also said the tokens were worth a few cents each, but regardless of their performance, all the participants received $ 2 at the end of the study. while the children believed the tic detector worked automatically, a behind - the - scenes experimenter actually controlled the dispensing of the tokens. the tics exhibited by the participants in the study - - which included throat clearing, nose scrunching and grunting - - were too complex and subtle to be detected by a machine, woods notes. before introducing the tic detector, the researchers recorded the frequency of the children ' s tics. afterward, they also \" turned off \" the machine for five minutes and instructed the participants to tic freely, to measure any rebound effect. they found that the children were able to suppress their tics - - they expressed a tic during 16 percent of the 10 - second intervals when they were being rewarded, as opposed to 50 percent of the intervals at the beginning of the experiment. though the children returned to a high rate of tics once they thought the machine was off, they flinched and grunted less after the suppression period than they did at the beginning of the experiment. that same year, another study - - published in behavior modification ( vol. 29, no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5108968638259895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.071051"} {"text": "high rate of tics once they thought the machine was off, they flinched and grunted less after the suppression period than they did at the beginning of the experiment. that same year, another study - - published in behavior modification ( vol. 29, no. 5, pages 716 - 745 ) - - showed no rebound effect for tic suppression in five people with tourette ' s syndrome, ranging in age from 7 to 20. in that study, psychology professor raymond miltenberger, phd, and his colleagues. at north dakota state university asked the participants to consciously suppress their tics for 30 minutes while watching television or while holding a conversation with an experimenter. in both cases the participants were only modestly able to control themselves - - though some were much better than others. and, during a 30 - minute period afterward they did not tic more than they had at the beginning of the experiment. \" there is really no support for a rebound effect, based on that study, \" says miltenberger. \" and what we found is that kids have variable ability to control their tics to begin with. \" in addition to debunking the rebound myth, the studies demonstrate that environmental factors can influence the expression of tourette ' s syndrome, says woods. the findings also show that people can control their tics - - especially if rewards are involved, woods adds. that is an important foundation for therapy ; however, chasing after clients with a coin - dispensing \" tic suppressor \" would not be a good way to help them control their behavior, he notes. tools for tic suppression most people with tourette ' s are treated with drugs, says roger kurlan, md, a psychiatry professor and tourette ' s syndrome researcher at the university of rochester. \" behavioral interventions for tics... have never been shown to have more than modest potential benefit, \" he notes. for that reason, people with tourette ' s are generally prescribed medications like risperidone, an antipsychotic, or clonidine, a blood pressure medication. the drugs do reduce tics, but the side effects are often worse than the symptoms they treat, says woods. \" the antipsychotics have a 70 to 80 percent tic reduction, but the side effects are abysmal, \" he notes. \" they experience weight gain and fatigue, have dry mouths - - and a lot of parents just don ' t want to put their kids on medication. \" the time is ripe for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43119636285223634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.074064"} {"text": ", but the side effects are abysmal, \" he notes. \" they experience weight gain and fatigue, have dry mouths - - and a lot of parents just don ' t want to put their kids on medication. \" the time is ripe for an alternative treatment, says piacentini. so he is leading a consortium of scientists who are using the basic science foundation to develop a new behavioral treatment for the disorder. currently, they are testing cbit with 120 adults and 120 children in a randomized controlled trial funded by the national institute of mental health, with administrative support from the tourette syndrome association. the intervention hinges on findings that show tourette ' s tics can be affected by environmental and internal reinforcement. while a tic attack in the lab might be discouraged by a token reward system, in school it might be discouraged by the likelihood of teasing. or, alternately, a child who gets out of doing household chores due to a tic attack might tic more when it ' s time to wash dishes, notes joyce chang lee, phd, a clinical psychologist who is applying the cbit treatment as part of her postdoctoral fellowship at the university of california, los angeles. \" we try to change those things and stress that the child be treated as normally as possible, \" lee says. for instance, parents might let children take a break if they have a tic attack during chore time, but should send them back to finish afterward, she says. in addition to removing external rewards, lee and her colleagues teach children to break the internal reward system for doing tics. many people with tourette ' s syndrome report a premonitory urge or sensation right before they flinch or flail, notes lee. so, over the course of eight one - hour sessions, she teaches them to be aware of that feeling and then perform a quick countermeasure to quash the tic. for instance, one child she worked with would feel tension build up in his arm right before he flung it outward. lee taught him to hold his arms tightly by his side whenever he started to feel that tension build. the training tends to weaken tics over time, lee says. \" usually what happens is, once they use the competing response, the premonitory urge fades away, \" she notes. the treatment addresses the symptoms of tourette ' s, not its root causes. but it can make a big difference in the lives of people with the disorder, woods says. in fact, pilot data show that people who undergo the treatment have a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4755048535570772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.075327"} {"text": "overview of content related to ' dcc ' this page provides an overview of 1 article related to ' web services '. note that filters may be applied to display a sub - set of articles in this category ( see faqs on filtering for usage tips ). select this link to remove all filters. a web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices over a network. the w3c defines a \" web service \" as \" a software system designed to support interoperable machine - to - machine interaction over a network. it has an interface described in a machine - processable format ( specifically web services description language wsdl ). other systems interact with the web service in a manner prescribed by its description using soap messages, typically conveyed using http with an xml serialization in conjunction with other web - related standards. \" the w3c also states, \" we can identify two major classes of web services, rest - compliant web services, in which the primary purpose of the service is to manipulate xml representations of web resources using a uniform set of \" stateless \" operations ; and arbitrary web services, in which the service may expose an arbitrary set of operations. ( excerpt from wikipedia article : web service ) see our ' web services ' overview for more data and comparisons with other tags. for visualisations of metadata related to timelines, bands of recency, top authors, and and overall distribution of authors using this term, see our ' web services ' usage charts. ariadne contributors most frequently referring to ' web services ' :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5714996140518314, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.076858"} {"text": "battle drill # 1 : conduct platoon attack ( 7 - 3 - d101 ) task. conduct platoon attack ( 7 - 3 - d101 ). conditions. an enemy squad has occupied defensive positions or is moving to the platoon front. the enemy has indirect fire and cas capabilities. the platoon is attacking separately or as part of a larger unit. plans, preparation, and movement to the objective have been accomplished. the platoon is directed to attack the enemy. 1. the platoon main body is not surprised or fixed by the enemy. 2. the platoon accomplishes its assigned task within the commander ' s intent. the platoon kills, captures, or forces the withdrawal of the enemy. 3. the platoon maintains a sufficient fighting force to defeat the enemy ' s counterattack and continue operations. 1. action on enemy contact. a. the platoon initiates contact. the platoon leader directs when and how his base of fire element will establish a base of fire. the element must be in position and briefed before it initiates contact. the base of fire squad leader ( normally the weapons squad leader ), upon the signal from the platoon leader, initiates contact with a high casualty - producing weapon. the squad marks the engagement area with ir illumination ( mtett dependent ), while the squad leader uses his hand - held laser pointer and an / paq - 4 to designate enemy positions, crew - served weapons, and vehicles. soldiers focus on the squad leader ' s laser as well as the team leader ' s tracers and an / paq - 4 to engage targets. if the platoon has not been detected, steps 1 and 2 consist of positioning the support element and identifying the enemy ' s positions. b. if the enemy initiates contact, the platoon takes the following actions : ( 1 ) the squad in contact reacts to contact ( battle drill no. 2, react to contact platoon / squad, 7 - 3 / 4 - d103 ). it attempts to achieve suppressive fires with one fire team and maneuvers the other team to attack the enemy in the flank. the team providing suppressive fires marks its flanks by throwing ir chemlight bundles or ir flares and continues to use its an / pvs - 7b and an / paq - 4 to place well - aimed, accurate fires on the enemy. the squad employs m203 and hand - held ir smoke to screen the assaulting teams movement. the squad leader notifies the platoon leader of his actions. ( 2 ) the platoon leader, his rto, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4419898317398207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.086696"} {"text": "accurate fires on the enemy. the squad employs m203 and hand - held ir smoke to screen the assaulting teams movement. the squad leader notifies the platoon leader of his actions. ( 2 ) the platoon leader, his rto, the platoon fo, the squad leader of the next squad, and one machine gun team move forward to link up with the squad leader of the squad in contact. ( 3 ) the squad leader of the trail squad moves to the front of his lead fire team. ( 4 ) the platoon sergeant moves forward with the second machine gun team and the weapons squad leader and links up with the platoon leader. if directed, he assumes control of the base of fire element and positions the machine guns to add suppressive fire against the enemy. the platoon sergeant uses his hand - held laser to designate the left and right limits of fires while the weapons squad leader uses the pointer to designate targets. ( 5 ) the platoon leader assesses the situation. he follows the success of the squad ' s flank attack by leading the trail squads along the covered and concealed route taken by the assaulting fire team of the squad in contact. the base of fire element uses the an / pvs - 7b to monitor the movement of the assaulting element. c. if the squad in contact cannot achieve suppressive fire, the squad leader reports to the platoon leader. ( 1 ) the squad in contact establishes a base of fire. ( a ) the squad leader deploys his squad to provide effective, sustained fires on the enemy position. the squad leader continues to designate targets using the hand - held laser pointer and an / paq - 4 while soldiers see through their an / pvs - 7b and place accurate fires on the enemy with the an / paq - 4. ( b ) the squad leader reports his final position to the platoon leader. ( 2 ) the remaining squad ( not in contact ) takes up covered and concealed positions in place and uses the an / pvs - 7b to observe the flanks and rear of the platoon. ( 3 ) the platoon leader moves forward with his rto, the platoon fo, the squad leader of the nearest squad, and one machine gun team. 2. locate the enemy. a. the squad leader of the squad in contact reports the enemy size, location, and any other information to the platoon leader. the platoon leader completes the squad leader ' s assessment of the situation. b. the squad continues to engage the enemy positions and mark the engagement area with ground ir flares", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5074248059097007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.087698"} {"text": "reports the enemy size, location, and any other information to the platoon leader. the platoon leader completes the squad leader ' s assessment of the situation. b. the squad continues to engage the enemy positions and mark the engagement area with ground ir flares, tracers, and an / paq - 4. c. the platoon sergeant moves forward with the weapons squad leader and the second machine gun team and links up with the platoon leader. 3. suppress the enemy. a. the platoon leader determines if the squad in contact can gain suppressive fire against the enemy, based on the volume and accuracy of the enemy ' s return fire. he sees through the an / pvs - 7b and makes the assessment by looking at the enemy ' s muzzle flashes and the strike of their rounds and tracers. b. if yes, he directs the squad ( with one or both machine guns ) to continue suppressing the enemy : ( 1 ) the squad in contact destroys or suppresses enemy weapons that are firing most effectively against it, normally crew - served weapons. the squad leader identifies the enemy crew - served by its muzzle flashes and rate of fire. he uses his hand - held laser pointer to designate priority targets for his squad. ( 2 ) in addition, the squad in contact continues to place ir screening smoke ( if enemy has nods ) to prevent the enemy from seeing the maneuver element. c. if no, the platoon leader deploys another squad and the machine gun team to suppress the enemy position. the second squad lead elements see the base of fire squad flank element ' s ir chemlights or flares through the an / pvs - 7b and links up either to the left or right flank of the base of fire squad as directed by the platoon leader. ( the platoon leader may direct the platoon sergeant to position this squad and one or both of the machine gun teams in a better support - by - fire position. ) d. the platoon leader again determines if the platoon can gain suppressive fire over the enemy. e. if yes, he continues to suppress the enemy with two squads and two machine guns. ( 1 ) the platoon sergeant assumes control of the base - of - fire element ( squad in contact, the machine gun teams, and any other squad designated by the platoon leader ). he uses his hand - held laser pointer to designate sectors of fire for the squads. ( 2 ) the machine gun team occupies a covered and concealed position and suppresses the enemy position. the gunners see through the an / pvs -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4840138527664441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.090576"} {"text": "leader ). he uses his hand - held laser pointer to designate sectors of fire for the squads. ( 2 ) the machine gun team occupies a covered and concealed position and suppresses the enemy position. the gunners see through the an / pvs - 4 and identify the targets designated by the weapons squad leader ' s laser. f. the platoon fo calls for and adjusts fires, based on the platoon leader ' s directions. ( the platoon leader does not wait for indirect fires before continuing with his actions. ) g. if still no, the platoon leader deploys the last squad to provide flank and rear security and guide the rest of the platoon forward as necessary, and reports the situation to the company commander. normally, the platoon will become the base of fire element for the company and may deploy the last squad for suppressive fires. the platoon continues to suppress / fix the enemy with direct and indirect fire, and responds to orders from the company commander. a. if the squad ( s ) in contact together with the machine gun can suppress the enemy, the platoon leader determines if the remaining squad ( s ) not in contact can maneuver. he makes the following assessment using his an / pvs - 7 : ( 1 ) location of enemy positions and obstacles. ( 2 ) size of enemy force. ( the number of enemy automatic weapons, presence of any vehicles, and employment of indirect fire are indicators of enemy strength. ) ( 3 ) vulnerable flank. ( 4 ) covered and concealed flanking route to the enemy position. b. if yes, the squad leader maneuvers the squad ( s ) into the assault : ( 1 ) once the platoon leader has ensured the base of fire squad is in position and providing suppressive fires, he leads the assaulting squad ( s ) to the assault position. ( 2 ) once in position, the platoon leader gives the prearranged signal for the base of fire squad to lift or shift direct fires to the opposite flank of the enemy position. the signal is normally fm or an ir signaling device. the assault squad leader identifies the targets ( enemy positions ) that have been designated by the support by fire squad leader through his an / pvs - 7b. simultaneously, at the platoon leader ' s command for the support by fire squad to lift or shift, the assault squad leader uses his hand - held laser pointer to point out the targets. team leaders use an / paq - 4 to control fires. the assault squads must pick up and maintain effective fire throughout the assault. handover of responsibility for direct", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4913673385891746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.091610"} {"text": "the assault squad leader uses his hand - held laser pointer to point out the targets. team leaders use an / paq - 4 to control fires. the assault squads must pick up and maintain effective fire throughout the assault. handover of responsibility for direct fires from the base of fire squad to the assault squad is critical to prevent fratricide. ( 3 ) the platoon fo shifts indirect fires ( including smoke ) to suppress the enemy position. ( 4 ) the assaulting squad ( s ) fight through enemy positions using fire and maneuver. ( 5 ) the platoon leader controls the movement of his squads. he uses his hand - held laser pointer to assign specific objectives for each squad and designates the main effort or base maneuver element. ( the base of fire squad must be able to identify the near flank of the assaulting squads. ) flanks are marked with ir chemlight bundles, ir flares, or phoenix beacons. note : the use of the hand - held laser pointer requires moderation because it can cause confusion as well as identify friendly positions for an enemy with night - vision capabilities. the laser should not be on for a period greater than three seconds when used. ( a ) the squad leader determines the way in which he will move the elements of his squad based on the volume and accuracy of enemy fire against his squad and the amount of cover provided by terrain. in all cases, each soldier uses individual movement techniques as appropriate. ( b ) the squad leader designates one fire team to support the movement of the other fire team. ( c ) the squad leader designates a distance or direction for the team to move. he accompanies one of the fire teams. ( d ) soldiers see with the an / pvs - 7b and maintain contact with team members and leaders. ( e ) buddy teams time their firing and reloading to sustain their rate of fire. ( f ) the moving fire team proceeds to the next covered position, using the wedge formation. ( g ) the squad leader directs the next team to move using an ir signal. ( h ) when the squad leader or team leader determines that moving by teams is no longer feasible, fire teams continue forward in buddy teams. soldiers continue to use an / pvs - 7b and an / paq - 4 to place accurate fires on the enemy as well as identify / point out targets previously identified by their team leaders. ( 1 ) soldiers maintain contact with their buddies. ( 2 ) soldiers fire from covered positions, see with the an / pvs - 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49014886901715227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.092578"} {"text": "to place accurate fires on the enemy as well as identify / point out targets previously identified by their team leaders. ( 1 ) soldiers maintain contact with their buddies. ( 2 ) soldiers fire from covered positions, see with the an / pvs - 7b and select the next covered position before moving. they either rush forward ( no more than 5 seconds ) or use the high crawl or low crawl techniques, based on terrain and enemy fires. ( i ) fire team leaders maintain contact with the squad leaders and pass signals to team members. c. if no, or the assaulting squads cannot continue to move, the platoon leader deploys the squad ( s ) to suppress the enemy and reports to the company commander. 5. consolidate and reorganize. a. for consolidating once squads have seized the enemy position, the platoon leader establishes local security. ( the platoon must plan to defeat any enemy counterattack. at the conclusion of the assault, the platoon is most vulnerable. ) ( 1 ) the platoon leader signals for the base of fire squad to move into designated positions. ( 2 ) the platoon leader assigns sectors of fire for each squad using his laser pointer. ( 3 ) the platoon leader positions key weapons to cover the most dangerous avenues of approach. ( 4 ) the platoon sergeant begins coordination for ammunition resupply. ( 5 ) soldiers occupy hasty defensive positions. ( 6 ) the platoon leader and his fo develop a quick fire plan. ( 7 ) the squad leader places ops to detect enemy counterattacks. when an armor or mounted threat is likely, use the an / tas - 5a in ops. b. to reorganize, the platoon performs the following tasks ( only after it completes consolidation on the objective ) : ( 1 ) re - establish chain of command. ( 2 ) redistribute and resupply ammunition. ( 3 ) man crew - served weapons first. ( 4 ) redistribute critical equipment ( radios, nbc, nvd, laser pointer ). ( 5 ) treat casualties and evacuate wounded. ( 6 ) fill vacancies in key positions. ( 7 ) search, silence, segregate, safeguard, and speed epws to collection points. ( 8 ) collect and report enemy information and material. c. squad leaders provide ammunition, casualty, and equipment ( ace ) reports to the platoon leader. d. the platoon leader consolidates ace reports and passes them to the company commander ( or executive officer ). e. the platoon continues the mission after receiving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4808870460777112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.093496"} {"text": "from the art and popular culture encyclopedia a neologism ( greek \u03bd\u03b5\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 [ neologismos ], from \u03bd\u03b5\u03bf\u03c2 [ neos ] new + \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 [ logos ] word, speech, discourse + suffix - \u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 [ - ismos ] - ism ) is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created ( \" coined \" ) \u2014 often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre - existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. neologisms are especially useful in identifying inventions, new phenomena, or old ideas which have taken on a new cultural context. the term \" e - mail \", as used today, is an example of a neologism. neologisms are by definition \" new \", and as such are often directly attributable to a specific individual, publication, period or event. the term \" neologism \" was itself coined around 1800 ; so for some time in the early 19th century, the word \" neologism \" was itself a neologism. neologisms can also refer to an existing word or phrase which has been assigned a new meaning. in psychiatry, the term is used to describe the creation of words which only have meaning to the person who uses them. it is considered normal in children, but a symptom of thought disorder indicative of a psychotic mental illness such as schizophrenia in adults. usage of neologisms may also be related to aphasia acquired after brain damage resulting from a stroke or head injury. in theology, a neologism is a relatively new doctrine ( for example, rationalism ). in this sense, a neologist is an innovator in the area of a doctrine or belief system, and is often considered heretical or subversive by the mainstream clergy or religious institution ( s ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5908554952415207, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.095283"} {"text": "as used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires, the following meanings apply : ( 1 ) \u201c commission \u201d means the american samoa natural resources commission. ( 2 ) \u201c endangered species \u201d means any species of fish, plant life, or wildlife which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant part of its range other than a species of insects determined by the commission or the secretary of the united states department of the interior to constitute a pest whose protection under this chapter would present an overwhelming and overriding risk to man. ( 3 ) \u201c fish or wildlife \u201d means any member of the animal kingdom, including any mammal, fish, amphibian, mollusk, crustacean, arthropod, or other invertebrate, and includes any part, product, egg, or offspring, or the dead body or parts thereof. fish or wildlife includes migratory birds, nonmigratory birds, or endangered birds for which protection is afforded by treaty or other international agreement. ( 4 ) \u201c import \u201d means to bring into, or introduce into, or attempt to bring into, or introduce into, any place subject to the jurisdiction of this territory. ( 5 ) \u201c person \u201d means an individual, corporation, partnership, trust, association, or any other private entity, or any officer, agent, department, or instrumentality of the federal government, of any state or territory or political subdivision thereof, or of any foreign government. ( 6 ) \u201c plant or plant life \u201d means any member of the plant kingdom, including seeds, roots, and other parts thereof. ( 7 ) \u201c species \u201d includes any subspecies of fish, plant life, or wildlife and any other group of fish, plants, or wildlife of the same species or smaller taxa in common spatial arrangement that interbreed or cross - pollinate when mature. ( 8 ) \u201c take \u201d means, in reference to fish and wildlife, to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, collect, or attempt to engage in any such conduct. ( 9 ) \u201c take \u201d means, in reference to plants, to collect, pick, cut, dig up, or destroy in any manner. ( 10 ) \u201c threatened species \u201d means any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. history : 1982, pl 17 - 49 \u00a7 1.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5369572702920722, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.097515"} {"text": "2008 \u2013 2009 projects on multicultural activities bilingual performance on an object and action battery : preliminary normative data in spanish and english lisa a. edmonds university of florida the u. s. has the fifth largest spanish - speaking community in the world, with 30 million citizens ( 12 % of the population ) that speak spanish. the hispanic elderly population is expected to increase from < 4 percent of the total elderly population in 1990 to 16 percent by the middle of the next century. hispanics are 30 % more likely than non - hispanic caucasians to have a stroke, and thus are at a greater risk for aphasia. lexical retrieval impairments are the most common deficit in aphasia. as a result, a fundamental aspect of aphasia evaluation is testing naming abilities. however, there are no available naming tests developed specifically for spanish - english populations in the united states. providing bilingual normative data on available naming tests is an alternative until appropriate tests can be developed. the purpose of this study was to 1 ) examine naming performance of spanish - english bilingual adult speakers on an object and action naming battery ( druks and masterson, 2000 ), and 2 ) identify which language use / history and self - ratings factors best predicted naming performance in english and spanish. the overall goal was to generally evaluate whether this test, which was developed for monolingual english speakers, would be appropriate to use in some form with spanish / english bilinguals. the preliminary results of the classical and rasch analyses revealed a large number of noun and verb items able to distinguish between different levels of naming proficiency in english and spanish for spanish / english bilinguals. evidenced - based language screening procedures for young spanish speakers ( elysa ) university of northern colorado young children who have delayed language development are at risk for a number of concomitant developmental problems, including delays in social, behavioral, and academic development. early intervention with children with language delays is critically important ; many studies have demonstrated that early childhood is the greatest time of developmental change, and that children who receive early intervention demonstrate favorable long - term outcomes. thus, identifying children at risk for language and learning problems is of paramount importance during early childhood. as a result, early childhood programs such as head start have made screening of preschoolers a priority. twenty seven percent of children enrolled in head start programs are from homes where languages other than english are spoken ; 82 % of these children are from spanish speaking families and this percentage is expected to increase. nationwide surveys have demonstrated that most slps lack confidence when assessing spanish bilingual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5288555924928833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.104505"} {"text": "of children enrolled in head start programs are from homes where languages other than english are spoken ; 82 % of these children are from spanish speaking families and this percentage is expected to increase. nationwide surveys have demonstrated that most slps lack confidence when assessing spanish bilingual children and when working with parents who do not speak english. many slps report the lack of adequate assessment tools and inability to speak a child ' s language as obstacles to serving / assessing linguistically diverse children. the objectives of this project were 1 ) to increase normative data on language development in spanish monolingual and emergent bilingual children, specifically in the area of screening procedures 2 ) and, to develop a collaboration between the university of northern colorado audiology and speech language sciences program and the colorado head start community in developing evidence based screening procedures for spanish speaking children. the primary investigator is collaborating with dr. barbara rodriguez ( university of new mexico ) in authoring a manuscript that describes the clinical usefulness and the sensitivity and specificity of the two tools used in this study. pathway to excellence : increasing the number, diversity and cultural competence of the membership judith b. king northern arizona university given only a mere 0. 3 % of the slps nationwide are native american, this project responded to one of asha ' s strategic plan objectives : to increase the number, diversity and cultural competence of the membership. because northern arizona university ( nau ) is situated at the border of the largest native american ( navajo ) nation in the u. s. and encircles the hopi reservation, it consistently ranks among the top three institutions in native american enrollment, leading the nation in granting degrees to native american students. similarly, nau ' s department of communication sciences and disorders ( csd ) is well known for its successful efforts in recruiting and graduating native american students and has an established record for obtaining graduate level funding for that group of students. proud of it strong curriculum and the high praxis exam pass record of its mainstream graduates, the program is also aware that for its native american graduates, comparisons of those who pass the praxis are negligible. losing heart after repeated yet failed attempts to pass the praxis, this group of native american graduates simply give up, returning to their homeland with a sense of failure, in spite of having completed their graduate degree. their dream of asha membership grows dim, as does any hope of impacting the number, diversity and cultural competence of the membership. the objectives of this project were ( 1 ) to develop an intensive, systematic intervention plan to support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48356686025856355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.106481"} {"text": "completed their graduate degree. their dream of asha membership grows dim, as does any hope of impacting the number, diversity and cultural competence of the membership. the objectives of this project were ( 1 ) to develop an intensive, systematic intervention plan to support six csd native american graduates in passing the praxis. four participants had already graduated and were working as non - certified professionals on the navajo and hopi reservations ; the other two were currently enrolled in the csd summers only program and were working on the reservations as non - certified professionals ; and ( 2 ) on passing the praxis, to partner the current six - student cohort with reservation - employed, certified, native american slps ( also csd alumni to serve as their cfy supervisors ). the systematic, intervention plan was made up of several components : 1 ) a combination of three, 7 - hour face - to - face and video conferencing sessions ( requiring participant enrollment in 1 credit independent study ) with study sessions at 4 - weeks, 2 - weeks and one day before the praxis exam, 2 ) partnering the current cohort of native american graduates with the aforementioned native american slps who were to serve as mentors / supervisors and a current csd graduate student who was to serve as their praxis study partner, and finally ( 3 ) all project participants participated daily in the american psychological association ' s mind habits program, a tool documented to help users reduce stress and boost self confidence and esteem. the praxis lecture series was professionally videotaped \" live \" using nau ' s itv services. all csd students have access to the entire set of praxis lectures and the accompanying handouts as well. the praxis exam results revealed that none of the four participants who took the exam - using the extended time for non - native speakers of english - passed. following this outcome, two participants dropped out of the project. on a repeat attempt, one participant passed and applied for asha membership. supporting acquisition of language and literacy through school - home based activities ( salsa ) lena g. caesar the improvement of literacy outcomes among language minority students has become a significant area of concern among educators, clinicians, and lawmakers. research indicates that spanish - speaking english language learners ( ells ) are twice as likely as their monolingual english - speaking peers to demonstrate sub - average literacy skills. findings from the national literacy panel on language - minority children and youth indicate that english oral proficiency is an important prerequisite for bilingual children ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5004953403493411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.107796"} {"text": "are twice as likely as their monolingual english - speaking peers to demonstrate sub - average literacy skills. findings from the national literacy panel on language - minority children and youth indicate that english oral proficiency is an important prerequisite for bilingual children ' s literacy development. one aspect of oral proficiency that especially warrants attention is that of narrative abilities. the primary objective of this project was to examine the efficacy of a parent - school collaborative language and literacy intervention, supporting the acquisition of language and literacy through school - home activities ( salsa ), for spanish - speaking head start children. the intervention was designed to promote parents ' abilities to support language and emergent literacy development in their preschool children through a parent - child journaling activity. the project ' s specific objectives were to : ( a ) pilot a literacy and language intervention method in the domain of narrative development using parent - supported journaling approach ; ( b ) determine the efficacy of the intervention on children ' s narrative abilities ; ( c ) provide parents with the skills and opportunities for encouraging language - focused parent - child interactions ; ( d ) enhance the knowledge and competence of head start teachers regarding bilingual and language - literacy issues in the context of oral - written school - home connections ; and ( e ) disseminate results in professional and scholarly venues. subjects of the study were 12 preschool children between the ages of 3 and 5, enrolled in a migrant head start center in southwest michigan. an equivalent number of age - matched peers were randomly assigned to a control group. the study utilized an experimental, pretest - treatment - posttest design, and focused on expanding children ' s ability to produce oral narratives in english and spanish based on simple drawings provided by parents in a take - home journal. this parent - provided journal content served as the basis not only for literacy enrichment in the classroom, but also for oral language enrichment therapy provided by speech - langue pathology and audiology students. research involved the collaboration of two university programs - andrews university and western michigan university. findings indicated that children in the experimental group outperformed their control peers on early literacy measures related to print concepts and alphabetic principles. also, both groups demonstrated higher language and literacy gains in spanish than in english. 2008 \u2013 2009 review panel thomas j. hallahan karyn b. helms amee p. shah yasmeen f. shah greta t. tan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49760373267743885, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.108774"} {"text": "following the associated press news release on the testing of inexpensive jewelry items for cadmium content by dr. jeff weidenhamer, trustees \u2019 distinguished professor of chemistry at ashland university, dr. weidenhamer has conducted numerous media interviews and was interviewed for both abc \u2019 s good morning america and cbs \u2019 s the early show. the testing and subsequent news article has led the consumer products safety commission to launch an investigation into the high levels of cadmium in kids ' jewelry. also, according to news reports from various sources, wal - mart, the nation ' s largest retailer, is taking some products containing cadmium off its shelves. a total of 103 jewelry items were purchased at retail stores in ohio, texas, california and new york. the items were screened by dr. weidenhamer and two ashland university toxicology students working under his supervision for the presence of high levels of cadmium using a technique called x - ray fluorescence. a total of 14 items contained more than 10 % cadmium based on these tests. additional testing was done on several of the high - cadmium jewelry items to determine the amounts of cadmium that might leach from the items if swallowed, and to determine the total cadmium content of items based on digestion of the metal in acid. the maximum cadmium content found was 91. 0 percent, or 910, 000, in a rudolph the red - nosed reindeer charm purchase at a dollar store in new york by judy braiman of the empire state consumer group of rochester, n. y. charms on another bracelet contained 89 percent and 91 percent cadmium, and a necklace pendant contained 79 percent cadmium. all of these pieces released dangerously high amounts of cadmium in leaching tests. cadmium is a toxic metal that is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the u. s. environmental protection agency. the primary hazard of chronic cadmium exposure is kidney damage, however recent research also links cadmium exposure to learning disabilities and loss of iq in young children. the world health organization estimates the tolerable weekly intake for cadmium to be 7 micrograms per kg body weight per week. there are currently no standards for the cadmium content of jewelry items intended for children.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46733138909335625, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.111171"} {"text": "| this biography from the archives of askart : | | a painter and major organizer of the armory show, walt kuhn is perhaps best known for his circus figure - clown depictions. they were unique in that he treated his subjects as human beings conditioned to specialized jobs. he also painted still lifes and some landscapes. he was inspired and influenced by many artists, most notably paul cezanne, and like cezanne, he destroyed many of his canvases, saving only about a dozen paintings a year. | he was born in brooklyn, new york in 1877 ( some older sources quote 1880 as his year of birth ) with the name william, but in 1900 first used the name \" walt \" when illustrating magazines in san francisco. he studied at the royal academy in munich from 1901 to 1903, and returned to new york where he worked as a cartoonist and magazine illustrator. he was associated with \" the eight \", new york modernist painters, and with arthur b. davies, was a the key figure in forming the american association of painters and sculptors that organized the armory show of 1913 that introduced modernist european art to america. kuhn was executive secretary of the association and traveled abroad to select entries for the armory show. in 1941, he was granted a press pass to all of the madison square garden performances of the ringling brothers circus, which reinforced his focus on that subject matter. he also had a major interest in the american west, and between 1918 and 1920 did 29 paintings in a series he called imaginary history of the west, whose source material was primarily books. in 1936 and 1937, he was commissioned by the union pacific railroad to design the interior of two club cars, the frontier shack and little nuggett. matthew baigell, dictionary of american art david michael zellman, 300 years of american art peggy and harold samuels, the illustrated biographical dictionary of artists of the american west | this biography from the archives of askart : | | born in brooklyn, ny. kuhn began his career in 1898 as a cartoonist for a san francisco newspaper. from 1901 - 03 he studied in munich and in paris at academie colarossi. by 1910 he was a successful artist and in 1913 was an organizer of the armory show. his painting forte was clowns and circus performers. one year before his death, he suffered a mental breakdown and was institutionalized. he died in new york on july 13, 1949. | exh : beaux arts gallery ( sf ), 1928 ; sfaa, 1930. in : brooklyn museum ; cincinnati", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4197473505287935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.116397"} {"text": "year before his death, he suffered a mental breakdown and was institutionalized. he died in new york on july 13, 1949. | exh : beaux arts gallery ( sf ), 1928 ; sfaa, 1930. in : brooklyn museum ; cincinnati museum ; detroit inst. of arts ; lacma ; mm ; aic ; boston museum ; moma ; whitney museum ( nyc ). edan hughes, \" artists in california, 1786 - 1940 \" aaa 1907 - 08 ; wwaa 1936 - 47 ; ny times, 7 - 14 - 1949 ( obit ). | nearly 20, 000 biographies can be found in artists in california 1786 - 1940 by edan hughes and is available for sale ( $ 150 ). for a full book description and order information please click here. | | biography from chisholm gallery : | rhys adams wrote : \" there is very little impressionism or cubism in ' polo game ' and quite a bit of raoul dufy. there were two oils by dufy in the armory show, both dating from his best \" fauve \" period of 1909, and walt kuhn may have seen many more in paris. with its horizontal bands and frieze of fluttering flags instead of a sunrise in the background.... the horses and riders are boldly, clearly drawn, the audience a prendergast tapestry of color with a few sharply contoured parasols as accents. it is both animated and decorative. \" | paintings can be confidently assigned to 1914, and one of them, polo game, is kuhn ' s first fully post impressionist arrival. the first record of its exhibition in new york, though it might well have hung along with works by davies and jules pascin at the macbeth gallery in the spring of 1916, is the maynard walker gallery showing of \" early works by walt kuhn \" in april and may of 1966. john canaday, in the new york times, called the exhibition ' a careful selection of early works by this american painter who died in 1949, drawing from his estate. often had trouble deciding just which of several artists he most admired, and his various decisions en route are reflected in some of these pictures. but he was always a strong painter never afraid to declare his loyalties. filled with collector ' s items, an exhibition of kuhn ' s polo art is also something of a documentation of american painting during its transition from provincialism to internationalism under the impact of the armory show. ' john gruen, in the herald tribune,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4067158744147167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.117327"} {"text": "collector ' s items, an exhibition of kuhn ' s polo art is also something of a documentation of american painting during its transition from provincialism to internationalism under the impact of the armory show. ' john gruen, in the herald tribune, mentioned polo game specifically : ' there are fascinating stylistic struggles to be observed in such works as ' tea! ( 1923 ) in which the artist ' s wife with a lady friend [ brenda ] are painted in a mixture of cubism and german expressionism, or the 1914 ' polo game ' which combines pure impressionism with post - impressionism. ' | biography from newman galleries : | | walt kuhn was born in 1877 in new york city. he began his artistic career as a cartoonist for life, judge, and puck. in 1910, he began painting. he was educated at the academy colarossi in paris, and the munich academy. he also studied in holland, italy, and spain. when he returned, kuhn taught at the art students \u2019 league as well as the new york school of art. | kuhn exhibited at the harriman gallery from 1930 to 1941 ; the durand - ruel gallery from 1943 to 1945 ; and he had a retrospective exhibition in 1960 at the cincinnati art museum. his works were also shown at the pennsylvania academy of the fine arts in philadelphia in 1921. kuhn \u2019 s work is in many private and public collections, including the dublin museum in ireland ; the museum of modern art in new york ; the addison gallery of american art ; the san francisco museum of fine arts ; the art institute of chicago ; and the art museums of denver, columbus, los angeles, wichita, and detroit. as well as being an artist and cartoonist, kuhn wrote the story of the armory show in 1938, and in 1939, he wrote and produced a motion picture entitled walt kuhn \u2019 s adventures in art. in 1913 he and a. b. davies organized the landmark armory show in new york city. walt kuhn died in new york city in 1949. | * * if you discover credit omissions or have additional information to add, please let us know at registrar @ askart. com. | walt kuhn is also mentioned in these askart essays : new york armory show of 1913 san francisco panama - pacific exhibition 1915", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4629139244163116, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.118197"} {"text": "animal species : redfish, centroberyx affinis ( gunther, 1859 ) the redfish has large eyes and an oblique mouth that extends back to the posterior margin of the eye. the species is endemic to australia. eastern nannygai, golden snapper, king snapper, koarea, nannygai, red snapper, red squirrel - fish the redfish has a moderately deep, compressed body and a large head with serrated opercular and preopercular margins. it has large eyes and an oblique mouth that extends back to the posterior margin of the eye. there is a single dorsal fin and an anal fin positioned on the lower margin of the body, opposite the soft rayed portion of the dorsal fin. the caudal fin is deeply forked. redfish are usually silvery - red with pale spots on the scales forming stripes. the species grows to 51 cm in length. redfish only found in south - eastern australia and new zealand. in australia it is known from southern queensland to northern tasmania. the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums. source : atlas of living australia. distribution by collection data the redfish is mostly found in deep coastal and offshore waters. juveniles sometimes enter estuaries. other behaviours and adaptations the redfish is a schooling species. - edgar, g. j. 1997. australian marine life : the plants and animals of temperate waters. reed books. pp. 544. - kuiter, r. h. in gomon, m. f., glover, c. j. m. & r. h. kuiter ( eds ). 1994. the fishes of australia ' s south coast. state print, adelaide. pp. 992. - hutchins, b. & r. swainston. 1986. sea fishes of southern australia. complete field guide for anglers and divers. swainston publishing. pp. 180. - kuiter, r. h. 1996. guide to sea fishes of australia. new holland. pp. 433. - kuiter, r. h. 2000. coastal fishes of south - eastern australia. gary allen. pp. 437. mark mcgrouther, collection manager, ichthyology tags fishes, ichthyology, redfish, nannygai, centroberyx affinis, berycidae, oblique mouth, endemic to australia, eastern nannygai, golden snapper, king snapper, koarea, red snapper,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38660553778730333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.120680"} {"text": "female circumcision encompasses a wide range of procedures, ranging in severity from a nick on the clitoral hood to cutting off all the external genitals and sewing up the vaginal opening. in its more extreme form, it is known as female genital mutilation ( fgm ). this al jazeera report gives a very brief overview of the practice : the acknowledged authority on female circumcision, the world health organization ( who ), recognizes four types of female circumcision : | type i | | excision of the prepuce with or without excision of part or all of the clitoris. | | type ii | | excision of the prepuce and clitoris together with partial or total excision of the labia minora. | | type iii | | excision of part or all of the external genitalia and stitching / narrowing of the vaginal opening ( infibulation ). | | type iv | | unclassified : includes pricking, piercing or incision of clitoris and / or labia ; stretching of clitoris and / or labia ; cauterization by burning of clitoris and surrounding tissues ; scraping ( angurya cuts ) of the vaginal orifice or cutting ( gishiri cuts ) of the vagina ; introduction of corrosive substances into the vagina to cause bleeding or herbs into the vagina with the aim of tightening or narrowing the vagina ; any other procedure which falls under the definition of fgm given above | age of consent the term is almost exclusively used to describe traditional or religious procedures on a minor, which requires the parents \u2019 consent because of the age of the girl. when the procedure is performed on and with the consent of an adult it is generally called clitoridectomy, or it may be part of labiaplasty or vaginoplasty. what are the health implications of this procedure? fgm has no health benefits, and it harms girls and women in many ways. it involves removing and damaging healthy and normal female genital tissue, and interferes with the natural functions of girls \u2019 and women \u2019 s bodies. immediate complications can include severe pain, shock, hemorrhage ( bleeding ), tetanus or sepsis ( bacterial infection ), urine retention, open sores in the genital region and injury to nearby genital tissue. does female circumcision happen in singapore? yes. in singapore \u2019 s muslim community, female circ", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43079316451059035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.126589"} {"text": "##us or sepsis ( bacterial infection ), urine retention, open sores in the genital region and injury to nearby genital tissue. does female circumcision happen in singapore? yes. in singapore \u2019 s muslim community, female circumcision involves nicking the prepuce, the skin covering the clitoris. it is markedly different from the more severe forms of genital mutilation. the procedure is usually done on babies or prepubescent children. circumcisions in singapore are done by female doctors at a handful of muslim clinics. anesthesia is generally not used. \u2013 source although a relatively common procedure, many young women are unaware that they have undergone this ritual or what it entails. what is the religious basis for this procedure? the practice is encouraged by some religious leaders however many historians say that there is no religious basis for this practice according to the majority of ulama, circumcision is compulsory for men and women. it should be done early in life, preferably when still an infant, to avoid complications, prolong pain and embarrassment if done later in life. any good muslimah doctor can perform circumcision for women. it is just a cutting off the thin membrane on the top most part of the clitoris. islamic religious council of singapore ( muis ) those practices originated 1, 400 years ago, before the birth of the prophet mohammed, says noor aisha binte abdul rahman, a professor at the national university of singapore. but the custom has no religious basis and there are no guidelines except that it should not bring harm to believers, says zhulkeflee haji ismail, manager of singapore \u2019 s islamic scholars and religious teachers association. \u201c some people just follow customs without knowing what they \u2019 re about, \u201d the scholar says. \u201c traditions die hard. \u201d - who factsheet - female circumcision in singapore - wikipedia : female genital cutting - washington post : sheelan \u2019 s circumcision - female circumcision : a viewpoint \u2013 straits times 1994", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.376195497484836, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.127406"} {"text": "world magazine, issue 2. 10, january 1998 by karl cohen once upon a time there was a world without video tape. the commerce in animation was on film and there were dozens of distributors who listed cartoons and independent animation in their catalogs. school districts and colleges were buying and renting almost anything animated that was \" educational. \" a new theatrical show called the tournee of animation was showing the latest and greatest films from around the world. animation was sometimes shown at museums, libraries and art houses. during this period television rarely showed anything animated except television commercials and limited animation stuff made for the tube. of course there were daily cartoon shows that showed old hollywood films, but nobody was seriously interested in buying rights to artistic works. they wanted to keep costs low and needed quantity, not quality, to fill all the air time between the commercials. non - theatrical distribution from 1900 - 1960 before explaining what film distribution was like at its peak in the 1960s and 70s, a quick look at the history of non - theatrical distribution and the development of the 16mm format is in order. distribution of films to places other than theaters ( non - theatrical ) began almost 100 years ago. corporations were among the first to explore non - theatrical venues. a film about the alaskan gold rush was made by the northwest transportation company in 1899 and shown at the paris exposition in 1900. by the early teens some salesmen representing trade associations and corporations were traveling with 35mm films and portable projectors. they presented free shows to promote their sponsors ' interests. another small non - theatrical industry developed around pornographic films before wwi. animators created eveready harton in buried treasure, around 1928. this funny hard - core cartoon may have been made for a private party honoring winsor mccay by walter lantz, rudy zamora sr., george stallings and george canata. other x - rated cartoons were produced in the 1920s and 30s. the first non - theatrical catalog of education films was published by george kleine in 1910. he offered to lease 35mm films. apparently his venture was a failure and one account says he never recovered the cost of printing his 336 page catalog. kleine went on to import some of the first successful feature - length films from italy just before wwi. in 1921 kleine created a non - theatrical distribution system that brought \" clean \" films to schools, museums and other non - commercial users. he gave users of his \" cycle of classics \" free 35mm projectors and charged a per reel fee plus 65 % of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47513221593732535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.148955"} {"text": "created a non - theatrical distribution system that brought \" clean \" films to schools, museums and other non - commercial users. he gave users of his \" cycle of classics \" free 35mm projectors and charged a per reel fee plus 65 % of the admission income. the venture wasn ' t too successful and was abandoned in 1928 with the coming of sound. his silent projectors had become obsolete almost overnight. the educational market slowly developed in the 1920s and 30s. kodak introduced 16mm safety film in 1923. in the 1930s home movie cameras were introduced along with black and white reversal film stocks and kodachrome film ( 1936 ). bell and howell and other companies vigorously marketed their 16mm sound projectors. to further promote 16mm as a format, eastman kodak went into the film rental and sales business. in the 1930s they introduced the kodascope library which contained 16mm prints of hollywood features several sponsored animated films were made in the 1930s. general motors promoted itself in a coach for cinderella ( 1936 ), the first industrial produced in technicolor. it was produced by the jam handy organization in detroit. the company had already animated down the gasoline trail ( 1935 ) for chevrolet and they later produced other animated shorts. handy is best known for their post - war live - action films that glorified the product lines of gm. in the late 1950s the company had a staff of 500 and made between 150 and 200 films a year. another animated gem from the 1930s is the sunshine makers. it was directed by burt gillett and ted eshbaugh in new york at the van beuren studio. it promotes the consumption of milk and was in fact sponsored by bordens milk. the period from the late 1920s to the 1940s saw the beginning of artists in the u. s. using film as an art form. among the first animated or partly - animated films to be seen by the american public were works by mary ellen bute. her films were shown at radio city music hall in the late 1930s and early 40s. norman mclaren came to the u. s. from england in the late 1930s. he worked on one of bute ' s films ( spook sport ), did work for what later became the guggenheim museum, and was commissioned in 1939 to do a short work for nbc - tv when it was an experimental station. in the 1940s the war brought on the rise of public information films ( another name for propaganda ) and some of it was animated. the 16mm format was used extensively by both the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4465274327634721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.151091"} {"text": "a short work for nbc - tv when it was an experimental station. in the 1940s the war brought on the rise of public information films ( another name for propaganda ) and some of it was animated. the 16mm format was used extensively by both the military and groups showing information films to the public. bugs bunny was used to sell war bonds, donald duck reminded people to pay their income taxes on time and minnie mouse recycled kitchen fats for the war effort. after the war thousands of military surplus 16mm \" jan \" sound projectors were sold to schools and other institutions at low costs. this helped make 16mm a more accessible format. at the close of the war the company that was to become upa made two animated films for the united auto workers and cio. hell bent for election was made to get out the vote for roosevelt in 1944 and brotherhood of man, 1946, promoted racial tolerance. the latter was made to help the autoworkers integrate factories in the south. both films are admired today for their use of contemporary graphic design. another popular animated sponsored film for the non - theatrical market was hugh harmon ' s winky the watchman, 1947. it was made for a dental association and it promotes the proper care of teeth. harmon and his partner rudolph ising also produced a long animated work for van de camp foods in their los angeles studio. some of the animated films made in the 1950s now seem unintentionally funny, like the animated turtle that tells us to \" duck and cover \" in case of an atomic blast, or the atomic man in john sutherland ' s a is for atom. john sutherland productions was formed in los angeles in 1945 and produced a great number of propaganda / informational films over the years. among the best educational films were a science series sponsored by bell labs. they hired frank capra to produce them and dr. frank baxter was the host. our mr. sun ( 1955 ) featured animation directed by bill hurtz at upa. shamus culhane ( nyc ) provided animated sequences for three bell labs films : hemo the magnificent ( 1956 ), the strange case of cosmic rays ( 1957 ) and the unchained goddess ( 1958 ). an early ad promoting the use of film projectors how non - theatrical animation worked the educational film market grew rapidly in the 1960s. when the soviet union launched sputnik in 1957, the u. s. congress realized something had to be done to better educate the baby boomers. by the early 1960s congress had passed the national defense education", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4579559847553073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.153919"} {"text": "film market grew rapidly in the 1960s. when the soviet union launched sputnik in 1957, the u. s. congress realized something had to be done to better educate the baby boomers. by the early 1960s congress had passed the national defense education act which gave enormous sums of money to school districts. some of the money was for the acquisition of films and other types of audio visual materials like film - strips, slides and records. there was also a growing market for films at colleges, public libraries, military bases, prisons, churches and other institutions. the basic sales tool for these companies was their illustrated catalog. in addition to the catalog, distributors often produced slick flyers and supplements intended to promote an interest in a specific film or series of films. educational film distributors also produced study guides to accompany some of their films. aggressive companies promoted their product lines at conventions, conferences and workshops. the annual educational film library association conference ( efla ) was a major trade show that was once attended by thousands of film buyers. most distributors who sold films provided free preview prints to reviewers who wrote for the trade publications ( film news, efla evaluations, booklist, film library quarterly, etc. ) and to potential film buyers for libraries and school districts. distributors also promoted their films by entering them in festivals. print sales often increased after a film won a major prize. festivals were also a way for school teachers and other film people to see new product. hopefully they would then ask their school district to buy a print of something they liked. there was once a large number of distribution companies and they varied in size and focus. some rented a full line of entertainment features and shorts while others specialized in well - made educational films. some companies had lots of animated shorts in their catalogs, while others had only a few titles or none. a few companies specialized in the importation and sale of shorts from canada and other countries. others produced their own product lines. a number of distributors specialized in films that required them to produce the work. weston woods studios turns popular children ' s books into animated shorts. they still acquire the film rights and then hire artists to do the artwork. gene deitch, who has headed his own studio in prague since 1960, has animated several of weston woods ' award - winning shorts. contracts between distributors and animators is a subject that is somewhat difficult to discuss as there is no such thing as a standard agreement. a contract might offer a payment based on a film ' s gross or on its ' net profit. a filmmaker could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3985001289964124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.156638"} {"text": ". contracts between distributors and animators is a subject that is somewhat difficult to discuss as there is no such thing as a standard agreement. a contract might offer a payment based on a film ' s gross or on its ' net profit. a filmmaker could receive anywhere between 15 % to 40 % of the gross receipts ( 25 % to 30 % was more or less the average around 1970 ) or 50 % of the net profit. if a film with a net deal is a hit and the distributor is honest the filmmaker can make a good deal of money. on the other hand, if the distributor pads the account with meals and gifts for his friends, etc. the filmmaker may get nothing. some distributors mainly sold films to which they had exclusive rights. other companies had some exclusive films to offer. they supplemented that income with the rental of films that they sub - distributed. they would buy or lease a print for a fixed price from another distributor or the producer of the film and put it in their rental collection. they kept whatever income the print produced for them. the creator of the film only made money from the sale of the print. sub - distribution deals are non - exclusive so more than one company could buy the print and rent it. filmmakers made money by selling as many prints as possible. i found a contract dated january 15, 1982, between king features syndicate division and a non - theatrical distributor for the lease of a print of the yellow submarine. it called for the payment of $ 1, 400 and allowed the distributor to use the print for non - theatrical rentals. the contract prohibited theatrical or commercial use of the print including exhibition to a paying audience. distributors sometimes looked the other way if the film was rented by someone who was going to ask for a \" donation \" at the door. the company rented the film for $ 100 in their 1982 catalog. an interesting contract was offered animators by prescott wright when he produced the tournee of animation ( 1970 - 1986 ). the producer, wright and his associates, got 50 % of the gross and the remaining 50 % was split among the artists. about half of the money going to the animators was split evenly and the remaining amount was split based on how long each short was. that meant a really short film got slightly less than a film a minute or two longer. as the cost of producing the show rose, the percentage the producer took changed to 55 % and finally 60 %. another type of deal was offered by mike getz, who ran a midnight movie series for many years. he paid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4153177819332728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.158171"} {"text": "or two longer. as the cost of producing the show rose, the percentage the producer took changed to 55 % and finally 60 %. another type of deal was offered by mike getz, who ran a midnight movie series for many years. he paid $ 1 a minute per screening. i had one film that getz showed many times. it turned a profit for me after i deducted production and print costs. when the print eventually came back it was covered with scratches and was barely usable, but it had made me a profit. the distribution companies the following discussion covers a few of the companies that distributed animation in the 1960s and ` 70s. they were selected to give a fairly good idea of how divergent one company was from another. one catalog from each company was selected for the discussion. in the course of a few years a company would add and drop titles, but no attempt was made to show how the holdings of the companies changed. the largest distributors in the country in the 1960s and ` 70s didn ' t go out of their way to handle unusual animated product. films incorporated just ended their film rental business and is now a video sales company. they used to rent features and shorts including mgm cartoons. they had exclusive rights to work from mgm, 20th century fox and other companies. at one time they had eight offices across the nation to better serve their customers. contemporary films / mcgraw hill, founded around 1950, had a 384 page catalog in 1972. it included 20 films by norman mclaren, a large selection from zagreb, silhouette films by lotte reiniger, work by john hubley, jeff hale, jan lenica, alexander alexeieff, les goldman, halas and batchelor, ernest pintoff, karel zeman, jan svankmajer, jiri trnka, and dozens of other animators from around the world. the mclaren films rented for $ 12. 50 or $ 10. most animated titles rented from $ 10 to $ 15. united artists ' ua16 catalog # 5 ( 1975 ) focused on the distribution of features, but it did devote space to early warner bros. cartoons ( 1930 - 1948 ), the fleischer popeye cartoons, woody woodpecker ( lantz ) and the pink panther series. most of their cartoons were available packaged in groups of three for $ 25. individual titles rented for $ 20 each and an 85 minute program called the popeye follies rented for $ 200. another great selection was available from ivy film ( nyc ). they rented paramount cartoons by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4379507824291996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.159237"} {"text": "in groups of three for $ 25. individual titles rented for $ 20 each and an 85 minute program called the popeye follies rented for $ 200. another great selection was available from ivy film ( nyc ). they rented paramount cartoons by the fleischers ( betty boop, gabby, silent koko, color classics and screen songs ), the george pal puppetoons, and animation from famous studios. cartoons were rented on a sliding scale based on the size of the audience. a betty boop rented in 1974 for $ 15 if the audience was under 100 people. the top rate was $ 35 for an audience of over 500 people. budget films, founded in 1969, claimed to be \" the biggest privately - owned film archive in the world. \" they have ended their participation in non - theatrical distribution and now provide stock footage to the industry. their 1979 catalog is 1 3 / 4 \" thick and contains over 800 pages. they rented vintage hollywood cartoons from $ 5 - 10 each. color godzilla features rented for $ 32. 50 and $ 34 and john halas ' animal farm rented for $ 37. 50. in the 1980s they expanded their line to include a small selection of independent animated shorts. in 1989 they rented jankovics ' sisyphus for $ 10, steve segal ' s red ball express for $ 10, john hubley ' s the hat for $ 15, frederic back ' s crac! for $ 25 and richard condie ' s the big snit for $ 25. animal farm and the color godzilla features were available for $ 50 each. small companies had great animation collections by the early 1970s there were several companies that specialized in experimental and independently produced films. probably the most visible of these companies was pyramid films in santa monica. their 1974 catalog was a slick 1 / 2 \" thick, 240 page volume. it listed films by jordan belson, charles braverman, george dunning, oskar fischinger, john and faith hubley, caroline leaf, norman mclaren, dan mclaughlin, frank mouris, john whitney, michael whitney, stan vanderbeek, and other animators. fischinger ' s composition in blue rented for $ 10 and sold for $ 100. the oscar - winning frank film rented for $ 15 and sold for $ 150. pyramid is still in business, but the nature of their business has changed considerably in recent years. the above sales prices date from before the hunt family in texas tried to corner the silver market in the 1980s. they drove the price of silver", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4215984889654002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.160199"} {"text": "$ 150. pyramid is still in business, but the nature of their business has changed considerably in recent years. the above sales prices date from before the hunt family in texas tried to corner the silver market in the 1980s. they drove the price of silver up to record highs, resulting in kodak almost doubling the price of film stocks. when the price of silver finally fell, kodak ' s prices didn ' t. when kodak took all of the silver out of their film stocks, the prices still remained steady and have since gone up. needless to say, the lab cost of a 16mm print in the 1970s was considerably less than it is today. working out of her home in berkeley, california, freude bartlett opened serious business in the mid - 1970s. the preface to her 1976 catalog said, \" we are committed to film as an art form and our collection includes experimental and documentary work... the independent filmmaker is an artist, reflecting and commenting on the world and its meanings. \" she offered films by scott bartlett, mary beams, stephen beck, adam beckett, robert breer, sally cruikshank, ed emshwiller, george griffin, suzan pitt kraning, pat o ' neill, kathy rose, stan vanderbeek and other artists. george griffin ' s one - minute long trickfilm rented for $ 5 and sold for $ 35 while his 4 1 / 2 minute the club rented for $ 10 and sold for $ 100. pat o ' neill ' s saugus series ( 18 min. ) rented for $ 25 and sold for $ 250. the company grew for several years, but went out of business around 1980. when serious business closed many of the animators represented by freude signed contracts with ron epple ' s picture start. the company issued catalog # 1 in 1981. it listed animated work by jane aaron, karen aqua, skip battaglia, robert breer, john canemaker, vince collins, sally cruikshank, larry cuba, paul demeyer, geoff dunbar, david ehrlich, paul glabicki, john and faith hubley, flip johnson, norman mclaren, suzan pitt, gary schwartz, maureen selwood, henry selick, stan vanderbeek, and dozens of other artists. their rental and sales prices were similar to those of serious business and the company is no longer in business. years ago i asked sally cruikshank about her non - theatrical distributors. she said that considering her work was short and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4209488027426563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.161117"} {"text": "of other artists. their rental and sales prices were similar to those of serious business and the company is no longer in business. years ago i asked sally cruikshank about her non - theatrical distributors. she said that considering her work was short and that there was not a great demand for animated shorts on television or in theaters before features, she was quite pleased with the size of the checks she had gotten from serious business and picture start. she indicated the checks were never for enormous sums, but her income from her films was several thousand dollars a year. there were other companies with interesting animation collections as well. creative film society was founded by bob pike in 1957. the 1975 catalog offered work by scott bartlett, jordan belson, oskar fischinger, len lye, pat o ' neill, james and john whitney, john hubley, the fleischer studio, ernest pintoff, and others. pike died in 1974. his wife angie runs the company from her home near los angeles. two important supporters of independent animation have been the late charles samu who imported outstanding animation from eastern europe, and prescott wright who runs filmwright in san francisco. wright produced and distributed the tournee of animation from 1970 - 1986. he also rented individual animated titles, produced a few animated works, and is presently active in animation as a teacher, producer and consultant to the industry. in the 1970s he worked with sheldon renan to produce the international animation festival, a television series which aired on public television for three seasons. another important figure in 16mm distribution was bernice coe who founded coe film in 1971. her main activity was to provide television broadcasters with short films. she began by producing packages of shows for cable television. at one time she had the television rights to thousands of films. before she retired she helped place dozens of animated films by american independent animators on cable television. there are other types of distributors that made / make animation available including several film co - ops ( canyon cinema is alive and well in san francisco ) and university film libraries that rent and / or sell films. berkeley ' s extension media center continues to acquire works. one of their best selling titles in the 1990s has been pat amlin ' s popul vuh, an animated hour long work available on film and tape. the decline of 16mm film distribution the 16mm market for animated films is not dead, but it certainly has shrunk in size to the point that it is close to becoming an endangered species. there are several reasons why distribution of 16mm film has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39791146490187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.162103"} {"text": "decline of 16mm film distribution the 16mm market for animated films is not dead, but it certainly has shrunk in size to the point that it is close to becoming an endangered species. there are several reasons why distribution of 16mm film has declined. the first blow to the industry was the termination ( about 1969 ) of government - funded programs that enabled school districts to buy audio visual materials. the funds for visual literacy in the early ` 60s fueled the rapid rise of independent film. with this subsidy for the arts gone, the industry slowly decayed. in the 1980s the rise of distribution of films on video tape coupled with the rise of film stock prices had an adverse effect on the industry. for most consumers it no longer made sense to spend a great deal to buy a 16mm print of a work when a video copy was available for less. at first distributors tried to keep video prices high enough so they could continue to earn a profit similar to the income produced through film sales and rentals. eventually video prices had to be cut to be competitive with companies selling tapes at mass market prices. you can still find rare material for sale on tape in the $ 50 to $ 100 range, but do these tapes sell well? the introduction of tape also changed america ' s viewing habits resulting in the decline of ticket sales at art houses. another problem in recent years has been the rising cost of doing business. it costs thousands of dollars to produce and distribute a large heavy sales catalog. printing and mailing prices have gone up over the years. if a company ' s income declines, at some point it just doesn ' t make sense to continue running a business no matter how much the owner of the company loves film. all images used to illustrate this article are from the arttoday archive ( http : / / www. arttoday. com ) note : readers may contact any animation world magazine contributor by sending an email to email @ example. com. table of contents [ about | help | home | firstname. lastname @ example. org | mail | register ] \u00a9 1998 animation world network", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40282841200051767, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.162958"} {"text": "ever return from a hike wanting to know more about the yellow - bellied marmot, golden eagle, or american dipper you saw along the trail? typically that required consulting a reference book, or heading to the local library. but a new website called the encyclopedia of life wants to change that. their goal is to create online reference pages for the 1. 8 million species known to inhabit the earth. last week organizers unveiled the first 30, 000 pages, including 25 exemplar pages packed with photos, videos, and detailed scientific information compiled and checked by experts. these feature - rich pages can teach you about the life history of the peregrine falcon, eol. org / taxa / 16990688 or plot the distribution of the yellow - fever mosquito. created with backing and expertise from harvard university, the smithsonian institution, and the field museum of chicago, the encyclopedia of life aims to create reference pages for the remaining 1, 790, 000 species by 2017. but if you \u2019 re in a hurry to find out how long yellow - bellied marmots hibernate each winter, you can check out the animal diversity web, an online database of species managed by the university of michigan \u2019 s museum of zoology. the answer : from september to may. \u2014 jason stevenson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45062027540751076, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.164468"} {"text": "synarthroses ( immovable articulations ). synarthroses include all those articulations in which the surfaces of the bones are in almost direct contact, fastened together by intervening connective tissue or hyaline cartilage, and in which there is no appreciable motion, as in the joints between the bones of the skull, excepting those of the mandible. there are four varieties of synarthrosis : sutura, schindylesis, gomphosis, and synchondrosis. sutura. sutura is that form of articulation where the contiguous margins of the bones are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue ; it is met with only in the skull ( fig. 296 ). when the margins of the bones are connected by a series of processes, and indentations interlocked together, the articulation is termed a true suture ( sutura vera ) ; and of this there are three varieties : sutura dentata, serrata, and limbosa. the margins of the bones are not in direct contact, being separated by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, continuous externally with the pericranium, internally with the dura mater. the sutura dentata is so called from the tooth - like form of the projecting processes, as in the suture between the parietal bones. in the sutura serrata the edges of the bones are serrated like the teeth of a fine saw, as between the two portions of the frontal bone. in the sutura limbosa, there is besides the interlocking, a certain degree of bevelling of the articular surfaces, so that the bones overlap one another, as in the suture between the parietal and frontal bones. when the articulation is formed by roughened surfaces placed in apposition with one another, it is termed a false suture ( sutura notha ), of which there are two kinds : the sutura squamosa, formed by the overlapping of contiguous bones by broad bevelled margins, as in the squamosal suture between the temporal and parietal, and the sutura harmonia, where there is simple apposition of contiguous rough surfaces, as in the articulation between the maxill\u00e6, or between the horizontal parts of the palatine bones. fig. 297 section through occipitosphenoid synchondrosis of an infant. ( see enlarged image )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47387772802013484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.173926"} {"text": "rough surfaces, as in the articulation between the maxill\u00e6, or between the horizontal parts of the palatine bones. fig. 297 section through occipitosphenoid synchondrosis of an infant. ( see enlarged image ) schindylesis. schindylesis is that form of articulation in which a thin plate of bone is received into a cleft or fissure formed by the separation of two lamin\u00e6 in another bone, as in the articulation of the rostrum of the sphenoid and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid with the vomer, or in the reception of the latter in the fissure between the maxill\u00e6 and between the palatine bones. gomphosis. gomphosis is articulation by the insertion of a conical process into a socket ; this is not illustrated by any articulation between bones, properly so called, but is seen in the articulations of the roots of the teeth with the alveoli of the mandible and maxill\u00e6. synchondrosis. where the connecting medium is cartilage the joint is termed a synchondrosis ( fig. 297 ). this is a temporary form of joint, for the cartilage is converted into bone before adult life. such joints are found between the epiphyses and bodies of long bones, between the occipital and the sphenoid at, and for some years after, birth, and between the petrous portion of the temporal and the jugular process of the occipital. in these articulations the contiguous bony surfaces are either connected by broad flattened disks of fibrocartilage, of a more or less complex structure, as in the articulations between the bodies of the vertebr\u00e6 ; or are united by an interosseous ligament, as in the inferior tibiofibular articulation. the first form is termed a symphysis ( fig. 298 ), the second a syndesmosis. diarthroses ( freely movable articulations ). this class includes the greater number of the joints in the body. in a diarthrodial joint the contiguous bony surfaces are covered with articular cartilage, and connected by ligaments lined by synovial membrane ( fig. 299 ). the joint may be divided, completely or incompletely, by an articular disk or meniscus, the periphery of which is continuous with the fi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5066658280678836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.175165"} {"text": "to rotation, the joint is formed by a pivot - like process turning within a ring, or a ring on a pivot, the ring being formed partly of bone, partly of ligament. in the proximal radioulnar articulation, the ring is formed by the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament ; here, the head of the radius rotates within the ring. in the articulation of the odontoid process of the axis with the atlas the ring is formed in front by the anterior arch, and behind by the transverse ligament of the atlas ; here, the ring rotates around the odontoid process. condyloid articulation ( articulatio ellipsoidea ). in this form of joint, an ovoid articular surface, or condyle, is received into an elliptical cavity in such a manner as to permit of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction, but no axial rotation. the wrist - joint is an example of this form of articulation. articulation by reciprocal reception ( articulatio sellaris ; saddle - joint ). in this variety the opposing surfaces are reciprocally concavo - convex. the movements are the same as in the preceding form ; that is to say, flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction are allowed ; but no axial rotation. the best example of this form is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. enarthrosis ( ball - and - socket joints ). enarthrosis is a joint in which the distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number of axes, which have one common center. it is formed by the reception of a globular head into a cup - like cavity, hence the name ball - and - socket. examples of this form of articulation are found in the hip and shoulder. arthrodia ( gliding joints ) is a joint which admits of only gliding movement ; it is formed by the apposition of plane surfaces, or one slightly concave, the other slightly convex, the amount of motion between them being limited by the ligaments or osseous processes surrounding the articulation. it is the form present in the joints between the articular processes of the vertebr\u00e6, the carpal joints, except that of the capitate with the navicular and lunate, and the tarsal joints with the exception", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5145416842255959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.177124"} {"text": "why study japanese? japan is a country located in east asia in the pacific ocean. the island of japan is a little smaller than the state of california, but astonishingly holds a population of approximately 128 million. japanese language consists of a complex system of casual, distal, and honorific styles reflecting the hierarchical nature of japanese society, and the writing system employs three distinct styles : hiragana, katakana, and kanji ( chinese characters ). at times, learning the japanese language may be challenging, but students will be fascinated by the unique heritage and traditions of the japanese culture and language. at baylor university, the japanese program welcomes students with various goals and interests. our program aims to offer a strong language foundation that will open up opportunities for students to seek employment with japanese companies upon graduation. we also provide the language instruction for those who are interested in exploring modern japanese popular culture through literature, anime, and games. therefore, our courses aim to provide students go beyond basic language instruction to include exposure to japanese culture in a variety of forms and contexts. students interested in concentrating on japanese language and culture may take up to 26 credit hours of japanese language courses by electing a major or minor in asian studies. students will learn to read, speak, and write japanese, including hiragana, katakana, and a few hundred kanji characters. students also have the opportunity to study abroad for one or two semesters in exchange programs at one of two japanese universities during their undergraduate studies. some of our graduates have acquired teaching positions in various language schools in japan, and others have participated in the japanese government - sponsored jet program. current students say : studying japanese has been one of the best decisions i made in college. joining jsa ( japanese student association ) and making many friends in jsa were great, but the my favorite experience was the study abroad program in hosei university in tokyo. all was made possible by studying japanese, and i ' d recommend it to anyone. - - hae, d lee i first became interested in japanese during high school, when a friend introduced me to japanese animation. by the time i came to college i ' d realized what a fascinating, beautiful, and difficult language japanese is, and i knew i had to learn more about it. \u2013 katie gilchrist thanks to the four years i ' ve spent in the japanese program here at baylor university, i can sincerely say that i ' ve fallen in love with the japanese language and culture, and whether or not i use the language in the future, it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4775521540038094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.181154"} {"text": "down the chimney, circa 1930. ( courtesy of bettmann / corbis ) hear central texans discuss favorite christmas memories from their childhood in the segment that aired on kwbu - fm : christmas gifts in the great depression original airdates : december 21, 22, 23 ( 2010 ) this is living stories, featuring voices from the collections of the baylor university institute for oral history. i ' m louis maze. for most families during the great depression, christmas was not a time for extravagance. money and jobs were difficult to come by, and it was all some families could do to keep food on the table. retired baylor physics professor robert packard remembers how hard times called for creativity. he describes a plan he came up with while visiting his cousins in the temple area one christmas during the great depression. children looking forward to santa ' s visit this year should not listen to the following : \" they lived in the country. and so christmas, when it came, we got no presents. we might get a bag of \u2014 an apple or something. so i told my cousin, i said, ' why don ' t we kidnap santa claus? he ' s got all these gifts, and he bypasses us, but he brings us something. ' so we went to bed on christmas eve early. the bedroom i was in \u2014 and i was the only boy, and my sister and then my cousins were girls. so they had a room, and i had a small room. so anyway, we climbed out the window \u2014 out in the country \u2014 with a rope that we were going to tie up santa claus. ( laughter ) but we were standing there in the cold and waiting and waiting and waiting and probably shivering, and then we happened to look in the window and see our parents taking toys off the top shelf. so suddenly we realized there was no santa claus, but we knew we now could direct our interest directly to the parents. \" ruth and charles armstrong, both longtime waco residents, remember the gifts they received as youngsters during the depression : \" now sometimes i would get a doll \u2014 not a real, real expensive doll but nice dolls, you know \u2014 and socks, a little iron, just typical little things that little girls would like. \" \" i was more fortunate, i guess. i don ' t know of a christmas that i didn ' t get at least one large \u2014 what i call a large gift would be a full - size wagon. and i ' ve got a picture there on my new bicycle, and i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4450557055647224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.186403"} {"text": "guess. i don ' t know of a christmas that i didn ' t get at least one large \u2014 what i call a large gift would be a full - size wagon. and i ' ve got a picture there on my new bicycle, and i ' ve got another picture where i was in a little old car you sit in there and pedal it, you know. but i had two older brothers that worked and my daddy, too \u2014 i was the youngest one for several years there \u2014 so i got a few extra things that some of the other kids didn ' t get. but as far as times, our times were just as \u2014 got rough, too. we had a hard time, too. but seem like on christmas i came out ahead in the neighborhood. \" mr. armstrong describes the tradition of hanging a stocking : \" everybody hung their socks up. we didn ' t have a fireplace, but we ' d hang them up wherever it was convenient, you know, around close to the tree after we started having a tree because we ' d still put gifts under the tree. but before we had a tree we ' d hang up near the stove, and the bigger the sock the better. i ' d get the biggest sock i could find, hang up there, and you could always count on fireworks. there was always some firecrackers in there, always apples and oranges in there. \" as hard as times were during the great depression, families with some type of income still managed to make sure the children had gifts at christmas. with the current economy and ever - increasing commercialization of christmas, it ' s helpful to look back and realize that children do not need heaps of presents to grow up with wonderful memories of christmas. living stories is heard every tuesday on 103 point 3 fm, waco ' s npr. for more information about this program or the institute for oral history, visit us at baylor. edu / livingstories. search our collection of full transcripts available online.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3999031754203889, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.187335"} {"text": "thousands of cancer patients whose disease has spread to the bone are to benefit from a new drug which is to be made available on the nhs. denosumab ( xgeva ) helps prevent bone complications in people whose cancer has spread from its original site. these complications include bone fractures, spinal compression - when the spinal cord is compressed by the bone - and bone complications requiring radiotherapy or surgery. symptoms include pain as well as weakening and eventual destruction of the bone. the national institute for health and clinical excellence ( nice ) has published its final draft guidance which recommends the drug for certain groups of cancer patients whose disease has spread, most commonly to the spine, pelvis, hip, upper leg bones and skull. the conditions include bone tumours from breast cancer and other solid tumours not relating to the breast or prostate, such as lung or kidney cancer. professor carole longson, director of the centre for health technology evaluation at nice, said : \" bone metastasis can severely affect a person ' s quality of life, stopping them from doing things so many of us take for granted. we are therefore pleased that our draft guidance recommends denosumab for those patients who are most likely to benefit from the treatment. \" tara beaumont, of breast cancer care, said : \" people whose breast cancer has spread to their bones can experience a reduction in quality of life, and currently have limited treatment options, so making denosumab available through the nhs means that there is another option for people for whom bisphosphonates are not appropriate. \" as denosumab can be given as an injection under the skin rather than intravenously ( into the vein ), it also offers patients a different route of administration, which may be more convenient. \" we hope that this announcement paves the way for similar positive developments in secondary breast cancer treatment and raises awareness of the importance of quality of life and symptom management for those living with incurable cancer. \" if no appeals are lodged against the guidance, it will be published later this year and patients will be able to get the treatment on the nhs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4495868166609381, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.192407"} {"text": "guest author - elizabeth brennan we are recommended to take a thirty minute brisk walk at least five days a week for optimum health benefits. however if you are obese this may be impossible and you may think it is unattainable. do not lose heart as research at the university of colorado has suggested that strolling for obese people could result in more calorie loss than brisk walking. while the conclusions of this study are open to debate if it gives hope and encouragement to people who find exercise difficult it will have achieved an enormous amount. strolling on a regular basis is better than taking no exercise at all and if you keep it up you will reap the benefits of feeling better, experience a sense of achievement and enjoy increased mobility. there is a difference between being overweight and being obese. your body mass index is used to assess whether you are obese or not. each person has an ideal body weight depending on his / her height and whether or not he / she has a small, medium or large body frame. obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and health problems. overweight is being too heavy for your height. muscle and bone mass as well as fat accumulation contribute to being overweight. if you are 20 % or more over your ideal body weight you are considered mildly obese. you can calculate your bmi ( body mass index ) by dividing your weight in kilograms by your height in metres. if your bmi is more than 30 you are considered mildly obese. walking is a weight bearing exercise and as such there is likelihood that brisk walking increases the risk of osteoarthritis in obese individuals because of the body weight they are carrying and consequent stress on the knee joints. walking at a slower pace puts less stress on a person \u2019 s lower body and it is likely that knee \u2013 joint load may be reduced by walking slower. this is why strolling as opposed to brisk walking is an acceptable form of exercise for obese people. you will need good walking shoes that have adequate support and good shock absorbing qualities. use a walking stick to help balance and take some of the weight. make sure you are well hydrated before you start and bring a small bottle of water with you as obese people sweat more during exercise and may become dehydrated more quickly. stroll on even terrain and test your ability to begin with. try a short distance and remember you have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44413435220770026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.195251"} {"text": "occurance of ovulation in female humans maga at vetbio. unizh. ch fri jan 27 09 : 00 : 11 est 1995 in article < 3fs0k3 $ gc3 at ixnews2. ix. netcom. com >, randi2 at ix. netcom. com ( rhonda > is it possible for a female to ovulate at any time during her cycle? > please respond with any articles or facts that you may have. > your response is greatly appreciated! > rrandi2 at ix. netcom. com > first time user, obviously it is possible ( and indeed not rare ) that a woman ovulate even more than once during the intermestrual period. ovulation should occur normally around day 14, but this is a general rule which admits many exceptions. usually it is nothing to be worried about, but if this alteration occurred suddenly in a subject who had always regular ovulation, maybe is better make a check - in. this is also the reason why contraceptive natural methods are not generally reliable and must be calibrated upon each individual mestrual cycle. if you want to know exactly your day, you can try to measure your body ' s temperature throughout the cycle and look at small losses of white substance which should indicate the ovulation, but this method is not always reliable too. the best way is to call your md for an echography at the time you think you are ovulating. usually within 24 - 48h before ovulation, fullicula are about 19 - 20 mm in diameter, thus easy to be hope this will help, g. maga, phd more information about the bioforum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4515165752258037, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.196983"} {"text": "the department of biological sciences greenhouse facility is located in the virginia tech university greenhouse complex on washington street, beside the virginia tech horticulture gardens. the department of biological sciences greenhouse facility supports the educational and research needs of the department. the teaching plant collection is extensively used for teaching our undergraduate courses. the facility supports faculty and student research projects. in addition to meeting essential teaching and research needs, the facility provides tours for visitors and local schools. also, other departments in the university use our plant collection for classes. for example, the art department uses the greenhouses for basic art and painting classes. undergraduate courses taught using the virginia tech greenhouses biol 1015, 1016 : general biology lab biol 1115, 1116 : principles of biology lab biol 1125, 1126 : biological principles lab biol 2204 : plants and civilization : the uses of plants as sources of food, medicine, drugs, spices, beverages, poisons, fiber, oils, and plant exudates. biol 2304 : plant biology : introductory botany. form, growth, function, reproduction, and ecological adaptations of major groups of plants. biol 3204 : plant taxonomy : systematic survey of vascular plants, emphasizing identification, terminology, classification, evolutionary relationships. wage position at the greenhouses and vbi plant growth facility maintain greenhouse facilities on weekends, saturday and sunday, holidays, staff vacation and sick leave days. properly water teaching collection and research projects. check the greenhouse ' s environmental equipment to maintain proper temperatures and functions. must be very independent, responsible, reliable, and have some knowledge in caring for plants. hours / week : 3 - 4 hours per day on weekends, plus 3 - 4 hours on staff vacation and sick leave days. contact : debbie wiley ( 231 - 5112 ) or firstname. lastname @ example. org. this species has the largest unbranched inflorescence of any herbaceous plant in the world. commonly known as the \" corpse plant \", a. titanum has an intensely powerful stench that is released when it blooms. the bloom will last only 2 - 3 days. after the bloom dies, a leaf stalk will begin to emerge that resembles a tree sapling. for more information on the corpse flower, including photos, visit this link. the virginia tech biological sciences greenhouse teaching plant collection provides educational opportunities and experiences through the availability of high quality plant specimens. the teaching plant collection features over 300 species, hosting a variety of interesting and important genera, including aquatic, desert, tropical, local, rare and endangered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4661433897927296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.201948"} {"text": "biological sciences greenhouse teaching plant collection provides educational opportunities and experiences through the availability of high quality plant specimens. the teaching plant collection features over 300 species, hosting a variety of interesting and important genera, including aquatic, desert, tropical, local, rare and endangered species. our teaching plant collection has been specifically acquired and maintained to meet the needs of the undergraduate courses. whereas the department of biological sciences and the virginia bioinformatics institute have limited access to plant growth facilities, a new facility was designed, funded, and constructed. the mission of the facility is to provide \" state of the art \" plant growth space to support and promote scholarship in plant systems by scientists at virginia tech. we strive to fully integrate this facility in the learning, discovery, and engagement activities of the department of biological sciences, the virginia bioinformatics institute and other plant related departments and institutes at virginia tech. hours of operation 8 : 00 am to 4 : 00 pm monday - friday from rt. 460 : enter vt campus at southgate road. take first left onto duckpond drive. take first right onto washington street. turn right at the horticulture gardens. the greenhouse facilities are right next door, in greenhouse # f5. be sure to get a visitor ' s parking pass from the southgate information center.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4739103871855623, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.202535"} {"text": "3d printing materials your options for the plastic to use in your 3d printer bits from bytes rapman and 3dtouch 3d printers build models in a range of colours with either pla or abs plastic. pla or to use it ' s full name, poly lactic acid is probably the best material to get started with when you first start 3d printing. with the help of the 3d printer ' s onboard fan it will cool and set very quickly. this means that you can avoid warping and achieve a range of shapes than would be difficult with other materials. after 3d printing you can finish your model by sanding and spraying with automotive spray filler. you can also paint directly onto pla with acrylic paints. pla is kinder to the environment that other plastics as it is derived from corn starch and not fossil fuels. it is also biodegrade in an active compost heap. solid : black, white, purple, yellow, blue and green translucent : clear, red, blue and green. abs, or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene is popular in industry, being used for products such as car bumpers and lego\u00ae due to its toughness and strength. abs is probably the second easiest material to 3d print with, but care must be taken when printing larger objects as it can suffer warping as the 3d model cools. abs can be finished by sanding, spraying with automotive spray filler and using methyl ethyl ketone as a solvent. you can also paint directly onto abs with acrylic paints. abs is produced from fossil fuels and is not biodegradable. solid : white, black, red, blue, green and yellow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42752646467110067, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.206416"} {"text": "elizabeth 1 ( 1558 - 1603 ) this was a time of great social and cultural change in england. there were rich new developments in literature, sciences, medicine and the arts. england was sending increasing numbers of ships to voyage overseas into unknown areas. sea captains like drake and hawkins took every opportunity to capture the ships of other countries, especially those of spain and portugal. these men may have been seen as pirates or profiteers, depending which side you were on. the queen did little to stop them. so when the idea of a company trading with the east was first put to elizabeth i she hesitated. she knew what her seamen were like and thought they might attack traders from other countries, especially the portuguese and dutch who were england ' s main rivals. but, on 31 december 1600 she gave a charter to the company of merchants in the city of london, granting them a monopoly of all english trade in asia and the pacific. this meant that no other english company or people were allowed to trade in that area. when the first voyage of the east india company embarked in 1601, it took with it a letter written by elizabeth to the sumatran sultan alauddin shah. james i of england ( 1603 - 1625 ) and vi of scotland ( 1567 - 1625 ) new styles of architecture were introduced in james i ' s reign, the queen ' s house in greenwich being an example. unfortunately the globe burnt down in 1613, but the theatre had become established by then. when james came to the english throne, he was already james vi of scotland. he needed money, and the company seemed at times to be a good money - making venture. at other times it stood in his way. in 1603 james acquired large stocks of pepper. when the company brought back tons of pepper from its first voyage, he tried to stop them selling it, so that he could make money on his own stock first. in 1609 he launched one of the company ' s ships. in that year he also gave the company a new and better charter. he continued to take a lively interest in the company for the rest of his reign. in return he received ' loans ' which were never repaid. it was during his reign that the company ' s relations with india ' s mughal emperors began, starting with an approach to akbar. charles i ( 1625 - 1649 ) the company provided charles i with a useful income. charles i needed this money to help him fight the civil war - the crown was at war with parliament, and eventually lost ( charles was beheaded and replaced by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39922136947864395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.211143"} {"text": "akbar. charles i ( 1625 - 1649 ) the company provided charles i with a useful income. charles i needed this money to help him fight the civil war - the crown was at war with parliament, and eventually lost ( charles was beheaded and replaced by oliver cromwell ). in a good year he could get as much as 20, 000 in customs duties through the company ' s trade. he could also obtain ' loans ' for granting favours to the company - one of these in 1641 was for? 60, 000. this didn ' t mean he was always a friend to the company. he granted a charter to one ship, the roebuck, allowing it to continue piracy near india. the indians, seeing an english ship attack their cargo ships, wrongly imprisoned company servants in surat. to get them released, charles had to write an apology to the mughal emperor, shah jahangir. charles ii ' s reign brought in a change from the drabness of the time of cromwell. once again fashion became important as did the theatre. more impressive buildings were built. charles ii ( 1660 - 1685 ) soon after coming to the throne, charles ii gave the company a new charter. the charter allowed the company to fortify and colonize its factories, sending people, stores and ammunition. this meant they could build up their factories in india, which laid the basis for the future rule of india by the british. in 1662 charles ii signed the treaty of breda in which the spice island of run was exchanged for the island of manhattan. it was during the reign of charles ii that tea started becoming popular. when charles i was beheaded a period called the commonwealth, when there was no king or queen but a protector, started. oliver cromwell ( 1649 - 1659 ) life changed greatly during cromwell ' s rule. the leading puritans simplified much of english culture, believing that many aspects of existing culture went against the teachings of the bible. as they dressed in plain clothes they did not have the need for expensive fabrics such as silk. this led to a decline in the persian silk trade. it was during cromwell ' s reign that ' coho seeds ' ( coffee ) were introduced into england ' s, and the first coffee house opened.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39960149242544596, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.212203"} {"text": "book cliffs ( also called roan cliffs ), oil shale rocks located in the piceance basin of western colorado. blm planners : a strange new breed by john singlaub when it was passed in 1976, the federal land policy and management act ( flpma ) initiated a number of revolutionary changes at the blm. suddenly, the bureau was faced with the prospect of the long - term retention and management of the public lands under multiple - use management and sustained yield. budgets grew to accommodate the broad new requirements of flpma, and a wide variety of \u201c - ologists \u201d were hired to supplement the range conservationists, realty specialists, geologists, and mining engineers already employed by the blm. these hires later became known as the post - 1976 \u201c flpma boomers. \u201d none of these new characters were stranger to the blm than the small cadre of professional planners hired to implement the requirements of flpma section 202, \u201c land use planning. \u201d they helped develop new planning rules, finalized in 1979, that called for comprehensive, systematic plans, known as resource management plans ( rmps ), for the public lands. these plans were intended to mesh with the new planning rules being implemented by the forest service and were to consider the plans and policies of local, tribal, and state governments. they also required intense public participation and compliance with the national environmental policy act ( nepa ) planning and decisionmaking process, which required the preparation of environmental impact statements ( eiss ). the plans eventually became known as rmps / eiss. i was hired fresh out of graduate school as a community planner for the blm \u2019 s craig district in colorado. i arrived in october 1979, only days after the final rmp planning rules were approved as a replacement for the pre - flpma management framework plans, which were not nepa - compliant. what seemed to me on first reading to be a rather straightforward process based on traditional land use planning concepts was being received by my blm colleagues with some concern and more than a little trepidation. this was exacerbated by the fact that the kremmling resource area, part of the craig district, had been selected to complete a \u201c pilot rmp \u201d to test the new regulations. my assurances that this was no big deal and that it would be fun to get out in front of the rest of the blm and showcase the craig district got me a few strange looks. i worked with ade neisius, the rm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.485633381944859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.217231"} {"text": "my assurances that this was no big deal and that it would be fun to get out in front of the rest of the blm and showcase the craig district got me a few strange looks. i worked with ade neisius, the rmp team leader in kremmling, to quickly come up with a schedule, intermediate project steps, and a commitment from the team and from management to move forward with the pilot plan. we met periodically with the other pilot rmp teams from throughout the blm, shared ideas and stories, and ultimately completed the plan, albeit with the predictable delays and budget challenges we encounter in all of our work. throughout the process, i was thrilled at the flexibility and support i found from managers throughout the blm in exploring new approaches and trying out new ideas. district manager marv pearson, area manager roger zortman, state director dale andrus, and the state office staff, including planning branch chief fran cherry and environmental branch chief elaine zielinski, provided the support that made the rmp a success. i soon found myself as the team leader for the piceance basin rmp in meeker, colorado. driven by blm director bob burford \u2019 s interest in developing oil shale in the piceance basin, we began getting support from the washington office, including from minerals chief monte jordan. on one of his many visits to meeker, i asked jordan if we could have the funds for a geographic information system ( gis ) to facilitate development of alternatives for the rmp. before i knew it, he arranged for us to use a mainframe data general computer, and in early 1981, we were embarking on the first gis - supported rmp in blm \u2019 s history, using what now seems like quite primitive gis tools. as the pilot rmps were completed, rmps / eiss were spreading throughout the blm. the washington office recognized the need to share the experiences of the pilots and to develop common guidance so that each team could avoid plowing new ground. in 1984, planning and environmental coordination chief david williams directed ken harrison and me to develop training programs for the field offices with the help of what was then the phoenix training center. although we were getting better results when several team members could attend the training, travel costs were prohibitive. ken and i began going out to blm offices to train onsite, focusing on local needs, concerns, and resource issues. this proved to be an excellent strategy. by 1986, the blm had gained", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43716925115445976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.218204"} {"text": "mid - book test ( up to part 2 section 1 ( page 79 to 92 ) ) | name : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | period : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | this test consists of 15 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions. multiple choice questions directions : circle the correct answer. 1. where do the names in part 2 of the story come from? a ) from shakespeare. b ) from an adaptation that was printed in 1576. c ) from john updike ' s presumptions about the origin of names. d ) from a different publisher ' s edition in 1890. 2. which of the following is a name in part 3? 3. how does rorik attempt to change gerutha ' s opinion of horwendil? a ) he reminds her that she can not have an opinion because she is a woman. b ) he tells her the story of ona and himself. c ) he tells her a fairytale. d ) he explains to... this section contains 642 words | ( approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43396779779537586, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.226176"} {"text": "quiz : book 1 : the creation | book 1 : the ages of mankind | book 1 : the flood | book 1 : deucalion and pyrrha to book 10 : myrrha | book 10 : venus and adonis | book 10 : atalanta | name : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | period : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | this quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions. multiple choice questions directions : circle the correct answer. 1. what type of bird does scylla ' s father transform into after his death? a ) a hawk. b ) a penguin. c ) a flamingo. d ) a swan. 2. after minerva begins to beat her, how does arachne commit suicide? a ) she holds her breath until she dies. b ) she stabs herself through the heart. c ) she drinks poison. d ) she hangs herself. 3. how does juno punish the servants living in athamas and ino ' s house? a ) she transforms them into rats. b ) she drowns them in... this section contains 334 words | ( approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4272863767416296, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.227776"} {"text": "quiz : chapter 1 | chapter 2 to chapter 19 | chapter 20 | name : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | period : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | this quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions. multiple choice questions directions : circle the correct answer. 1. what does mr. bumble tell mrs. sowerberry was the cause of oliver ' s bad behavior after oliver ' s attack? a ) a fever. b ) too much food. c ) mocking and taunting. d ) sleep deprivation. 2. what is noah proud of even though he is a charity case? a ) he is learning a trade. b ) he has parents. c ) he is intelligent. d ) he owns some land. 3. what is mrs. sowerberry ' s main complaint about children? a ) they are weak. b ) they eat too much. c ) they are unintelligent. d ) they are too small. 4. what does mr. bumble see on a sign when he first arrives in london after oliver is... this section contains 350 words | ( approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42616880047930306, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.229904"} {"text": "study foretold a consequence of oil leak it wasn \u2019 t until seven weeks after the but an unusual experiment conducted in 2000 off the coast of norway, a trial run of a deep - water oil and gas spill that bp helped pay for, showed that oil could remain underwater for some time. the north atlantic exercise was designed to understand how a spill would behave as the drilling industry plumbed new depths to extract oil and gas. the federal minerals management service and 22 companies took part in the test, at about half the depth of the gulf disaster. oil and gas were released close to the sea floor and only a fraction of it was spotted on the surface after about seven hours, defying conventional wisdom that oil would almost immediately surface because it \u2019 s lighter than water. \u201c over time, it will rise, but the rate of rise can be quite slow, \u2019 \u2019 said eric adams, senior research engineer at the massachusetts institute of technology, who helped perform several analyses on project deep spill. \u201c a lot of the oil [ in the experiment ] most likely rose after they went home. \u2019 \u2019 a bp spokesman last week acknowledged the company participated in the deep spill experiment but refused to answer why officials flatly denied the possibility there could be significant amounts of oil trapped underwater \u2014 even the day after the federal government confirmed the existence of plumes on june 8. \u201c there is certainly oil in the water ; we believe [ it is ] in low and small concentrations, \u2019 \u2019 toby odone, the bp spokesman, said in an interview. tony hayward, bp chief executive, also downplayed the plumes last week during a congressional hearing. under questioning from edward j. markey of massachusetts, he said the concentrations were low, and some of the oil was not from the ongoing spill. tests so far show that most of the underwater plumes are diluted : less than 1 part per million, according to the national oceanic and atmospheric administration. in those concentrations the water would not look polluted to the naked eye. \u201c but even though they are low concentrations, the biological community is very sensitive that far down, \u2019 \u2019 said steve murawski, chief scientist for noaa fisheries service. little is known about the plumes, which are largely separated from the surface slick. it is not clear how much oil they hold, how many and where there are, how quickly the oil will break down, and whether the plumes are harming marine life. noaa officials have confirmed the existence of underwater oil as far down as 3, 300 feet below the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4541992770532151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.241198"} {"text": "oil they hold, how many and where there are, how quickly the oil will break down, and whether the plumes are harming marine life. noaa officials have confirmed the existence of underwater oil as far down as 3, 300 feet below the surface and several miles from the wellhead. other scientists have found evidence of plumes more than 10 miles long. a research cruise headed by woods hole oceanographic institution researchers and funded by the national science foundation set out thursday to map one of the cloudy mixtures and dissect its components to better understand its toxicity, where it might travel, and how quickly it is being broken down by oil - eating microbes. there are other concerns. scientists say the high pressure of the gushing leak is creating tiny oil droplets, some that can become suspended in water. the use of large amounts of underwater chemical dispersants are making those droplets smaller still. all those droplets, suspended in the water and trapped by dense ocean layers, are probably forming the plumes. scientists are also concerned about how much gas from the gushing well remains trapped underwater. the use of dispersants is continuing, because scientists believe they help natural forces more easily break down the oil into less toxic compounds. oil - eating microbes will do that under water. on the surface, they will be aided by sunlight, waves, and weather. but it \u2019 s a careful balance. if there are too many oil droplets in the water, the microbes, which need oxygen, could grow out of control and suck up so much oxygen they create a dead zone. samantha joye, a university of georgia scientist who was one of the first to discover the undersea oil, said oxygen levels were down 30 percent or more in some areas she sampled. federal officials say ongoing testing shows oxygen levels in the gulf are normal. \u201c but there is a tipping point... that \u2019 s why you need continuous monitoring, \u2019 \u2019 and noaa is doing that, said murawski, of the fisheries service. the deep spill experiment, some 200 miles off norway \u2019 s coast, was celebrated at the time as a forward - looking exercise for the next generation of drilling. in all, four mixtures were released, including a combination of diesel oil and natural gas that, while not a perfect parallel to the crude oil leaking in the gulf, gives some comparison. flow rates were comparable to the gulf spill rate. no dispersants were used. according to a 2005 analysis by mit \u2019 s adams and scott socolofs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47403114144152786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.242393"} {"text": "not a perfect parallel to the crude oil leaking in the gulf, gives some comparison. flow rates were comparable to the gulf spill rate. no dispersants were used. according to a 2005 analysis by mit \u2019 s adams and scott socolofsky, now a professor at texas a & m university, between 2 and 17 cubic meters of the 60 cubic meters of released diesel made it to the surface before overflights looking for oil on the sea surface ended, about seven hours after the oil release stopped. the scientists suggested that a significant portion of the oil rose slowly because it was comprised of very small droplets. another colleague, stephen masutani of the university of hawaii, found that one - third of the oil in deep spill would probably be found in droplets of half a millimeter or smaller, which could have taken a day or more to surface. in the gulf spill, the dispersants probably made droplets much smaller still, adams said, which means they could take much longer to surface. those droplets can get trapped by currents and dense water layers deep in the sea. \u201c these small droplets have no choice but to follow the water once it leaves the upward - rising oil - and - gas mixture, \u2019 \u2019 socolofsky said. after deep spill, there was no effort by the industry \u2014 or government \u2014 to better understand these submerged oil droplets. beth daley can be reached at firstname. lastname @ example. org. clarification : an earlier version of this story incorrectly said that noaa had confirmed the existence of oil underwater 142 miles from the wellhead. while noaa did find evidence of oil, tests showed it did not come from the leaking bp wellhead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45145517048286843, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.243772"} {"text": "new virus found in missouri ; ticks suspected with early bow season right around the corner, and even already underway in some states, it ' s important to know you ' re not out of the woods from pesky insects. a new virus has been discovered in missouri, and ticks are the likely culprit. it started with fever, fatigue, diarrhea and loss of appetite. but for two farmers in northwestern missouri, the severe illness that followed a tick bite led epidemiologists on a journey to a new viral discovery. \" it ' s brand new to the world, \" said william nicholson with the national center for emerging and zoonotic infectious disease at the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention. \" it ' s unique in that it ' s never been found elsewhere and it is the first phlebovirus found to cause illness in humans in the western hemisphere. at this point we don ' t know how widespread it may be, or whether it ' s found in other states. we don ' t know how many people in missouri may have had this virus, as the finding of a completely new virus was a surprise to us. \" nicholson, one of the authors of the report detailing the two cases published wednesday in the new england journal of medicine, suspects the new virus is a member of the tick - borne phlebovirus and is a distant cousin to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ( sftsv ), a virus found in central and northeastern china and known to cause death in 13 to 30 % of patients. there are more than 70 distinct viruses in the phlebovirus family, and they ' re grouped according to whether they are carried and transmitted by sandflies, mosquitoes or ticks. \" we ' re not saying at this point that it is tick - borne, \" nicholson said. \" we suspect ticks. it might be a lone star tick or another tick, but we have not ruled out sandflies or mosquitoes. \" according to nicholson, this new virus \" clusters genetically \" - or is very similar, yet distinct - to other tick - transmitted phleboviruses and more distantly with the sandfly and mosquitoes. researchers identified it by genetically sequencing the entire genome of the virus and comparing it to existing viral genomes. \" we ' re casting a wide net so we can really figure out where this virus is located and how it ' s being transmitted, \" he said. \" we are also going to be doing laboratory studies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4428013741487423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.249658"} {"text": "and comparing it to existing viral genomes. \" we ' re casting a wide net so we can really figure out where this virus is located and how it ' s being transmitted, \" he said. \" we are also going to be doing laboratory studies to learn more about the biology of the virus and how it might be transmitted. \" one farmer was a healthy 57 year - old man ; the other, a 67 - year - old man with type ii diabetes. recovery for both farmers was slow. both were hospitalized for about two weeks in 2009, and took about a month and a half to recovery fully. it ' s unknown whether this new virus can be transmitted from person to person, but no family members or caregivers reported symptoms similar to either patient. at the moment, nicholson said, there is no cause for concern. \" i don ' t think anyone should be worried. we are not worried... we are curious of what role the virus plays in human disease. \" to that end, an epidemiological study is underway in western missouri, where researchers hope to identify new patients with similar symptoms. for now, researchers will turn their attention to the large number of vertebrae hosts maintaining the virus in nature - mammals both wild and and domestic, as well as birds. in the fall, they will check out the deer and wild turkey population. tick - borne diseases are on the rise in the united states. and while this new disease might not be tick - borne, ticks are the number - one suspect. nicholson says people should use repellent, check themselves for bites or ticks, and avoid certain areas - if possible - that might serve as good habitats for ticks, such as wooded areas and areas with fallen leaves. get notified of new posts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47196060328471395, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.250335"} {"text": "uncovering the past in mississippi for eight weeks last summer, brandeis students were immersed in the legacy of the civil rights struggle for civil rights and racial justice in mississippi, one of the justice brandeis semester ( jbs ) programs, professor david cunningham, 11 brandeis undergraduates, and two teaching assistants spent eight weeks in mississippi combining academic learning with investigative research. teamed with a handful of students from jackson state university ( jsu ) and the university of mississippi, they studied the legacy of the civil rights movement by collecting educational and government records as well as firsthand accounts through interviews. \" we ' re doing research that is academically sound and rigorous and often uncovering new findings and new insights, \" says cunningham, an associate professor of sociology. working in small groups in four locations across the state, students collaborated with jsu ' s margaret walker center and the university of mississippi ' s william winter institute for racial reconciliation to support the mississippi truth project by conducting an inquiry of the state ' s unjust and segregated past. returning to jackson each week to debrief, they shared insights on how to gain access to county courthouse documents, how best to sift through stacks of arrest logs or school board minutes, and ways to create an open atmosphere for individuals to share their often harrowing personal stories. \" this program takes advantage of all the things jbs provides in terms of opportunities for students, \" says cunningham. \" for one thing, we ' re able to leave campus and do something in a sustained way. we spend some of our time in class but the majority is spent working with community members gathering original and primary data. and there ' s also a social justice component. \" at the conclusion of the program, students had created a repository of information that will be organized for and accessible to researchers, historians and communities. learn more about opportunities to gain college credit and real world experience through the justice brandeis semester.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45592736680756485, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.257008"} {"text": "approximately 4 % of the body ' s mass consists of minerals ( mcardle et al. 2000 ). they are classified as trace minerals ( body requires less than 100 mg / day ), and major minerals ( body requires more than 100 mg / day ). the trace minerals are iron, zinc, copper, selenium, iodine, fluorine and chromium. the major minerals are sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, sulphur, cobolt and chlorine. minerals serve three roles ( mcardle et al. 2000 ) : - they provide structure in forming bones and teeth - they help maintain normal heart rhythm, muscle contractility, neural conductivity, and acid - base balance - they help regulate cellular metabolism by becoming part of enzymes and hormones that modulate cellular activity minerals cannot be made in the body and must be obtained in our diet. the daily requirements of minerals required by the body can be obtained from a well balanced diet but, like vitamins, excess minerals can produce toxic the recommended daily requirements of minerals for men, women are shown in the table below ( nhs direct online 2007 ). | | milk, cheese and other dairy foods green leafy vegetables, such as broccoli, cabbage and okra, but not spinach, soya beans, tofu, soya drinks with added calcium, nuts, bread and anything made with fortified flour, fish where you eat the bones, such as sardines and pilchards | | sea fish and shellfish, cereals, grains | | liver, meat, beans, nuts, dried fruit, such as dried apricots, wholegrains, such as brown rice, fortified breakfast cereals, soybean flour, most dark - green leafy vegetables, such as watercress and curly kale | | yellow and green ( leafy ) vegetables, such as spinach, carrots and red peppers, yellow fruit such as mango, melon and apricots | | green vegetables, fruit, nuts | | meat, wholegrains, such as wholemeal bread and whole oats, lentils, spices | | fish, nuts, green leafy vegetables, such as broccoli and spinach, cereals, such as oats | | nuts, shellfish, offal | | nuts, spinach, bread, fish, meat, dairy foods | | tea, bread, nuts, cereals, green vegetables such as peas and runner beans | | red meat,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4829942025146075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.268726"} {"text": "oats | | nuts, shellfish, offal | | nuts, spinach, bread, fish, meat, dairy foods | | tea, bread, nuts, cereals, green vegetables such as peas and runner beans | | red meat, dairy foods, fish, poultry, bread, rice, oats | | fruit such as bananas, vegetables, pulses, nuts and seeds, milk, fish, shellfish, beef, chicken, turkey, bread | | brazil nuts, bread, fish, meat, eggs | sodium chloride ( salt ) | | ready meals, meat products, such as bacon, some breakfast cereals, cheese, some tinned vegetables, some bread, savoury snacks | | meat, shellfish, milk, dairy foods, such as cheese, bread, cereal products, such as wheat germ. vitamin and mineral interactions many vitamins and minerals interact, working alongside each other in groups e. g. a good balance of vitamin d, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, fluoride, chloride, manganese, copper and sulphur is required for healthy many of them can enhance or impair another vitamin or mineral ' s absorption and functioning e. g. an excessive amount of iron can cause a deficiency in zinc. - nhs direct online ( 2007 ) vitamins and minerals [ www ] available from : http : / / www. nhs. uk / conditions / vitamins - minerals / pages / vitamins - minerals. aspx [ accessed 08 / 08 / 2007 ] - mcardle, w. d. et al. ( 2000 ) micronutrints and water. in : mcardle, w. d. et al., 2nd ed. essentials of exercise physiology, usa : lippincott williams and wilkins, p. 75 the reference for this page is : - mackenzie, b. ( 2001 ) minerals [ www ] available from : http : / / www. brianmac. co. uk / minerals. htm [ accessed the following sports coach pages should be read in conjunction with this page :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4979057578562408, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.271140"} {"text": "calming west nile fears - more advice from the american academy of pediatrics, sept. 2002 studies show insect repellents with a deet concentration of 30 % are more protective than lower concentrations, but that concentrations higher than 30 % do not provide more protection. they simply last longer. in response to these findings, the academy says a 30 % concentration is safe for adults and children, but that 10 % can be used for children if parents are concerned about the potential risks or if the threat of disease - carrying mosquitoes is small. update - june, 2003 insect repellents containing deet ( n, n - diethyl - m - toluamide, also known as n, n - diethyl - 3 - methylbenzamide ) with a concentration of 10 % appear to be as safe as products with a concentration of 30 % when used according to the directions on the product labels. deet is not recommended for use on children under 2 months of age. deet - containing products are the most effective mosquito repellents available. deet also is effective as a repellent against a variety of other insects, including ticks. it should be used when there is a need to prevent insect - borne disease. the concentration of deet in products may range from less than 10 % to over 30 %. the efficacy of deet plateaus at a concentration of 30 %, the maximum concentration currently recommended for infants and children. the major difference in the efficacy of products relates to their duration of action. products with concentrations around 10 % are effective for periods of approximately two hours. as the concentration of deet increases, the duration of activity increases ; for example, a concentration of about 24 % has been shown to provide an average of 5 hours of protection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4513427532862413, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.278680"} {"text": "can kaposi sarcoma be prevented? kaposi sarcoma ( ks ) is caused by the kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus ( kshv ). there are no vaccines at this time to protect people against kshv. for now, preventing ks depends on reducing the chance of becoming infected with kshv and reducing the chance that people who are infected with kshv will develop ks. most cases of ks in the united states occur in people with aids. taking measures to avoid becoming infected with hiv could prevent most cases of ks in this country. - since hiv can be spread through sex, avoiding unprotected sex with people infected with hiv could help prevent these infections. many people with hiv don \u2019 t know that they are infected, so many public health workers recommend using a condom during any sexual contact. ( a condom may not be needed if both people are hiv - negative and are in a mutually monogamous relationship ). abstinence is the most effective protection. - hiv can also be spread through the use of contaminated ( dirty ) needles to inject recreational drugs. for people who inject drugs, the safest way to avoid hiv is to quit. however, some people are unable to quit on their own or get help in quitting, and they may not be able to stop using drugs right away. for these people, clean needles and injection supplies can help protect them. in some areas, there are programs to make sure that drug users can get clean needles and syringes. - hiv - infected mothers can pass the virus to their babies during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. treating the mothers and infants with anti - hiv drugs and avoiding breastfeeding can greatly reduce the risk of these infections. - in the past, blood product transfusions and organ transplants were responsible for some hiv infections. as a result of improved testing for hiv, there is now a very low risk of hiv infection from blood products or organ transplants in the united states. for people who are infected with hiv and kshv, taking the right medicines can reduce the chance of developing ks. - testing for hiv can identify people infected with this virus. people with hiv should get treatment to help strengthen their immune system, which usually includes highly active antiretroviral therapy ( haart ). haart reduces the risk that people with hiv will develop ks ( and aids ). treating infections that commonly occur in people with weakened immunity also reduces the likelihood of developing problems with ks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4335504684037254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.287564"} {"text": "all about radiant barriers learn the facts about radiant barriers and reflective insulation products to determine if they are a wise investment for achieving energy and cost savings in your home. what are radiant barriers? radiant barriers and reflective insulation products are installed in buildings to reduce radiant heat transfer, which is one of the ways buildings gain heat in the summer and lose heat in the winter. the idea is that by reducing radiant heat gain into the attic, for instance, you will use less energy to cool the house in the summer. there are three primary types of radiant barrier products on the market : foils and films usually reinforced for strength coatings such as radiant barrier paints or sprays reflective insulation such as foil - faced bubble wrap products sometimes, products combine more than one type, such as foil - faced bubble wrap installed in an open attic. this is both an insulation and a radiant barrier. do they actually reduce radiant heat transfer? in a word, yes. most of the foil and reflective insulation products reduce radiant heat transfer by about 96 percent. the performance of the paints and sprays is much more variable. some reduce radiant heat transfer by about 75 percent, some by much less. some radiant barrier foil and reflective insulation products have qualified for the energy star label, indicating they may save energy when properly installed. none of the paints and coatings has qualified for the energy star label. none of the radiant barrier products qualifies for federal energy tax credits. do they actually save me energy? studies by oak ridge national lab and florida solar energy center documented, on average, a 2 \u2013 10 percent reduction in the air conditioning bills of homes with radiant barriers ( foil ) installed in the attic, but almost no savings on heating costs during the winter. are they worth it? the answer to this question is more complicated and depends on cost. if you spend $ 200 and save $ 45 every year, that may be a worthwhile investment. but if you spend $ 1, 000, it ' s not nearly as clear. are there better ways to invest your money that would reduce your energy bills? what other factors should you consider? the more insulation you have in your attic \u2014 if it ' s properly installed without air leaks between the house and the attic \u2014 the less you will save with a radiant barrier. in many homes, it would cost less to seal all of the gaps and holes between the house and attic and add additional insulation. studies have shown that dirt and dust accumulation on radiant barriers degrades their performance fairly quickly and results in less savings over time. if the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5224726728406803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.303388"} {"text": "it would cost less to seal all of the gaps and holes between the house and attic and add additional insulation. studies have shown that dirt and dust accumulation on radiant barriers degrades their performance fairly quickly and results in less savings over time. if the roof is shaded, the savings will be less. some roofing materials \u2014 metals, tiles, light colored shingles \u2014 give off less heat to the attic. if you have these types of roofing, the savings from radiant barriers will be less. if there is ductwork and / or handling equipment in the attic, the savings will be higher. if you store valuables in the attic that will be harmed by high temperatures, installing a radiant barrier may help preserve them. this won ' t save you money, but it might save your stuff. saving energy has positive impacts on the environment, and many people will put this into the equation as well. what about moisture issues? aluminum foil is one of the best vapor barrier products used in buildings. neither liquid water nor water vapor goes through it. this can be a great product when there is a roof leak above a radiant barrier, and the foil directs the water to the exterior of the building, reducing the damage from the leak. on the other hand, foil installed over the insulation on an attic floor could trap moisture, which then condenses and drips into the insulation. some products are perforated with a lot of small holes to help reduce this potential problem. a word to the wise if they make a claim that you will save 10 percent, ask them 10 percent of what? is it 10 percent of your total utility bill, the heating and cooling portion, or just the cooling portion? a source of confusion some energy saving product might claim that it \" eliminates 86 percent of the radiant heat gain in your attic \" or \" reduces ceiling heat gains by up to 42 percent. \" these may be true statements, but that doesn ' t translate into energy savings so high. the radiant barrier will only affect the portion of the bill caused by radiant heat entering from the attic. it has no impact on the heat gained by your house from air leaks, windows and doors, walls or floors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45868798172114594, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.304481"} {"text": "according to the usage current in the british isles the term regalia is almost always employed to denote the insignia of royalty or \" crown jewels \". the objects more immediately included under the collective term as commonly used are the following : the crown, the sceptre with the cross, the sceptre with the dove, the orb, the swords, the ring, the spurs, also the vestments in which the sovereign is arrayed after the unction, to wit the colobium sindonis, the dalmatic, the armill, and the royal robe, or pall, as well as a few other miscellaneous objects connected with the coronation ceremony, such as the ampulla for the oil, with the spoon, \" st. edward ' s staff \", etc. all of these descend from pre - reformation days, and many of them are directly religious in origin. indeed there was a tendency not only in england, but also in germany, france, and elsewhere, to connect these insignia with some saintly and sometimes legendary possessor of a former age, and to regard them strictly as relics. in point of fact all the english regalia were broken up and sold after the execution of charles i, and the oldest of those now in existence had to be constructed anew at the restoration in 1661 ; but it had always been the custom of old to regard them or most of them as connected with st. edward the confessor, to whose shrine in westminster abbey, where the coronation takes place, they were regarded as belonging. even now the royal crown which the archbishop places on the king ' s head is still spoken of in a marginal note to the coronation service as \" st. edward ' s crown \", while we find in a chronicle of the fourteenth century, the \" annales paulini \", a vehement protest made in connection with the coronation of king edward ii that the unworthy favourite piers gaveston should have been suffered to carry the \" crown of st. edward \" with his \" polluted hands \" ( inquinatis manibus ). most of the regalia enumerated above call for no special comment, but with regard to some few, the significance of which has been misrepresented by anglican writers with a more or less controversial purpose, a few words are necessary. to begin with, it has been pretended that the vestures in which the king is arrayed are the vestments of a bishop, and indicate an intention to endow the monarch with an ecclesiastical character. this contention forms part", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47532284018209414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.323866"} {"text": "few words are necessary. to begin with, it has been pretended that the vestures in which the king is arrayed are the vestments of a bishop, and indicate an intention to endow the monarch with an ecclesiastical character. this contention forms part of a theory propounded by a prominent anglican liturgist, dr. wickham legg, that the king according to the medieval view was mixta persona ( i. e., both layman and ecclesiastic ) and therefore spiritualis jurisdictionis capax ( a fit subject for spiritual jurisdiction ). the underlying and indeed the avowed purpose was to show that although it cannot be denied that the king is the official head of the church of england, still there is nothing unbecoming in such a relation because the king is a minister of the church and consecrated to this special office by the church herself. but the various arguments by which this contention is supported, and notably that based upon the supposed ecclesiastical character of the coronation vestments, are wholly fallacious. the colobium sindonis ( alleged to be the equivalent of the alb ) and the dalmatic, or supertunica, are simply the ordinary dress of the later roman empire, and they did not acquire their liturgical charcater until after they had become the customary apparel of emperors on state occasions. this form of underclothing can be plainly traced in the consular diptychs upon which the consuls are represented as presiding at the games. in these same diptychs the most prominent feature in the official vesture is an elaborately embroidered scarf which hangs down perpendicularly in front, passes round the body, and falls over the left arm. this scarf is called the lorum. it is almost certainly the ancestor of the archiepiscopal pallium, but it remained for long centuries, as numberless byzantine paintings and sculptures show, the most conspicuous element in the imperial state costume. there is serious reason to believe, though the details cannot be gone into here, that the lorum is represented by the \" armill \", though this is now a sort of stole which two or three centuries back was tied at the elbows. the address originally made at the delivery of the armill declared it to be a symbol of the \" divine enfolding \" ( divinae circumdationis ), which agrees much better with a wrap like the lorum than with a stole or bracelet. again \" the robe royal or pall of cloth of gold \", which is embroidered with eagles, cannot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48416536440291297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.325559"} {"text": "( divinae circumdationis ), which agrees much better with a wrap like the lorum than with a stole or bracelet. again \" the robe royal or pall of cloth of gold \", which is embroidered with eagles, cannot with any reason be described as an ecclesiastical cope. it certainly represents the royal mantle which was originally a four - square garment fastened with a clasp over the right shoulder, such as is seen to recur several times in the carvings of the ivory book - cover of queen melisende now in the british museum ; such also as was found vesting the body of edward i when his tomb was opened in 1774. not less misleading is the interpretation recently attached to one of the three swords carried before the king and known as the \" sword of the spirituality \" or \" the sword of the church \". this does not in any way represent, as contended, a claim to exercise jurisdiction over the church, but it only symbolizes the solemn promise of the king to protect the church. there were three such promises originally made by the king : the first to defend and secure peace for the church ; the second to punish wrong - doers ; and the third to show justice and mercy in all his judgments. now the three swords, now and anciently borne before the king at his coronation, were known as the sword of the clergy, the sword of the laity, and the third ( curtana ), which has no point, the sword of mercy. there is every reason to believe that these three swords typify the matter of the king ' s three ancient promises. as for the sword with which the king himself is girded in the coronation ceremony, this was originally in imperial coronations at rome laid upon the tomb of blessed peter and, like the archbishop ' s pallium, presented as de corpore beati petri sumptum and consequently as a kind of relic of the prince of the apostles, in whose name and to defend whose authority the power of the sword is given to rulers by the church. a theory that the orb is only a variant of the sceptre with a cross is now generally rejected, and with reason. more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4704483796855782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.327110"} {"text": "history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. in the past century the church has grown both extensively and intensively among english - speaking peoples. their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny. browse the catholic encyclopedia by topic copyright \u00a9 catholic encyclopedia. robert appleton company new york, ny. volume 1 : 1907 ; volume 2 : 1907 ; volume 3 : 1908 ; volume 4 : 1908 ; volume 5 : 1909 ; volume 6 : 1909 ; volume 7 : 1910 ; volume 8 : 1910 ; volume 9 : 1910 ; volume 10 : 1911 ; volume 11 : - 1911 ; volume 12 : - 1911 ; volume 13 : - 1912 ; volume 14 : 1912 ; volume 15 : 1912 catholic online catholic encyclopedia digital version compiled and copyright \u00a9 catholic online", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4966492410027928, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.328025"} {"text": "explosion, including an 8 - year - old boy who received his first holy communion just 11 months ago. along with these... the poor clares : joy and sacrificest. paul was a man passionate with zeal and consumed by love for god and desire for the salvation of souls. his actions and words were geared toward one purpose : the claiming of souls from the dominion of the devil, and the deceit used by him... brian williams : the honest 411 on vatican iii recently had the opportunity to take a class about the second vatican council offered through a diocesan adult education program. while much was covered within a relatively short span of four classes, one subject occupied much of our time... letters from our readers vatican ii called for post - conciliar liturgical adaptationsthe april 26 catholic news herald commentary entitled \" the honest 411 on vatican ii \" discussed a participant ' s experience at an adult education series in the diocese. the course, \" the 411 on... warrior saints are found throughout historyregarding the april 26 letter criticizing st. nicholas of flue, i am disgusted that an american would insinuate that a soldier who distinguishes himself or herself in combat is not following... who would be worthy? in a letter in the april 26 catholic news herald, st. nicholas of flue was referred to as someone who \" did not follow those teachings \" of christ because he defended the faith with his sword and... most popular stories from the pastors read and listen to homilies posted regularly by pastors at parishes within the diocese of charlotte : - fr. frank cancro at queen of the apostles - fr. patrick earl at st. peter in charlotte - fr. john eckert at st. john the baptist in tryon - fr. timothy reid at st. ann in charlotte - fr. benjamin roberts at our lady of lourdes in monroe - fr. patrick winslow at st. thomas aquinas in charlotte - watch full masses live and on demand, listen to homilies and reflections from sacred heart church in salisbury - listen to homilies from st. william catholic church in murphy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41687992581121336, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.344356"} {"text": "if the bush administration seems lukewarm to the more radical proposals the world health organization ( who ) is considering for its treaty on tobacco control, that \u2019 s good news. after all, tobacco use isn \u2019 t infectious. nor is a wisp of smoke harmful as it crosses national borders. an adult \u2019 s decision to smoke is voluntary and individual. children are different, of course, as proven by 50 state laws that make the sale of cigarettes to minors illegal. clearly, we don \u2019 t need world government to deal with that issue. as to specifics : - using the terms \u201c mild \u201d and \u201c light \u201d in ads? the more information the better, provided the ads are truthful. consumers can distinguish puffery from hard evidence. - raising cigarette taxes? not if you want to deter smuggling, which is now financing terrorist groups. besides, cigarette taxes are regressive \u2014 another burden imposed on poor people who are supposedly the who \u2019 s beneficiaries. - curbing secondhand smoke? the science is questionable, and government regulation, more than cigarette smoke, has poisoned the atmosphere. let private - property owners permit or prohibit smoking \u2014 for good reason, bad reason or no reason at all. patrons who object may go elsewhere. if we \u2019 ve learned anything from nourishing a free society for more than two centuries, it \u2019 s this : individual decisions are best left to individuals. when occasionally those decisions impose costs on innocent bystanders, state government is sometimes justified in intervening. rarely is there a need \u2014 much less constitutional authority \u2014 for the federal government to dictate private consumption choices. and never do we relinquish national sovereignty over such matters to a global organization, especially one like the who, which will only be encouraged to expand its social agenda without any sense of restraint or concern for personal liberty. u. s. leadership does not consist of harmonizing international regulatory and tax policy, suppressing commercial advertising or banning cigarettes in private places. real leadership \u2014 especially important for developing countries trying to shake off their stifling socialist traditions \u2014 promotes respect for private property and free choice. the best lesson the u. s. could teach is to reject the who tobacco treaty. good riddance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4617356847164862, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.347979"} {"text": "since its adoption, the programme of work was considered for in - depth review at the eighth meeting of the conference of the parties ( cop ). this in - depth review revealed that good progress is being made towards the achievement of adequate coverage of protected areas with the exception of the temperate grasslands biome. the review did reveal that implementation is weak when considering trends in the abundance and distribution of selected species and the status and trends of linguistic diversity, including the numbers of speakers of indigenous languages in dry and sub - humid lands. of cop 8 calls for increased attention to climate change and governance and highlights the need for more detailed assessments to measure progress towards the achievement of the 2010 biodiversity target in dry and sub - humid lands. a joint work programme with the united nations convention to combat desertification on dry and sub - humid lands was also adopted by the cop to both conventions in acknowledgement of the fact that biodiversity loss can be both a cause and a consequence of desertification. the joint work programme seeks to address the multiple and increasing threats to dry and sub - humid lands biodiversity, including climate change. of cop 9 calls for more information on traditional knowledge regarding the management and sustainable use of the biodiversity of dry and sub - humid lands, experiences in the field of climate change mitigation and adaptation, soil management and pastoralism and the impacts of drought on the biodiversity of dry and sub - humid lands. it also requests the executive secretary to enhance cooperation and synergies concerning biodiversity, land degradation / desertification and climate change. of cop 10 urges parties to integrate issues related to dry and sub - humid lands into the revised national biodiversity strategies and action plans ( nbsaps ), national action programmes to combat desertification ( naps ), and national adaptation programmes of action ( napas ). it also requests the executive secretary identify best practices to address conflicts between biodiversity conservation and sustainable use and pastoralism and agriculture in dry and sub - humid lands. rio conventions pavilion : linking biodiversity, climate change and sustainable land management the rio conventions pavilion, a collaborative outreach activity involving the rio convention secretariats, is a partnership platform for raising awareness and sharing information about the latest practices and scientific findings on the co - benefits that can be realized through implementation of the three rio conventions. the pavilion was convened at the cbd cop 10 ( 18 - 29 october 2010 ) in nagoya, japan, the unfccc meetings ( 29 november - 10 december 2010 ) in cancun, mexico, the unccd cop 10 in changwon, republic of korea ( 10 - 21", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46538978702469036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.358635"} {"text": "storms spoil nasa satellite launch attempt the radiation belt storm probes prepped for launch. / cbs news ( ap ) cape canaveral, fla. - thunderstorms have ruined nasa ' s second attempt to launch a pair of science satellites. for the second day in a row, nasa had to halt the countdown for its radiation belt storm probes. lightning and thick storm clouds prevented the unmanned rocket from taking off early saturday from cape canaveral. on friday, a tracking beacon on the rocket held up the flight. nasa says it will try again sunday. the twin satellites are designed to study earth ' s harsh radiation belts. scientists say the two - year mission will improve space forecasting. the goal is to better guard against solar storms. spacecraft can be damaged, and astronauts hurt, from severe solar outbursts. life here on the planet also can be disrupted. popular in scitech - amazon proposes a colossal biospherelike seattle campus - weird pirate ant comes with an \" eye patch \" - jennifer lopez to open verizon cellphone stores - the 7 weirdest things made by 3d printing - apple ' s next iphone may be coming in june - google to add galapagos islands to street view - \" god particle \" : why the higgs boson matters - watch : biggest solar storm of the year play video", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47972155070042544, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.360808"} {"text": "skip to content skip to navigation menu 15 november 2011 genetic mutations that cause schizophrenia could be linked to systems in the brain responsible for learning and memory, a study suggests. researchers from cardiff university and the university of edinburgh have identified changes to genes \u2013 genetic mutations \u2013 in patients with schizophrenia who had not inherited the condition. the study, published in the journal molecular psychiatry, showed that these mutations occurred among a set of proteins that play a key role in memory function. the scientists took samples of dna from more than 650 patients with schizophrenia and compared these with dna from their parents \u2013 who did not have the condition \u2013 to identify the genetic differences. professor michael owen of cardiff university, who led the research with colleague professor michael o \u2019 donovan, said : \" by studying such a large sample we have been able to provide the first clear insights into the sorts of basic biological processes that underlie schizophrenia. \" we hope that by identifying these mutations our findings will help us understand more clearly how schizophrenia arises and ultimately identify new targets for treatments. \" the task of identifying what causes schizophrenia is difficult because the disorder does not occur as a result of a single genetic mutation, but reflects a large number of different risk genes. professor seth grant, of the university of edinburgh, whose laboratory previously discovered dozens of proteins linked to learning and memory, said : \" although it has been known for some time that dna mutations predispose individuals to the development of schizophrenia, it has remained a puzzle as to how these genes cause behavioural problems. \" the surprising finding was that dna mutations that cause schizophrenia are interfering with the same proteins in the molecular machinery that controls learning and memory. the findings will help research into new drug therapies and in developing new diagnostic tests. \" the genetic mutations disrupt the production of proteins found at synapses, which are the connections between different brain cells. the proteins are normally assembled together and process information that is passed from the environment to the memory systems in the brain. disrupting the fundamental information processing systems in synapses results in behavioural disorders. professor michael o \u2019 donovan from cardiff university added : \" the main importance of the finding is that the new mutations were not randomly occurring in genes, instead they were concentrated in a relatively small number of genes which are crucial to the way nerve cells communicate with each other at junctions called synapses. \" the study was funded by the medical research council, the wellcome trust and the european union. professor george kirov also from cardiff university and the study \u2019 s first author, said : \" we already know that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.527029125948504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.367560"} {"text": "junctions called synapses. \" the study was funded by the medical research council, the wellcome trust and the european union. professor george kirov also from cardiff university and the study \u2019 s first author, said : \" we already know that genetic factors increase the risk of schizophrenia, as well as non - genetic factors. however, we assumed that because schizophrenia sufferers are less likely than average to have children, genes with quite large effects on risk will be removed from the population by the process of natural selection. \" if this is true, this loss of disease genes must be compensated for by new mutations or the disease would no longer exist. \" rare genetic mutations that occurred either prior to or at fertilisation - do novo mutations \u2013 were found to occur among patients with schizophrenia. schizophrenia is a severe disorder affecting approximately one per cent of the population. signs can be present from childhood, but usually the disorder is diagnosed in early teens and has an impact on adult life. notes to editor a copy of de novo cnv analysis implicate specific abnormalities of postsynaptic signalling complexes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia published in molecular psychiatry, published online before print at doi : 10. 1038 / mp. 2011. 154, is available, on request. for further information or media interviews, contact : professor mike owencardiff universitytel : 02920 687065 professor seth grant university of edinburgh tel : 01223 494908 tel : 029 20 874731 press and pr officer university of edinburgh tel : 0131 650 9836 mob : + 44 ( 0 ) 7791 3455804 this is an externally hosted beta service offered by google.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5214257131861748, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.368569"} {"text": "on a quiet cove in southern maryland, a series of orange and white markers declares a stretch of water off limits to fishing. under the surface sits spawning habitat for largemouth bass, a fish that contributes millions of dollars to the region \u2019 s economy each year and for whom two such sanctuaries have been established in the state. here, the fish are protected from recreational anglers each spring and studied by scientists hoping to learn more about them and their habitat needs. the largemouth bass can be found across the watershed and is considered one of the most popular sport fishes in the united states. while regional populations are strong, a changing chesapeake bay \u2014 think rising water temperatures, disappearing grasses and the continued arrival of invasive species \u2014 is changing bass habitat and could have an effect on future fish. for decades, scientists with the maryland department of natural resources ( dnr ) have collected data on the distribution of largemouth bass, tracking the species and monitoring the state \u2019 s two sanctuaries in order to gather the knowledge needed to keep the fishery sustainable. established in 2010 on the chicamuxen and nanjemoy creeks, both of which flow into the potomac river, these sanctuaries have been fortified with plastic pipes meant to serve as spawning structures. and, it seems, these sanctuaries are in high demand during spawning season. on an overcast day in april, three members of the dnr tidal bass survey team \u2014 joseph love, tim groves and branson williams \u2014 are surveying the sanctuary in chicamuxen creek. groves flips a switch and the vessel starts to send electrical currents into the water, stunning fish for capture by the scientists on board. the previous day, the team caught, tagged and released 20 bass ; this morning, the men catch 19, none of which were tagged the day before. \u201c this [ lack of recaptures ] indicates that we have quite a few bass out here, \u201d said love, tidal bass manager. indeed, the state \u2019 s largemouth bass fishery \u201c is pretty doggone good, \u201d love continued. \u201c that said, we recognize that the ecosystem is changing. and i don \u2019 t think anybody wants to rest on the laurels of a great fishery. \u201d as love and his team learn how largemouth bass are using the state \u2019 s sanctuaries, they can work to improve the sanctuaries \u2019 function and move to protect them and similar habitats from further development or disturbance. \u201c we can speculate where the best coves are, but this is the ground truthing that we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.39668133892351426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.388662"} {"text": "sanctuaries, they can work to improve the sanctuaries \u2019 function and move to protect them and similar habitats from further development or disturbance. \u201c we can speculate where the best coves are, but this is the ground truthing that we need to do, \u201d love said. in the fall, the team will return to the cove to count juvenile bass and report on juvenile - to - adult population ratios. while the assessment of the state \u2019 s sanctuaries is a small - scale project, it is one \u201c aimed at the bigger picture, \u201d love said. love \u2019 s team is \u201c doing what we can to improve the use of these coves by bass. \u201d and protecting bass habitat and improving water quality will have a positive effect on the coves overall, creating healthier systems for neighboring plants and animals. \u201c by protecting these important areas, we are also protecting the larger ecosystem, \u201d love said. photos by jenna valente. to view more, visit our flickr set. cover crops, streamside trees and nutrient management plans : all are exceptional ways to reduce nutrient pollution in the chesapeake bay. and for father and son duo elwood and hunter williams, restoring the bay begins with conservation practices and a shift in mentality. \u201c we knew coming down the road that we needed to do a better job with keeping the water clean, \u201d hunter said. \u201c we decided that if there was going to be a problem with the streams it wasn \u2019 t going to be us. \u201d excess nutrients come from many places, including wastewater treatment plants, agricultural runoff and polluted air. when nitrogen and phosphorus reach waterways, they can fuel the growth of large algae blooms that negatively affect the health of the bay. in order to reduce these impacts, the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) has implemented a bay \u201c pollution diet, \u201d known as the total maximum daily load ( tmdl ). since the passing of the tmdl, many farmers in the watershed have felt the added pressure of the cleanup on their shoulders, but for the williams family, having the foresight to implement best management practices ( bmps ) just seemed like the environmentally and fiscally responsible thing to do. \u201d we don \u2019 t want to get to a point where regulations are completely out of control, \u201d hunter explained. \u201c farmers know what they \u2019 re putting on the ground so we have the ability to control it. most people who have yards don \u2019 t have a clue what they \u2019 re putting on the ground when they use fertilizer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41983725540579747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.389715"} {"text": ", \u201d hunter explained. \u201c farmers know what they \u2019 re putting on the ground so we have the ability to control it. most people who have yards don \u2019 t have a clue what they \u2019 re putting on the ground when they use fertilizer. the difference has to be made up by the farmers because we know exactly what is going on to our soil. \u201d the williams family began implementing bmps on misty mountain farm in 2006 by teaming up with the potomac valley conservation district ( pvcd ). the government - funded non - profit organization has been providing assistance to farmers and working to preserve west virginia \u2019 s natural resources since 1943. the pvcd operates the agricultural enhancement program ( agep ), which has steadily gained popularity among chicken farmers and livestock owners located in the west virginia panhandle and potomac valley. while these two districts make up just 14 percent of west virginia \u2019 s land mass, these regions are where many of the bay \u2019 s tributaries begin \u2014 so it is important for area landowners to be conscious of pollutants entering rivers and streams. agep is designed to provide financial aid and advice to farmers in areas that the farm bill does not cover. pvcd is run in a grassroots fashion, as employees collaborate with local farmers to pinpoint and meet their specific needs. \u201c it [ agep ] has been very well received, \u201d said carla hardy, watershed program coordinator with the pvcd. \u201c it \u2019 s not [ the u. s. department of agriculture ] dictating how we spend our money, it \u2019 s the local, state and individuals saying, \u201c these are our needs and this is how our money should be spent. \u201d farmers understand that in order to keep agep a voluntary plan they need to pay attention to their conservation practices. \u201d hunter admits the hardest part of switching to bmps was changing his mindset and getting on board. originally, hunter was looking at the bay \u2019 s pollution problems as a whole, but with optimistic thinking and assistance from pvcd, he realized that the best way to overcome a large problem was to cross one bridge at a time. it wasn \u2019 t long before the williams family started to see results : fencing off streams from cattle led to cleaner water ; building barns to overwinter cows allowed them to grow an average of 75 pounds heavier than before, making them more valuable to the farm. by using bmps, the williams family has set a positive example for farmers across the watershed, proving that with hard work and a \u2018 sky is the limit \u2019 mentality, seemingly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4766827758714549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.392841"} {"text": "75 pounds heavier than before, making them more valuable to the farm. by using bmps, the williams family has set a positive example for farmers across the watershed, proving that with hard work and a \u2018 sky is the limit \u2019 mentality, seemingly impossible goals can be met. hunter points out, \u201c we are proud to know that if you are traveling to misty mountain farm you can \u2019 t say, \u201c hey these guys aren \u2019 t doing their part. \u201d video produced by steve droter. an investment in habitat conservation could be a smart one for fisheries and the economies that depend on them, according to a new report. in more habitat means more fish, released this week by restore americas estuaries, the american sportfishing association and the national oceanic and atmospheric administration, the link between healthy habitats and strong fisheries is made clear : without feeding or breeding grounds, fish cannot grow or reproduce, which means fewer fish and a decline in fisheries - dependent jobs, income and recreational opportunities. most of the nation \u2019 s commercial and recreational fish depend on coastal and estuarine habitats for food and shelter. investments and improvements in these habitats can have immediate and long - lasting effects on fish populations. the construction of an oyster reef, for instance, can provide food and shelter to a number of aquatic species. the conservation of marshes and underwater grass beds can boost the number and diversity of fish and their prey. and the restoration of fish passage to once - blocked rivers can open up new habitat to those species that must migrate upstream to spawn. \u201c investing in coastal and estuarine habitat restoration is essential \u2026 for the long - term future of our fisheries, \u201d said restore americas estuaries president and ceo jeff benoit in a media release. \u201c in order to have fish, we have to have healthy habitat. if we want more fish, we need more healthy habitat. \u201d read more about more habitat means more fish. restoring urban streams can help restore urban communities, according to a new analysis from the u. s. geological survey ( usgs ). in a report released last week, the usgs documents the contributions that the restoration of an anacostia river tributary made to the washington, d. c., metropolitan area, from the creation of jobs to the creation of open space for residents. the yearlong restoration of a 1. 8 mile stretch of watts branch is one in a series of case studies highlighting the economic impacts of restoration projects supported by the department of the interior. image courtesy u. s. fish and wildlife service northeast region completed in 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43892803809894676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.394066"} {"text": "it ' s a gloomy sunday evening and dovid friedman of chicago is reading the very hungry caterpillar to his two children, 22 - month - old donny and 3 - year - old kivi. each time daddy gets to the end, the kids exclaim, \" again! \" soon, the children decide they also want to eat through four strawberries, so everyone heads to the kitchen. in their rush to be first, the kids trip over each other, and donny ' s cheek smacks into the edge of the door. he screams ; friedman picks him up, kisses him, gets an ice pack and in a few minutes, donny is happily munching strawberries having completely forgotten the mishap. the next morning, i drop by, see the bruise that now extends halfway across my grandson ' s cheek, and exclaim, \" what happened to your face? \" donny replies, \" kivi bite me. \" my daughter, shoshana, the kids ' mother, sighs. \" actually, he was running and he crashed into the wall ; but kivi has bitten him so many times, that whenever he notices a bruise or a scrape, he just assumes that kivi bit him. \" while the situation is troubling to my daughter, it ' s not unusual, experts say. since young children have limited communication skills, they may not be able to easily express strong emotions such as boredom, frustration or happiness. combine this with a toddler ' s natural tendency to put everything in her mouth, and biting can easily result. \" for toddlers and young children, biting is a common behavior, \" says clinical psychologist michele nealon - woods, assistant professor at the chicago school of professional psychology. \" adults tend to see this as an aggressive act, but usually it ' s just a physical response to a burst of emotion. \" identify the triggers it ' s not just other kids who are the targets ; a child may bite a parent while putting up a fuss at naptime or bedtime, for example. \" some biting incidents can be avoided by identifying what triggers them, \" says nealon - woods. just like other negative behaviors, biting is more likely to happen when children are tired, hungry or not feeling well. at these times, offering quiet activities, separating children, providing structure and keeping an extra eye and ear out for developing problems may be helpful. but a bite can occur suddenly, without warning, even when children appear to be playing happily. \" that ' s why", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44649476908164787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.404234"} {"text": "times, offering quiet activities, separating children, providing structure and keeping an extra eye and ear out for developing problems may be helpful. but a bite can occur suddenly, without warning, even when children appear to be playing happily. \" that ' s why we sometimes have parents report that their children bite even when they don ' t seem angry or upset, \" nealon - woods says. some kids even bite themselves on the hand or arm when they ' re excited. \" a parent might be playing with her child, and the child gives the mother a big hug and then suddenly bites her on the shoulder. \" when she was 2\u00bd, rachel zimmerman ' s daughter devorah, now 4, was roughhousing with her father. without warning, she bit him on the leg. he let out a yelp, and devorah immediately burst into tears. \" she realized right away what she ' d done, \" says zimmerman of chicago. \" it was obvious that she wasn ' t trying to hurt him ; she was just excited. \" as children mature, gain self - control and develop more language skills, most outgrow their tendency to bite, generally by age 3 or so. if the biting is still occurring at age 3\u00bd or 4, skokie pediatrician dr. cathy divincenzo says, it ' s probably time to seek outside help. your family doctor or pediatrician, or your child ' s school, should be able to offer suggestions appropriate professionals or other resources. controlling the behavior biting may be developmentally normal, but it can ' t be ignored. there ' s the potential for serious injury to the one who ' s been bitten - usually another child - as well as the likelihood that a child who bites may be thought of by others - usually the parents of the bitten children - as a \" bad \" kid. there are things parents can do to help control the problem. for example, nealon - woods suggests providing a bib or a squishy toy the child can bite on in an emotionally intense moment. if the child bites someone else, she recommends a calm but immediate response. \" the child needs to see what he ' s done, but it ' s the child who has been bitten who should get the parent ' s attention at that moment, \" she says. generally that means taking the victim and leaving the room, which teaches the biting child that biting doesn ' t automatically mean extra parental attention. any discussion following the biting should be brief, but can still help the biter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4081416363068237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.408782"} {"text": "that moment, \" she says. generally that means taking the victim and leaving the room, which teaches the biting child that biting doesn ' t automatically mean extra parental attention. any discussion following the biting should be brief, but can still help the biter understand the effects of his actions. this is also the time to model more appropriate behavior, says nealon - woods. \" you can say to your child things like, ' i know you ' re angry, ' and teach children the vocabulary they can use in order to express themselves with words. \" some children may need a further consequence. divincenzo says a time - out after every biting incident is often the best way to curb this behavior. but whatever you do, make sure you do it right away, nealon - woods says. \" you can ' t say to a 2 - or 3 - year - old, ' wait till your father gets home, ' for example, \" she explains. by that time - or even just an hour after the incident - the child is likely to have, at best, a hazy memory of the episode, and any discussion or punishment at that point isn ' t likely to be effective. some parents opt to respond to a child ' s biting by biting the child - gently, but enough to cause some discomfort. they reason that a child may not understand biting hurts, and this is a very effective way to show her. \" if we ' re trying to teach the child that biting is wrong because it hurts, then biting the child sends a confusing message, \" says nealon - woods. \" it just reinforces the child ' s belief that this [ biting ] is how we solve the problem. \" nothing seemed to stop zimmerman ' s son, ezzy, 2\u00bd, from biting his 4 - year - old sister. \" i talked to him about it each time, but i really think he was just too young to understand any explanations, \" rachel says. one day, following yet another biting incident, she took ezzy into the kitchen and put a drop of dish detergent on his tongue. \" i only left it there for a second, and then i rinsed his mouth out with water right away, \" she says. ezzy ' s biting became much less frequent afterwards. it ' s important to remember that the child who is bitten may need more than just a comforting hug. \" with any bite that breaks the skin, there ' s a potential for infection, \" divincenzo says, \" especially when the bite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48083670684624713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.410001"} {"text": "it ' s important to remember that the child who is bitten may need more than just a comforting hug. \" with any bite that breaks the skin, there ' s a potential for infection, \" divincenzo says, \" especially when the bite is on the hand. \" she advises washing the wound with soap and water and applying an over - the - counter antibiotic cream or ointment. it may take a week or so for the injury to heal ; during that time, as with any cut, parents should contact their child ' s doctor if they notice signs of infection, such as increased redness, swelling or tenderness. and comfort yourself with the knowledge that, most likely, this is just another childhood phase. both friedman and zimmerman report that both their sons have been \" bite - free \" for several months. bites away from home preschool classrooms are a common setting for biting. at the early childhood education center at concordia university in river forest, director doris knuth says biting rarely is a recurring problem, but when it is, a meeting with the child ' s parents is arranged. \" [ u ] sually, if the biting is happening here at school, it ' s happening in other settings as well, and the child needs to have consistent responses everywhere, \" she says. carla young, principal of the nursery school and kindergarten at the university of chicago laboratory school, says parents need to be involved if biting becomes serious. \" we don ' t necessarily call the parents if there is a single incident. \" if the biting continues, the child may be sent home for the day, and the parents will be asked to come in for a discussion. \" if it ' s a serious, recurring problem, we may ask a social worker to come in also, \" says young. in the intensity of discussions about the child ' s behavior, parents ' feelings often take a back seat. \" it ' s very embarrassing to be the parent of a ' biter, ' \" says knuth. \" there ' s a common perception that children who bite are ' bad ' children. \" that ' s not true, she says, but parents don ' t always understand that. \" when a child is bitten, we don ' t tell her parents who did it, \" she continues, \" but the kids certainly talk about it, so by the next day, everyone knows. \" to correct misinformation about biting, the school sometimes provides handouts or articles. nealon - woods says the director of her child ' s daycare", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41825414804687355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.411867"} {"text": "a giant squid, captured for the first time in its deep - sea habitat, swimming in july in the pacific ocean off northern japan. / nhk / nep / discovery channel / ap the first images of the human - shy giant squid in its natural habitat, filmed in the black depths of the pacific ocean, have been released. the silvery, 9 - foot - long mollusk - scientists said it could have been up to 26 feet long if its two longest tentacles had not been severed - was filmed in july off japan ' s chichi island by a three - man crew from the national museum of nature and science. the scientists followed the creature in their submersible to a depth of more than 2, 700 feet as it vanished into the ocean darkness, where oxygen is scarce and pressure is enormous. japanese broadcaster nhk showed footage monday. the squid, with black eyes the size of dinner plates, clutched a bait squid in its remaining arms as it swam against the current. \" it was shining and so beautiful, \" researcher tsunemi kubodera told afp. \" i was so thrilled. \" the footage will be part of a discovery channel show, monster squid : the giant is real, which will air jan. 27 as the season finale of curiosity. discovery news announced the find last month : with razor - toothed suckers and eyes the size of dinner plates, tales of this creature have been around since ancient times. the norse legend of the sea monster the kraken, and the scylla from greek mythology, might have derived from the elusive giant squid. this massive predator has always been shrouded in secrecy, and every attempt to capture a live giant squid on camera in its natural habitat has failed. until now. in 2006, kubodera said, he filmed what he claimed was the first live video footage of a giant squid as it was hooked and brought aboard his ship. known to scientists as architeuthis, the giants eat other types of squid and grenadier, a deep - sea fish, and can grow to more than 30 feet long and weigh 450 pounds. copyright 2013 usatoday. com read the original story : first images of giant squid in the deep are released", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42895930519826464, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.421982"} {"text": "anesthesia is broken down into three main categories : local, regional, and general, all of which affect the nervous system in some way and can be administered using various methods and different medications. here ' s a basic look at each kind : - local anesthesia. an anesthetic drug ( which can be given as a shot, spray, or ointment ) numbs only a small, specific area of the body ( for example, a foot, hand, or patch of skin ). with local anesthesia, a person is awake or sedated, depending on what is needed. local anesthesia lasts for a short period of time and is often used for minor outpatient procedures ( when patients come in for surgery and can go home that same day ). for someone having outpatient surgery in a clinic or doctor ' s office ( such as the dentist or dermatologist ), this is probably the type of anesthetic used. the medicine used can numb the area during the procedure and for a short time afterwards to help control post - surgery discomfort. - regional anesthesia. an anesthetic drug is injected near a cluster of nerves, numbing a larger area of the body ( such as below the waist, like epidurals given to women in labor ). regional anesthesia is generally used to make a person more comfortable during and after the surgical procedure. regional and general anesthesia are often combined. - general anesthesia. the goal is to make and keep a person completely unconscious ( or \" asleep \" ) during the operation, with no awareness or memory of the surgery. general anesthesia can be given through an iv ( which requires sticking a needle into a vein, usually in the arm ) or by inhaling gases or vapors by breathing into a mask or tube. the anesthesiologist will be there before, during, and after the operation to monitor the anesthetic and ensure you constantly receive the right dose. with general anesthesia, the anesthesiologist uses a combination of various medications to do things like : - relieve anxiety - keep you asleep - minimize pain during surgery and relieve pain afterward ( using drugs called analgesics ) - relax the muscles, which helps to keep you still - block out the memory of the surgery how does anesthesia work? to better understand how the different types of anesthesia work, it may help to learn a little about the nervous system. if you think of the brain as a central computer that controls all the functions of your body, then the nervous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4976651047821923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.434625"} {"text": "anesthesia work? to better understand how the different types of anesthesia work, it may help to learn a little about the nervous system. if you think of the brain as a central computer that controls all the functions of your body, then the nervous system is like a network that relays messages back and forth from it to different parts of the body. it does this via the spinal cord, which runs from the brain down through the back and contains threadlike nerves that branch out to every organ and body part. the american society of anesthesiologists ( asa ) compares the nervous system to an office ' s telephone system \u2014 with the brain as the switchboard, the nerves as the cables, and body parts feeling pain as the phones. here ' s how the asa puts it into perspective : - with local anesthesia, the phone ( the small part of the body being numbed ) is \" off the hook \" and, therefore, can ' t receive calls ( pain signals ) from the switchboard ( the brain ) or the phone cables ( the nerves ). - with regional anesthesia, the phone cable ( the nerves ) is broken, causing all of the area ' s phones ( entire area of the body being numbed ) to be out of service. - with regional anesthesia, the switchboard operator ( the brain ) is on a break and, therefore, can ' t connect incoming calls ( pain signals ). will i get a needle? often, anesthesiologists may give a person a sedative to help them feel sleepy or relaxed before a procedure. then, people who are getting general anesthesia may be given medication through a special breathing mask or tube first and then given an iv after they ' re asleep. why? because many people are afraid of needles and may have a hard time staying still and calm. what type of anesthesia will i get? the type and amount of anesthesia given to you will be specifically tailored to your needs and will depend on various factors, including : - the type of surgery - the location of the surgery - how long the surgery may take - your current and previous medical condition - allergies you may have - previous reactions to anesthesia ( in you or family members ) - medications you are taking - your age, height, and weight the anesthesiologist can discuss the options available, and he or she will make the decision based on your individual needs and best interests. reviewed by : judith a. jones, md date reviewed : april 2009 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4963486319799886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.437678"} {"text": "if you download this publication you may also be interested in these : facing an uncertain future how forest and people can adapt to climate changecenter for international forestry research ( cifor ) bogor, indonesia the most prominent international responses to climate change focus on mitigation ( reducing the accumulation of greenhouse gases ) rather than adaptation ( reducing the vulnerability of society and ecosystems ). however, with climate change now inevitable, adaptation is gaining importance in the policy arena, and is an integral part of ongoing negotiations towards an international framework. this report presents the case for adaptation for tropical forests ( reducing the impacts of climate change on forests and their ecosystem services ) and tropical forests for adaptation ( using forests to help local people and society in general to adapt to inevitable changes ). policies in the forest, climate change and other sectors need to address these issues and be integrated with each other \u2014 such a cross - sectoral approach is essential if the benefits derived in one area are not to be lost or counteracted in another. moreover, the institutions involved in policy development and implementation need themselves to be flexible and able to learn in the context of dynamic human and environmental systems. and all this needs to be done at all levels from the local community to the national government and international institutions. the report includes an appendix covering climate scenarios, concepts, and international policies and funds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4588493682713325, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.442968"} {"text": "profile in courage in the political thriller thirteen days, kevin costner explores the cuban missile crisis and how john and robert kennedy saved the world. from the print edition : kevin costner, nov / dec 00 ( continued from page 1 ) on the evening of october 22, 1962, president kennedy addressed the american people from the oval office : within the past week, unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of offensive missile sites is now in preparation on that imprisoned island. the purpose of these bases can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike capability against the western hemisphere.... it shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from cuba against any nation in the western hemisphere as an attack by the soviet union on the united states, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the soviet union... while the pentagon went to \" defcon 2 \" ( defcon 5 is peace ; defcon 1 is war ) and the world anxiously held its breath, salinger remembers walking with kennedy one morning through the rose garden and the president confiding in him : \" ' you know, if this [ blockade ] doesn ' t work, if we don ' t succeed in bringing this crisis to an end, ' kennedy said, ' hundreds of millions of people are going to get killed. ' \" to assure that didn ' t happen, kennedy took a further step by initiating secret \" back - channel \" communications with soviet premier nikita khrushchev, using robert kennedy, pierre salinger, american journalists and two kgb officials in washington, thereby being able to bypass both the joint chiefs and the politburo. finally, on sunday, october 28, the soviet government blinked and agreed to remove the missiles from cuba, and in return kennedy agreed to withdraw jupiter ballistic missiles from turkey. but according to salinger, kennedy had already planned to withdraw those missiles four months before the crisis, as they were considered obsolete and were scheduled to be replaced by submarine - launched polaris missiles. \" but this way, kennedy allowed khrushchev to save face with his country, \" says salinger. negotiating a peaceful settlement that sunday, however, left the joint chiefs irate. they believed a u. s. attack on cuba was still justified. \" we ' ve been had! \" fumed adm. george anderson. and gen. curtis le may angrily insisted, \" why don ' t we just go in and make a strike anyway! \" the morning after the resolution to the crisis, kennedy told salinger that \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42511885658233817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.450920"} {"text": "! \" fumed adm. george anderson. and gen. curtis le may angrily insisted, \" why don ' t we just go in and make a strike anyway! \" the morning after the resolution to the crisis, kennedy told salinger that \" the military have gone mad! \" jfk ' s diplomacy had left the military and intelligence officers more insistent than ever that he was \" soft on communism, \" says salinger, adding that shortly before he was assassinated, kennedy had planned on dropping the embargo on cuba and normalizing relations with that nation. otherwise, kennedy told salinger, \" the soviet union is going to completely run that place and we don ' t want them dominating that area. \" salinger also reveals that kennedy planned on opening relations with china, but couldn ' t do so until his second term, \" because people would label him a communist, \" says salinger. costner, who was seven years old during the crisis and living with his family in compton, california, remembers those tense days as \" stirrings of things. \" he sits on the steps outside his movie - set trailer and talks of hearing about bomb shelters and a hoarding of food. \" but my parents were very careful to not let on that there was imminent danger. i just remember there was definitely something in the air. and i remember getting under the desk in school and doing the drills. it was great for me, \" he says with a laugh, \" because it wasn ' t math! i mean, my theory on it was just as good as anybody else ' s, because you knew bomb shelters weren ' t going to work, so for me it was extended recess. \" as the crew busily prepares for the next scene, thirteen days director roger donaldson - - who previously worked with costner on the hit 1987 spy thriller no way out - - confers briefly with costner and bruce greenwood on the last shot of the day. greenwood, who researched voluminously for his portrayal of jfk, admits he watched \" hundreds of hours of tapes, \" read a stack of books \" that literally comes up to my belt, \" and also had a breakfast meeting with salinger to help prepare for the role. \" to be able to sit in the same room and talk with someone who had actually been there made it very personal for me, \" greenwood says. \" all i knew about what happened was through history books, but it was a profound jump to be placed in this room with a guy who was in the middle of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3960681040818018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.454001"} {"text": "someone who had actually been there made it very personal for me, \" greenwood says. \" all i knew about what happened was through history books, but it was a profound jump to be placed in this room with a guy who was in the middle of it all - - it really helped place me there. \" greenwood feels that what will surprise audiences most about thirteen days, due out december 22, is how close the world actually came to annihilation. \" they ' ll be simply astounded that it was only through the efforts of a few good men that armageddon was sidestepped, \" says greenwood, who starred as the villainous husband opposite ashley judd and tommy lee jones in last year ' s surprise hit double jeopardy. \" the pressure that was on [ john ] kennedy to respond militarily and politically was incalculable. and that strength of character and courage to avoid making a decision that would have changed the world forever is something people maybe don ' t quite realize. \" costner figures that the resolve the kennedy brothers showed in refusing to bow to military pressure stemmed directly from the fiasco of the bay of pigs invasion in 1961, which had been initiated by president eisenhower a year before jfk took office. \" when the kennedys came into office, they were really being pushed around by [ long - time cia director ] allen dulles and these military guys saying, ' hey, this plan has been in the works for two years, whereas you just won the election, so don ' t fuck this up for us! ' and kennedy, being new and inexperienced and giving a certain amount of respect to them thought, ' oh, ok. ' yet none of those guys were standing around to accept the blame. and there were the kennedys, like on a beach with a giant tsunami coming to sweep them up. but to their credit, i think the bay of pigs is what saved us all in the end because they didn ' t repeat the weakness, or maybe what people perceived as weakness. \" costner, greenwood and culp are summoned back on set for what will be one of the final shots of the film - - a walk back from the rose garden along the portico. the setting sun of a gorgeous autumn afternoon is duplicated on the soundstage and it illuminates the enormous white house set with a brilliant orange hue. as the three actors pass the white neoclassical pillars of the cloister and walk out of the frame, donaldson keeps the camera stationary on the long shadows being cast by these men", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37424232825476333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.457077"} {"text": "alpha - beta pruning is a search algorithm which seeks to reduce the number of nodes that are evaluated in the search tree by the minimax algorithm. in computer science, a search algorithm, broadly speaking is an algorithm that takes a problem as input and returns a solution to the problem usually if you ' re looking for game tree as it ' s used in game theory ( not combinatorial game theory please see extensive form game. minimax ( sometimes minmax ) is a decision rule used in decision theory, game theory, statistics and philosophy for mini mizing it is a search with adversary algorithm used commonly for machine playing of two - player games ( tic - tac - toe, chess, go, etc. chess is a recreational and competitive game played between two players. ). it stops completely evaluating a move when at least one possibility has been found that proves the move to be worse than a previously examined move. such moves need not be evaluated further. alpha - beta pruning is a sound optimization in that it does not change the result of the algorithm it optimizes. allen newell and herbert simon who used what john mccarthy calls an \" approximation \" in 1958 wrote that alpha - beta \" appears to have been reinvented a number of times \". allen newell ( march 19, 1927 - july 19, 1992 ) was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the herbert alexander simon ( june 15, 1916 february 9, 2001 ) was an american political scientist whose research ranged john mccarthy ( born september 4, 1927, in boston, massachusetts ) is an american computer scientist and cognitive arthur samuel had an early version and richards, hart, levine and / or edwards found alpha - beta independently in the united states. arthur l samuel ( 1901 \u2013 july 29, 1990 ) was a pioneer in the field of computer gaming and artificial intelligence the united states of america \u2014 commonly referred to as the mccarthy proposed similar ideas during the dartmouth conference in 1956 and suggested it to a group of his students including alan kotok at mit in 1961. the dartmouth summer research conference on artificial intelligence was the name of a conference now considered the seminal event for artificial intelligence as a this article is about alan kotok who was associate chair of w3c. alexander brudno independently discovered the alpha - beta algorithm, publishing his results in 1963. alexander brudno ( aleksandr l ' vovich brudno ) ( \u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u043b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0431\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e ( born 1918 is a russian computer scientist, best known", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.548820225316416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.464692"} {"text": "publishing his results in 1963. alexander brudno ( aleksandr l ' vovich brudno ) ( \u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u043b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0431\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e ( born 1918 is a russian computer scientist, best known for donald knuth and ronald w. donald ervin knuth ( k\u0259\u02c8nu\u02d0\u03b8 ( born 10 january 1938 ) is a renowned computer scientist and professor emeritus of the art of computer moore refined the algorithm in 1975 and it continued to be advanced. the benefit of alpha - beta pruning lies in the fact that branches of the search tree can be eliminated. the search time can in this way be limited to the ' more promising ' subtree, and a deeper search can be performed in the same time. like its predecessor, it belongs to the branch and bound class of algorithms. branch and bound ( bb is a general algorithm for finding optimal solutions of various optimization problems especially in discrete and combinatorial the optimization reduces the effective depth to slightly more than half that of simple minimax if the nodes are evaluated in an optimal or near optimal order ( best choice for side on move ordered first at each node ). with an ( average or constant ) branching factor of b, and a search depth of d ply, the maximum number of leaf node positions evaluated ( when the move ordering is pessimal ) is o ( b * b *. in computing, tree data structures and game theory, the branching factor is the number of children of each node. in two - player sequential games a ply refers to one turn taken by one of the players in mathematics big o notation ( so called because it uses the symbol o ) describes the limiting behavior of a function for very small or very large arguments.. * b ) = o ( bd ) \u2013 the same as a simple minimax search. if the move ordering for the search is optimal ( meaning the best moves always searched first ), the number of positions searched is about o ( b * 1 * b * 1 *... * b ) for odd depth and o ( b * 1 * b * 1 *... * 1 ) for even depth, or. in the latter case, the effective branching factor is reduced to its square root, or, equivalently, the search can go twice as deep with the same amount of computation. in mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number r such that r 2 = x, or in words a number r whose the explanation of b * 1 *", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.560840385103472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.465645"} {"text": ", the search can go twice as deep with the same amount of computation. in mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number r such that r 2 = x, or in words a number r whose the explanation of b * 1 * b * 1 *... is that all the first player ' s moves must be studied to find the best one, but for each, only the best second player ' s move is needed to refute all but the first ( and best ) first player move \u2013 alpha - beta ensures no other second player moves need be considered. if b = 40 ( as in chess ), and the search depth is 12 ply, the ratio between optimal and pessimal sorting is a factor of nearly 406 or about 4 billion times. normally during alpha - beta, the subtrees are temporarily dominated by either a first player advantage ( when many first player moves are good, and at each search depth the first move checked by the first player is adequate, but all second player responses are required to try and find a refutation ), or vice versa. this advantage can switch sides many times during the search if the move ordering is incorrect, each time leading to inefficiency. as the number of positions searched decreases exponentially each move nearer the current position, it is worth spending considerable effort on sorting early moves. an improved sort at any depth will exponentially reduce the total number of positions searched, but sorting all positions at depths near the root node is relatively cheap as there are so few of them. in practice, the move ordering is often determined by the results of earlier, smaller searches, such as through iterative deepening. iterative deepening depth - first search ( iddfs is a state space search strategy in which a depth - limited search is run repeatedly increasing the depth limit with the algorithm maintains two values, alpha and beta, which represent the minimum score that the maximizing player is assured of and the maximum score that the minimizing player is assured of respectively. initially alpha is negative infinity and beta is positive infinity. as the recursion progresses the \" window \" becomes smaller. when beta becomes less than alpha, it means that the current position cannot be the result of best play by both players and hence need not be explored further. function alphabeta ( node, depth, \u03b1, \u03b2 ) ( * \u03b2 represents previous player best choice - doesn ' t want it if \u03b1 would worsen it * ) if node is a terminal node or depth = 0 return the heuri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5968995376099064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.466951"} {"text": "further. function alphabeta ( node, depth, \u03b1, \u03b2 ) ( * \u03b2 represents previous player best choice - doesn ' t want it if \u03b1 would worsen it * ) if node is a terminal node or depth = 0 return the heuristic value of node foreach child of node \u03b1 : = max ( \u03b1, - alphabeta ( child, depth - 1, - \u03b2, - \u03b1 ) ) ( * use symmetry, - \u03b2 becomes subsequently pruned \u03b1 * ) if \u03b2\u2264\u03b1 break ( * beta cut - off * ) return \u03b1 further improvement can be achieved without sacrificing accuracy, by using ordering heuristics to search parts of the tree that are likely to force alpha - beta cutoffs early. pseudocode is a compact and informal high - level description of a computer programming algorithm that uses the structural conventions of some programming language heuristic ( hyu - \u02c8ris - tik is a method to help solve a problem commonly an informal method for example, in chess, moves that take pieces may be examined before moves that do not, or moves that have scored highly in earlier passes through the game - tree analysis may be evaluated before others. iterative deepening depth - first search ( iddfs is a state space search strategy in which a depth - limited search is run repeatedly increasing the depth limit with another common, and very cheap, heuristic is the killer heuristic, where the last move that caused a beta - cutoff at the same level in the tree search is always examined first. in competitive two - player games the killer heuristic is a technique for improving the efficiency of alpha - beta pruning, which in turn improves the efficiency of the this idea can be generalized into a set of refutation tables. alpha - beta search can be made even faster by considering only a narrow search window ( generally determined by guesswork based on experience ). this is known as aspiration search. in the extreme case, the search is performed with alpha and beta equal ; a technique known as zero - window search, null - window search, or scout search. this is particularly useful for win / loss searches near the end of a game where the extra depth gained from the narrow window and a simple win / loss evaluation function may lead to a conclusive result. if an aspiration search fails, it is straightforward to detect whether it failed high ( high edge of window was too low ) or low ( lower edge of window was too high ). this gives information about what window values", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5619053934882443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.469314"} {"text": "to a conclusive result. if an aspiration search fails, it is straightforward to detect whether it failed high ( high edge of window was too low ) or low ( lower edge of window was too high ). this gives information about what window values might be useful in a re - search of the position. more advanced algorithms that are even faster while still being able to compute the exact minimax value are known, such as negascout and mtd - f. negascout or principal variation search is a negamax algorithm that can be faster than alpha - beta pruning. mtd ( f, an abbreviation of mtd ( nf ( memory - enhanced test driver with node n and value f is a minimax search algorithm better than the basic alpha - beta pruning algorithm since the minimax algorithm and its variants are inherently depth - first, a strategy such as iterative deepening is usually used in conjunction with alpha - beta so that a reasonably good move can be returned even if the algorithm is interrupted before it has finished execution. depth - first search ( dfs ) is an algorithm for traversing or searching a tree, tree structure, or graph. iterative deepening depth - first search ( iddfs is a state space search strategy in which a depth - limited search is run repeatedly increasing the depth limit with another advantage of using iterative deepening is that searches at shallower depths give move - ordering hints that can help produce cutoffs for higher depth searches much earlier than would otherwise be possible. algorithms like sss *, on the other hand, use the best - first strategy. sss * is a search algorithm, introduced by stockman in 1979 that conducts a state space search traversing a game tree in a best - first fashion best - first search is a search algorithm which explores a graph by expanding the most promising node chosen according to some rule this can potentially make them more time - efficient, but typically at a heavy cost in space - efficiency.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5235686721397944, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.471056"} {"text": "the array of official privileges that made the suv possible all had as a necessary precondition its classification as a light truck. this was not unreasonable, given that suvs began by being mounted on the chassis of pick - up trucks. american motors, maker of the jeep, lobbied successfully for this decision in the early 1970s, at a time when any other choice risked putting that company out of business. light trucks had the political advantage that they were driven by farmers and small businessmen, often self - employed. also, because they were a tiny fraction of the automotive market, regulators and environmentalists discounted their importance. many favors followed. there were tax breaks. in 1978 congress enacted a gas guzzler tax applying to the purchase price of cars that exceeded mileage standards \u2014 sports cars, principally \u2014 but not to light trucks. after 1984, depreciation rules in the tax code enabled purchasers of light trucks, but not luxury cars, to write the cost off if they used the vehicles for business purposes. the change was meant to close a loophole that had enabled real estate agents, for example, to write off the cost of a cadillac or lincoln sedan. in 1990 congress exempted light trucks from a 10 percent luxury tax that it imposed on cars costing more than $ 30, 000. there were looser standards or no standards for fuel mileage, safety, and emissions. the car mileage standard reached 27. 5 miles per gallon in the mid - 1980s, whereas the light truck standard leveled off at 20. 5 miles per gallon. safety rules regarding headrests, steel beams inside doors, stopping distances, bumper heights, and the durability of tires were applied to cars but not light trucks. the clean air act of 1990 limited car emissions to 0. 4 gram of nitrogen oxides per mile but allowed 1. 1 gram for pick - ups. with different political origins, there were also tariff protections. the light trucks of foreign manufacturers are subject to a tariff of 25 percent. initially, officials made these decisions without anticipating their effects on the automotive industry. the heavy tariff on light trucks grew out of a dispute with western europe over american exports of frozen chickens in the early 1960s. a staff economist who worked on automotive taxes in congress told bradsher, \" nobody anticipated the move to make... sport utilities into limousines. there were no such things as the lincoln continentals of sport utility vehicles.... \" another innocent decision - maker was the redoubtable joan claybrook, head of the national highway traffic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4568090094542084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.490744"} {"text": "make... sport utilities into limousines. there were no such things as the lincoln continentals of sport utility vehicles.... \" another innocent decision - maker was the redoubtable joan claybrook, head of the national highway traffic safety administration ( nhtsa ) during the carter administration, who increased the gross vehicle weight limit for light trucks, beyond which fuel economy standards would not apply, to 8, 500 pounds. at the time, this seemed like a high number. claybrook raised the exemption limit from 6, 000 pounds because manufacturers had begun exceeding the lower number in order to escape regulation. predictably, in time they exceeded the higher number as well, and today they manufacture suvs with weights of 8, 550 to 8, 600 pounds, thus escaping all fuel - economy regulations and some emission standards as well. in time, washington ' s protections became knowing and purposeful. why not? suv ' s were the salvation of the domestic automobile industry, whose demise had been chronicled by brock yates and david halberstam in the 1980s. unable to compete with japan in the manufacture of heavily - regulated cars, the american industry would rise once more \u2014 high, mighty, and artfully gaming the government ' s rules \u2014 on the axles of the suv. there were two breakthroughs. one came in the mid - 1980s with the popularity of the jeep cherokee, a mid - sized suv with four doors and two rows of seats, which made it suitable for families. mid - size suvs went from one - tenth of one percent of the auto market in 1980 to 3. 55 percent in 1989. whereupon chrysler bought american motors for $ 1. 5 billion in order to get the jeep division and ford and general motors made plans to build their own mid - sized suvs. ford ' s explorer and gm ' s chevy blazer were instantly popular when they debuted in 1990. the breakthrough in the luxury class came after the lenient air quality standards of 1990 enabled manufacturers to build suvs with bigger engines. by 1996 they commanded half of the luxury market, and new models continued to appear, such as the lincoln navigator in 1997 and the cadillac escalade in 1998. the triumph of the suv, now leather - seated for a manhattan soiree, was complete. suv sales in 2001 passed those of mid - sized cars, a category that includes the honda accord, toyota camry, ford taurus, and volkswagen passat. no wonder that politicians of both parties combined in 2001 to defeat higher mileage standards for light", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44525960725757996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.493306"} {"text": "sales in 2001 passed those of mid - sized cars, a category that includes the honda accord, toyota camry, ford taurus, and volkswagen passat. no wonder that politicians of both parties combined in 2001 to defeat higher mileage standards for light trucks. the vote in the house was 269 to 160, and in the senate, 62 to 38. michigan ' s 75 - year - old john dingell, the longest - serving member of the house, put an avuncular arm around bradsher ' s shoulder at a political deck party at dingell ' s house, and confided that he looked forward to more such votes. \" i see things with great objectivity, \" he said, \" and a strong auto industry is in the interests of this country. \" bradsher does not absolve the industry from responsibility for making an unsafe product, prone to killing its occupants in rollovers and spearing objects ( and people ) with its steel truck frame in collisions. yet this book is not the anti - industry polemic that reviews such as gregg easterbrook ' s in the new republic ( \" axle of evil, \" jan. 20, 2003 ) would lead one to expect. blurbs to the contrary notwithstanding, keith bradsher is not ralph nader. he locates the industry ' s political power more in the uaw and in dealerships than in the corporate heads, who are not especially big campaign contributors. he gives william clay ford credit for wanting to swim against the corporate tide and sell social responsibility before capsizing in the vicious family fight with firestone over who was to blame for rollovers of the explorer. bradsher is also even - handed enough to ask where the environmental movement was while suvs were overtaking cars, and to answer that its leaders were driving suvs and giving priority to saving whales. implicitly, without being immodest about his own superior coverage of the industry, he places some responsibility on the automotive press, which the industry woos with junkets to the himalayas. there, reporters who love to drive can test the ability of suvs to climb peaks higher than any to be found in the suburbs of los angeles, miami, or manhattan, the more usual venue of the vehicle type. nor does bradsher spare the purchasers, who are impossible to portray as hapless victims of an exploitative industry when they are among the country ' s wealthiest and best - educated adults. he says they fear crime and have fantasies about life in the rough, off - road. yet it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4506526693575596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.495403"} {"text": "who are impossible to portray as hapless victims of an exploitative industry when they are among the country ' s wealthiest and best - educated adults. he says they fear crime and have fantasies about life in the rough, off - road. yet it is not evident that consumers have demanded the high ride they get with suvs. under the government ' s regulations, an suv can qualify as a light truck only if the manufacturer vouches that it is \" capable of off - highway operation. \" this requires considerable ground clearance. the high ride may have more to do with the industry ' s perfectly predictable exploitation of the government ' s rules than manhattanites ' wanting to pretend that they live in the mountains. bradsher ends pessimistically, arguing that the menace of suvs will grow as they spread to other countries where there are more pedestrians and cyclists, with fewer curbs and sidewalks, while in this country used vehicles will trickle down to drivers less skilled, responsible, and educated than the original purchasers. bradsher sees few ways to minimize the harms of existing suvs other than to raise gasoline taxes, raise liability insurers ' rates so as to penalize models with poor safety records, and prohibit the use of grille guards in cities, where the chances of fatal accidents are greatest. to govern future production, he urges nhtsa to set standards for stability, crash compatibility ( to safeguard occupants of other vehicles ), and headlight heights. he would close tax loopholes and tighten emission standards, but fuel economy he concedes to be a very complicated matter, hard to regulate without perverse consequences. before doing anything else, he would have congress eliminate the distinction between cars and light trucks on the theory that this would encourage manufacturers to make more cars in order to keep their fleet averages within regulatory standards. bradsher takes no comfort in the rise of so - called crossover utility vehicles, which are built on car platforms with unitized bodies and car powertrains modified for all - wheel drive. established by toyota with the rav4 and lexus rx300, this tamer type quickly became popular after 1996, especially with women. it now includes domestic versions \u2014 the ford escape, pontiac aztec, and buick rendezvous. growth is expected to continue as new models appear, including this year the volvo xc90, which is being heavily advertised for safety features ( \" the first suv in the world with roll stability control \" ) and freedom from guilt ( \" the first suv in the world to transform ozone into oxygen \" ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4950435505654131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.497266"} {"text": "this year the volvo xc90, which is being heavily advertised for safety features ( \" the first suv in the world with roll stability control \" ) and freedom from guilt ( \" the first suv in the world to transform ozone into oxygen \" ). bradsher objects that consumers are using crossovers to replace cars rather than bigger suvs and that manufacturers use them to game mileage standards by bringing down fleet averages. yet the fact is that since crossovers were introduced, sales of the larger suvs have leveled off. at the beginning of 2003, sellers for the first time were offering huge rebates on the biggest models \u2014 as much as $ 8, 500 on the ford expedition and $ 6, 600 on the dodge durango. meanwhile, crossovers have become the fastest growing segment of the automotive market, with unit sales up by 78 percent in 2000, 87 percent in 2001, and 23 percent in 2002. the mileage of crossovers almost equals that of cars. to meet regulatory requirements, their manufacturers still claim that they are capable of off - road travel, but the engineering evidence for this is modest, as in skid plates that protect their engines and transmissions from rock damage or tires that can grip in mud. they could make their way up a rutted mountain road to an owner ' s second home, but not haul a horse trailer or boat. they are easier to handle and park than big suvs, and have a quieter ride. at least for the occupants of other vehicles, they are presumably safer than the higher - riding suvs built on truck frames that puncture their crash objects with steel. one wonders what american highways would look like if car - based utility vehicles had been manufactured at the beginning of the suv boom instead of ten years later. did the menacing version prevail initially because it appealed to the \" darkest shadows of human nature, \" in bradsher ' s lugubrious phrase, or because the industry ' s economics and the government ' s regulations perversely interacted to propel it to predominance? indubitably popular, it may not in the long run prove to be more so than a scaled - back, smoother riding, more sensible alternative. perhaps it is not claiming too much to interpret crossovers as consumers ' modestly qualified contribution to the current backlash against suvs. if the big ones do suffer a prolonged decline, at least relatively, it is hard to predict the extent to which bradsher ' s book will be credited. easterbrook compares bradsher to nad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5079287539425157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.499199"} {"text": "##ly qualified contribution to the current backlash against suvs. if the big ones do suffer a prolonged decline, at least relatively, it is hard to predict the extent to which bradsher ' s book will be credited. easterbrook compares bradsher to nader and ida tarbell but then complains that no one is paying attention to him. with less information but more punch, critics ranging from arianna huffington to the evangelical environmental network ( \" what would jesus drive? \" ) have dramatized the issue. the bush administration ' s head of nhtsa, jeffrey runge, said he would not let one of his children drive an suv with a poor safety record if it was the last one on earth. while the backlash rages on billboards and tv \u2014 with help from higher gas prices and the publicity given to rollovers \u2014 the author is half a world away, now serving as the times ' s bureau chief in hong kong. bradsher ' s well - researched book deserves a wide audience among connoisseurs of public policy. from paints to pesticides, cellphones to shower heads, today ' s consumer products are often profoundly shaped by government ' s decisions, mostly in ways that citizens do not perceive and often with effects that the office - holders do not anticipate. \" we cannot regulate ourselves out of this mess, \" runge remarked in exasperation at suvs. perhaps not. but to a considerable extent, we regulated ourselves into it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45838652680734027, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.500345"} {"text": "in northeast ohio, coyotes trot across runways at burke lakefront airport within sight of cleveland ' s skyscrapers, and dodge traffic on busy highways like u. s. 422 near solon. in chicago a couple of years ago, one sauntered into a sandwich shop in the downtown loop and plopped down in the beverage cooler. in new york, a frisky 35 - pound male led cops, reporters and tv news helicopters on an hours - long romp around central park before being shot with a tranquilizer dart. once the denizens of southwestern deserts and great plains prairies, mobile and highly adaptable coyotes have been on a relentless eastward march for much of the 20th century, aided by suburban land - clearing and the elimination of their chief competitor, the gray wolf. beginning in the 1990s, their presence escalated in cleveland and other big midwestern and eastern metropolises, not just in fringe parklands, but in neighborhoods and the urban core. city - dwellers who spot them in parks and back yards are startled to find that a formidable tracker and hunter at the top of the food chain \u2013 what ecologists call an apex predator \u2013 is in their midst. \" people are walking within a few feet or yards from coyotes every day and they don ' t know it, \" said ohio state university biologist stan gehrt, whose decade - long - study of the chicago area ' s estimated 2, 000 coyotes prompted him to dub them \" ghosts of the city. \" \" there are a whole lot more out there than what we see. \" much remains unknown about these elusive creatures. they ' re one of the largest animals to dramatically expand, rather than shrink, their range in response to humans, though researchers still haven ' t figured out if they ' ve settled in urban realms in spite of us, or because of us. \" for an animal that ' s lived around humans for this long, we don ' t know much about it, \" said cleveland state university biologist robert krebs. but new research, including a dna study by krebs and several csu colleagues, is gradually revealing more about the habits of urban coyotes. the investigations are unearthing some surprises about how the animals got here, what they ' re doing now, how much of a threat they pose ( hint : not a lot, although that may change ) and their role in an ongoing evolutionary experiment that could play out in and around ohio during the next few decades. the urban coyotes among us now are the descendants of an expanding western coyote population", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40639606111183085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.519774"} {"text": "pose ( hint : not a lot, although that may change ) and their role in an ongoing evolutionary experiment that could play out in and around ohio during the next few decades. the urban coyotes among us now are the descendants of an expanding western coyote population spilled from the grasslands of iowa, missouri and indiana into ohio in the early 1900s. the animals ' eastward progress across the state was slow ; they didn ' t spread to western pennsylvania until 1947. a separate wave of western coyotes took another expansion route and followed a different genetic strategy that gave them a big advantage over the slow - moving buckeye group, according to a led by new york state museum biologist roland kays. the coyotes skirted northeastward, moving above and around the great lakes. in the canadian woods, they encountered remnant populations of wolves, which hadn ' t been eradicated like their american counterparts. although natural rivals, a few coyotes and wolves cross - bred, dna testing shows. \" it may have been both sides trying to make the best of things, \" kays said. the resulting northeastern coyote - wolf hybrids have big bodies, broad skulls and strong jaw muscles, making them better suited to take down deer than ohio ' s mainly rodent - and roadkill - eating coyotes. kays ' research shows the hybrid coyote - wolves spread across ontario and southward into upstate new york five times faster than the purebred western coyotes that colonized ohio and the lower midwest. like advancing armies, the two expansion fronts, one composed of smaller non - hybrid coyotes and the other of larger coy - wolves, are just starting to encounter each other in western new york and western pennsylvania. what happens next \u2013 further genetic mixing, one side out - competing the other and taking over its territory, or some kind of peaceful but separate co - existence \u2013 isn ' t clear. \" that ' s playing out right now, \" kays said. whatever their future, ohio ' s purebred coyotes have become an enduring, if still mostly stealthy, fixture on the urban landscape. when lake erie freezes, u. s. department of agriculture wildlife biologist randy outward sees coyotes using the icepack to move east and west along the downtown cleveland shoreline. \" it ' s like a highway for them, \" he said. suburban police departments, especially those near the cleveland metroparks and the cuyahoga valley national park, get complaints from residents awakened by coyote howling, or alarmed to see coyotes jogging through their yards. the parks also hear from people demanding they do something about \" their \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4815433078535021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.523208"} {"text": "especially those near the cleveland metroparks and the cuyahoga valley national park, get complaints from residents awakened by coyote howling, or alarmed to see coyotes jogging through their yards. the parks also hear from people demanding they do something about \" their \" coyotes. \" a lot of folks think we ' re a refuge for them. we ' re not, \" said rick tyler, the metroparks ' senior natural resource manager. \" their home ranges use a lot of our parks, but some cross our boundaries freely. they ' re well - entrenched in municipalities around them. they ' re doing pretty well in the suburbs. \" the federal and regional park districts keep loose track of the coyotes within their boundaries using \" howling surveys, \" remote trail cameras triggered by the animals ' movement, and contact reports from park visitors. the annual howling surveys, where wildlife specialists and volunteers play amplified recordings of coyote calls and count the number of responses, are an inexact measure. but they indicate that between 100 and 150 coyotes are present in the 33, 000 - acre national park. the population climbed during the 1990s but seems to have leveled off, said lisa petit, the national park ' s chief of science and resources management. \" anecdotally, i ' d say there is greater pressure on the [ coyote ] population, \" petit said. that ' s possibly due to activities outside the park, such as the trapping of nuisance coyotes in neighborhoods and the culling of deer whose carrion otherwise would be a coyote food source. in the metroparks, the brecksville and bedford reservations both appear to have resident coyote family groups \u2013 a dominant \" alpha \" male and female, their pups and several subordinate animals, tyler said. other coyote family groups seem to be based outside the rocky river, mill stream run, west creek, and north and south chagrin reservations, but include parts of those parks in their \" home range, \" the area within which they hunt for food, and shelter and raise pups. collars equipped with radio transmitters and gps locators would enable researchers to precisely track the coyotes ' movements, a major aid in managing them. but funding isn ' t currently available for the devices, which cost several thousand dollars apiece. so csu graduate student beth judy is using a year ' s worth of metroparks howling survey results and computer mapping software to try to figure out the animals ' habitat and range. she ' s still crunching data but already knows \" they ' re not just staying in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37729893624758293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.524907"} {"text": "judy is using a year ' s worth of metroparks howling survey results and computer mapping software to try to figure out the animals ' habitat and range. she ' s still crunching data but already knows \" they ' re not just staying in the parks. \" though mobile, greater cleveland ' s coyotes aren ' t mixing and freely inter - breeding as one big group. instead, dna collected from coyote droppings, or \" scat, \" shows three clusters of animals, each genetically distinct from the others. something is isolating the coyote groups, preventing a more wholesale blending of genes. the locations of the genetic clusters \u2013 one east of the cuyahoga river, one west of the river but still in the national park, and the third in the rocky river watershed \u2013 suggests that big north - south multi - lane roads, not rivers, are to blame, acting as physical barriers. \" there ' s no problem with a coyote crossing the cuyahoga [ river ], \" said krebs, the csu biologist who led the analysis. \" they don ' t have the east - west issue except for the highways. [ interstates ] 71 and 77 form far stronger boundaries for their movement than the natural features. \" the cleveland - area coyote dna samples also show a surprising amount of genetic differences from individual to individual. to kays, that indicates the ohio population arose from a large, diverse original wave of coyote pioneers arriving from the west, not just a few stalwart explorers. krebs thinks the genetic diversity shows that new coyote immigrants are continuously arriving in the area. greater cleveland may be what biologists call a \" sink habitat, \" he said \u2013 an area where animals can survive, but don ' t reproduce well enough to sustain a population without replenishment from nearby \" source habitats \" where coyotes thrive. in that regard, cleveland is like a kitchen sink beneath a running faucet. the steady pipeline of rural coyotes that resupply the urban population means that trapping or killing is only a temporary solution to nuisance complaints. \" solitary animals float around the landscape and have huge home ranges, \" gehrt said. \" they ' re looking for gaps and will fill them quickly. if a city wants to hire a trapper, he ' s got a permanent job. \" while wildlife officials acknowledge that removing aggressive coyotes is necessary, their overall strategy is to teach people how to co - exist with the animals. they aim to prevent coyotes from becoming dependent on people which should reduce the chance of conflicts. that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46336835199916193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.526675"} {"text": "short - acting beta 2 - agonist bronchodilators ( sabas ) are also called quick - relief, reliever, or rescue medicines. these medicines are used as needed to treat asthma attacks. you and your child should learn to recognize the symptoms of an asthma attack so your child can take this medicine as soon as symptoms start. this medicine is not used on a regular, daily basis to prevent asthma symptoms. your child may need a different type of medicine called a controller to keep from having asthma attacks. controller medicines are taken on a regular schedule to prevent asthma symptoms. asthma symptoms are caused by 2 different problems in the airways. asthma symptoms often start after your child is exposed to a trigger. asthma triggers can include pollen, animals, mold, colds, exercise, cold air, and air pollutants. it \u2019 s important to know what things trigger your child ' s asthma symptoms. help your child avoid the things that trigger an asthma attack. your child should keep reliever medicine with him at all times in case he has an asthma attack. sabas work fast to relax the muscles of the airways and to keep them from getting too tight. when the airway muscles are more relaxed and less tight, your child will have fewer symptoms and be able to breathe better. the medicine can be taken in different ways. for example : if you have any questions, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for more information. be sure to keep all appointments for provider visits or tests.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43480473537705333, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.529629"} {"text": "cascading importance : wolves, yellowstone, and the world beyond. a talk with william ripple. jonathan batchelor winter 2013. large predators and ecological health wamc northeast public radio august 23. top predators protect forests the wildlife professional summer 2012. cougars encourage lizards in zion year of the lizard news july 2012. predators and plants science update april 26. herbivores take toll on ecosystem the register guard april 10. loss of predators affecting ecosystem health osu press release april 9. wolves to the rescue defenders of wildlife defenders magazine winter 2012. wolves help yellowstone, researchers say local 10, cnn january 5, 2012. how wolves are saving trees in yellowstone good environment january 4, 2012. study says that with more wolves and fewer elk, trees rebounding in portions of yellowstone the washington post january 3, 2012. yellowstone transformed 15 years after the return of wolves osu press release dec 21, 2011. lopped off science news november 2011. the crucial role of predators : a new perspective on ecology yale environment 360 september 15, 2011. for want of a wolf, the lynx was lost? science magazine september 9, 2011. red wolf comeback in n. c. helps other animals thrive the charlotte observer august 13, 2011. the case for large predators the oregonian july 23, 2011. study tracks effects of declining predator numbers the register - guard july 17, 2011. loss of top predators causes chaos, including fires and disease the vancouver sun july 15, 2011. loss of large predators disrupting multiple plant, animal and human ecosystems osu press release july 14, 2011. loss of top predators has far - reaching effects pbs newshour july 14, 2011. oregon state researchers : predators important to ecosystems opb earthfix july 14, 2011. using wolves and other predators to restore western ecosystems eugene natural history society november 2010. sharks and wolves : predator, prey interactions similar on land and in oceans us news nov. 15, 2010. new theory for megafaunal extinction american archaeology fall 2010. new theory on what killed off the woolly mammoths science fair, usa today july 2, 2010. study probes role of key predators in ecosystem disruption corvallis gazette - times july 1, 2010. ripple marks : the story behind the story oceanography june, 2010. destination science 2010 : the reintroduction of wolves has helped bring a severely damaged ecosystem back from the brink discover magazine april, 2010. mess o ' predators the discovery files january 20, 2010. top predators ' decline disrupts ecosystems, says study the epoch times october", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46147153258641505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.539953"} {"text": ": the reintroduction of wolves has helped bring a severely damaged ecosystem back from the brink discover magazine april, 2010. mess o ' predators the discovery files january 20, 2010. top predators ' decline disrupts ecosystems, says study the epoch times october 14 - 20, 2009. ripple receives spirit of defenders award for science the barometer october 7, 2009. wolves, jaguars are out, coyotes, foxes are in : new global study the arizona daily star - blogging in the desert october 2, 2009. decline in big predators wreaking havoc on ecosystems, osu researchers say the oregonian october 1, 2009. where tasty morsels fear to tread the new york times : the wild side september 29, 2009. wolves to the rescue in scotland sciencenow daily news ( science magazine ) july 22, 2009. can wolves restore an ecosystem? seattle times january 25, 2009. wolf loss and ecosystem disruption at olympic national park island geoscience fall 2008. the silence of the wild william stolzenburg essay, powell ' s books 2008. century without the wolf the oregonian july 30, 2008. monitoring cougar in yosemite valley difficult san mateo county times june 22, 2008. lack of predators harms wild lands san mateo county times june 21, 2008. cougar decline resuls in critical changes to yosemite ecosystem land letter - e & e publishing service may 8, 2008. yosemite : protected but not preserved. science magazine may 2, 2008. how humans, vanishing cougars changed yosemite san francisco chronicle may 2, 2008. wolves and elk shape aspen forests currentresults. com 2007. return of the wolves. weekly reader december 2007. oregon state is no. 1 in conservation biology. the oregonian via oregonlive. com september 6, 2007. yellowstone ' s wolves save its aspens. the new york times august 5, 2007. presence of wolves allows aspen recovery in yellowstone. science daily ( sciencedaily. com ) july 31, 2007. apsens return to yellowstone, with help from some wolves. www. sciencemag. org july 27, 2007. yellowstone trees get help from wolves. msnbc. com july 27, 2007. it all falls down : a plummeting cougar population alters the ecosystem at zion national park. smithsonian magazine / smithsonian. com december, 2006. cougar predation key to ecosystem health. sciencedaily. com / university of toronto october 25, 2006. the ecology of fear. emaga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40354345348866677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.542081"} {"text": "alters the ecosystem at zion national park. smithsonian magazine / smithsonian. com december, 2006. cougar predation key to ecosystem health. sciencedaily. com / university of toronto october 25, 2006. the ecology of fear. emagazine. com march 2006. hunting habits of yellowstone wolves change ecological balance in park. the new york times oct. 18, 2005. episode 3 \" predators \", strange days on planet earth. national geographic april 2005. ecological changes linked to wolves. the seattle times jan. 12, 2005. mystery in yellowstone : wolves, wapiti, and the case of the disappearing aspen. notable notes, oregon state university 2004. a top predator roars back. on earth summer 2004. research shows wolves play key role in ecosystems. abc news dec. 15, 2004. who ' s afraid of the big bad wolf? the yellowstone wolves controversy. journal of young investigators nov. 2004. lessons from the wolf. scientific american jun. 2004. wolves linked to vegetation improvements. wyoming tribune - eagle mar. 18, 2004. endangered wolves make a comeback. national public radio feb. 20, 2004. wolves ' leftovers are yellowstone ' s gain, study says. national geographic news dec. 4, 2003. wolves enhance biodiversity in yellowstone, report says. oregonian oct. 29, 2003. wolves linked to tree recovery. billings gazette oct 29, 2003. a top dog takes over. national wildlife federation oct. / nov. 2003. osu student maps l & c wildlife observations. corvallis gazette - times mar. 28, 2003. aspens wither without wolves. herald and news nov. 19, 2000. observatory : fates of wolf and aspen. new york times sep. 26, 2000. quiet decline : fewer wolves and wildfires may have led to aspen ' s decline. abc news sep. 21, 2000. support for the leopold site is provided by : dept. of forest resources, osu, 280 peavy hall, corvallis, or 97331. phone : 541 - 737 - 4951 | fax : 541 - 737 - 3049 copyright 2003, oregon state university | disclaimer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43216281347698604, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.543426"} {"text": "conservative dictionary project ( r ) - true conservative meaning - disparaging people or a group of people because of the color of their skin, such as when liberals claim minorities cannot succeed without affirmative action - false liberal redefinition - the idea that society is the reason minorities cannot get ahead - true conservative meaning - a reminder to god and man of god ' s promise to never flood the entire world again. - false liberal redefinition - a symbol used by the homosexuals to promote their agenda ; alternatively, a product of refraction with no spiritual significance - true conservative meaning - a liberal government system designed to by pass the free market and distribute goods and services based on bureaucratic whims. - false liberal redefinition - a way of sharing limited resources. - republican form of government - true conservative meaning - a form of government in which the powers of sovereignty are vested in the people and are exercised by the people, either directly or through representatives chosen by the people, and in which individuals retain sovereign prerogative over their person, labor, and property - false liberal redefinition - mobocracy - true conservative meaning - a just claim or title, whether legal, prescriptive, or moral - false liberal redefinition - privileges extended by government at its own pleasure, subject to revocation for the alleged collective good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6097566441868149, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.550499"} {"text": "- total population : 113, 724, 226 ( 2011 ) - life expectancy : 76 years ( 2011 ) - per capita income ( ppp ) : $ 13, 800 us ( 2010 ) - mestizo 60 % ; amerindian 30 %, caucasian 9 % ; other 1 % - major export products : manufactured goods, oil and oil products, silver, fruits, vegetables, coffee, cotton - monetary unit : 1 usd ~ 11 pesos there is a popular saying in mexico, \u201c so far from god and so close to the united states. \" thanks to u. s. advice and friendly pressure, mexico ' s \" economic restructuring \" has resulted in a classic economical portrait of our times. at the same time that it has benefited the financial elite, it has squeezed a once thriving middle class and has had a devastating impact on mexico ' s poor. since the mid - 1980s when mexico suffered an economic crisis due to the petroleum price crisis ( very similar to the current situation precipitated by the coffee price crisis ), international lenders have been pushing mexico towards neo - liberal politics, free - trade practices and economic austerity measures. under former - president and harvard alumni carlos salinas de gotari these pressures became institutionalized practices in mexico ' s move towards \" modernized \" economic policies, culminating in nafta. but from the moment of its signing, the treaty that was campaigned as mexico ' s \" golden key \" to transform itself into a \" first world \" nation, has been riddled with conflict and contradictions. but the most notorious, of course, was the zapatista uprising. the first of january 1994, after ten years of organizing, the zapatista insurrection shook mexico out of its stupor and the world out of its enchantment with free trade. the date of their public debut was chosen to coincide precisely with the enactment of nafta and mexico ' s \" entrance into the first world \". likewise, the zapatista declarations identified neo - liberal politics as the main target and source of their extreme poverty and marginalization. \" entrance into the first world? \" the indigenous people questioned, \" entrance for whom? \" in 1528 renaissance era \" free trade \" enthusiasts conquered chiapas in the search for easy profits. despite famed human rights defender fray bartolome de las casa influences as bishop of the dioceses of ciudad real, not even the indians branded with the word \" free \" on their arms could escape being made slaves. four hundred and sixty years later free trade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43599561452613744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.557909"} {"text": "despite famed human rights defender fray bartolome de las casa influences as bishop of the dioceses of ciudad real, not even the indians branded with the word \" free \" on their arms could escape being made slaves. four hundred and sixty years later free trade proponents in mexico tried to brainwash chiapan indians with promises of a better life. but the indigenous peoples ' historical memory is strong \u2026 and the impact of the 1989 liberalization of the coffee market has only confirmed their fears. in their overwhelming majority, the modern - day zapatistas are descendants of the mayan people who first resisted the european colonization some 500 years prior. in the 10 years of the zapatista military and political campaigns since the 1994 uprising, they have undertaken a mostly peaceful and inspiring struggle to defend their culture and fundamental rights, and to construct practical mechanisms for change. \" i can tell you, we are very tired of false promises. when we rose up in arms, we declared to the nation and to the world the political, social, economic and cultural causes of our struggle, \" explained commandante david of the indigenous clandestine committee. \" we rose up in arms because our people are dying of hunger. we don ' t want more promises ; we want to see action. \" chiapas is one of the most marginalized states in all of mexico, infamous for being one of the states richest in natural resources, yet with one of the poorest populations in all of mexico. the state is characterized by having one of the highest rural populations, the least developed health infrastructure, the lowest levels of income and education, and the highest malnutrition rates in mexico. in addition, its inhabitants have one of the lowest life expectancy rates ( 67 years ) and the highest infant mortality rates in the nation ( averaging 55 per 1, 000 in the state, but with considerably higher rates in indigenous communities ). the zapatista movement has provoked creative initiatives to transform the entrenched politics of exploitation in chiapas and at large. the creation of \u201c autonomous zones \u201d \u2013 replete with parallel governments, independent schools, health clinics and economic projects \u2013 is one example. producer cooperatives are common in chiapas, and coffee is one of the main products farmers can organize around. chiapas is the largest coffee producer in mexico and considered the largest organic coffee producer in the world. the first organic farm to be certified in the world is in chiapas. but it is the cooperative style coming out of the zapatista movement and the concept of indigenous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39357835781643963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.559169"} {"text": "mitchell springs : water under the rock photo courtesy of june head mitchell springs may be referred to as the first town site for the city of cortez. the first in this series on mitchell springs in 1882 may be found in the january issue of looking back published by the cortez journal. what prompted the mitchell family to establish a trading post? w. l. glenn, the veterans service officer in cortez did some research in the county records on mitchell springs and this is his report : \" the springs are found under a rock - it was a large pit 8 - by - 10 foot deep where water collected. the springs had good drinking water but flow was not great. across the creek west another spring was flowing. \" the original springs known as mitchell springs was located on the east side of the creek and was fenced off by a cedar pole fence. it was accessible by going down into the creek not too far off of county road h and then up the creek to the springs. it was a favorite picnic area for the young people when they rode their horses in the spring ' s area and then let themselves down over the rock ledge by rope and saddle. as previously mentioned, the town of toltec was probably deserted about 1888 when the post office moved to the new town located on that \" hill that no one wanted. \" water was scarce in early cortez. it was brought up from mitchell springs by wagon and tank. one source said it sold for 25 cents a bucket - another source said 50 cents a barrel. many of the farmers and ranchers south of town hauled their water from mitchell springs and it was said they paid $ 1 per barrel for the water. the people in the new town and the surrounding area needed this water to survive. at a local history seminar held in 1978, nettie ince talcott woodard mentioned she came to cortez as a baby in 1909. this was her description of mitchell springs. people would go down to the springs if they were lucky enough to have a horse and a barrel to bring it up, and if not, you carried it from market and main streets. they had a cistern there and there were men who would take big tanks and go down to mitchell springs and bring up water and put it in the cistern - then the townspeople would go up there and get a bucket of water. she said there was no charge for this water. she didn ' t know who the men were who hauled the water for the town. she said later the town got water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3729187170600673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.563909"} {"text": "of old army brass. the army probably camped at the site when the mitchells had the trading post. it was reported the mitchells were going to build a flour mill on this side where the road turns into the \" best logs \" as there was evidence of an old foundation there for years. perhaps the water on this side caused them not to continue with the building. it has been mentioned there was a total of five springs in the area. residents of that area mention \" poison springs \" where old car bodies were placed in the springs to prevent livestock from drinking the water. it is located on the lower southern edge of mcelmo wash just off of road h. in past years this was the site of car accidents - some fatal - when they \" didn ' t make the curve \" on this road. when i visited mitchell springs in 2000, the springs on both sides of the canyon were still flowing. in the future, montezuma county historical society would like to mark the location of the \" first town site \" by a sign and parking area. it is doubtful that the springs would be open to the public because of their location. june head is the historian for the montezuma county historical society, and can be contacted for comments, corrections or questions at 565 - 3880. all interested persons are invited to join the historical society.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39719035720125695, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.565496"} {"text": "tips to facilitate workshops effectively facilitators play a very important role in the creation of a respectful, positive learning environment during a workshop. here you will find some tips to facilitate workshops effectively. - make sure everybody has a chance to participate. for example, through small group activities or direct questions to different participants. help the group to avoid long discussions between two people who may isolate the rest of the / other participants. promote the importance of sharing the space and listening to different voices and opinions. - be prepared to make adjustments to the agenda \u2013 sometimes you have to cross out activities, but the most important thing is to achieve the general goals of the workshop. - make every possible thing to have all the logistics ready beforehand to then be able to focus on the workshop \u2019 s agenda. - pay attention to the group \u2019 s energy and motivation \u2013 plan activities where everyone is able to participate and to stay active and engaged. - provide space for the participants to be able to share their own experiences and knowledge. remember that each one of us has a lot to learn and a lot to teach. - relax and have fun! be a part of the process \u2013 you are learning, too, so you don \u2019 t have to know it all nor do everything perfect. - be prepared for difficult questions. get familiarized with the topic, know the content of the workshop but remember you don \u2019 t have to know all the answers! you can ask other participants what they know about the topic, or you can find out the answers later and share them with the participants after the workshop. - focus on giving general information \u2013 avoid answering questions about specific cases. usually, this can change the direction of the conversation and might be considered as providing legal advice without a license to do so. - your work as facilitator is to help the group learn together, not necessarily to present all the information and be the \u201c expert \u201d in the topic. - try to be as clear as possible \u2013 especially when you are giving the exercises \u2019 instructions. work as a team with the other facilitators during the whole workshop.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41094708928004986, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.567644"} {"text": "have a great time teaching your little ones about letters using our printable file folder alphabet games! this file folder game is all about the letter a and alligators. put all the pieces in place to build the alligator. and if you laminate the file folder game there is a practice line at the bottom that can be wiped clean if you use erasable or washable markers and / or crayons. studies have shown that repetition is key for early learners, so what ' s better than having a game that can be played over and over? if you get all of our printable alphabet file folder games you ' ll have a stash of fun learning tools not only for beginners, but to help preschoolers and kindergartners build a solid base of alphabet identification and sounds! all of our products are for home, church, or small classroom use only. check out our website for more great products! http : / / greenjellowithcarrots. com or email us if you have any questions email @ example. com have you made this pattern? share with the craftsy community. we breathe printables! whether it ' s for church, home, preschool, or for fun we have tons and tons and tons and tons of printables! we have file folder games, card games, early learning worksheets and games, lds clipart, digital scrapbook kits, primary talks, yw handouts, and more!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.477870778386456, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.569073"} {"text": "advanced operating systems advanced systems teaching ( asyst ) labthe asyst lab is organised around 64 - bit computers ( ` ` u4600 ' ' ) based on a 100 mhz mips r4700 processor. the u4600 was developed by kevin elphinstone ( former unsw phd student ) and dave johnson. it is especially designed to allow experimentation with operating systems code. presently, these machines run the l4 microkernel. technical details : the nodes are based on a locally designed and manufactured atx form factor motherboard. the motherboard features : - the nodes are hosted on unix computers, presently pc ' s running solaris. these contain a development environment which allows you to compile code, link it with the l4 microkernel, and download it to the u4600 via ethernet. the hosts also interface to the serial port on the u4600 for console i / o. how to use : make sure that ~ cs9242 / bin is in your path, and that the environment arch is set to pc. i86. linux. the former is normally achieved by using the newclass command, the latter is set up automatically by the default shell initialisation files. also make sure that you are using gnu make ( this is also ensured by the default initialisation files ). use the makefiles supplied with the examples ( like the one in ~ cs9242 / public _ html / src / hello _ world / ). typing note : make must be done locally on the host machine connected to your u4600, or the boot image will end up in the wrong boot directory. you also need to run a terminal emulator on the host to be able to talk to the u4600. use the command turn on the u4600, you should get another greeting message and a if you do not get the prompt, some program is actually executing on the u4600. press the interrupt button ( the smaller of the two buttons on the box ) for about 1 / 2 second, and you should get a ` ` kdbg > ' ' prompt. type if you type note that you are running an operating system, which is not expected to terminate. to stop execution, hit the interrrupt key ( reset button ) on the u4600. this will get you into the l4 kernel debugger, which is unlikely to be of much help for you ( but if you want to try, it is documented in appendix c of the l4 reference manual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5263656960795184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.574578"} {"text": "archive for october 12th, 2009 most cuckoo clocks today are made in the \u201c traditional style \u201d to hang on a wall in your home or office. in the long history of clock making and time keeping, cuckoo clocks play a large role in the appreciation of art in clocks. the traditional style of the cuckoo clock is a wooden case decorated with carved leaves and animals and an automation of a bird that appears through a small door while the clock is striking. a cuckoo clock is typically pendulum driven, striking the hour and half hour, using bellows and pipes that imitate the cuckoo call. today \u2019 s cuckoo clocks are almost always driven by weights. the weights are made of cast iron in a pine cone shape. as early as 1650, the call of the cuckoo bird in a clock was being heard in parts of east germany and a region of the czech republic. it took nearly a century for the cuckoo clock to find its way to the black forest. the black forest cuckoo clock, as we know it, comes from the region in southwest germany, where a tradition of clock making started late in the 17th century. the cuckoo clock is a favorite souvenir of travelers in germany, where there are several different firms making the whole clock or parts of it. the people who make cuckoo clocks are dedicated craftsmen whose products are works of art. black forest cuckoo clocks and german cuckoo clocks command big prices and are highly sought after in antique stores, flea markets and retail shops. they are valuable because of their elaborate hand carvings and unique artistry. tomorrow, we \u2019 ll look at \u201c striking the hour \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5042613239262617, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.576449"} {"text": "| \u00ab milk fat causes weight gain in humans | | green tea for melanoma \u00bb | a paper published in the journal ' blood ' entitled \" hiv - 1 incorporates abo histo - blood group antigens that sensitise virions to complement - mediated inactivation \" suggests that transmission of hiv - 1 is modified by both abo blood group and the immune system enzyme complement. the premise is based on research showing how the abo antigen ( blood group marker ) of the infected person is incorporated into the hiv virus that is replicated in their cells. because the virus is coated in the person ' s blood group antigen, it then acts in the same way a red blood cell would when someone with an incompatible blood group becomes exposed to it, and the part of the immune system that would normally cause an incompatible blood transfusion reaction is activated against the virus, helping to protect the recipient against infection. this would mean that it would be harder for an individual of blood group o ( the ' universal donor ' ) to contract hiv infection from people of any other blood group apart from blood group o, as the recipient will have both anti - a and anti - b antigens in their blood. conversely those with blood group ab ( the ' universal recipient ' ) who have no opposing blood group antibodies would contract hiv infection more easily from people of any blood group. this paper follows previous research on how complement is activated by anti - b igm ( the immune complex involved in incompatible transfusion reactions where the donor is blood group b or ab and the recipient is blood group a or o ) and other factors, in blood from hiv - negative donors. in the research by saarloos et. al. complement was however more easily activated against hiv by antibodies to hiv itself as a result of hiv infection than by igm. later research suggests that the immune system of some people with aids ( pwa ) who are blood group a or ab may form anti - a iga, igg and igm ( antibodies against their own blood group ). the hiv virus made in cells of an hiv - infected person will show their blood group antigen only when the originating cell expresses abo antigens or is a lymphocyte ( white blood cell ). as abh non - secretors have fewer cells expressing their blood group, it follows that they may produce more hiv viruses without blood group antigens than would abh secretors. this could mean that it is as easy to become infected with hiv - 1 from non - secretors of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4962257627145106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.580657"} {"text": "have fewer cells expressing their blood group, it follows that they may produce more hiv viruses without blood group antigens than would abh secretors. this could mean that it is as easy to become infected with hiv - 1 from non - secretors of any blood group as it is from secretors of transfusion - compatible blood groups. abh non - secretors would be at some disadvantage in protection against hiv infection transmitted via mucous membranes, as they secrete lower levels of immune - protective substances. hiv positive individuals and pwa should always take steps to avoid transmission of the hiv virus, whatever their blood group or secretor status. neil and colleagues have however demonstrated a key concept in the relationship between blood groups and immunity, which is mirrored in numerous other blood group - disease connections. it also gives new meaning to the idea of universality in terms of blood group transfusion with relation to infection susceptibility. 1. neil sj, mcknight a, gustafsson k, weiss ra hiv - 1 incorporates abo histo - blood group antigens that sensitise virions to complement - mediated inactivation. 2. saarloos mn, lint tf, spear gt efficacy of hiv - specific and ' antibody - independent ' mechanisms for complement activation by hiv - infected cells. clin exp immunol. 1995 feb ; 99 ( 2 ) : 189 - 95. 3. friedli f, rieben r, wegmuller e et. al. normal levels of allo - but increased levels of potentially autoreactive antibodies against abo histo - blood group antigens in aids patients. clin immunol immunopathol. 1996 jul ; 80 ( 1 ) : 96 - 100. 4. d ' adamo pj. eat right 4 your type complete blood type encyclopedia. p. 320. pub. penguin, 2002. feedback awaiting moderation this post has 1 feedback awaiting moderation... comments are not allowed from anonymous visitors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4941266496643885, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.581480"} {"text": "solar power is taking off around the world. europe is planning to deploy various types of solar power to the sahara to provide for the european union ' s energy needs. meanwhile, here in the u. s., california is expanding its solar efforts as well. however, amid the progressing adoption of solar technology, one perpetual criticism that persists is that solar power is inefficient and expensive. to some extents this is true. the current generation of photovoltaic solar panels - - the type of solar power perhaps most associated with the field - - is only around 20 percent efficient and thus costs remain relatively high, like many forms of alternative energy. a new breakthrough from u. s. department of energy ' s national renewable energy laboratory ( nrel ) is looking to solve those problems. it pushes solar cells to uncharted technology with a record 40. 8 percent efficiency. the new work shatters all previous records for photovoltaic device efficiencies. the researchers first used a special type of cell, an inverted metamorphic triple - junction solar cell. the custom cell was designed, fabricated, and independently measured at nrel. the next step was to expose the solar cell to concentrated light of 326 suns, yielding the record - breaking efficiency. a sun is a common measure in the solar power industry which represents the amount of light that hits the earth on average. the new cell targets a variety of markets. one potential market is the satellite solar panel business. satellites natural absorb more intense sunlight, thanks to no atmospheric interference. another possible application is deployment in commercial concentrated pv cells. concentrated pv is a burgeoning field, with several companies currently contracted worldwide to build the first utility grade plants. the new record was welcome news, but little surprise at nrel - - they held the previous record as well. in order to beat their old design, one key was to replace the germanium wafer at the bottom junction with a composite of gallium indium phosphide and gallium indium arsenide. the mixture splits the spectrum into three parts, each of which gets absorbed by one of the junctions. both the middle and bottom junction become metamorphic in the new design. this means their crystal lattices are misaligned, trapping light in the junction and absorbing more of it. this yields an optimal efficiency. one key advantage is the new solar cell can be conveniently processed by growth on a gallium arsenide wafer. it is also both thin and light. the nrel believes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5515164875345882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.584285"} {"text": "some researchers believe that the solar cycle influences global climate changes. they attribute recent warming trends to cyclic variation. skeptics, though, argue that there ' s little hard evidence of a solar hand in recent climate changes. now, a new research report from a surprising source may help to lay this skepticism to rest. a study from nasa \u2019 s goddard space flight center in greenbelt, maryland looking at climate data over the past century has concluded that solar variation has made a significant impact on the earth ' s climate. the report concludes that evidence for climate changes based on solar radiation can be traced back as far as the industrial revolution. past research has shown that the sun goes through eleven year cycles. at the cycle ' s peak, solar activity occurring near sunspots is particularly intense, basking the earth in solar heat. according to robert cahalan, a climatologist at the goddard space flight center, \" right now, we are in between major ice ages, in a period that has been called the holocene. \" thomas woods, solar scientist at the university of colorado in boulder concludes, \" the fluctuations in the solar cycle impacts earth ' s global temperature by about 0. 1 degree celsius, slightly hotter during solar maximum and cooler during solar minimum. the sun is currently at its minimum, and the next solar maximum is expected in 2012. \" according to the study, during periods of solar quiet, 1, 361 watts per square meter of solar energy reaches earth ' s outermost atmosphere. periods of more intense activity brought 1. 4 watts per square meter ( 0. 1 percent ) more energy. while the nasa study acknowledged the sun ' s influence on warming and cooling patterns, it then went badly off the tracks. ignoring its own evidence, it returned to an argument that man had replaced the sun as the cause current warming patterns. like many studies, this conclusion was based less on hard data and more on questionable correlations and inaccurate modeling techniques. the inconvertible fact, here is that even nasa ' s own study acknowledges that solar variation has caused climate change in the past. and even the study ' s members, mostly ardent supports of agw theory, acknowledge that the sun may play a significant role in future climate changes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5241021110953228, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.586943"} {"text": "it is very common to confuse cloud computing with virtualization. since they are both relatively new and since organizations are calling it the saving face of new age technology, i assumed we might want to look into what exactly the two technologies are and how diverse they are from each other. cloud is essentially a highly scalable platform where you can store data, build and run applications that can be accessed through the internet only. cloud is a mode to mobilize all applications so that you can remotely access your organization data through any device that has access to internet. data center hosts or collocation hosts who are interested in cloud technology provide software as a service packages to their clients. cloud makes it possible to have your servers in a secure environment in any part of the world and your clients still can access and modify the data if they have required security clearance. cloud makes use of virtualized resources in order to fulfill its requirements. a cloud host provides hardware and hosting facilities depending on the usage requested by the client. virtualization, on the other hand, is a technique of creating a virtual pool of servers, operating systems, storage devices and network resources. it enables a single user to access multiple physical devices at the same time. with this, one operating system can control the operation of multiple computers or vice versa. building your own data center takes a lot of capital investment ; and maintaining it is a nightmare you do not want to go through if your main aim is to focus on your business. hiring a service is a better option. unlike the cloud, in a data center, you have to note that you will merely be storing your servers on someone else \u2019 s property. so you are responsible for upgrading your servers as and when technology takes a giant leap. the drawback with data centers is the challenge you will face while scaling up as and when the need arises. your data center host must have rack space to accommodate an extra server or two and also must be equipped to handle an increase in cooling and power needs. of course, there is a problem of your resources going on standby mode when not in use, too. cloud may be an ideal solution from an economic point of view. like we have mentioned before, you only pay for the services you are using ; not for idle or standby services. virtualization is all about the control. pure, unparalleled control over multiple devices using a single point of operation. with virtualization, for instance, you can run a very large application even though your system individually cannot support it. in other words,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5205542835422525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.591793"} {"text": "is all about the control. pure, unparalleled control over multiple devices using a single point of operation. with virtualization, for instance, you can run a very large application even though your system individually cannot support it. in other words, your system interacts with the other systems connected to the virtualization network, notes which system is available and uses part of the available system \u2019 s resources in addition to your own to run your application. it \u2019 s like your system has temporarily expanded its capacity to run your application successfully. through virtualization, you can install a software only once and be rest assured that everyone will have access to it. you don \u2019 t need multiple licences to make the software available to all your employees. since you are technically installing it only on one system, you are not violating any laws either. same is true with storage. this technique avoids the need for data replication, thus saving storage space. so you see, one technology has nothing to do with the other ; and they, most certainly, are not the same thing. virtualization, to an extent, makes the cloud operable. data center talk updates its resources everyday. visit us to know of the latest technology and standards from the data center world. please leave your views and comments on dct forum.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5621758764546099, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.592433"} {"text": "potential buyers look over a home in las vegas, where one in five people moved locally during the recession. / steve marcus for usa today the great recession has upended the american tradition of moving to greener pastures. instead of moving to a bigger home or for a higher - paying job, more americans moved because they can ' t afford to stay where they are. during the 2007 - 09 recession, 9 % of americans - about 4 million - moved locally, the highest level in a decade. and a growing number moved to cheaper housing or doubled up with family and friends, according to an analysis out wednesday of census data through 2010. by contrast, moves across county and state lines declined. people moved the most in metropolitan areas with the highest unemployment and highest foreclosure rates, particularly in hard - hit parts of the sun belt, shows research by us2010, a project funded by the russell sage foundation and brown university that examines changes in american society. in las vegas, for example, one in five people moved locally during the recession. \" typically, over the last couple of decades, when americans moved, they moved to improve their lives, \" says michael stoll, author of the research and chairman of ucla ' s public policy department. \" this is the shock : for the first time, americans are moving for downward economic mobility. either they lost their house or can ' t afford where they ' re renting currently or needed to save money. at the peak of the recession, falling fortunes was a prime reason for moving. before the economy tanked, 41. 3 % moved locally to own a home or settle in a better neighborhood. during the recession, only 30. 4 % moved for those reasons. by contrast, more than 23 % moved for cheaper housing during the recession, up from 20. 8 % before the bad times. the theme song of the jeffersons, a hit tv show in the 1970s about a black family that makes it big in the dry cleaning business and moves from queens to manhattan ' s east side, is aptly titled movin ' on up. yet this economic downturn has taken a disproportionate toll on the upward mobility of african americans, the research shows. \" most distressing is the evidence that black residents have been particularly affected by this trend - more likely to be pushed into a short - distance move by these economic conditions, \" stoll says. \" blacks may have had less savings, fewer family members who could contribute, onerous debt from refinancing or sub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41906971771579726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.596466"} {"text": "between these birmingham chapters came what may be the signature moment of the civil rights movement, the march on washington for jobs and freedom on aug. 28, 1963. \" by special train, plane, buses by the thousand, private automobiles and even in some cases on foot, the marchers poured into the capital, \" an ap story reported. an estimated 250, 000 people, mostly black but many white, met at the foot of the lincoln memorial to hear king pronounce, \" i have a dream... \" civil rights advances of 1963 spilled into a broader sense of possibilities. many people had long hoped for relief from the specter of atomic war \u2014 what kennedy called the \" darkening prospect of mass destruction on earth \" as he announced the limited nuclear test ban treaty in july. \" yesterday a shaft of light cut into the darkness, \" he said. \" for the first time, an agreement has been reached on bringing the forces of nuclear destruction under control. \" for years, people had staged \" ban the bomb \" street demonstrations \u2014 but almost unnoticed in 1963, they were joined by a few early protesters against u. s. involvement in the vietnam war, where kennedy had been sending american military \" advisers. \" in the continuum of popular culture, no single year is definitive. still, by 1963, record buyers, radio stations, even jukebox operators were embracing a broadening range of entertainment. there was the \" motown sound \" of black pop songs \u2014 singer - songwriter smokey robinson has spoken of \" the barriers that we broke down with music \" \u2014 and audiences would soon embrace the \" british invasion. \" \" the ' 60s revolution in music and style began somewhere, maybe here, \" say the liner notes for a just - released beatles collection, \" first recordings : 50th anniversary edition, \" which received a nomination for this year ' s grammy awards. the music never really went away ( the rolling stones ' recent tour was playfully called \" fifty and counting \" ). spivey ' s ' 60s class ends with a sing - along, and varon at the new school marvels at how many of his students know the old lyrics. a quieter revolution made 1963 \" a lever, \" in the words of historian stephanie coontz, who also teaches ' 60s courses. in february of that year, writer betty friedan published \" the feminine mystique. \" at the time, magazines and tv constantly reinforced a view of the american woman and her assigned place : she would marry, raise children, and not work outside the home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43909343889532026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.600696"} {"text": "of that year, writer betty friedan published \" the feminine mystique. \" at the time, magazines and tv constantly reinforced a view of the american woman and her assigned place : she would marry, raise children, and not work outside the home, which she would maintain with products and appliances designed to make her middle - class life efficient and ideal. the trouble, friedan recognized, was that for many this was not ideal, but suffocating, said coontz, author of the 2011 book \" a strange stirring : the feminine mystique and american women at the dawn of the 1960s. \" when she reviews the sexism of those days with her students today \u2014 \" head and master \" laws in many states making wives legally subject to husbands, help - wanted ads seeking \" pretty looking, cheerful gal \" for office work, and the like \u2014 \" jaws literally drop, \" she said. for middle - class women who read friedan ' s book, it was a revelation. they ' d been told \" they should not want anything more out of life \u2014 and were ' sick ' when they did. these people friedan literally rescued, \" coontz said in an interview. \" people i interviewed said... they were considering suicide. \" the book told them they were not alone and change might come. transformative change is a central theme of ' 60s courses ; some even offer ' 60s - style civic outreach projects as substitutes for traditional research papers. students learn how kennedy pushed variations of this message in 1963. - boy scouts open membership to all boys,... - defending the faith : a case for the... - abercrombie & fitch ceo posts statement on... - one third of millenials regret going to college - brave woman tried to reason with london... - stories behind viral oklahoma tragedy photos... - facts about the boy scouts of america - why $ 1 billion doesn ' t mean what it used to... - defending the faith : a case for the... 50 - journalists criticize obama... 38 - boy scouts open membership to all boys,... 27 - associated press ceo calls records... 23 - irs official lerner invokes fifth... 22 - former irs chief to congress : can ' t say... 21 - more obama aides knew irs targeted... 19 - supreme court to weigh in on... 17", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4299458669824846, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.602741"} {"text": "- - sourcetheravada means the \u2018 doctrine of the elders \u2019. the term hinayana has also been used for this form of buddhism, but it is a misnomer. this term has been used by the mahayana buddhists, who reckoned that they were followers of the \u2018 greater vehicle \u2019. the mahayanists to differentiate themselves from the theravadins called the latter hinayana, the lesser vehicle. in the pre - mahayana period there was truly a collateral sect called the hinayana, but this sect is not the theravada of today. this confusion was unfortunate, and therefore, it is better to avoid the term hinayana altogether. any attempt to label two different forms of buddhism as \u2018 greater \u2019 and \u2018 lesser \u2019 is odious. this is confusing to me. the term \" hinayana \" was used before the break - up of the sangha by theravadan practitioners? what does it mean that the \" hinayana \" of that time was different from the theravada of today? i ' ve always thought that the term hinayana was only pejorative. but i once saw retro mention that there are appropriate uses for the word. please play nice. i ' m not trying to create divisions or open the door for ridiculing mahayana. i put this in the \" discovering theravada \" section in hopes of just just getting information and clarification.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.506798498891498, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.606726"} {"text": "ht. 50 - 70 spread 50 habit : inconspicuous flowers in spring. clusters of red berries on female trees in late summer. fast growing shade tree with open structure, yellow, red, and orange fall color sometimes all at once. compound leaves with 10 - 16 paired leaflets. light, smooth bark when young. branching structure is poor when young but quickly fills out. culture : easy to grow in any well - drained soil, drought tolerant. uses : shade tree, fall color. problems : tip growth sometimes burns in early summer from too much water. the female trees tend to yellow and get weak looking in the late summer as the fruit ripens. a very large percentage of these trees are planted too deep in the ground and havve circling and girdling roots. the root flares should be exposed with the air spade and the choking roots removed. notes : incorrectly called chinese pistache. one of the best fast growing trees. native to china but acts like a native texan. pistacia texana, the evergreen texas pistache, is native to south texas. has some freeze problems in north texas. looks more like a big shrub than a tree. normal height is 15 - 20 but can grow to 30 or more. the pistachio that produces the delicious nut is pistacia vera, a desert plant that cant take much water at all. this information comes from the dirt doctor ' s newest book, texas gardening - the natural way. click to purchase.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39614788001488516, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.609705"} {"text": "february 20th, 2013 birds ' breathtaking system in a previous issue of think & believe ( vol. 2, no. 5 ), we discussed the unique features relating to flight in birds, including positioning and control of feathers, size and structure of bones, and efficiency of the circulatory and digestive systems. in this article we consider the amazing respiratory system, which, according to dr. michael denton \u201c seem ( s ) to defy plausible evolutionary explanations. \u201d ( evolution : a theory in crisis, p. 210 ) most vertebrates draw air into their lungs through a series of branching tubes which finally terminate in tiny air sacs. the air must enter and exit through the same tubes, leaving a certain amount of residual ( \u201c dead \u201d ) air in the lungs. birds have a totally different system, though. special air sacs extend from the lungs into all major parts of the bird \u2019 s body. they do not function directly in gaseous exchange, but serve as \u201c bellows \u201d to maintain a constant flow through tiny air tubes where the exchange actually takes place. these tiny air tubes branch profusely, permeating the lungs, and then join together again. special valves in the tubes ensure that air flows in only one direction through the lungs, providing the continual supply of fresh air needed for flight. this is a very amazing system, which poses a serious challenge to evolution. according to denton : no lung in any other vertebrate species is known which in any way approaches the avian ( bird ) system. moreover, it is identical in all essential details in birds as diverse as humming birds, ostriches and hawks. just how such an utterly different respiratory system could have evolved gradually from the standard vertebrate design is fantastically difficult to envisage, especially bearing in mind that the maintenance of respiratory function is absolutely vital to the life of an organism to the extent that the slightest malfunction leads to death within minutes. just as the feathers cannot function as an organ of flight until the hooks and barbules are co - adapted to fit together perfectly, so the avian lung cannot function as an organ of respiration until the parabronchial system which permeates it and the air sac system which guarantees the parabronchi their air supply are both highly developed and able to function together in a perfectly integrated manner.... the suspicion inevitably arises that perhaps no functional intermediate exists between the dead - end and continuous through - put types of lung. ( evolution : a theory in crisis,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48739079803579916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.612465"} {"text": "this dawn fc ( framing camera ) image shows some of the undulating terrain in vesta \u2019 s southern hemisphere. this undulating terrain consists of linear, curving hills and depressions, which are most distinct in the right of the image. many narrow, linear grooves run in various directions across this undulating terrain. there are some small, less than 1 kilometer ( 0. 6 mile ) diameter, craters in the bottom of the image. these contain bright material and have bright material surrounding them. there are fewer craters in this image than in images from vesta \u2019 s northern hemisphere ; this is because vesta \u2019 s northern hemisphere is generally more cratered than the southern hemisphere. this image is located in vesta \u2019 s urbinia quadrangle and the center of the image is 63. 0 degrees south latitude, 332. 2 degrees east longitude. nasa \u2019 s dawn spacecraft obtained this image with its framing camera on oct. 25, 2011. this image was taken through the camera \u2019 s clear filter. the distance to the surface of vesta is 700 kilometers ( 435 miles ) and the image has a resolution of about 70 meters ( 230 feet ) per pixel. this image was acquired during the hamo ( high - altitude mapping orbit ) phase of the mission. the dawn mission to vesta and ceres is managed by nasa \u2019 s jet propulsion laboratory, a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena, for nasa \u2019 s science mission directorate, washington d. c. ucla is responsible for overall dawn mission science. the dawn framing cameras have been developed and built under the leadership of the max planck institute for solar system research, katlenburg - lindau, germany, with significant contributions by dlr german aerospace center, institute of planetary research, berlin, and in coordination with the institute of computer and communication network engineering, braunschweig. the framing camera project is funded by the max planck society, dlr, and nasa / jpl. more information about dawn is online at http : / / dawn. jpl. nasa. gov. image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / ucla / mps / dlr / ida", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4832041311543059, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.619943"} {"text": "once again : java vulnerability in light of the recent set of vulnerabilities found within the java se 7 browser plugin, i ' ve read stories and heard from people who are completely uninstalling java from their computers. in my opinion, this is an over - reaction to an issue that affects only one thing : the java plugin for the browser. this is used only to run java applets or java webstart to launch applications via the browser. considering there are three other types of java applications that are unaffected ( java embedded applications, java se desktop applications, and java ee web - based or enterprise applications ), this is only a small portion of the java world. on top of that, there honestly aren ' t many java applets in use these days, so the need to use the java plugin is minimal. - idc analyst connection : using blade systems to cut costs and sharpen efficiencies - application testing strategies in the ibm z / os environment - strategy : how to conduct an effective it security risk assessment - strategy : smartphone smackdown : galaxy note ii vs. lumia 920 vs. iphone 5 - the untapped potential of mobile apps for commercial customers - why is information governance so important for modern analytics? to be clear, these specific vulnerabilities don ' t affect real - world server - side deployments ( java ee ), or even java se desktop applications such as eclipse or netbeans, javafx, swing, and so on. there really is no need to uninstall the jdk or jre. users need only disable the java plugin in their browser. one point i ' ve been trying to make to friends and colleagues, beginning with the previous rash of vulnerabilities ( see my previous blog ), is that this is only an issue if the user browses to a malicious web site. java or no java, pointing your browser to a malicious web site is dangerous and leaves you vulnerable either way. you could raise the point that even a legitimate site can get hacked, and a java zero - day attack launched from it. however, i would add that if a site got hacked, you ' re still open to vulnerability with or without the java plugin enabled. oracle ' s java se 7 update 11, released to address this issue, included a description of the issue and resolution. in summary, the change included a control panel setting to block unsigned java applets from running automatically. i ' ve heard that only one of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42563145437406313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.628840"} {"text": "u. s. safety investigators called on tuesday for a nationwide ban on texting and cellphone use while driving, a prohibition that would include certain applications of hands - free technology becoming more common in new cars. the u. s. national transportation safety board ( ntsb ) recommendation covers portable devices only but still goes beyond measures proposed or imposed to date by regulators and states, most of which already ban texting while behind the wheel. \u201c when it comes to using electronic devices, it may seem like it \u2019 s a quick call or a quick text or a tweet, but accidents happen in the blink of an eye, \u201d says ntsb chairman deborah hersman. more than 3, 000 people were killed in distracted driving crashes in the united states in 2010, according to transportation department figures. most motorists participating in a transportation department survey released last week acknowledged few situations in which they would not use a cellphone or text while behind the wheel although they supported measures to curb the practice. the five - member ntsb recommendation to states for a ban, except in an emergency, stemmed from an investigation of a missouri chain - reaction crash that killed two people last year, an accident blamed on a driver who was texting. the panel \u2019 s action follows nearly 10 years of investigating transportation accidents linked in some way to distraction and is not binding. but the safety board has long been effective at articulating u. s. transportation safety priorities and its views can be influential in legislative or regulatory decision making. congress has shown no interest in banning cellphone use or texting while driving. so far 35 states and the district of columbia ban texting while driving, but fewer than a dozen prohibit using a cellphone. the transportation department has waged an aggressive public campaign on the issue under secretary ray lahood that has included limited bans. \u201c there \u2019 s no call or text message that \u2019 s so important that it can \u2019 t wait, \u201d lahood says. lahood has raised concerns about distracted driving and hands - free technology with automobile companies but has not prompted federal action or asked industry to stop putting it into new vehicles. cellphones and communication technology is ubiquitous and sweeping bans such as the one proposed by the ntsb are considered difficult to enforce, experts have said. this is one reason why federal and state restrictions so far have focused on the most obvious distraction \u2014 texting \u2014 or targetted individual groups, like truckers or federal workers. the auto industry has invested heavily in hands - free communications technology, such as bluetooth, that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3818778960930852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.645496"} {"text": "why federal and state restrictions so far have focused on the most obvious distraction \u2014 texting \u2014 or targetted individual groups, like truckers or federal workers. the auto industry has invested heavily in hands - free communications technology, such as bluetooth, that is now available in most 2012 models sold in the united states as standard or optional equipment. \u201c it actually is a big decision maker for some consumers, \u201d says jesse toprak, a vice - president of truecar. com, who notes that ford, in particular, has been aggressive in using it to attract younger buyers who may not otherwise have considered one of their cars. ford referred inquiries to the industry \u2019 s trade group in washington, the alliance of automobile manufacturers ( aam ), which said it was reviewing the ntsb recommendation. \u201c what we do know is that digital technology has created a connected culture in the united states and it \u2019 s forever changed our society. consumers always expect to have access to technology, so managing technology is the solution. features that are integrated into the vehicle, and are designed by automakers are engineered to be used in the driving environment. that means it \u2019 s designed to be used in a way that helps drivers keep their eyes on the road and hands on the wheel, \u201d the aam says. it further says texting while driving is \u201c incompatible with safety. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43282220588914455, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.650604"} {"text": "the following was written by richard dawkins to his daughter and while written more towards the discussion between religion and science, it contains much useful insight information on how we look at and evaluate health information. i would add in another comment, blind trust of authorities, who sound like they are coming with solid evidence, is not better. we really must learn not only how to evaluate evidence but those who deliver it. ps, i have no comment in regard to his view / comments on religions or mine. to my dearest daughter, now that you are ten, i want to write to you about something that is important to me. have you ever wondered how we know the things that we know? how do we know, for instance, that the stars, which look like tiny pinpricks in the sky, are really huge balls of fire like the sun and very far away? and how do we know that the earth is a smaller ball whirling round one of those stars, the sun? the answer to these questions is \u2018 evidence \u2019. sometimes evidence means actually seeing ( or hearing, feeling, smelling ) that something is true. astronauts have traveled far enough from the earth to see with their own eyes that it is round. sometimes our eyes need help. the \u2018 evening star \u2019 looks like a bright twinkle in the sky but with a telescope you can see that it is a beautiful ball \u2013 the planet we call venus. something that you learn by direct seeing ( or hearing or feeling ) is called an observation. often evidence isn \u2019 t just observation on its own, but observation always lies at the back of it. if there \u2019 s been a murder, often nobody ( except the murderer and the dead person! ) actually observed it. but detectives can gather together lots of other observations which may all point towards a particular suspect. if a person \u2019 s fingerprints match those found on a dagger, this is evidence that he touched it. it doesn \u2019 t prove that he did the murder, but it can help when it \u2019 s joined up with lots of other evidence. sometimes a detective can think about a whole lot of observations and suddenly realize that they all fall into place and make sense if so - and - so did the murder. scientists ( the specialists in discovering what is true about the world and the universe ) often work like detectives. they make a guess ( called a hypothesis ) about what might be true. they then say to themselves : if that were really true, we ought to see so - and - so. this is called a prediction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5676745786065805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.679617"} {"text": "the universe ) often work like detectives. they make a guess ( called a hypothesis ) about what might be true. they then say to themselves : if that were really true, we ought to see so - and - so. this is called a prediction. for example, if the world is really round, we can predict that a traveler, going on and on in the same direction, should eventually find himself back where he started. when a doctor says that you have measles he doesn \u2019 t take one look at you and see measles. his first look gives him a hypothesis that you may have measles. then he says to himself : if she really has measles, i ought to see _ _ then he runs through his list of predictions and tests them with his eyes ( have you got spots? ), his hands ( is your forehead hot? ), and his ears ( does your chest wheeze in a measly way? ). only then does he make his decision and say, \u2018 i diagnose that the child has measles. \u2019 sometimes doctors need to do other tests like blood tests or x - rays, which help their eyes, hands and ears to make observations. the way scientists use evidence to learn about the world is much cleverer and more complicated than i can say in a short letter. but now i want to move on from evidence, which is a good reason for believing something, and warn you against three bad reasons for believing anything. they are called \u2018 tradition \u2019, \u2018 authority \u2019, and \u2018 revelation \u2019. first, tradition. a few months ago, i went on television to have a discussion with about 50 children. these children were invited because they \u2019 d been brought up in lots of different religions. some had been brought up as christians, others as jews, muslims, hindus, sikhs. the man with the microphone went from child to child, asking them what they believed. what they said shows up exactly what i mean by \u2018 tradition \u2019. their beliefs turned out to have no connection with evidence. they just trotted out the beliefs of their parents and grandparents, which, in turn, were not based upon evidence either. they said things like, \u2018 we hindus believe so and so. \u2019 \u2018 we muslims believe such and such. \u2019 \u2018 we christians believe something else. \u2019 of course, since they all believed different things, they couldn \u2019 t all be right. the man with the microphone seemed to think this quite proper, and he didn \u2019 t even try", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5956522367816804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.680646"} {"text": "such and such. \u2019 \u2018 we christians believe something else. \u2019 of course, since they all believed different things, they couldn \u2019 t all be right. the man with the microphone seemed to think this quite proper, and he didn \u2019 t even try to get them to argue out their differences with each other. but that isn \u2019 t the point i want to make. i simply want to ask where their beliefs came from. they came from tradition. tradition means beliefs handed down from grandparent to parent to child, and so on. or from books handed down through the centuries. traditional beliefs often start from almost nothing ; perhaps somebody just makes them up originally, like the stories about thor and zeus. but after they \u2019 ve been handed down over some centuries, the mere fact that they are so old makes them seem special. people believe things simply because people have believed the same thing over centuries. that \u2019 s tradition. the trouble with tradition is that, no matter how long ago a story was made up, it is still exactly as true or untrue as the original story was. if you make up a story that isn \u2019 t true, handing it down over any number of centuries doesn \u2019 t make it any truer! most people in england have been baptized into the church of england, but this is only one of many branches of the christian religion. there are other branches such as the russian orthodox, the roman catholic and the methodist churches. they all believe different things. the jewish religion and the muslim religion are a bit more different still ; and there are different kinds of jews and of muslims. people who believe even slightly different things from each other often go to war over their disagreements. so you might think that they must have some pretty good reasons \u2013 evidence \u2013 for believing what they believe. but actually their different beliefs are entirely due to different traditions. let \u2019 s talk about one particular tradition. roman catholics believe that mary, the mother of jesus, was so special that she didn \u2019 t die but was lifted bodily into heaven. other christian traditions disagree, saying that mary did die like anybody else. these other religions don \u2019 t talk about her much and, unlike roman catholics, they don \u2019 t call her the \u2018 queen of heaven \u2019. the tradition that mary \u2019 s body was lifted into heaven is not a very old one. the bible says nothing about how or when she died ; in fact the poor woman is scarcely mentioned in the bible at all. the belief that her body was lifted into heaven wasn \u2019 t invented until about six centuries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5016541994087331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.681633"} {"text": "heaven is not a very old one. the bible says nothing about how or when she died ; in fact the poor woman is scarcely mentioned in the bible at all. the belief that her body was lifted into heaven wasn \u2019 t invented until about six centuries after jesus \u2019 s time. at first it was just made up, in the same way as any story like snow white was made up. but, over the centuries, it grew into a tradition and people started to take it seriously simply because the story had been handed down over so many generations. the older the tradition became, the more people took it seriously. it finally was written down as an official roman catholic belief only very recently, in 1950. but the story was no more true in 1950 than it was when it was first invented 600 years after mary \u2019 s death. i \u2019 ll come back to tradition at the end of my letter, and look at it in another way. but first i must deal with the two other bad reasons for believing in anything : authority and revelation. authority, as a reason for believing something, means believing it because you are told to believe it by somebody important. in the roman catholic church, the pope is the most important person, and people believe he must be right just because he is the pope. in one branch of the muslim religion, the important people are old men with beards called ayatollahs. lots of young muslims are prepared to commit murder, purely because the ayatollahs in a faraway country tell them to. when i say that it was only in 1950 that roman catholics were finally told that they had to believe that mary \u2019 s body shot off to heaven, what i mean is that in 1950 the pope told people that they had to believe it. that was it. the pope said it was true, so it had to be true! now, probably some of the things that pope said in his life were true and some were not true. there is no good reason why, just because he was the pope, you should believe everything he said, any more than you believe everything that lots of other people say. the present pope has ordered his followers not to limit the number of babies they have. if people follow his authority as slavishly as he would wish, the results could be terrible famines, diseases and wars, caused by overcrowding. of course, even in science, sometimes we haven \u2019 t seen the evidence ourselves and we have to take somebody else \u2019 s word for it. i haven \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.439413481713456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.686579"} {"text": "the results could be terrible famines, diseases and wars, caused by overcrowding. of course, even in science, sometimes we haven \u2019 t seen the evidence ourselves and we have to take somebody else \u2019 s word for it. i haven \u2019 t with my own eyes, seen the evidence that light travels at a speed of 186, 000 miles per second. instead, i believe books that tell me the speed of light. this looks like \u2018 authority \u2019. but actually it is much better than authority because the people who wrote the books have seen the evidence and anyone is free to look carefully at the evidence whenever they want. that is very comforting. but not even the priests claim that there is any evidence for their story about mary \u2019 s body zooming off to heaven. the third kind of bad reason for believing anything is called \u2018 revelation \u2019. if you had asked the pope in 1950 how he knew that mary \u2019 s body disappeared into heaven, he would probably have said that it had been \u2018 revealed \u2019 to him. he shut himself in his room and prayed for guidance. he thought and thought, all by himself, and he became more and more sure inside himself. when religious people just have a feeling inside themselves that something must be true, even though there is no evidence that it is true, they call their feeling \u2018 revelation \u2019. it isn \u2019 t only popes who claim to have revelations. lots of religious people do. it is one of their main reasons for believing the things that they do believe. but is it a good reason? suppose i told you that your dog was dead. you \u2019 d be very upset, and you \u2019 d probably say, \u2018 are you sure? how do you know? how did it happen? \u2019 now suppose i answered : \u2018 i don \u2019 t actually know that pepe is dead. i have no evidence. i just have this funny feeling deep inside me that he is dead. \u2019 you \u2019 d be pretty cross with me for scaring you, because you \u2019 d know that an inside \u2018 feeling \u2019 on its own is not a good reason for believing that a whippet is dead. you need evidence. we all have inside feelings from time to time, and sometimes they turn out to be right and sometimes they don \u2019 t. anyway, different people have opposite feelings, so how are we to decide whose feeling is right? the only way to be sure that a dog is dead is to see him dead, or hear that his heart has stopped ; or be told by somebody who has seen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5420996520438677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.692992"} {"text": "different people have opposite feelings, so how are we to decide whose feeling is right? the only way to be sure that a dog is dead is to see him dead, or hear that his heart has stopped ; or be told by somebody who has seen or heard some real evidence that he is dead. people sometimes say that you must believe in feelings deep inside, otherwise you \u2019 d never be confident of things like \u2018 my wife loves me \u2019. but this is a bad argument. there can be plenty of evidence that somebody loves you. all through the day when you are with somebody who loves you, you see and hear lots of little tidbits of evidence, and they all add up. it isn \u2019 t purely inside feeling, like the feeling that priests call revelation. there are outside things to back up the inside feeling : looks in the eye, tender notes in the voice, little favors and kindnesses ; this is all real evidence. sometimes people have a strong inside feeling that somebody loves them when it is not based upon any evidence, and then they are likely to be completely wrong. there are people with a strong inside feeling that a famous film star loves them, when really the film star hasn \u2019 t even met them. people like that are ill in their minds. inside feelings must be backed up by evidence, otherwise you just can \u2019 t trust them. inside feelings are valuable in science too, but only for giving you ideas that you later test by looking for evidence. a scientist can have a \u2018 hunch \u2019 about an idea that just \u2018 feels \u2019 right. in itself, this is not a good reason for believing something. but it can be a good reason for spending some time doing a particular experiment, or looking in a particular way for evidence. scientists use inside feelings all the time to get ideas. but they are not worth anything until they are supported by evidence. i promised that i \u2019 d come back to tradition, and look at it in another way. i want to try to explain why tradition is so important to us. all animals are built ( by the process called evolution ) to survive in the normal place in which their kind live. lions are built to be good at surviving on the plains of africa. crayfish are built to be good at surviving in fresh water, while lobsters are built to be good at surviving in the salt sea. people are animals too, and we are built to be good at surviving in a world full of other people. most of us don \u2019 t hunt for our own food like lions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5283370870531865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.700804"} {"text": "while lobsters are built to be good at surviving in the salt sea. people are animals too, and we are built to be good at surviving in a world full of other people. most of us don \u2019 t hunt for our own food like lions or lobsters, we buy it from other people who have bought it from yet other people. we \u2018 swim \u2019 through a \u2018 sea of people \u2019. just as a fish needs gills to survive in water, people need brains that make them able to deal with other people. just as the sea is full of salt water, the sea of people is full of difficult things to learn. like language. you speak english but your friend speaks german. you each speak the language that fits you to \u2018 swim about \u2019 in your own separate \u2018 people sea \u2019. language is passed down by tradition. there is no other way. in england, pepe is a dog. in germany he is ein hund. neither of these words is more correct, or more truer than the other. both are simply handed down. in order to be good at \u2018 swimming about in their people sea \u2019, children have to learn the language of their own country, and lots of other things about their own people ; and this means that they have to absorb, like blotting paper, an enormous amount of traditional information. ( remember that traditional information just means things that are handed down from grandparents to parents to children. ) the child \u2019 s brain has to be a sucker for traditional information. and the child can \u2019 t be expected to sort out good and useful traditional information, like the words of a language, from bad or silly traditional information, like believing in witches and devils and ever - living virgins. it \u2019 s a pity, but it can \u2019 t help being the case, that because children have to be suckers for traditional information, they are likely to believe anything the grown - ups tell them, whether true or false, right or wrong. lots of what grown - ups tell them is true and based on evidence or at least sensible. but if some of it is false, silly or even wicked, there is nothing to stop the children believing that too. now, when the children grow up, what do they do? well, of course, they tell it to the next generation of children. so, once something gets itself strongly believed ( even if its completely untrue and there never was any reason to believe it in the first place ) it can go on forever. could this be what happened with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4989087942329543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.703823"} {"text": "it to the next generation of children. so, once something gets itself strongly believed ( even if its completely untrue and there never was any reason to believe it in the first place ) it can go on forever. could this be what happened with religions? belief that there is a god or gods, belief in heaven, belief that mary never died, belief that jesus never had a human father, belief that prayers are answered, belief that wine turns into blood \u2013 not one of these beliefs is backed up by any good evidence. yet millions of people believe them. perhaps this is because they were told to believe them when they were young enough to believe anything. millions of other people believe quite different things, because they were told different things when they were children. muslim children are told different things from christian children, and both grow up utterly convinced that they are right and the others are wrong. even within christians, roman catholics believe different things from church of england people or episcopalians, shakers or quakers, mormons or holy rollers, and all are utterly convinced that they are right and the others are wrong. they believe different things for exactly the same kind of reason as you speak english and someone speaks german. both languages are, in their own country, the right language to speak. but it can \u2019 t be true that different religions are right in their own countries, because different religions claim that opposite things are true. mary can \u2019 t be alive in the catholic republic but dead in protestant northern ireland. what can we do about all this? it is not easy for you to do anything, because you are only ten. but you could try this. next time somebody tells you something that sounds important, think to yourself : \u2018 is this the kind of thing that people probably know because of evidence? or is it the kind of thing that people only believe because of tradition, authority or revelation? \u2019 and, next time somebody tells you that something is true, why not say to them : \u2018 what kind of evidence is there for that? \u2019 and if they can \u2019 t give you a good answer, i hope you \u2019 ll think very carefully before you believe a word they say.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5112840829084162, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.707528"} {"text": "the physiology of the human heart the constant beating of the heart is controlled by the conducting system of the heart, which is a series of specialized nerve tissues that fire through the heart and coordinate the actions of the heart beat : sinoatrial ( sa ) node : this pacemaker initiates the impulse. it \u2019 s located anterolaterally just under the epicardium where the superior vena cava enters the right atrium. the impulse from the sinoatrial node spreads through the myocardium of the right and left atria, and it \u2019 s also quickly transmitted to the atrioventricular node. atrioventricular ( av ) node : this node is located in the posterior and inferior portion of the interatrial septum, close to the opening of the coronary sinus in the right atrium. from there the signal is transmitted to the ventricles by a bundle of nerves called the atrioventricular bundle. atrioventricular bundle : this bundle of nerves runs from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles along the interventricular septum. it divides into left and right bundle branches that run deep to the endocardium to become the subendocardial branches ( also called the purkinje fibers ) : subendocardial branches of the right bundle stimulate the interventricular septum, the papillary muscle, and the wall of the right ventricle. subendocardial branches of the left bundle stimulate the interventricular septum, the papillary muscle, and wall of the left ventricle. the heart is innervated by the autonomic nerves from superficial and deep cardiac plexuses. the deep cardiac plexus is located on the bifurcation of the trachea, and the superficial cardiac plexus is located on the base of the heart below the arch of the aorta. the autonomic nervous system is made up of a two - neuron chain ( using the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron ) from the central nervous system to the heart. the presynaptic sympathetic fibers branch off the first five or six thoracic segments of the spinal cord. they enter the sympathetic trunks and synapse with postsynaptic neurons located in the cervical and upper thoracic ganglia. fibers of the postsynaptic neurons join the cardiac plexus and terminate on the sa node, av node, cardiac muscle fibers, and corona", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47597331449407126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.715300"} {"text": "and synapse with postsynaptic neurons located in the cervical and upper thoracic ganglia. fibers of the postsynaptic neurons join the cardiac plexus and terminate on the sa node, av node, cardiac muscle fibers, and coronary arteries. sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate, force of contraction, and dilation of coronary arteries. parasympathetic innervation to the heart is provided by the vagus nerve ( cn x ). the presynaptic parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve join the postsynaptic sympathetic fibers in the cardiac plexus. the postsynaptic parasympathetic neurons are located in intrinsic ganglia ( within the wall of the heart ) and terminate on the sa node, av node, and coronary arteries. parasympathetic stimulation has the opposite effect of sympathetic stimulation. the cardiac cycle is the sequence of events of each heart beat : diastole : during this process, the ventricles fill with blood from the atria. the atrioventricular valves are open, and the pulmonary and aortic valves are closed. systole : in this process, the ventricles empty into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. the atrioventricular valves are closed, and the pulmonary and aortic valves are open. the major blood vessels of the thorax include arteries that branch off the aorta and veins that drain into the vena cava. following are the parts of the aorta and its branches : ascending aorta : this part of the aorta leaves the left ventricle and ascends up to the sternal angle. it has spaces between the walls of the vessel and the cusps of the aortic valve called aortic sinuses. arch of the aorta : continuing from the ascending aorta, this part arches posteriorly to the left of the trachea and esophagus, above the left primary bronchus thoracic aorta : the thoracic aorta continues from the arch and descends in the posterior mediastinum and left of the vertebral column. bronchial arteries : these arteries branch off the anterior part of the aorta or a posterior intercostal artery. esophageal arteries : starting at the anterior part of the thoracic aorta, these arteries run to the esophagus. superior phrenic arteries : these arteries start at the anterior part of the thoracic aorta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48250333671169693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.717269"} {"text": "esophageal arteries : starting at the anterior part of the thoracic aorta, these arteries run to the esophagus. superior phrenic arteries : these arteries start at the anterior part of the thoracic aorta and run to the diaphragm. following are the parts of the vena cava and its tributaries : right and left brachiocephalic veins : these veins unite to form the superior vena cava near the brachiocephalic trunk ( at the level of the 1st costal cartilage ). superior vena cava : this large vein runs inferiorly to enter the right atrium. inferior vena cava : this vein is formed by the union of the iliac. it enters the heart at the lowest part of the right atrium. azygos vein : this vein arises from the right ascending lumbar vein and passes through the posterior mediastinum to drain into the superior vena cava. hemiazygos vein : this vein starts at the left ascending lumbar vein and crosses the vertebral column around the level of the 8th thoracic vertebra to join the azygos vein. accessory hemiazygos vein : this vein is formed by the union of the left fourth to the eighth posterior intercostal veins and joins the azygos vein at the level of the 7th thoracic vertebra.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3836321100939394, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.719547"} {"text": "iso sensitivity is the ability of a sensor to provide a defined response for a given level of lighting. photographers use this information to determine the nominal exposure conditions. if the actual iso sensitivity of a digital camera \u2019 s sensor is lower than the sensitivity set by the user, the image is underexposed ; if the sensitivity is greater, the image is overexposed. to be easily understood by photographers, the iso sensitivity of digital cameras has been defined such that it is similar to the iso sensitivity of photographic film cameras, thus lower sensitivities require longer exposure for the same luminance to produce the same result. however, just as very sensitive films are known to be very grainy, parallels can be drawn for digital cameras, since high sensitivities are related to high gain and noise amplification. while it is a common practice for camera vendors to emphasize high iso settings on their cameras, it must be said that high iso does not mean good image quality. any serious photographer knows that the lowest iso should be used to shoot a scene with a longer exposure time. only when conditions do not allow it ( as in photojournalism, low - light conditions, or sport photography ) should lower exposure time and high iso be used ( typically to limit motion blur ). with film photography, changing the iso meant having to change the film ( which was very annoying ). the intrinsic sensitivity of a digital camera is determined by the silicon structure of the sensor itself and cannot be changed, but the iso of the camera can be artificially increased to arbitrary values by applying a gain to the signal. the price to pay is a proportionate increase of noise and eventually, a decrease of snr for a given output value ( see essential characteristics of noise ). the only trick is that the gain is applied before analog / digital conversion so as to avoid quantization effects. so the fact that a camera attains iso 10000 is no guarantee of image quality ; the noise level at this iso has to be reported as well. iso sensitivity ( also known as iso speed ) is a numerical value calculated from the exposure provided at the focal plane of a digital camera to produce specific camera output signal characteristics. iso standard 12232 defines two ways to measure iso sensitivity. the first relates sensitivity to the exposure necessary to saturate the camera. the second, seldom used, compares the relative exposures to obtain different signal - to - noise ratios. the more common saturation - based method is described below. the saturation focal plane exposure is defined as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6014009662265982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.741643"} {"text": "to saturate the camera. the second, seldom used, compares the relative exposures to obtain different signal - to - noise ratios. the more common saturation - based method is described below. the saturation focal plane exposure is defined as the exposure ( illumination multiplied by exposure time in lux. s ) necessary to reach sensor saturation. iso sensitivity is then defined by when a focal plane exposure measurement is not possible, as for a camera with non - removable optics, it is possible to compute the focal plane exposure as l is the scene luminance ( cd / m\u00b2 ), t is the exposure time ( s ), a is the lens aperture ( f - number ), with t as the transmission factor of the lens, v as the vignetting factor, and \u03b8 as the angle of the image point from the optical axis. iso 12232 considers a transmission factor t = 9 / 10, an angle \u03b8 = 10\u00b0, and a vignetting factor v = 98 / 100, which leads to q = 65 / 100. dxomark measures iso sensitivity at the image center ; thus \u03b8 = 0\u00b0 and v = 1, considering the same transmission factor t = 9 / 10, which leads to q = 71 / 100. iso sensitivity is then defined by with lsat being the minimum luminance necessary to reach sensor saturation. as tests show, the iso settings reported by camera manufacturers can differ significantly from measured iso in raw. this difference stems from design choices, in particular the choice to keep some \u201c headroom \u201d to avoid saturation in the higher exposures to make it possible to recover from blown highlights.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5687383610377761, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.744418"} {"text": "multivitamins cut cancer risk in men, study finds ( new york ) - - it ' s a decision that millions of americans face every morning : to take, or not to take, that multivitamin. now, a new study of almost 15, 000 men over 50 suggests popping that daily supplement could cut cancer rates by 8 percent. the study is good news for some americans, who spend billions of dollars each year on the assumption that taking a daily multivitamin will help prevent disease. \" despite the lack of definitive trial data regarding the benefits of multivitamins in the prevention of chronic disease, including cancer, many men and women take them for precisely this reason, \" said dr. michael gaziano, professor of medicine at harvard medical school and lead author of the study published wednesday in the journal of the american medical association. \" our study shows a modest but significant benefit in cancer prevention. \" it ' s unclear whether the results apply to women or men under 50. previous large studies, including a 180, 000 - patient study started in 1992 and the women ' s health initiative study of 160, 000 women published in 2009, found that multivitamins had little to no effect on the risk of cancer. in fact, a 2010 swedish study of 35, 000 women who reported using multivitamins had an increased risk of breast cancer. so what changed? first, the new study randomly assigned men to two groups, one of which took a daily centrum silver\u00ae while the other took a placebo pill. previous multivitamin studies have been observational, meaning that the participants weren ' t compared with someone taking a placebo. second, it followed the men, who were 65 years old on average, over 11 years - - a longer follow - up than previous studies and sufficient time for cancer to develop. and finally, the trial used a multivitamin, which is designed to fill nutritional gaps in a person ' s diet. other trials have tested a single vitamin such as calcium or vitamin a, e or d in large doses, which is very different from how people normally get the vitamins and minerals they need from food. \" the reduction in total cancer risk in [ the study ] argues that the broader combination of low - dose vitamins and minerals contained in the [ centrum silver\u00ae ] multivitamin, rather than an emphasis on previously tested high - dose vitamins and mineral trials, may be paramount for cancer prevention, \" said gaziano. \" clearly the notion of megadoses of isolated nutrients has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4420701706715987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.763631"} {"text": "centrum silver\u00ae ] multivitamin, rather than an emphasis on previously tested high - dose vitamins and mineral trials, may be paramount for cancer prevention, \" said gaziano. \" clearly the notion of megadoses of isolated nutrients has been proven wrong again and again, \" said dr. david katz, director of the yale prevention research center, who was not involved in the study. \" maybe the active ingredient in broccoli is broccoli. \" so if a multivitamin prevents cancer because it provides a mix of nutrients similar to food, why not just eat more fruits and vegetables? diets high in fruits and vegetables have been shown in observational studies to reduce the incidence of cancer and other chronic diseases. but only 1. 5 percent of the public gets the recommended daily allowance of fruits and vegetables, according to katz. katz compared the results of this study to a prior study from europe that showed people who never smoke, have a body mass index or bmi lower than 30, get regular exercise and adhere to a healthy diet, can reduce their risk of chronic disease by almost 80 percent. \" clearly however, taking a multivitamin is easy ; changing dietary patterns is hard, \" he said. the centrum silver\u00ae used in the study was provided by the manufacturer pfizer, but pfizer did not fund the study. copyright 2012 abc news radio", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4684458631422229, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.764404"} {"text": "cut fat, sugar and salt want to eat smarter? do you ever feel as though a sweet tooth or craving for salty foods is holding you back from your health goals? the good news is that with a few simple changes to your eating and cooking habits, you can still eat right with these occasional treats. start building a smarter plate by choosing fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean protein and low - fat dairy \u2014 foods that are packed with the nutrients you need without all the added sugars and solid fats. in addition, you can reduce your risk of high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke simply by eating less sodium. unsure where to start? here are tips for building a smarter plate : eat fewer foods high in solid fats - opt for extra - lean ground beef, turkey and chicken. cut back on processed meats such as hot dogs, salami and bacon. - grill, broil, bake or steam foods instead of frying. - cook with healthy oils like olive, canola and sunflower oils in place of hydrogenated, partially - hydrogenated oils or butter. - select low - fat or fat - free milk, yogurt and cheese. choose foods and drinks with little or no added sugars - switch to water, low - fat or fat - free milk or 100 - percent fruit juice in moderate amounts. - for additional taste, add lemons, limes or cucumbers to water or drink carbonated water. - eat fresh fruit for dessert instead of cakes, cookies or pastries. - buy foods with little - to - no added sugars, like unsweetened applesauce or unsweetened whole - grain cereals. cut back on sodium - instead of salt, use herbs and spices to season foods. - do not add salt when cooking pasta, rice and vegetables. - read the nutrition facts panel to compare the sodium content of high - sodium foods like pre - made foods, frozen meals, bread and canned soups and vegetables. for more information on healthful changes you can make to your eating plan, consult a registered dietitian nutritionist in your area. reviewed april 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4388836960313831, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.768854"} {"text": "range creek on display book cliff students visit exhibit | the students learn about the tanning process from ephraim dickson. | emery county has been put on the map with the news leaking out last year on the archaeological discoveries at range creek. the utah museum of natural history is bringing the first range creek exhibit to the john wesley powell river history museum in green river for one year. the kickoff event was held on march 10. students from book cliff elementary attended the event for some hands on fun with museum presenters. the students learned about nature ' s grocery store and explored the use of plants in the fremont world. the students learned how to grind corn and the chores involved with gathering enough food each day to exist. ephraim dickson, director of education for the utah museum of natural history discussed hunting practices and tools used among the fremont. students learned about tanning hides and scraping them with rock scrapers. | julie hansen talks about fremont pottery with the school children. | julie hansen, cultural anthropologist, explained how the fremont used pottery in their everyday lives and how they made pots by collecting clay and mixing it with sand or crushed rocks to make it stronger. sometimes they painted the pottery. the pots were baked in the sun. the clay was coiled around and around like a snake and formed into a pot. the pot was smoothed with a rock inside and out. the students saw pots made in the fremont era and baskets. dickson explained how the trash piles the indians left behind tell a lot about the way they lived. chris lyon, geologist, showed the children some rock art and figurines. she told them the use of the figurines isn ' t known at this time. the children speculated on the use of the figurines with answers like, \" maybe they were used for snuggling, \" or \" maybe they represent people who have died, \" or \" maybe they protected the corn. \" no one knows for sure and one guess is as good as another as the children thought about the ancients and their way of life. sharon hughes ' first grade class will write stories about the indians and the things they have learned about them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42671430978592373, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.774396"} {"text": "this session will focus on introducing the use of negotiated projects and the australian curriculum in a state school prep class. real - life examples of how anne has incorporated negotiated projects and the australian curriculum at beginning of the prep year will be discussed. anne aims to demonstrate how they can be used to fulfil requirements outlined in both the early years curriculum guidelines and the australian curriculum ( c2c ) key ideas will include : \u2022 anne ' s ongoing work with maintaining a play based pedagogy in a state school prep class. \u2022 focused teaching that compliments projects & the australian curriculum expectations. \u2022 examples of how anne has begun to implement projects and the content of c2c and australian curriculum anne pearson is currently a prep teacher at the new mango hill s. s. prior to teaching at mango hill ss anne was a demonstration teacher for qut at kelvin grove sc. anne has experience in prep and preschool settings. anne has previously presented on playing with the australian curriculum at the 2011ecta conference, and is a passionate advocate of appropriate early years pedagogy as recommended by qsa and education queensland. anne is constantly working on ways to best support her students and support the new australian curriculum. opportunities for discussion will be provided in the presentation. relevant qct standards : 2, 9, 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.526264133247937, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.778396"} {"text": "[ part 1 briefly reviews the differences between analogue and digital synthesis, and discusses voltage control - \" one of the major innovations in the development of the synthesizer. \" part 2 begins a look at subtractive synthesis with a discussion of vcos, waveforms, harmonic content, and filters. part 3 discusses envelopes - the overall ' shape ' of the volume of a sound, plotted against time. part 4 looks at amplifiers as well as other modifiers, including lfos, envelope followers, waveshapers, and modulation. part 5 shows how a subtractive analogue synthesizer can be a learning tool for exploring some of the principles of audio and acoustics. part 6 considers other methods of analogue synthesis. part 7 deals with the topology of the modules that make up a typical synthesizer and then looks at categorizing types of synthesizers. ] 3. 7 early versus modern implementations electronics is always changing. components, circuits, design techniques, standards and production processes may become obsolete over time. this means that the design and construction of electronic equipment will continuously change as these new criteria are met. the continuing trend seems to be for smaller packaging, lower power, higher performance and lower cost but at the price of increasing complexity, embedded software, difficulty of repair and rapid obsolescence. over the last 25 years, the basic technology has changed from valves and transistors towards microprocessors and custom ics. 3. 7. 1 tuning and stability the analogue synthesizers of the late 1960s and early 1970s are infamous for their tuning problems. but then so are many acoustic instruments! in fact, it was only the very earliest synthesizers that had major tuning problems. the first moog vcos were relatively simple circuits built at the limits of the available knowledge and technology \u2013 no one had ever built analogue synthesizers before. the designs were thus refined prototypes which had not been subjected to the rigorous trials of extended serious musical use. it is worth noting that the process of converting laboratory prototypes into rugged, ' road - worthy ' equipment is still very difficult ; and at the time, valve amplifiers and electromechanical devices such as tape echo machines were the dominant technology. modular synthesizers were the first ' all - electronic ' devices to become musical instruments that actually left the laboratory. the oscillators in early synthesizers were affected by temperature changes because they used diodes or transistors to generate the required exponential control law, and these change their characteristics with temperature ( diodes or transistors can be used as temperature sensors! ). once the problem was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5484946608906772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.809251"} {"text": "synthesizers were affected by temperature changes because they used diodes or transistors to generate the required exponential control law, and these change their characteristics with temperature ( diodes or transistors can be used as temperature sensors! ). once the problem was identified, it was quickly realized that there was a need for temperature compensation. a special temperature compensation resistor called a ' q81 ' was frequently used \u2013 they have a negative temperature coefficient which exactly matches the positive temperature coefficient of the transistor. eventually circuit designers devised methods of providing temperature compensation, which did not require esoteric resistors, usually based around differential pairs of matched transistors. developments of these principles into custom synthesizer chips have effectively removed the need for additional temperature compensation. unfortunately, the tuning problems had created a characteristic sound, which is one reason why the ' beating oscillator ' sounds heard on vintage analogue synthesizers are emulated in fully digital instruments that have an excellent temperature stability. tuning problems fall into four categories : - overall tuning - high - frequency tracking because of the differences in the response of components to temperature, the tuning of an analogue synthesizer can change as it warms up to the operating temperature. this can be compensated manually by adjusting the frequency cv or automatically using an ' auto - tune ' circuit ( see later ). some synthesizers used temperature - controlled chips to try and provide elevated but constant temperature conditions for the most critical components : usually the transistors or diodes in the exponential converter circuits. these ' ovens ' have been largely replaced in modern designs by careful compensation for temperature changes. tuning polyphonic synthesizers requires patience and an understanding of the way that key assignment works ( see section 6. 5. 3 ). the tuner needs to know which vco is making the sound ( sometimes indicated by a light emitting diode ( led ) or by a custom circuit addon ), as well as how to cycle through the remaining vcos \u2013 often by holding one note down with a weight or a little wedge and then pressing and holding additional notes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5258225111237057, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.810816"} {"text": "description from flora of china herbs annual or perennial. stems diffuse or procumbent, much branched. leaves alternate or opposite, sessile or shortly petiolate ; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or subcordate ; stipules small, membranous, caducous. inflorescence a small cyme or glomerule, sometimes reduced to a solitary flower, leaf - opposed or terminal ; bracts small, membranous. flowers 4 - or 5 - merous. pedicel green, short or nearly absent, small. sepals not aristate at apex, persistent. petals very small or absent. stamens as many as and shorter than sepals. ovary obovoid, 1 - locular with 1 to several ovules ; style very short, apex 2 - fid. fruit a utricle, a membranous - walled achene enclosed within persistent sepals, irregularly dehiscent or indehiscent, usually 1 - seeded. seeds brown, ovoid or flat - orbicular ; testa shiny. about 45 species : africa, europe, and mediterranean region to c asia ; three species in china. ( authors : lu dequan ; michael g. gilbert )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46671612917496363, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.812196"} {"text": "definition of genu genu : the latin word for the knee. when the knee is referred to in medicine, it is just called the knee. however, the word \" genu \" is also used in medicine as in : genu recurvatum ( hyperextension of the knee ), genu valgum ( knock knee ) and genu varum ( bowleg ). the knee ( or genu, if you are into latin ) is a joint which has three parts. the thigh bone ( femur ) meets the large shin bone ( tibia ) forming the main knee joint. this joint has an inner ( medial ) and an outer ( lateral ) compartment. the kneecap ( patella ) joins the femur to form a third joint, called the patellofemoral joint. the knee joint is surrounded by a joint capsule with ligaments strapping the inside and outside of the joint ( collateral ligaments ) as well as crossing within the joint ( cruciate ligaments ). these ligaments provide stability and strength to the knee joint. the large muscles of the thigh move the knee. in the front of the thigh the quadriceps muscles extend the knee joint. in the back of the thigh, the hamstring muscles flex the knee. the knee also rotates slightly under guidance of specific muscles of the thigh. the knee functions to allow movement of the leg and is critical to normal walking. the knee flexes normally to a maximum of 135 degrees and extends to 0 degrees. the bursae, or fluid - filled sacs, serve as gliding surfaces for the tendons to reduce the force of friction as these tendons move. the knee is a weightbearing joint. each meniscus serves to evenly load the surface during weight - bearing and also adds in disbursing joint fluid for joint lubrication. source : medterms\u2122 medical dictionary last editorial review : 4 / 27 / 2011 5 : 27 : 15 pm medical dictionary definitions a - z search medical dictionary emedicinehealth top news find out what women really need. most popular topics pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5142809315821677, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.821092"} {"text": "apr 11, 2012 / energy globe award project presentation - \" solar houses for siberia \" low energy houses which do not require additional energy for heating are almost state of the art here in austria. but how is the situation in the icy regions of the russian far east, like in vadivostok, with records being minus 68 degrees, chilling winds and a soil that is always frozen? people in russia usually heat their homes with millions of tons of oil, gas, coal, and firewood, but still houses get no warmer than 14 degrees. on average, every russian uses 50 % more energy than any citizen of the eu. saving energy is an unknown concept. an innovative architectural design developed by the far eastern federal university of vladivostok is tackling these challenges and brings a new quality of live into the living rooms of people : the \" eco house \" for everyone has an overall heat insulation made of a special material not only for the roof and walls but also, and especially, for the foundations. so the house stays warm even in the most icy winter, and no longer sinks into the ground, which normally happens when too much heat softens the permafrost soil. with its windbreak architectural form and thanks to solar collectors and heat storage systems now a comfortable 22 degrees can be reached and the house needs only very little energy from external sources even in very cold conditions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5690164150871134, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.825895"} {"text": "definitions, specifications, and other guidance postconsumer fiber means : - paper, paperboard, and fibrous wastes from retail stores, office buildings, homes, and so forth, after they have passed through their end - usage as a consumer item, including : used corrugated boxes ; old newspapers ; old magazines ; mixed waste paper ; tabulating cards ; and used cordage ; and - all paper, paperboard, and fibrous wastes that enter and are collected from municipal solid waste. - postconsumer fiber does not include fiber derived from printers ' over - runs, converters ' scrap, and over - issue publications. recovered fiber means : postconsumer fiber such as : manufacturing wastes such as : - paper, paperboard, and fibrous materials from retail stores, office buildings, homes, and so forth, after they have passed through their end - usage as a consumer item, including : used corrugated boxes ; old newspapers ; old magazines ; mixed waste paper ; tabulating cards ; and used cordage ; and - all paper, paperboard, and fibrous materials that enter and are collected from municipal solid waste, and manufacturing wastes such as : - dry paper and paperboard waste generated after completion of the papermaking process ( that is, those manufacturing operations up to and including the cutting and trimming of the paper machine reel into smaller rolls or rough sheets ) including : envelope cuttings, bindery trimmings, and other paper and paperboard waste resulting from printing, cutting, forming, and other converting operations ; bag, box, and carton manufacturing wastes ; and butt rolls, mill wrappers, and rejected unused stock ; and - repulped finished paper and paperboard from obsolete inventories of paper and paperboard manufacturers, merchants, wholesalers, dealers, printers, converters, or others. mill broke means any paper waste generated in a paper mill prior to completion of the papermaking process. it is usually returned directly to the pulping process. mill broke is excluded from the definition of \" recovered fiber. \" also see \" measurement \" section below. epa recommends that procuring agencies review specifications provisions pertaining to performance and aesthetics and revise provisions that can impede use of postconsumer and recovered fiber, unless such provisions are related to reasonable performance standards. agencies should determine whether performance provisions are unnecessarily stringent for a particular end use. agencies also should revise aesthetics provisions - such as brightness, dirt count, or shade matching - if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.551377466405947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.835478"} {"text": "unless such provisions are related to reasonable performance standards. agencies should determine whether performance provisions are unnecessarily stringent for a particular end use. agencies also should revise aesthetics provisions - such as brightness, dirt count, or shade matching - if appropriate, consistent with the agencies ' performance requirements, in order to allow for a higher use of postconsumer and recovered fiber. epa recommends that procuring agencies document determinations that paper products containing postconsumer and recovered fiber will not meet the agencies ' reasonable performance standards. any determination should be based on technical performance information related to a specific item, not a grade of paper or type of product. epa recommends that procuring agencies watch for changes in the use of postconsumer and recovered fiber in paper and paper products. when a paper or a paper product containing postconsumer and recovered fiber is produced in types and grades not previously available, at a competitive price, procuring agencies should either revise specifications to allow the use of such type or grade, or develop new specifications for such type or grade, consistent with the agencies ' performance requirements. epa recommends that procuring agencies express their minimum content standards as a percentage of the fiber weight of the paper or paper product. epa further recommends that procuring agencies specify that mill broke cannot be counted toward postconsumer or recovered fiber content, except that procuring agencies should permit mills to count mill broke generated in a papermaking process using postconsumer and / or recovered fiber as feedstock toward \" postconsumer fiber \" or \" recovered fiber \" content, to the extent that the feedstock contained these materials. in other words, if a mill uses less than 100 % postconsumer or recovered fiber, only a proportional amount of broke can be counted towards postconsumer or recovered fiber content. epa recommends that procuring agencies consider the effect of a procurement of a paper product containing recovered and postconsumer fiber on their paper collection programs by assessing the impact of their decision on their overall contribution to the solid waste stream.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4837625257097944, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.837432"} {"text": "cushing ' s disease, or cushing ' s syndrome, is often thought of as a disease that only afflicts older horses, however, it has been known to occur in horses as young as eight years old. symptoms of cushing ' s disease horses with cushing ' s disease can be easily recognized by their coarse, wavy coat that often fails to shed out in the summer. a gelding at the barn i used to board at suffered from cushing ' s disease, and even in the heat of a houston summer, he had a thick coat of wavy hair. other symptoms are excessive thirst, combined with excessive urination. a normal horse will drink in the region of 5 - 8 gallons per day, whereas a horse suffering from cushing ' s disease will drink as much as 20 gallons per day. affected horses often have a pot - bellied appearance, combined with a loss of muscle on the topline. in addition, horses with cushing ' s disease are often more susceptible to other diseases because their immune system has been compromised. what causes cushing ' s disease? cushing ' s disease is caused by a tumor of the pituitary gland, which is the small gland at the base of the brain which regulates the rest of the horse ' s endocrine systems. as the tumor grows, it puts pressure on the nearby hypothalmus, which is what regulates the body temperature. this is believed to be the primary cause of the distinctive coarse, wavy hair coat. as cells in the pituitary gland become overactive, they excess quantities of a peptide called pro - opiolipomelanocortin ( polmc, for short ) causing the entire endocrine system to go out of balance. diagnosing cushing ' s disease even though the clinical symptoms are often very obvious, a number of tests have been developed over the years to positively diagnose cushing ' s disease in horses. these include the dexamethasone suppression test ( dst ) and acth ( adrenocorticotropic hormone ) stimulation. in addition, a test which combines the dst with a thyroid stimulating hormone release test, or trh was developed by a team at the university of tennessee to eliminate the overlap of the values of normal horses with those with pituitary tumors which was occurring in a number of cases. treating cushings disease the good news is that once cushings disease has been diagnosed, treatment is simple, if long term, and in many cases allowing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4810818998808489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.844544"} {"text": "normal horses with those with pituitary tumors which was occurring in a number of cases. treating cushings disease the good news is that once cushings disease has been diagnosed, treatment is simple, if long term, and in many cases allowing the horse to return to normal health. bromocriptine mesylate, a dopamine agonist, is one of the drugs used to treat cushing ' s disease. it mimics dopamine to inhibit overproduction of activating peptides, and it has been shown to mildly decrease plasma acth and cortisol levels. there are problems in absorbtion which limit it ' s practical use, however, and there are reported to be a number of side effects. a more successful drug in the treatment of cushing ' s disease is cyproheptadine, a seratonin blocker. this is available in tablet form, which is easily absorbed into the horse ' s system, making it a much more practical treatment. the simplest way to monitor the horse ' s improvement is to watch the water intake over a 24 hour period. the drug levels are slowly increased till the water consumption returns to normal. once the horse has shown maintained improvement for a month, the dosage of the drug is decreased until a maintenance dosage is reached. it is important to note that while these drugs treat the symptoms, they do not treat the pituitary tumor itself. horses with mild cushing ' s disease may be returned to good health for a number of years, but eventually the tumor will compromise the horse ' s life and euthanasia becomes the kindest option.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40293864925233397, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.846136"} {"text": "akha in the language cloudprint this graph shows the place of this language within the cloud of all living languages. each language in the world is represented by a small dot that is placed on the grid in relation to its population ( in the vertical axis ) and its level of development or endangerment ( in the horizontal axis ), with the largest and strongest languages in the upper left and the smallest and weakest languages ( down to extinction ) in the lower right. the population value is the estimated number of first language ( l1 ) speakers ; it is plotted on a logarithmic scale ( where 100 = 1 ; 102 = 100 ; 104 = 10, 000 ; 106 = 1, 000, 000 ; 108 = 100, 000, 000 ). the value for the development versus endangerment dimension is the estimated level on the egids scale. ( see the pages on development and endangerment for a fuller explanation. ) the language in focus is represented by a large, colored dot. when the population is unknown, a color - coded question mark appears at the bottom of the grid. when there are no known l1 speakers, an x appears at the bottom of the grid. the color coding matches the color scheme used in the summary profile graphs on the navigation maps for the site. in this scheme, the egids levels are grouped as follows : - purple = institutional ( egids 0 - 4 ) \u2014 the language has been developed to the point that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home and community. - blue = developing ( egids 5 ) \u2014 the language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread or sustainable. - green = vigorous ( egids 6a ) \u2014 the language is unstandardized and in vigorous use among all generations. - yellow = in trouble ( egids 6b - 7 ) \u2014 intergenerational transmission is in the process of being broken, but the child - bearing generation can still use the language so it is possible that revitalization efforts could restore transmission of the language in the home. - red = dying ( egids 8a - 9 ) \u2014 the only fluent users ( if any ) are older than child - bearing age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmission through the home ; a mechanism outside the home would need to be developed. - black = extinct ( egids 10 ) \u2014 the language has fallen completely out of use and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5385304685222082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.855263"} {"text": "age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmission through the home ; a mechanism outside the home would need to be developed. - black = extinct ( egids 10 ) \u2014 the language has fallen completely out of use and no one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language. the egids level indicated by the large, colored dot may be higher than the egids level reported in the main entry for the language. this is because a separate egids estimate is made for every country in which a language is used. our method for calculating the egids level for the language as a whole is not to take an average of all countries, but to report the highest level ( that is, most safe ) for any country. the logic here is that if the egids level of a language is taken as a predictor of its likely longevity, then its longevity will be determined by where it is the strongest. each dot in the cloud is gray at the level of 20 % black. as dots are superimposed on each other, the spot gets darker. thus a spot of total black indicates that at least 5 languages are at the same spot in the cloud. the population scale is continuous ; thus the placement in the vertical axis corresponds exactly to population. the egids scale, however, is discrete. rather than placing all of the dots for a given egids level exactly on the grid line for that level, the dots are \u201c jittered \u201d ( that is, the horizontal placement is random within a band around the grid line for the level ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5354024405587108, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.858967"} {"text": "an organized population - based breast cancer screening program in norway and an approach to screening that relies on physician - and self - referrals in vermont are equally sensitive for detecting cancer, researchers report in the july 29 online issue of the journal of the national cancer institute. but the recall rate for abnormal mammograms was lower in norway. breast cancer screening in the united states is usually initiated in response to a physician ' s recommendation ( known as \" opportunistic screening \" ), and women are advised to have annual screening mammograms. by contrast, breast cancer screening programs in norway and in some other european countries regularly send letters to all women in a specific age range inviting them to have a screening mammogram. the norway program aims for women to be screened every two years. the differences between the two approaches make it relatively difficult to compare their effectiveness, and few studies have aimed to do so previously. in the current study, berta geller, ed. d., of the university of vermont in burlington, solveig hofvind, ph. d., of the cancer registry of norway, and colleagues compared the screening approaches by looking at the percentage of women who were recalled for a re - evaluation, the screening detection rate of breast cancer, and the rate of interval cancers in 45, 050 women in vermont and 194, 430 women in norway from 1997 to 2003. women included in the study were aged 50 to 69 years at the time of screening. the age - adjusted screening detection rate of cancers was similar between the two populations ( 2. 77 per 1, 000 woman - years in vermont versus 2. 57 in norway ), however, more than three times as many women were recalled in vermont than in norway ( 9. 8 percent versus 2. 7 percent, respectively ). the rate of interval cancers was higher in vermont than in norway ( 1. 24 per 1, 000 woman - years versus 0. 86 ), and 55. 9 percent of the interval cancers were 15 mm or smaller in vermont compared with 38. 2 percent of the interval cancers in norway. when all cancers detected during regular screening and between screening mammograms were combined, there were no substantial differences in the prognostic features of invasive cancers detected in the two populations. the researchers conclude that although most of the women in vermont were screened twice as often as the women in norway, the overall rate of cancer detection was similar. given the shorter interval between screens, geller and colleagues were surprised to find a higher", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4848055832618046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.867424"} {"text": "populations. the researchers conclude that although most of the women in vermont were screened twice as often as the women in norway, the overall rate of cancer detection was similar. given the shorter interval between screens, geller and colleagues were surprised to find a higher interval cancer rate in the vermont women and hypothesize that \" vermont women and / or their health care providers may more readily pursue evaluation of symptoms and clinical findings than their norwegian counterparts. \" \" our results demonstrate that despite its longer screening interzval, the organized population - based screening program in norway achieved similar outcomes as the opportunistic screening in vermont, \" the authors write. contact : jennifer nachbur, email @ example. com, ( 802 ) 656 - 7875 citation : hofvind s, vacek pm, skelly j, weaver dl, geller bm. comparing screening mammography for early breast cancer detection in vermont and norway. j natl cancer inst 2008 ; 100 : 1082 - 1091 note to reporters : we have started up an e - mail list to alert reporters when papers are available on the eurekalert site. if you would be interested on being on this list, please let us know at firstname. lastname @ example. org. the content will continue to be available through eurekalert ' s e - mail system and our eurekalert page. the journal of the national cancer institute is published by oxford university press and is not affiliated with the national cancer institute. attribution to the journal of the national cancer institute is requested in all news coverage. visit the journal online at http : / / jnci. oxfordjournals. org /. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5062674292427138, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.869481"} {"text": "ewings who settled the area in and around robinson township, allegheny co, pennsylvania just before and after the revolutionary war. for a summary descendancy chart for these settlers click here. - moses ewing ( 1725 - 1798 ) : moses was an older brother of squire james ewing. he almost certainly joined his younger brother, james, in migrating to southwestern pennsylvania about 1773. like his brother, he homesteaded land in collier township. while alive, he rented part of his approximately 400 acre homestead ; having no sons, he needed help in working the land. at his death, moses left his land to his brother james. [ ancestors, descendants ] - james ewing, squire ( 1733 - 1825 ) : james ewing went west about the time ( 1773 ) that westmorland county was created from bedford county. he was accompanied by his wife, mary mckown, and first son, william. he was also probably accompanied by his brother moses. it is probable that he first settled land along montours run, near its mouth with the ohio river, in the area that became known as ewing ' s mill. his 1814 will refers to land on montours run adjoining david smith, william holland and a second parcel held by patent on which are both a grist mill and saw mill lying ( together, my whole claim on the waters of montours run ). \" he subsequently homesteaded with the assistance of several slaves to help clear his land and erect improvements some 680 acres in the area near walker ' s mill in collier township. later, he purchased an additional 350 - or - so acres from robert boyd, this land lying between his original homestead and the land of isaac walker. he apparently also owned some land in north fayette township, to the west of the walker ' s, that he transferred to his cousin samuel ewing ( 1741 - 1820 ). [ ancestors, descendants ] - samuel ewing ( 1751 - 1805 ) : this samuel was a first cousin of squire james. he and jean ( neal ) ewing moved from perry county to southwestern pennsylvania prior to the birth of their son john in 1798. at the time of his death in 1805, samuel ' s family lived in moon township ; this is probably where he originally settled. it appears that after samuel ' s death, his family relocated to beaver county to live near samuel ' s brother james. it is most likely that this james settled in beaver county prior to his brother ' s death. alternatively, however, james may have moved to beaver county at the time of his brother ' s death to support his sister", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38945170678535684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.879396"} {"text": "near samuel ' s brother james. it is most likely that this james settled in beaver county prior to his brother ' s death. alternatively, however, james may have moved to beaver county at the time of his brother ' s death to support his sister - in - law, samuel ' s wife jean and her young, minor children. [ ancestors, descendants ] - alexander ewing ( 1752 - 1798 ) : alexander was a nephew of squire james ewing. prior to moving to allegheny county, he lived in adams county, pennsylvania. he was a teamster and hauled goods back and forth between eastern pennsylvania and the pittsburgh area. he moved to the allegheny county area about 1779 and settled in north fayette township on land to the west of land owned by isaac and gabriel walker ( and which he possibly purchased from the walker ' s ). he was accompanied by his wife and his first two sons, john and thomas. [ ancestors, descendants ] - samuel ewing ( 1752 - 1820 ) : samuel ewing, a first cousin of squire james, and his wife mary oldham started out their married life in cecil county, maryland. they may have moved to allegheny county in steps, stopping in redstone, near uniontown, fayette county, pennsylvania. they were living in north fayette township by the time of the 1800 census but not, as well as can be determined, at the time of the previous 1790 census. their son amos had married by the time of the 1800 census and is listed separately. samuel and his son probably settled on land near the current town of oakland in north fayette township that he obtained from his cousin james ewing ( 1733 - 1825 ). [ ancestors, descendants ] - moses ewing ( 1762 - 1845 ) : this moses was a first cousin once removed of squire james ewing. like his second cousin, alexander ewing ( 1740 - 1798 ), moses became attracted to southwestern pennsylvania while a teamster hauling freight between pittsburgh and eastern pennsylvania. he migrated to the area in 1792 and eventually settled, some fifteen years later, 180 acres in robinson township. [ ancestors, descendants ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.38130539084609594, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.881890"} {"text": "in - home behavior & parent training programs in - home behavior and parent training programs to help correct and manage maladaptive behavior ( s ) while helping to develop a healthier family system \" we went to see our psychiatrist today today, and i told her about alex ' s work with my son charles as his in - home behaviorist, and she said \" wow! you get great services! \" i told her it was fact! no other agency would be doing this kind of great work with him. \" thanks again, suzanne a variety of behaviors can manifest in childhood. while some habits and phases extinguish on their own, others can become increasingly maladaptive and difficult to manage. when this happens, it can derail child development, and negatively impact the entire family system. such behaviors often include tantrums and aggression, as well as self - stimulatory and self - injurious behaviors, all of which can be exacerbated by deficits in communication and social skills, anxiety, transitions, and general life changes. when unaddressed, maladaptive behaviors begin to effect the whole family, resulting in negative sibling interactions and making everyday activities, like going to the store, or having dinner out in a restaurant, difficult or even impossible for families to do. fact \u2019 s in - home behavior and parent training programs begin with an assessment that examines the function, severity, and frequency of maladaptive behaviors. this assessment is comprehensive, incorporating direct and indirect measures, and focuses on ten different areas of skill : communication, community use, functional academics, home living, heath and safety, leisure, self - care, self - direction, social, and work. following this assessment, a recommendation is made that includes the type of service and recommended hours, as well as possible funding sources, and specific interventions targeted to address the identified behaviors. if the decision to begin an in - home program is made, a trained behaviorist will come to the home to work with all family members, and any other adults that interact with the child ( nanny, babysitter, grandparents, etc ) on how to correct and manage maladaptive behaviors, as well as how to successfully teach the child appropriate replacement behaviors. additionally, a licensed clinician will supervise and oversee all behavior programs, and will come to the home on a monthly basis to work with the family. what techniques and interventions are used to help correct and replace maladaptive behaviors? at fact, we look at the whole family system and how the system is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42742632479590914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.895055"} {"text": "behavior programs, and will come to the home on a monthly basis to work with the family. what techniques and interventions are used to help correct and replace maladaptive behaviors? at fact, we look at the whole family system and how the system is impacting, creating, and maintaining maladaptive behavior ( s ) for everyone in the system. to do this many interventions and approaches are used. the approaches used include : - aba - applied behavior analysis this approach looks at functions of behavior and what may be reinforcing the behaviors ( s ) and ways to replace the maladaptive behavior and reinforce other behaviors. some of the interventions used may include : operant reinforcement systems, token economies, response cost, checklist, visual / written / pictorial schedules, classic conditioning, shaping, chaining, data collection, and more. - cognitive behavioral therapy this approach looks at how one thinks ( cognition ), feels ( emotion ), and acts ( behavior ), and how the interaction defines the choices we make. interventions include : keeping a diary of thoughts and behaviors, questioning and testing assumptions and patterns of thoughts, systemically facing and experiencing avoided activities, testing out new behaviors, and learning and using relaxation techniques. - social skills / communication training this approach uses modeling, structured role play and rehearsal, conflict resolution, and active listening to help shape, teach, grow, and replace and behavior ( s ) that are influencing and harming social skills for the child. reinforcement for appropriate communication along with visual or pictorial communication aides are used to help grow communication styles the child uses. - and more... based on the family structure and issues present other approaches maybe used, which include : narrative therapy, strategic therapy, family systems, and others. let an in - home behavior and parent training program help bring a healthier, more fulfilling and productive lifestyle for your family today.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44786079486320884, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.897316"} {"text": "philip the good philip the good, 1396 \u2013 1467, duke of burgundy ( 1419 \u2013 67 ) ; son of duke john the fearless. after his father was murdered ( 1419 ) at a meeting with the dauphin ( later king charles vii of france ), philip formed an alliance with king henry v of england. under the treaty of troyes ( 1420 ; see troyes, treaty of ) philip recognized henry v as heir to the french throne ; the dauphin was disinherited. philip aided the efforts of henry and his successor to establish english rule in france. finally, in return for important concessions, philip ended the english alliance and made peace with charles vii in the treaty of arras ( 1435 ; see arras, treaty of ). despite the truce, philip ' s relations with charles were not always amicable. he temporarily supported ( 1440 ) the rebellious nobles in the praguerie and gave asylum to the dauphin ( later king louis xi ), who was constantly in revolt against his father. during philip ' s reign the territory of his duchy was more than doubled. through inheritance, treaty, conquest, and purchase he acquired hainaut, holland, zeeland, friesland, brabant, limburg, namur, luxembourg, liege, cambrai, and numerous other cities and feudal dependencies. uprisings in bruges ( 1436 ) and in ghent ( 1450 \u2013 53 ) were suppressed. in 1463, philip was forced to return some of his holdings to louis xi. his vow ( 1454 ) to go on crusade was never fulfilled. philip ' s court was the most splendid in the western europe of his time. he was succeeded by his ambitious son, charles the bold, who took control of the government from philip in 1465. see biography by r. vaughan ( 1970 ) ; j. l. a. calmette, the golden age of burgundy ( 1949, tr. 1962 ). the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on philip the good from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : french history : biographies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4002492252177486, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.902824"} {"text": "mesabi ( m\u0259sab\u02c8e ) [ key ], range of low hills, ne minn., once famous for its extensive iron ore deposits. the ores were found in a belt c. 110 mi ( 180 km ) long and from 1 to 3 mi ( 1. 6 \u2013 4. 8 km ) wide between babbitt and grand rapids, occurring in horizontal layers ( up to 500 ft / 152 m thick ) near the surface and mined by the open pit method. reserves of high - grade hematite iron are now exhausted, and lower - grade taconite deposits are being worked. the taconite contains mostly chert and magnetite ( an iron - bearing mineral ) and must undergo a costly and complex beneficiation process before being shipped in the form of pellets containing c. 60 % iron. most of the ore found is shipped by rail to duluth, minn., and other ports on lake superior. the mesabi iron ore deposits were first discovered in 1887 by leonidas merritt and his brothers, who organized the mountain iron company in 1890 to mine the ore ; john d. rockefeller gained control of the company in the panic of 1893. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on mesabi from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : u. s. physical geography", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47700919849791656, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.913921"} {"text": "china \u2019 s low - carbon economy and its target china \u2019 s low - carbon economy and its target the impact of climate change is global, and it demands urgent action. according to the stern review, \u201c business - as - usual \u201d ( bau ) will cost five to ten percent of global gdp in 2050. however, if measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are taken now, the macroeconomic costs will bebetween a one percent gain to a 5. 5 percent decrease of global gdp and less than an eighth of a percentage point in annual gdp, the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) predicts in its fourth assessment report. mckinsey global institute put these figures in perspective : if one were to view this spending as a form of insurance against potential damage due to climate change, it might be relevant to compare it to global spending on insurance, which was reached 3. 3 percent of gdp in 2005. the treatment of crucial assumptions on global energy consumption scenarios and the use of top - down economic modeling ( for example, estimating the effect that measures such as a carbon tax would have on a choice of energy sources ) is still a controversial matter. however, the key message is clear : choices about the scale and timing of climate change mitigation must balance the economic costs of more rapid emission reductions against the medium and long term risks of delay. hence the term \u201c low - carbon economy, \u201d embraced by china \u2019 s top political think tank, national development and reforming commission ( ndrc ). it is hard to find an ndrc equivalent outside china, since it plays the role of not only a policy advisor to the government, but also an executor of its policymaking. in the field of greenhouse emissions reductions in china, ndrc plays a pivotal role. one of the most important measures the ndrc is using to steer the nation \u2019 s low - carbon development is the so - called five - year plan, in which a compulsory, quantifiable and verifiable target of energy consumption is stipulated. in january 2011, ndrc director zhang ping announced that china has \u201c basically fulfilled \u201d its energy consumption reduction per gdp unit target as mandated in the 11th five - year plan ( 2006 - 2010 ), a 20 percent reduction in 2010 from 2005 levels. the question of whether the 20 percent target is ambitious enough or not has two sides of a coin, and this coin embodies the chinese characteristics of a low carbon economy. on one hand, this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4651658764781443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.934380"} {"text": "a 20 percent reduction in 2010 from 2005 levels. the question of whether the 20 percent target is ambitious enough or not has two sides of a coin, and this coin embodies the chinese characteristics of a low carbon economy. on one hand, this target is pegged to gdp, which means a significant gdp growth would still permit a significant growth of energy consumption. given that china \u2019 s real gdp growth, adjusted for inflation, during 2005 - 2010 is above 60 percent, one might wonder how much energy consumption is really reduced. on the other hand, this reduction target is not an easy task, especially since china is still predominately fuelled by coal, and the transition to a less energy - intensive one will take decades. what was probably unforeseen by ndrc was the outbreak of an economic crisis that pushed the central government to adopt a basket of stimulus programs aiming to boost the nation \u2019 s economy and global competiveness \u2014 with a large part of the benefit accruing to high - energy industries such as steel and cement. in chinese, \u201c basically \u201d is understood as \u201c more or less, \u201d without referring to an accurate figure. but this is the first time in chinese history that such a clear target on energy consumption has ever been announced, considering the complexity of china energy supply as well as the country \u2019 s lack of data transparency. furthermore, the target was issued to provincial and city governors as a top - down target, a metric on which their political performances will be evaluated. so the motivation to achieve the 20 percent through real actions is strong, as much as the motivation to present a figure as close as possible or marginally higher. in february, voices of feedback were heard from all over china in the auspicious pre - spring - festival atmosphere, with regional media reporting that most provinces and cities have \u201c basically met \u201d the target, with the only exception of xinjiang, which fulfilled a 10. 2 percent reduction. to verify the target \u2019 s fulfillment, an energy saving evaluation group \u2014 consisting of experts from ndrc, the china statistics bureau and china energy bureau \u2014 was sent to various cities after the spring festival, in order to conclude with a performance score. to date, the final result is yet to be published. but what about actions so far? the ndrc director once criticized the simplistic action of cutting off or restricting electricity supply adopted in some chinese regions as \u201c improper. \u201d let \u2019 s switch to those proper actions, categorized by a ) policy levers, b )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5041824414704996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.936770"} {"text": "far? the ndrc director once criticized the simplistic action of cutting off or restricting electricity supply adopted in some chinese regions as \u201c improper. \u201d let \u2019 s switch to those proper actions, categorized by a ) policy levers, b ) public awareness and behavior changes and c ) technological development and applications. it is only fair to say that the ndrc target is more than a demonstrated commitment from the very top political level : it is a creative lever to augment the nation \u2019 s enthusiasm on energy saving. campaigns and posters carrying the slogans of \u201c low - carbon life \u201d can be found everywhere in china, and the shanghai expo was also positioned as \u201c low - carbon expo. \u201d even the beijing olympic games went \u201c green. \u201d public awareness of the whole climate change issue is solidly established in china. significant improvement in behavior changes is observed, such as the electricity saving of individual households, or maybe this is more induced by the increase of the electricity price. it is hard to judge the technological side. however, the huge trading volume with steady increase of chinese import and export of environmental technologies is already solid proof that at least things are going in the right direction. so what comes next? ndrc unveiled the twelfth five - year plan ( 2011 - 2015 ) during this year \u2019 s \u201c two - conferences \u201d ( meetings of the national people ' s congress and the chinese people political consultative congress ), in which a 16 percent further reduction target of energy consumption per gdp unit was announced as a compulsory task. a novelty in this blueprint is that china also commits a 17 percent reduction target of greenhouse emissions per gdp unit. the baseline for comparison is 2010, a figure yet to be concluded.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49444695846814585, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.938115"} {"text": "hawaii vital records ( familysearch historical records ) edit this page from familysearch wiki | this article describes a collection of historical records scheduled to become available at familysearch. org. | collection time period this collection includes records for the years 1904 to 1949. the hawaii vital records are records of birth, marriages and deaths that happen on the hawaiian islands. they include a lot of genealogical history that should help you in your search for your hawaiian ancestors. the key genealogical facts found in the birth records may include the following information : - child \u2019 s name - child \u2019 s sex - birth date - birth place - registration date - parents ' names - parents ' residence - father \u2019 s occupation - parents ' birth places the key genealogical facts found in the marriage records may include the following information : - full name of bride and groom - marriage date - marriage place - residence of bride and groom - age or birthdate of bride and groom - bride and groom \u2019 s occupation - birth place of bride and groom - parents of bride and groom - what number of marriage for bride and groom the key genealogical facts found in the death records may include the following information : - name of deceased - death date - death place - marital status - cause of death - birth date and place - names of parents - surviving spouse - informant \u2019 s name - informant \u2019 s residence how to use the record to begin your search it is helpful to know the following : - the place where the birth, marriage, or death occurred - the approximate date the event occurred - the name of the individual or individuals such as the names of the bride and groom, the infant, or the deceased compare the information in the record to what you already know about your ancestors to determine if this is the correct person. you may need to compare the information of more than one person to make this determination. when you have located your ancestor \u2019 s record, carefully evaluate each piece of information given. these pieces of information may give you new biographical details and lead you to other records about your ancestors. add this new information to your records of each family. - use the marriage date and place as the basis for compiling a new family group or for verifying existing information. - use the birth date or age along with the place of birth of each partner to find a couple ' s birth records and parents ' names. - use the birth date or age along with the place of birth to find the family in census records. - use the residence and names of the parents to locate church and land records. - occupations and titles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.438376926562029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.948772"} {"text": "' s birth records and parents ' names. - use the birth date or age along with the place of birth to find the family in census records. - use the residence and names of the parents to locate church and land records. - occupations and titles listed can lead you to other types of records such as employment, military, and church records. - use the parents ' birth places to find former residences and to establish a migration pattern for the family. - the name of the officiator may be a clue to their religion or area of residence in the county. - use a marriage number to identify previous marriages. - continue to search the records to identify children, siblings, parents, and other relatives who may have been born, married, or died in the same county or nearby. this can help you identify other generations of your family or even the second marriage of a parent. repeat this process for each new generation you identify. - when looking for a person who had a common name, look at all the entries for the name before deciding which is correct. keep in mind : - the information is usually reliable, but depends upon the reliability of the informant. - earlier records may not contain as much information as the records created after the mid 1800s. - there is also some variation in the information given from one record to another record. if you are unable to find the ancestors you are looking for, try the following : - check for variant spellings of the surnames. - check for a different index. there are often indexes at the beginning of each volume. - search the indexes and records of nearby counties. for a summary of this information see the wiki article : united states, how to use the records summary. statewide registration of births and marriages began in 1842. registration of deaths began in 1859. few records exist until 1896, however, and registration was not generally complied with until 1929. why the record was created these records were created to keep track of the vital events happening in the lives of the citizens and to safeguard their legal interests. these records are generally reliable but can vary depending on the knowledge of the informant. related wiki articles contributions to this article | we welcome user additions to familysearch historical records wiki articles. guidelines are available to help you make changes. thank you for any contributions you may provide. if you would like to get more involved join the wikiproject familysearch records. | citing familysearch historical collections when you copy information from a record, you should list where you found the information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42130705891808773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.949879"} {"text": "for any contributions you may provide. if you would like to get more involved join the wikiproject familysearch records. | citing familysearch historical collections when you copy information from a record, you should list where you found the information. this will help you or others to find the record again. it is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records. a suggested format for keeping track of records that you have searched is found in the wiki article : how to cite familysearch collections. examples of source citations for a record in this collection - united states. bureau of the census. 12th census, 1900, digital images, from familysearch internet ( www. familysearch. org : september 29, 2006 ), arizona territory, maricopa, township 1, east gila, salt river base and meridian ; sheet 9b, line 71 - mexico, distrito federal, catholic church records, 1886 - 1933, digital images, from familysearch internet ( www. familysearch. org : april 22, 2010 ), baptism of adolfo fernandez jimenez, 1 feb. 1910, san pedro apostol, cuahimalpa, distrito federal, mexico, film number 0227023 sources of information for this collection hawaii. vital records, 1904 - 1949. hawaii department of health, office of health status monitoring. honolulu. - this page was last modified on 30 september 2011, at 21 : 58. - this page has been accessed 563 times. new to the research wiki? in the familysearch research wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others. learn more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44454584751692694, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.950536"} {"text": "trust in god but tie your camel : and other arab proverbs compiled by : stephen j. mcgrane publisher : llumina press publication date : october 2009 reviewed by : ellen feld review date : november 23, 2009 with international tensions between the western and islamic worlds increasing on an almost daily basis, it is imperative that the two cultures understand each other. one of the best ways to truly comprehend how a people think is by studying their language, including both daily usage as well as proverbs. enter stephen j. mcgrane, businessman and seasoned traveler to the arab world. mcgrane has compiled an extremely thorough volume of arab proverbs that opens the eyes of westerners to the views of arabs. broken down into categories from \u201c fear \u201d to \u201c patience \u201d to \u201c marriage, love, and beauty, \u201d to \u201c fate and luck, \u201d this book will teach the westerner much about arab culture. trust in god but tie your camel is a very simply laid out book, with just three proverbs per page. you could easily read it in one sitting but i \u2019 d suggest taking your time, digesting the meaning of each proverb as you slowly make your way through the pages. many of the proverbs have subtle meanings that could easily be lost with a cursory glance. there is a preface that notes the importance of learning about a culture through their proverbs as well as an explanation as to how the author arranged the text, noting that western counterparts, if they exist, are included. it is interesting to see the frequent bible quotes that coincide with the various proverbs as it truly gives the reader insight into how various cultures share similar beliefs. for example, a proverb attributed to the prophet mohammed states, \u201c none of you will be considered believers if you do not love your neighbor as yourself. \u201d sound familiar? it should if you \u2019 ve read leviticus 19 : 18 ( the new king james version of the bible ), \u201c you shall love your neighbor as yourself. \u201d as mentioned above, many arab proverbs have a western equivalent and mcgrane points them out whenever possible. \u201c a thousand curses do not tear a robe, \u201d may not at first sound familiar until you read the western version, \u201c sticks and stones may break my bones but words will never hurt me. \u201d of course, some proverbs have no direct link to the western world and may leave the reader stumped. \u201c the camel limped from its split lip, \u201d offers no immediate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4855131928104246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.953496"} {"text": "the future of the dollar january 01, 1974 by henry hazlitt mr. hazlitt is the well - known economist, columnist, editor, lecturer and author of numerous books, including what you should know about inflation which is available in paperback from the foundation for economic education. before we consider the future of the american dollar it may be wise to cast a glance at the glories of its past and examine the main causes that have brought it to its present humiliating state. the logical starting point in this examination is bretton woods. when the representatives of some forty nations met there in 1944, heretical monetary notions were floating in the air. lord keynes, who was there, was their chief spokesman. the most definite of these notions was that the gold standard was a barbarous relic, and neither could nor should be restored. it put every national economy in a strait jacket. it prevented full employment ; it strangled economic growth ; it tied the hands of national monetary managers. and all for no good reason except an outworn mystique. besides, there wasn \u2019 t enough gold in the world to sustain convertibility. but because some american congressmen and some parliaments were thought to have a lingering prejudice in favor of gold, it seemed prudent to compromise, and to set up something that looked almost like a gold standard \u2014 a thinly gold - plated standard. so, through an international monetary fund ( imf ), a sort of world central bank, every other currency was to be pegged at a fixed rate to the almighty dollar. each nation, after fixing an official parity for its currency unit, pledged itself to maintain that parity by buying or selling dollars. the dollar alone was to be convertible into gold, at the fixed rate of $ 35 an ounce. but unlike as in the past, not everybody who held dollars was to be allowed to convert them on demand into gold ; that privilege was reserved to national central banks or other official institutions. thus, everything seemed to be neatly taken care of. when every other currency was tied to the dollar at a fixed rate, they were all necessarily tied to each other at fixed rates. only one currency was tied to the dreadful discipline of gold, and even that in a very limited way. gold was \" economized \" as never before. it was now the servant, no longer the master. in addition, the bretton woods agreements provided that if any nation or central bank got into trouble, it was entitled to automatic credit from the fund", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5032105163436214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.976984"} {"text": "\" economized \" as never before. it was now the servant, no longer the master. in addition, the bretton woods agreements provided that if any nation or central bank got into trouble, it was entitled to automatic credit from the fund, no questions asked. thus, not only released from a strict gold standard, but tempted to imprudence, individual nations felt free to expand their paper money and credit supply to meet their own so - called domestic \" needs. \" the politicians and the monetary managers in practically every country were infected with a keynesian or inflationary ideology. they rationalized budget deficits and continuous monetary and credit expansion as necessary to maintain \" full employment \" and \" economic growth. \" as a consequence, there were soon wholesale devaluations. the imf has published hundreds of thousands of statistics ; but the single figure of how many devaluations there were between the opening of the fund and august 15, 1971, when the dollar itself became officially inconvertible into gold, the imf has never published. there were certainly hundreds of devaluations. to my knowledge, practically every currency in the fund, with the exception of the dollar, was devalued at least once. the record of the british pound was much better than that, say, of the french franc, but the pound itself, which had already been devalued from $ 4. 86 to $ 4. 03 when it entered the imf, was devalued again from $ 4. 03 to $ 2. 80 in september 1949 ( an action that touched off 25 more devaluations of other currencies within a single week ), and devalued still again from $ 2. 80 to $ 2. 40 in november, 1967. devaluation, let us remember, is an act of national bankruptcy. it is a partial repudiation, a government welching on part of its domestic and foreign obligations. yet, by repetition by all the best countries, devaluation acquired a sort of respectability. it became not a swindle, but a \" monetary technique. \" until the dollar went off gold in august 1971 and was devalued in december, we heard incessantly how \" successful \" the bretton woods system had proved. during the early part of this period, however, the world suffered from what everybody called a \" shortage of dollars. \" the london economist, among others, even solemnly argued that there was now a permanent \" shortage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5131888250849777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.978066"} {"text": "the bretton woods system had proved. during the early part of this period, however, the world suffered from what everybody called a \" shortage of dollars. \" the london economist, among others, even solemnly argued that there was now a permanent \" shortage of dollars. \" americans thought so too. our monetary managers seemed completely unaware of the tremendous responsibility we had assumed when we allowed the dollar to become the standard and the anchor for all the other currencies of the world. our money managers never dreamed that it was possible to create an excess of dollars. they issued and poured out dollars and sent them abroad in foreign aid. total disbursements to foreign nations, in the fiscal years 1946 through 1971, came to $ 138 billion. the total net interest paid on what the united states borrowed to give away these funds amounted in the same period to $ 74 billion, bringing the grand total through the 26 - year period to $ 213 billion. this amount was sufficient in itself to account for the total of our federal deficits in the 1946 - 1972 period. the $ 213 billion foreign aid total exceeds by $ 73 billion even the $ 140 billion increase in our gross national debt during the same years. foreign aid was also sufficient in itself to account for all our balance - of - payments deficits up to 1970. we created a good deal of this money through internal inflation. from january 1946 to august 8, 1973, the money supply, as measured by currency in the hands of the public plus demand bank deposits, increased from $ 102 billion to $ 264 billion, an increase of $ 162 billion, or of 159 per cent. in the same period the money supply as measured by currency plus both demand and time deposits increased from $ 132 billion to $ 549 billion, an increase of $ 417 billion, or 316 per cent. because of what our monetary authorities believed was the necessity of keeping this enormous inflation going, they adopted one expedient after another. in 1963, blaming the deficit in our balance of payments on private american investment abroad, they put a penalty tax on purchases of foreign securities. in 1965 they removed the legal requirement to keep a gold reserve of 25 per cent against federal reserve notes. they resorted to a \" two - tier \" gold system. next they invented special drawing rights, or \" paper gold. \" but all to no avail. on august 15, 1971, they officially abandoned gold convertibility. they devalued the dollar by about 8 per cent in december, 1971. they devalued it again, by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48574063173747356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.979159"} {"text": "\" paper gold. \" but all to no avail. on august 15, 1971, they officially abandoned gold convertibility. they devalued the dollar by about 8 per cent in december, 1971. they devalued it again, by 10 per cent more, on february 15, 1973. before we bring this dismal history any further down to date, let us pause to examine some of the chief fallacies prevailing among the world \u2019 s journalists, politicians, and monetary managers that have brought us to our present crisis. because we were sending so many of our dollars abroad, the real seriousness of our own inflation was hidden both from our officials and from the american public. we contended that foreign inflations were greater than our own, because their official price indexes were going up more than ours were. what we overlooked \u2014 what most americans still overlook \u2014 is that we were exporting part of our inflation and that foreign countries were importing it. this happened in two ways. one was through our foreign aid. we were shipping billions of dollars abroad. part of these were being spent in the countries that received them, raising their price level but not ours. the other way in which we exported inflation was through the imf system. under that system, foreign central banks bought our dollars to use them as part of their reserves. but in addition, under the rules of the imf system, central banks were obliged to buy dollars, whether they wanted them or not, to keep their own currencies from going above parity in the foreign exchange market. the result is that foreign central banks and official institutions today hold some 71 billion of our dollars. these dollars will eventually come home to buy our goods or make investments here. when they do, their return will have an inflationary effect in the united states. our domestic money supply will be increased even if our federal reserve authorities do nothing to increase it. balance of payments the meaning of the \" deficit \" in our balance of payments has been grossly misunderstood. it has not been in itself the real disease, but a symptom of that disease. the real question americans should have asked themselves is not what consequences the deficits in the balance of payments caused, but what caused the deficits. i have just given part of the answer \u2014 our huge foreign aid over the last 27 years, and the obligation of foreign central banks under the bretton woods agreements to buy dollars. but the foreign central banks had to buy dollars because dollars had become overvalued at their official rate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4913644893082108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.980256"} {"text": "answer \u2014 our huge foreign aid over the last 27 years, and the obligation of foreign central banks under the bretton woods agreements to buy dollars. but the foreign central banks had to buy dollars because dollars had become overvalued at their official rate. they became overvalued because the u. s. was inflating faster than some other countries. after the united states formally suspended gold payments, and after the dollar was twice devalued, foreign banks no longer felt an obligation to buy dollars. the dollar fell to its market rate, and as one consequence we again have a monthly excess of exports. the economists who had all along been demanding the restoration of free - market exchange rates were right. now that the dollar is no longer even nominally convertible into gold there is no longer any excuse for governments to try to peg their paper currency units to each other at arbitrarily fixed rates. the imf system ought to be abandoned. the international monetary fund itself ought to be liquidated. paper currencies should be allowed to \" float \" \u2014 that is, people should be allowed to exchange them at their market rates. but it is profoundly wrong to assume, as many economists and laymen unfortunately now do, that daily and hourly fluctuating market rates for currencies will be alone sufficient to solve the multitudinous problems of foreign commerce. on the contrary, these wildly fluctuating rates create a serious impediment to international trade, travel and investment. they force importers, exporters, travelers, bankers, and investors either to become unwilling speculators or to resort to bothersome and costly hedging operations. with 125 national currencies represented in the imf, there are some 7, 750 changing cross - rates to keep track of, and twice as many if you state each cross - rate both ways. with a gold standard gone, with the dollar standard gone, there is no longer a single accepted unit in which all of these rates can be stated. some gain \u2014 some loss it is a great gain when currencies can be exchanged at their true market rates. since this has happened the american trade balance has improved. in the second quarter of 1973, for example, there was again a surplus of exports. in july, 1973, american exports in dollar terms were the highest for any single month on record. but it is one thing to allow trade to improve by abandoning arbitrary pegs on foreign - exchange rates ; it is quite another thing for a country to seek to increase", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4655702003173767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.981356"} {"text": "1973, american exports in dollar terms were the highest for any single month on record. but it is one thing to allow trade to improve by abandoning arbitrary pegs on foreign - exchange rates ; it is quite another thing for a country to seek to increase its exports at the expense of its neighbors by deliberate devaluation. yet this is what the united states government has very foolishly done. in early august, 1973, frederick b. dent, the u. s. secretary of commerce, assured the american public that the devaluations of the dollar had provided the nation with a \" bright opportunity. \" \" without question, \" he added, \" the most important factor in the improving trade trend is the combination of the two devaluations. \" in fact, the u. s. department of commerce placed an advertisement in the issue of time of july 2, and in other magazines, declaring that to the u. s. exporter the devalued dollar means \" vastly improved prospects, \" that it would help him to capture \" a bigger share of over - sea markets, \" and that it was up to him to \" start putting the devalued dollar to work. \" the basic fallacy in this euphoric picture is that it looks only at the short run consequences of devaluation and even at these only as they affect a small segment of the population. it is true that the first effect of a devaluation, if it is confined to a single country, is to stimulate that country \u2019 s exports. foreigners can buy that country \u2019 s products cheaper in terms of their own money. thus, as the department of commerce \u2019 s ad correctly pointed out : \" for instance, an american product for which a west german importer paid 1000 deutsche mark only 18 months ago would now cost him as little as 770 marks. or about 23 per cent less than before. \" so the american exporter stands to sell more goods abroad at the same price in dollars, or the same volume of goods in higher prices in dollars, or something in between, depending on whether his product is competitive or a quasi - monopoly. so far, so good. but u. s. exports amount to only 4\u00b9 / 2 per cent of the gross national product. now let us enlarge our view. if the dollar is devalued, say, by a weighted average of 25 per cent in terms of other currencies, something else happens even on the first day after devaluation. the prices of all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4633423601214318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.982503"} {"text": "enlarge our view. if the dollar is devalued, say, by a weighted average of 25 per cent in terms of other currencies, something else happens even on the first day after devaluation. the prices of all american imports go up by that percentage ( or more precisely, by its converse ). every american consumer has to pay more, directly or indirectly, for meat, coffee, cocoa, sugar, metals, newsprint, petroleum, foreign cars, or whatever. even the american exporter, as a consumer, has to pay more, and also more for his imported raw materials. so the immediate effect of a devaluation is to force the consumers of the devaluing nation to work harder to obtain a smaller consumption than otherwise of imported goods and services. is it really a national gain for the american people to sell their own goods for less and buy foreign goods for more? the belief that devaluation is a blessing, because it temporarily enables us to sell more and forces us to buy less, stems \u2019 from the old mercantilist fallacy that looked at international trade only from the standpoint of sellers. it was one of the primary achievements of the classical economists to explode this fallacy. as john stuart mill said : the only direct advantage of foreign commerce consists in the imports. a country obtains things which it either could not have produced at all, or which it must have produced at a greater expense of capital and labor than the cost of the thing which it exports to pay for them \u2026 the vulgar theory disregards this benefit, and deems the advantage of commerce to reside in the exports : as if not what a country obtains, but what it parts with, by its foreign trade, was supposed to constitute the gain to it. so far i have considered only the immediate effects of a devaluation. now let us look at the longer effects. the devaluation or depreciation of a currency soon leads to a rise of the internal price level. the prices of imported goods, as i have just pointed out, have a corresponding rise immediately. the demand for exports rises, and therefore the prices of export goods rise. this rise of prices leads to increased borrowing by manufacturers and others to stock the same volume of raw materials and other inventories. this leads to an expansion of money and credit which soon makes other prices rise. ( often, of course, the causation is the other way round : an expansion of a country \u2019 s currency and a consequent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49214708010469377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.983718"} {"text": "and other inventories. this leads to an expansion of money and credit which soon makes other prices rise. ( often, of course, the causation is the other way round : an expansion of a country \u2019 s currency and a consequent rise of its internal price level will soon be reflected in a fall of its currency quotation in the foreign exchange market. ) in brief, internal prices soon adjust to the foreign - exchange quotation of the currency, or vice versa. we can see more clearly how this must take place if we look at a freely transportable international commodity like wheat, copper, or silver. let us say, for example, that copper is 50 cents a pound in new york when the deutsche mark in the foreign exchange market is 25 cents. then purchases, sales, and arbitrage transactions will have brought it about that the price of copper in munich is four times as high in marks as in dollars plus costs of transportation. suppose the dollar is devalued or depreciated so that the mark now exchanges for 40 cents. then, assuming that the price of copper in terms of marks does not change ( and though i have been specifically mentioning marks, dollars, and copper i intend this as a hypothetical and not a realistic illustration ), purchases, sales, and arbitrage transactions will now bring it about that the price of copper in new york will have to rise 60 per cent in terms of dollars. to bring this new adjustment about, more copper will flow from the u. s. to germany. but after this temporary stimulus to american export, the new price adjustment will bring it about that, other things being equal, the relative amount of copper exported may be no different than before the devaluation. a brief period of transition i have been speaking of international commodities, traded on the speculative exchanges, and easily and quickly transportable. in these commodities the international price adjustments will take place in a few days or weeks. the price adjustments of most other goods will, of course, take place more slowly. the main point to keep in mind is that there is a constant tendency for the internal purchasing power of a currency to adjust to its foreign - exchange value \u2014 and vice versa. in other words, there is a constant tendency for the internal prices in a country to adjust to the changing foreign - exchange value of its currency \u2014 and vice versa. though our modern monetary managers and secretaries of commerce seem to know nothing about this, the purchasing power theory of the exchanges was first explained a century and a half ago", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.545095876488844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.984792"} {"text": "country to adjust to the changing foreign - exchange value of its currency \u2014 and vice versa. though our modern monetary managers and secretaries of commerce seem to know nothing about this, the purchasing power theory of the exchanges was first explained a century and a half ago by ricardo. in other words, the alleged foreign trade \" advantages \" of a devaluation last for merely a brief transitional period. depending on specific conditions, that period may stretch over more than a year or less than twenty - four hours. it tends to become shorter and shorter for any given country as depreciation of its currency continues or devaluations are repeated. internal currency depreciation usually lags behind external depreciation, but the lag tends to diminish. statistical studies have been made of the relationships of the internal and external purchasing power of a currency under extreme conditions \u2014 for instance, the german mark during the 1919 - 1923 inflation. ( see the economics of inflation, by constantino bresciani - turroni, 1937. ) it would not be too hard for any competent statistician, with the help of a copy of international financial statistics, published monthly by the imf, to put together revealing comparisons of foreign - exchange rates and internal prices for any country that publishes reasonably honest wholesale or consumers price indexes. it is instructive to recall, incidentally, that at the height of the german hyperinflation, which eventually brought the mark to one - trillionth of its former value, monthly exports, measured in tonnages, fell to less than half of what they had previously been, while the tonnage of imports doubled or tripled. in brief, the pursuit of a more \" favorable \" balance of payments, or a trade \" advantage, \" through depreciation or devaluation of one \u2019 s own currency, is the pursuit of a will - o - the - wisp. any gain of exports it brings to the devaluating nation is temporary and transient, and is paid for at an excessive cost \u2014 an internal price rise and all the economic distortions and social discontent and unrest this brings about. the usual criticism of currency devaluation is that it will provoke reprisals ; that other countries will try the same thing, and the world may be plunged into competitive devaluations and trade wars. this objection is, of course, both a valid and a major one. but what i have been trying to emphasize here is a point that few of our monetary managers have grasped \u2014 that even if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5383147405898293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.985798"} {"text": "plunged into competitive devaluations and trade wars. this objection is, of course, both a valid and a major one. but what i have been trying to emphasize here is a point that few of our monetary managers have grasped \u2014 that even if there is no retaliation, devaluation as a deliberate policy pursued for the sake of a foreign trade gain is self - defeating and stupid. the two american devaluations, for example, were monumental blunders. if the world \u2019 s monetary managers can be brought to learn this one lesson, the economic and political gain will be immense. what steps should be taken to halt the present world inflation and return the world to sound money? the immediate steps are simple and can be briefly stated. the united states \u2014 and for that matter every country \u2014 should forthwith allow its citizens to buy, sell, and make contracts in gold. this would be immediately followed by free gold markets, which would daily measure the real depreciation in each paper currency. gold would immediately become a de facto world currency, whether \" monetized \" or not. the metal itself would not necessarily change hands with each transaction, but gold would become the unit of account in which prices would be stated. exporters would be insured against the depreciation of the currencies in which they were being paid. the second ( and preferably simultaneous ) step can be stated more briefly still. every nation should refrain from further increase in its paper money and bank credit supply. for the united states a special measure would also be needed. a hundred billion dollars or more are held by foreign central banks and foreign citizens. most of these are no longer wanted. they dangerously overhang the market, and constantly threaten to bring sudden and sharp declines in the dollar. the u. s. government must do two things. it must follow monetary policies that will assure foreign dollar holders that they are not holding an asset that is likely to depreciate still further but, on the contrary, one that is likely to keep its value or even to appreciate a little. secondly, the u. s. government should volunteer to fund the dollar overhang. it could do this by offering foreign central banks interest - bearing long - term obligations for their liquid dollar holdings \u2014 say, bonds that would be repayable and retirable, principal and interest, in equal installments over a period of twenty - five or thirty years. it should preferably negotiate with each country separately, and should guarantee its bonds by making principal and interest repayable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4865012174914249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.986761"} {"text": "would be repayable and retirable, principal and interest, in equal installments over a period of twenty - five or thirty years. it should preferably negotiate with each country separately, and should guarantee its bonds by making principal and interest repayable, at the option of the central bank holding them, in either the face value of the dollars or in the currency of the country holding them, at the same ratio to the dollar as of the market rate on the day the agreement was reached. thus, the bank of japan would be paid off, at its option on any payment date, either in dollars or in yen ; the bundesbank either in dollars or in marks ; and so on. ricardo \u2019 s recommendations of a full gold standard of course, the world should eventually return to a full gold standard. a gold standard is needed now for the same reason that david ricardo gave for it in 1817 : though it ( paper money ) has no intrinsic value, yet, by limiting its quantity, its value in exchange is as great as an equal denomination of coin, or of bullion in that coin \u2026. experience, however, shows that neither a state nor a bank ever have had the unrestricted power of issuing paper money without abusing that power ; in all states, therefore, the issue of paper money ought to be under some check and control ; and none seems so proper for that purpose as that of subjecting the issuers of paper money to the obligation of paying their notes either in gold coin or bullion. a return to gold will involve some difficult but not insuperable problems, which we shall not attempt to discuss in detail here. the main immediate requirement is that individual countries stop increasing their paper money supplies. but my topic here is the future of the dollar \u2014 not what it ought to be, but what it is likely to be. and i am obliged to say that the outlook for the dollar \u2014 or, for that matter, of national currencies anywhere \u2014 is hardly bright. the world \u2019 s currencies will be what the world \u2019 s politicians and bureaucrats make them. and the world \u2019 s politcians and bureaucrats are still dominated everywhere by an inflationary ideology. whatever they say publicly, whatever fair assurances they give, they still have a mania for inflation, domestic and international. they are convinced that inflation is necessary to maintain \" full employment \" and to continue \" economic growth. \" they will probably continue to \" fight \" inflation only with false remedies, like \" income policies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4915595298513309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.987716"} {"text": "a mania for inflation, domestic and international. they are convinced that inflation is necessary to maintain \" full employment \" and to continue \" economic growth. \" they will probably continue to \" fight \" inflation only with false remedies, like \" income policies \" and price controls. the international monetary fund is the central world factory of inflation. nearly all the national bureaucrats in charge of it are determined to continue it. having destroyed the remnants of the gold standard by printing too much paper money, they now propose to substitute special drawing rights, or sdr \u2019 s, for gold \u2014 in other words, they propose to print more international paper money to serve as the \" reserves \" behind still more issues of national paper monies. the first international step toward sound money, to repeat, would be to abolish the imf entirely. in august, 1973, the present american secretary of the treasury, george p. schultz, named fourteen men as members of a new advisory committee on reform of the international monetary system. these included three former treasury secretaries, all of whom pursued the very monetary policies that brought the united states and the world to its present crisis. the whole list of men in this committee included only two professional economists. i don \u2019 t want to attack individuals, but to my knowledge not a single man appointed to the new panel believes in the gold standard, has ever advocated its restoration, or has ever spoken out in clear and unequivocal terms even against the chronic increase in paper money issues. but the climate of opinion is now such in the united states that i must confess i would find myself hard put to it to name as many as fourteen qualified americans who could be counted on to recommend a sound international monetary reform. the truth is that everybody is afraid of a return to sound money. nobody in power wants to give up inflation altogether because he fears its abandonment would be followed by a recession. it \u2019 s true that if we stopped inflation forthwith we might have a recession, for much the same reasons as a heroin addict, deprived of his drug, might suffer agonizing withdrawal symptoms. but such a recession, even if it came, would be a very minor and transient evil compared with the catastrophe toward which the world is now plunging. this article is from a paper delivered at a regional meeting of the mont pelerin society in guatemala, september 4, 1973.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5126848620173707, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.989740"} {"text": "within christianity there are a range of different churches which are better known as denominations. each of these denominations has slightly different values and beliefs in regards to christianity \u2013 although they all have the holy bible at the centre of their beliefs. essentially they all have different interpretations of the bible and as such teach different values at church. in this guide we shall look at some of the most popular and common type of christian churches. roman catholic church the roman catholic church is by far the most prominent in the world accounting for approximately one sixth of the world \u2019 s population and over 75 percent of christians in the usa. the roman catholic church is run by the pope and it identifies its mission as spreading the gospel of jesus christ, administering the sacraments and exercising charity. within the roman catholic global community not only are there thousands of churches but a huge network of catholic schools, hospitals, universities and missions. the catholic church believes itself to be the original church that was founded by jesus and his apostles and that their bishops are successors of the apostles through apostolic succession. the roman catholic church dates back almost two thousand years and as such has played a vital role in the shaping of western society. while the roman catholic church has the largest number of worldwide members, in recent years it has undergone criticism for its outdated teachings on abortion, euthanasia, birth control and sexual ethics. the lutheran church is a sub - denomination of protestantism and is one of the major churches of christianity in the usa. the church bases its teachings on those of the 16th century german reformist \u2013 martin luther. due to martin luther \u2019 s views and disagreements over the doctrine of justification \u2013 the roman catholic church split apart from the lutheran church to become two now very separate churches. the lutheran church maintains a very traditional view of christianity and retains many of the liturgical practices and sacramental teachings of the early church, prior to the reformation. the central teaching of the lutheran church is justification. they believe that humans are saved from their sins by god \u2019 s grace alone and through faith alone. they are trinitarians meaning that they believe there are three people making up the trinity \u2013 the father, the son and the holy spirit. the restorationist church is based on the belief that that a purer form of christianity should be restored by way of using the early church as a model to base it on. one of the major denominations of restorationism is the church of jesus christ latter day saints \u2013 otherwise known as mormons. they believe that joseph smith jr. was the person chosen to restore the church back to how it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4514277988398738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.993219"} {"text": "a model to base it on. one of the major denominations of restorationism is the church of jesus christ latter day saints \u2013 otherwise known as mormons. they believe that joseph smith jr. was the person chosen to restore the church back to how it was in the early days of the religion as founded by jesus rather than reform to a modern church. the church of latter day saints was first organized in 1830 and is one of the newest denominations of christianity \u2013 yet has grown rapidly since. the final type of christian church we shall look at today is the orthodox church. the orthodox church is the second largest christian church communion in the world with approximately 225 million members worldwide. the goal of the orthodox church is to draw yourself continually closer to god \u2013 right from the time of baptism as an infant. the process of becoming closer to god is called theosis \u2013 and each member of the church strives to become more \u201c christ like \u201d throughout their lifetime. they believe in the trinity and they believe that jesus christ was both god and man and that he was born, lived and died. an interesting belief of orthodox christians is that when a person dies the soul is temporarily separated from the body. they believe that after this separation it lingers for a while until it is sent either to paradise or the darkness of hades \u2013 this follows the temporary judgment. the final judgment is when the soul and the body will reunite.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5216956467776307, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:00.993755"} {"text": "the natural rights republic by michael zuckert university of notre dame press 304 pp. $ 34. 95 in the natural rights republic, michael zuckert takes up a question that has long divided american historians and political philosophers : \u201c was the american founding inspired by classical republican, christian, whig historical, scottish enlightenment, or modern liberal conceptions? \u201d zuckert unambiguously chooses the latter : america, he says, is the \u201c natural rights republic \u201d - not in the sense that liberalism was the only element present at the creation, but in the sense that it was the dominant one, and showed a power to \u201c make peace with and indeed assimilate important aspects of classical antiquity and christianity. \u201d nor is zuckert \u2019 s argument merely descriptive - he is very much an advocate of the natural rights republic. the first part of the book develops the author \u2019 s account of the natural rights philosophy of the american founding. he offers a painstaking analysis ( textual and structural ) of the declaration of independence, a detailed discussion and critique of other interpretations of the founding ( e. g., garry wills \u2019 and morton white \u2019 s ), and a close reading of jefferson \u2019 s notes on the state of virginia. the declaration is interpreted particularly in conjunction with locke \u2019 s second treatise on government and with contemporaneous expressions of the \u201c american mind, \u201d especially the virginia and massachusetts bills of rights. zuckert \u2019 s analysis of the declaration is generally convincing : he seems to me correct in his \u201c structural \u201d reading of the declaration as a fundamentally \u201c lockean \u201d or liberal document. at the same time, his tendency to minimize the importance of religion in the american political tradition as anything more than a useful prop of politics at times appears excessive, as in the quick move, in his analysis of jefferson \u2019 s handiwork, from \u201c creator \u201d to \u201c nature \u201d : \u201c jefferson himself in the declaration traced... rights to the creator, that is, nature. \u201d the very use of jefferson as the touchstone for understanding natural rights philosophy magnifies the tendency to minimize religion. it tilts the board in favor of a certain understanding of american republicanism that would not have been acceptable to a majority of the people jefferson was writing for when he penned the declaration. on the whole, however, zuckert is very persuasive in making his case for the natural rights republic. his critiques of alternative views are particularly powerful. zuckert confronts his opponents head - on, portraying them fairly, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5481097208200754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.000074"} {"text": "on the whole, however, zuckert is very persuasive in making his case for the natural rights republic. his critiques of alternative views are particularly powerful. zuckert confronts his opponents head - on, portraying them fairly, but then going effectively ( if always politely ) for the jugular. zuckert speaks of \u201c convergences \u201d in the american political tradition. but for him this means not so much a convergence of equal strands as an assimilation by the natural rights tradition of other traditions : old whig constitutionalism, puritan political theology, and the progressive realization of democracy understood as a variant of classical republicanism. america was indeed, zuckert says, an amalgamation of these views, but \u201c the natural rights philosophy remains america \u2019 s deepest and so far most abiding commitment, and the others could enter the amalgam only so far as they were compatible, or could be made so, with natural rights. \u201d take, for example, the argument that traces american political thought to its puritan roots. zuckert surveys various versions of this position : strong continuity ( the major principles of the founding can be found in the puritans ), minimal continuity ( while accommodating themselves to a christian citizenry, the leading founders held ideas incompatible with puritan political thought ), secularized continuity ( there is continuity through a secularization of christian concepts, e. g., covenant ), and eclectic continuity ( political and social theories of puritanism are one of several major sources for the founding ). zuckert \u2019 s mode of argument here is essentially negative : his demolition of the strong, secularized, and eclectic continuity theses leaves only minimal continuity in place. the \u201c lockeanized protestantism \u201d of the eighteenth century represented a \u201c substantial break with the reigning political theology of the previous century, \u201d the god of supernature giving way to the god of nature. the protestant impulse to deny magistrates the power to serve \u201c the good of the soul, \u201d which led to a dissociation of the political realm and the spiritual realm, thereby prepared the way for the liberal focus on rights as the central category of politics. having dissected the puritan continuity thesis, zuckert goes on to the \u201c whig constitutionalism \u201d thesis of john phillip reid and the \u201c classical republican \u201d thesis of scholars such as j. g. a. pocock and gordon wood and shows them to be equally subordinated to natural rights philosophy. over time, zuckert argues, america has developed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5336960970873552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.000984"} {"text": "of john phillip reid and the \u201c classical republican \u201d thesis of scholars such as j. g. a. pocock and gordon wood and shows them to be equally subordinated to natural rights philosophy. over time, zuckert argues, america has developed a successful synthesis of jeffersonian and madisonian republicanism. the large and less strenuously republican madisonian constitutional system is the fundamental frame, but it has become more infused with a jeffersonian spirit ( by, for example, political parties, formal modification of the constitution, and the mass media ), so that it is not so far removed from the people. there are tensions, of course, between the \u201c expressive \u201d ( participatory ) and the \u201c instrumental \u201d ( rights - protecting ) elements of jefferson \u2019 s republicanism. zuckert joins madison in criticizing jefferson on two grounds : 1 ) his insufficient attention to the tension between the popular right to control government and the rights to be protected by government, and 2 ) the unlikelihood that jefferson \u2019 s localized \u201c ward republics \u201d would supply the energy, competence, and prudence necessary for effective national government. nonetheless, zuckert says, the validity of jefferson \u2019 s ideals is reinforced by our persistent concern about the quality of democratic life. we live in a tension between the expressive and instrumental dimensions of republicanism. current debates between liberals and communitarians are simply one manifestation of this tension - a tension that cannot and probably should not be resolved. a question that zuckert needs to take up more explicitly is whether one can move from careful textual analysis of the declaration and other major public documents to such a conclusive characterization of the nature of the american regime. how much do the views of those who are not leading founders, and of the citizenry at large, deserve to be weighed? how much do the premodern elements imbedded in american institutions - e. g., the common law and much state legislation ( including, in many states, religious establishments ) - count? perhaps zuckert would argue that time has told the story : it is the leading founders and the natural rights philosophy they adopted that won out, and those elements have transformed and decisively subordinated the other, nonliberal elements. but an historical argument is not entirely sufficient, since one might view that victory as unfortunate in important ways, as zuckert would think unfortunate some twentieth - century developments away from the natural rights philosophy. zuckert would, i think, argue that the natural rights philosophy is a superior form of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5363260378538018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.001896"} {"text": "since one might view that victory as unfortunate in important ways, as zuckert would think unfortunate some twentieth - century developments away from the natural rights philosophy. zuckert would, i think, argue that the natural rights philosophy is a superior form of political thought and practice. but that is an argument that requires much more than this book, which is more a detailed explication of natural rights philosophy and its influence than it is a compelling argument for its superiority. some of us who harbor more serious doubts about the liberal / natural rights / republicanism synthesis, and who believe that many contemporary problems cannot find effective solutions in either contemporary liberalism or in an older liberal amalgam, will remain convinced of the need for a healthier dose of religion and of ( non - lockean ) \u201c natural law \u201d in some form. whatever one \u2019 s view of what america needs, however, it is important to understand the general character of the american founding, and zuckert \u2019 s book is a powerful exposition of the most central political principles of that founding. its elegant articulation of its own thesis, together with its insightful analysis and critique of a wide variety of alternative views, makes it an extremely important contribution to debates on our national origins, which all serious students of the founding and of liberalism will have to confront. christopher wolfe is professor of political science at marquette university.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5077726091333865, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.002443"} {"text": "your teenage \u201c kids \u201d are probably a lot more competent than they seem, according to psychologist robert epstein. but a raft of laws and regulations ( compulsory education, labor restrictions, a separate juvenile justice system ) and an ever - growing consumer sector have needlessly delayed their entry into the adult world. historically, he points out in an interview about his recent book the case against adolescence, this is not the norm : we have completely isolated young people from adults and created a peer culture. we stick them in school and keep them from working in any meaningful way, and if they do something wrong we put them in a pen with other \u201c children. \u201d in most nonindustrialized societies, young people are integrated into adult society as soon as they are capable, and there is no sign of teen turmoil. many cultures do not even have a term for adolescence. but we not only created this stage of life : we declared it inevitable. in 1904, american psychologist g. stanley hall said it was programmed by evolution. he was wrong. rejecting the stereotype of the teenager as immature and incompetent, epstein argues that adolescents are fully capable of cognitive and moral reasoning, maintaining long - term relationships, and being responsible for themselves. while teens \u201c have too much freedom \u201d in certain senses, they \u2019 re nevertheless \u201c not free to join the adult world, and that \u2019 s what needs to change \u201d : i believe that young people should have more options \u2014 the option to work, marry, own property, sign contracts, start businesses, make decisions about health care and abortions, live on their own \u2014 every right, privilege, or responsibility that an adult has.... when we dangle significant rewards in front of our young people \u2014 including the right to be treated like an adult \u2014 many will set aside the trivia of teen culture and work hard to join the adult world. naturally i disagree with him about abortion, and i \u2019 m not convinced that we should roll back child labor laws or institute the competency tests that he favors. broadly, however, i think he \u2019 s right that the myth of the shallow, irresponsible teenager is a self - fulfilling prophecy. parents may not be able to give their teenage sons and daughters all the rights and responsibilities of adulthood, but they can at least encourage teens to find a job and give them enough freedom to learn from their mistakes, just like adults do. don \u2019 t assume they \u2019 re incapable of making good decisions unless they \u2019 ve proven by their behavior that they \u2019 re", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45321696175237053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.005894"} {"text": "the capital required to construct a tidal barrage has been the significant stumbling block too. it is not an attractive proposition to an investor due to long payback periods. this problem could be solved by government funding or large organisations getting involved with tidal power. in terms of long term costs, once the construction of the barrage is complete, there are very low maintenance and operating costs and the turbines only need replacing once around every 30 years. the life of the plant is indefinite and for its entire life it will receive free fuel from the tide. few tidal barrages have been constructed. the largest tidal power station in the world ( and the only one in europe ) is in the rance estuary in northern france. la rance was completed in 1966 and has operated reliably ever since. so too has the barrage at the bay of fundy in canada - though this had an adverse effect on marine life. there have been plans for a \" severn barrage \" from brean down in somerset to lavernock point in wales. every now and again the idea gets proposed, but nothing has been built yet. it could have over 200 large turbines, and provide over 8, 000 megawatts of power ( over 12 nuclear power station ' s worth ). it would take 7 years to build, and could provide 7 % of the energy needs for england and wales. there would be a number of benefits, including protecting a large stretch of coastline against damage from high storm tides, and providing a ready - made road bridge. however, the drastic changes to the currents in the estuary could have huge effects on the ecosystem so it is unlikely ever to be built due to the major environmental impact that it would cause. a major drawback of tidal power stations is that they can only generate when the tide is flowing in or out - in other words, only for 10 hours each day. however, tides are totally predictable, so we can plan to have other power stations generating at those times when the tidal station is out of action.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44722988899087124, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.008065"} {"text": "a federal government website managed by the u. s. department of health & human services 200 independence avenue, s. w. - washington, d. c. 20201 h1n1 ( originally referred to as swine flu ) the h1n1 flu virus caused a world - wide pandemic in 2009. it is now a human seasonal flu virus that also circulates in pigs. - although the world health organization ( who ) announced the pandemic was over in august 2010, h1n1 is still circulating. - getting the flu vaccine is your best protection against h1n1. - you cannot get h1n1 from properly handled and cooked pork or pork products. - symptoms of h1n1 are similar to seasonal flu symptoms. what is h1n1 flu? h1n1 is a flu virus. when it was first detected in 2009, it was called \u201c swine flu \u201d because the virus was similar to those found in pigs. the h1n1 virus is currently a seasonal flu virus found in humans. although it also circulates in pigs, you cannot get it by eating properly handled and cooked pork or pork products. is h1n1 still a threat? on august 10, 2010 who announced that the world is in a post - pandemic period. however, h1n1 is still circulating. h1n1 is included in the 2011 - 2012 seasonal flu vaccine. what are the symptoms of h1n1 flu? the symptoms of h1n1 are the same as seasonal flu symptoms. how does h1n1 flu spread? the h1n1 flu virus spreads between people in the same way that seasonal flu viruses spread. how can i prevent h1n1 flu? the best way to prevent the h1n1 flu is to get the seasonal flu vaccine. the 2011 - 2012 flu vaccine includes protection against the h1n1 flu virus. you should also follow our everyday steps to keep yourself healthy during flu season. vietnam has begun a phase 1 clinical trial for the first h1n1 pandemic influenza vaccine developed entirely in vietnam with support from the u. s. department of health and human services \u2019 biomedical advanced research and development authority ( barda ). this is the first step in testing the new vaccine in humans. the study and data analysis is expected to be complete by the end of 2012. i have h1n1. what should i do? if your health care provider has diagnosed you with h1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4772857363615651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.010540"} {"text": "cause for concern ( church / state ) what jefferson intended as an explanation of the first amendment ' s protection of the free exercise of religion was misapplied by the supreme court to the establishment clause, a mix - up that has resulted in the very interference with religious free exercise that jefferson argued against. the so - called \" wall of separation between church and state \" has done more damage to america ' s religious and moral tradition than any other utterance of the supreme court. while the first amendment was originally intended to prevent the establishment of a national religion and thus ensure religious liberty, the supreme court ' s misuse of the \" separation of church and state \" phrase has fostered hostility toward, rather than protection of, religious freedom. this phrase has been used by the court to outlaw ten commandments displays in public buildings, prayer and bible reading in schools, clergy and even student invocations at school events, and other public acknowledgements of god. such decisions clearly negate the founding father ' s presupposition of america ' s christian identity. it is time to return the first amendment back to its original meaning and revive the rich faith - filled heritage of america ' s public life. many of the state legislatures that ratified the constitution conditioned their approval on the further inclusion of a guarantee of individual liberties such as the freedom of religion. some of those states already had taxpayer - supported \" establishments \" of religion. the new congress took up these calls for action and drafted the bill of rights for further approval by the states. james madison, a major participant in the debate and drafting of what ultimately became the first amendment, introduced the initial draft on june 8, 1789 as discussions began in the house : the civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship, nor shall any national religion be established, nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience be in any manner, or on any pretext, infringed. after further discussion, other versions of the amendment were offered, including : \" no religion shall be established by law, \" \" no religious doctrine shall be established by law, \" \" no national religion shall be established by law \" and \" congress shall make no laws touching religion. \" finally, the house sent back to the senate this version : \" congress shall make no law establishing religion. \" the senate took the house version under advisement, but then offered its own version : \" congress shall make no law establishing articles of faith or a mode of worship, or prohibiting the free exercise of religion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4841623392552993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.014419"} {"text": "congress shall make no law establishing religion. \" the senate took the house version under advisement, but then offered its own version : \" congress shall make no law establishing articles of faith or a mode of worship, or prohibiting the free exercise of religion. \" when the house and senate met to resolve their differing versions, they settled on the ultimate version of \" congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. \" 1 what is clear from the records of the first amendment debates, as well as jefferson ' s own \" wall of separation \" language, is the founders ' aversion to congress establishing a national religion, not the religion - scrubbing tool the supreme court has made of it over the last 60 years. a few supreme court justices have resisted the current perversion of jefferson ' s \" wall \" metaphor and its effect on the establishment clause. in his 1985 dissent from yet another supreme court decision invoking jefferson ' s \" wall \" to strike down alabama ' s \" moment of silence \" statute, chief justice rehnquist had this to say : \" it is impossible to build sound constitutional doctrine upon a mistaken understanding of constitutional history, but unfortunately the establishment clause has been expressly freighted with jefferson ' s misleading metaphor for nearly 40 years. \" in another by - product of the everson decision, the supreme court decreed that the first amendment, which begins \" congress shall make no law \u2026, \" would henceforth apply to the states as well as the federal government. that ' s how the supreme court gained authority over religious expression in local schoolrooms, graduation ceremonies, football games, courthouses, city councils and thousands of other state and local venues. although that particular issue is too large to address here, it is further evidence of the supreme court ' s massive power grab in the everson decision. copyright \u00a9 2008 focus on the family. all rights reserved. international copyright secured.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49675264292330734, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.015213"} {"text": "display fonts collection | starting in the 19th century with the explosion of popular entertainment and popular - oriented art forms, one of new form of art was the design of posters and advertisements intended to catch the imagination and generate special interest in the audience. from the advertising found in magazines and decorative fronticepieces in books to the poster art movement in france, a consciousness emerged that type and lettering could be decorative and artistic and eyecatching in a way which had previously never really been considered. the concept of display and ornamental type started with newspaper and poster designers taking regular text styles and using them in enormous sizes, or developing italic or slightly embellished styles for emphasis within text. from these beginnings designers began to experiment with what they could do to make titles stand out even more, starting with extra bold or exaggeratedly weighted styles and increasingly more decorative and ornamental styles. many of these early titling faces took on characteristics of traditional calligraphy, because it was the only decorative lettering which many designers were familiar with, or looked like text faces expanded and transformed. by the middle of the 19th century type designers were experimenting with all sorts of onramental type, particularly for use in advertising and in specialized books aimed at an increasingly intellectual middle class market. much of this type partook of the characteristics of calligraphy, but it was increasingly complex and decorative beyond the scope of simple pen - strokes. one of the innovators in this period was william morris, who launched the arts and crafts movement, which included among its interests the development of new and visually striking styles of lettering and typography, such as morris \u2019 own troy type and the unique lettering of artists like charles rennie mackintosh and walter crane. in the last two decades of the 19th century art nouveau spread across europe, emerging from the arts and crafts movement, but attracting a much larger popular audience. decorative type and lettering was a major element of the art nouveau movement, which had strong ties to the performing arts and other visual arts which required publicity in the form of advertisements and posters. the art nouveau movement spurred a renaissance in font design, but much of the art of the period was expressed in unique designs which were never made into typefaces at that time. hand - lettered posters and advertising titles by artists like alphons mucha were in great demand, and the poster art movement grew out of art nouveau and the poster became the major new medium for popular art by the end of the 19th century. the hand - lettering of mucha influenced many other artists and designers and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41339531318892836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.019656"} {"text": "mucha were in great demand, and the poster art movement grew out of art nouveau and the poster became the major new medium for popular art by the end of the 19th century. the hand - lettering of mucha influenced many other artists and designers and when mucha returned to his native czechoslovakia he spurred a renaissance of art and design in eastern europe, which eventually developed into the cubist and futurist movements in art which had a great influence on designers around the world in the period today there is still a great demand for new and unusual display fonts. they are essential to advertising in every media, because they draw attention and give a product a signature look which sets it apart from the competition. advances in desktop publishing have also made it possible to introduce a greater variety of fonts for titling in publications, both in print and online. as a result display fonts are available in great diversity, offering every kind of look for every kind of use. because the basic function of display fonts is to do titles and label things, they may not have the same character set as traditional text fonts. display fonts often only have either upper or lower case characters, and usually don \u2019 t have extended punctuation beyond what \u2019 s normally called for in titles. they are also often designed to be bolder or more ornate than text fonts, often to an exaggerated degree, and as a result they may only really be readable at large sizes and are often poorly suited to text use. virtually anything can be a display font, from the weirdest degenerated style to the most intricate and complex artistic fantasy. the scriptorium \u2019 s collection of display fonts offers exceptional variety. we have fonts based on art nouveau designs, early victorian styles, hand poster lettering by artists like alphons mucha and unique original fonts you won \u2019 t find anywhere else. we offer over 80 display faces, all of which are available in truetype or postscript format for macintosh and pc - compatible computers. they are available singly for between $ 18 and $ 24 each, or as part of discounted packages. we also offer a complete collection of all of the display fonts for only $ 129. it includes all of our display fonts, including the very latest releases. our single fonts and font samplers can be ordered online, by mail or by phone for delivery online or by mail. the special display fonts cd can also be ordered online or by any other means and is deliverable by mail on cd or by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4353410116305844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.020678"} {"text": "oysters : raw or cooked? 8 essential tips about oysters - article author : salvatore cesareo going out on a date and wonder if oysters are it and more? a team of american and italian researchers found out that the high concentration of amino acids present in the oysters flesh triggers an increased level of sex hormones, and their high level of zinc helps the production of testosterone. so, there you have it! it \u2019 s time to pile up a dozen or two of nice fresh oysters for the next romantic dinner. but first let me give you 8 essential tips about oysters 1. what is an oyster? oysters are bivalve molluscs which live in marine habitat. oysters are commonly consumed cooked or raw and are considered to be aphrodisiacs. the edible oysters belong to the family of so called true oysters and are not closely related to the pearl oysters. 2. wild vs. farmed oysters can be harvested in very shallow waters by hand. when in deeper waters long rakes or oyster tongs are used to reach them. in either way the prestige is the same : the oysterman scrapes the oysters into a pile and then scoops them out. the use of scallop dredge ( a toothed bar attached to a chain bag ) towed through the oyster bed by a boat is in some areas still permitted even though represents an environmental problem for the beds. wild oysters can obviously be collected directly by divers. once the oysters are collected, they are sorted to eliminate dead animals, and debris. then they are taken to market where they are either canned or sold live. oysters have been cultured since the romans \u2019 time. two are the methods commonly used : - \u2022 release : the release technique involves distributing oyster spat over existing oyster beds. this allows them to mature in a natural way and later be collected like wild oysters. - \u2022 bagging : the bagging technique involves putting oyster spat in racks or bags and having them above the bottom until harvest. then they get lifted to the surface and the mature ones get removed. in both cases oysters are cultivated onshore when they can attach themselves to a surface. here they are allowed to mature in the water to form seed oysters. 3. oysters as food : many evidence show that oysters were considered food by humans since prehistoric times. in fact, oysters have been an important food source all around coastal areas where they could be easily found. they have been harvested and commercialized", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4135537667254421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.026311"} {"text": ". oysters as food : many evidence show that oysters were considered food by humans since prehistoric times. in fact, oysters have been an important food source all around coastal areas where they could be easily found. they have been harvested and commercialized since romans \u2019 times, who believed them to have aphrodisiacal powers. in the19th century, in the united states oysters were considered street food and sold at the market stands in new york and even given away at san francisco saloons during the gold rush. unregulated harvesting, consumption and overfishing almost cause the oysters to become extinct in the atlantic and pacific coasts. today, oystermen are more aware of the long terms impact of harvesting in the coastal flats and reefs where the oysters grow allowing the oyster beds to replenish. 4. why are so popular? oysters \u2019 relative scarcity, the challenge to transport them live and the high demand in the food market dictate the price we ultimately pay for these shellfish. it is estimated that in the united states of america we consume 2. 5 billion oysters a year and it is no surprise to pay $ 2 to $ 3 dollars for each oyster at the restaurant. but, what makes them so popular? in brief : the taste. oysters can be very salty or sweet, with notes of cucumber, melon, herbs, butter, flint, or copper, all depending on the water in which they grew. 5. oysters ' nutrition facts : many people would agree that oysters are best raw and eaten from the shell. oysters are a good source of zinc, iron, calcium, selenium, vitamin a and vitamin b12 and for those who count calories the good news is that they are low in calories ; one dozen raw oysters contain approximately 110. 6. how to properly store oysters : while oysters can live up to two weeks their taste becomes less pleasant as they age. oysters should always be refrigerated out of water, and in 100 % humidity. if oysters are left in water in the refrigerator they will open, start \u201c breathing \u201d and consume the available oxygen and ultimately die. 7. how to eat oysters : raw or cooked : oysters must be eaten alive, or cooked alive never dead. an open shell is a sign of a dead oyster and cannot be eaten. if the oyster is cooked live the heat will cause the shell to open by itself. to taste the full flavor and sa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4162026877079941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.027260"} {"text": "working in collaboration with the cao, sanparks and the university of the witwatersrand, the csir ' s earth observations research groups have achieved several milestones, changing the way large areas like the knp and surrounding areas can be managed. according to prof greg asner, professor at the department for global ecology at stanford university and in charge of the cao, their relationship with south africa is quite unique : \" it is one of the only places in the world where we work directly with local scientists on issues of management conservation. working in south africa with the kruger national park and the csir gives us the chance to have real impact, \" he said during an interview at the time of the cao ' s third mission to the country in april 2012. this sentiment is echoed by sanparks ' research manager for gis and remote sensing, dr izak smit : \" we do not have the infrastructure, technology or expertise to deal with a project of this magnitude. yet, working with external partners, we can leverage the expertise and funding, thereby enriching our work in transforming the science into management decisions and practices. \" we find ourselves at the interface between the science and the management of the parks. collaboration with external partners like the csir, universities and the cao is essential to the successful management of the parks, and has had impacts on how we manage the park when it comes to the provision of water holes and prescribed burning, for for dr renaud mathieu, a csir principal scientist, the collaboration is also about building technical skills and capacity in south africa to process large sets of data and developing remote sense technologies well suited to the south african savannah landscape. \" historically, especially in africa, most remote sensing - based approaches focused on tropical deforestation. however, more than half of the southern african subcontinent is covered with savannah with about 10 to 50 % tree cover and undergoing mostly gradual changes such as bush encroachment or tree logging for fuelwood. techniques developed for assessing woody biomass in tropical forests with dense canopies cannot simply be transferred to savannas and woodlands, \" he explains. futhermore, the long - term vision is to develop the whole lidar value chain, including the local capacity to operationally collect lidar data for environmental management and vegetation applications using local airborne survey companies. in this regard, the csir and sanparks are already working with a south african company to test the viability, as sanparks is considering using lidar surveys for long - term monitoring. research milestone :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.477987993492912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.031470"} {"text": "using local airborne survey companies. in this regard, the csir and sanparks are already working with a south african company to test the viability, as sanparks is considering using lidar surveys for long - term monitoring. research milestone : sustainability of fuelwood for rural energy needs the lidar data from the 2008 flight campaign have enabled researchers to map and measure woody biomass in rural areas such as bushbuckridge, where harvesting of live wood is still the primary source of fuel for cooking and heating even when electricity is available. researchers combined the lidar data with socio - economic data collected from the area over the past 20 years by the wits rural public health and health transitions research unit, and the wits programme for sustaining natural resources in african ecosystems. this shows that at the current rate of fuelwood consumption - three to four tons per year per household - the woodland resources for some rural villages in bushbuckridge may only last another 12 years. with the help of the lidar data and fieldwork, researchers have also found evidence of illegal commercial cutting of fuelwood in the communal rangelands. \" there is great concern that the current levels of utilisation are not sustainable, with direct negative impacts on the poor, as well as for biodiversity loss and conservation. our findings to date regarding the sustainability of this ecosystem service warrant further investigation, \" says dr mathieu. in all instances, improved estimates will be instrumental to poverty alleviation. research milestones : loss of big trees in conserved areas another significant finding is that large herbivores and fires may have a bigger impact on the loss of big trees in conserved areas than in communal areas, where large trees like the marula are valued for their fruits. over five metres high, many of these trees have taken over 50 years to grow. dr mathieu, \" we have detected a 20 % loss of big trees from research sites in a private game reserve next to the knp in just two years, compared to a 10 % loss of big trees from research sites on communal land over the same time period. \" this was also the first time in his remote sensing career that he found a 100 % correlation between prediction of a remote sensing system ( the lidar ) and ground verification. but researchers are still puzzled about why and how this is happenin. \" at the moment, we think it is because of different reasons, \" explains dr mathieu : \" in the case of the private game reserve, field work shows that a combination of elephants and fire damage is involved. for instance, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.506884314309433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.032437"} {"text": "jump to the main content of this page pacific southwest research station tahoe science projects supported by snplma remote sensing of lake tahoe ' s nearshore environment erin lee hestir, university of california, davis the goal of this research is to use remotely sensed data to retrieve fine sediment, chlorophyll, and colored dissolved organic matter ( cdom ) concentrations from the water column in the near shore, and to map the distribution of periphyton ( attached algae ), aquatic macrophytes ( submerged plants ), clam beds in the nearshore of lake tahoe and variations in sediment type. high spatial resolution multispectral satellite imagery, moderate spatial resolution multispectral satellite imagery, and airborne hyperspectral imagery will be used. we will investigate both empirical and model - driven methods to map fine sediment, chlorophyll, and cdom concentration, macrophyte communities, clam beds, periphyton, and substrate type. the empirical approach will first classify the optically shallow near shore into the different bottom classes using the field data and spectral library first to train and then ( independently ) validate the classifier. this analysis allows the development of statistical correlations ( e. g., regression modeling ) whereby reflectance information can be used to predict the probability of the concentration of water quality constituents above a particular bottom type. upon successful development, the statistical model can then be used to predict water quality in each image pixel given the reflectance value of that pixel. the second approach will use a radiative transfer model that simulates remote sensing reflectance of water given inputs of different aquatic optical properties. one of the key deliverables of the project is a cost - benefit analysis of remote sensing approaches for monitoring the nearshore environment and a manual for implementing remote sensing analysis for monitoring the nearshore environment. relation to other research including snplma science projects the value of remote sensing technologies for evaluation and monitoring in the lake tahoe basin has also been widely recognized, and an increasing number of remote sensing datasets are being acquired over the basin. nasa has been operating a remote sensing validation site at lake tahoe for over a decade and recently the tahoe regional planning agency ( trpa ) and u. s. geological survey have purchased high spatial resolution satellite imagery of the tahoe basin. dr. schladow and dr. steissberg ( uc davis terc ) and dr. hook ( nasa - jpl ) have completed a snplma round 7 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5030854403097315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.035816"} {"text": "have purchased high spatial resolution satellite imagery of the tahoe basin. dr. schladow and dr. steissberg ( uc davis terc ) and dr. hook ( nasa - jpl ) have completed a snplma round 7 - funded project, \" monitoring past, present, and future water quality using remote sensing ( rs ), \" aimed at using remote sensing to quantify changes in lake - wide distributions of secchi depth and chlorophyll distribution. the large pixel size has limited the application to areas outside the nearshore ; however, there will be considerable benefit to this project based on what was learned. several previous snplma science studies will inform this project, including : 1 ) \" predicting and managing changes in near - shore water quality, \" 2 ) \" natural and human limitations to asian clam distribution and recolonization - factors that impact the management and control in lake tahoe, \" and 3 ) \" development of a risk model to determine the expansion and potential environmental impacts of asian clams in lake tahoe, \" as well as a project funded by the us army corps of engineers that is conducting a baseline assessment of benthic species and developing recommendations for future assessments. expected date of final products : | last modified : mar 7, 2013 06 : 28 : 08 pm |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5022711611240616, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.036363"} {"text": "\" this paper has very strong implications for the united states staying ahead in magnet technology, which would bring great dividends in research and improvements in medical imaging. \" a scientific surprise greets fsu researchers at higher magnetic fields by susan ray research performed by a team at florida state university ' s national high magnetic field laboratory suggests that the benefits of building higher - field superconducting magnets likely will far outweigh the costs of building them. fsu researchers riqiang fu, ozge gunaydin - sen and naresh dalal discovered something they weren ' t expecting while trying to improve the resolution, or quality of image, in the magnet lab ' s unique 900 - megahertz, 21. 1 - tesla magnet. while experimenting with the giant magnet, the three noted an exponential increase in the ease of detecting the \" fingerprint \" of the chemical compound they were studying as they exposed it to ever - higher magnetic fields. a paper describing their research was published recently in the journal of the american chemical society, a top - tier chemistry journal. the paper can be accessed here. \" this paper has very strong implications for the united states staying ahead in magnet technology, which would bring great dividends in research and improvements in medical imaging, \" said tim cross, director of the magnet lab ' s nmr user program and a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at fsu. \" we need \u2014 and are working on \u2014 additional fundamental studies that show the benefits of going to higher fields. \" nuclear magnetic resonance, or nmr, generates a true - to - life fingerprint \u2014 a unique pattern indicating the presence of specific molecules \u2014 for a research sample that is being analyzed. as a technique, nmr is very accurate as long as one can detect the sample in the first place. the ease or difficulty of detecting a sample is known as \" sensitivity. \" low sensitivity has been one of nmr ' s biggest liabilities, because the lower the sensitivity, the longer the experiment takes. such slowness has limited nmr ' s potential applications. \" poor signal is like a faint picture in the darkness, \" said dalal, the dirac professor of chemistry and biochemistry at fsu. \" we ' ve shown that the ' 900 ' ( magnet ) increases the picture ' s brightness by a factor of about 10 relative to low - field images. think of how much more you can see in a room that is that much brighter \u2026 and imagine what you ' d see at even higher fields. \" theorists had predicted a linear increase in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6224672542839713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.040742"} {"text": "by a factor of about 10 relative to low - field images. think of how much more you can see in a room that is that much brighter \u2026 and imagine what you ' d see at even higher fields. \" theorists had predicted a linear increase in both resolution and sensitivity at higher magnetic fields, moving from 14. 1 tesla to 21. 1 tesla, the current state of the art in superconducting magnets. in their experiment, the fsu team members observed an exponential increase \u2014 with the sensitivity increasing by a factor of three over what had been predicted. higher sensitivity in a magnet means it takes far less time \u2014 or much less of a sample \u2014 to conduct an experiment. \" the reduction in time is like going from one hour to a couple of minutes, \" said fu, an associate scholar / scientist at the magnet lab and the fsu chemistry department. \" many experiments take weeks, and such a reduction in time will allow for far more studies to be conducted on a single instrument. \" dalal said the shortening of experimental time increases scientists ' ability to fingerprint materials, opening up new areas of scientific investigation in nmr, including the study of materials useful in nanotechnology and medical imaging. the need for less of a sample \u2014 up to 18 times less \u2014 will open up high - field nmr to the study of enzymes and purified proteins, an area in which samples typically are of limited size. the national high magnetic field laboratory ( www. magnet. fsu. edu ) develops and operates state - of - the - art, high - magnetic - field facilities that faculty and visiting scientists and engineers use for interdisciplinary research. the laboratory is sponsored by the national science foundation and the state of florida and is the only facility of its kind in the united states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5851772877772594, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.041446"} {"text": "yearly floods the new reality for rural women mexico city - - year after year, women in rural areas of the southeastern mexican state of tabasco have to get ready for floods that threaten their homes, crops and livestock. by emilio godoy, ips photo : communities along the rivers in tabasco are badly affected by floods in the second half of the year. credit : emilio godoy / ips \" we have adapted. now we build our houses on stilts, \" celia hernandez, who works for an indigenous tourism project in centla, 857 km south of mexico city, told ips. \" every year in june, \" she said, \" the women start putting things away and preparing the older people and children, \" in case there is flooding and everyone has to evacuate their homes and take refuge on higher ground centla, a municipality with a population of 102, 110, lies either side of the grijalva river in tabasco, a state of 2. 2 million people. in the rainy season between june and october, the water level rises and affects urban and rural areas, including centla, which is located in a swampy region and is home to 25 rural communities and 53 \" ejidos \" ( collectively owned farmlands ), as well as the coastal town of frontera, the municipal capital. \" people lose everything they own. the government provides some economic support, but it only covers part of the losses, so we have to start again, over and over, \" said 18 - year - old hernandez, who lives with her family in a rural community where people are involved in tourism or since 2007, tabasco has been hit by the highest and longest - lasting floods of recent decades, in territory that is highly vulnerable to climate change effects such as more intense rainfall, mudslides, rising sea level and loss of biodiversity, which harm the welfare of the \" this is changing women ' s way of life and the traditional activities they have carried out for years, \" maria hernandez, in charge of gender equality issues for the santo tomas ecological association ( aest ), a local ngo, told ips. \" the floods leave women psychologically devastated and economically destroyed. they have difficulty recovering their livelihoods, \" said maria ( no relation to celia hernandez ). \" people used to know when they could plant this or that crop, but now they don ' t know. women take charge of supporting the family and looking for food for their children and husbands, \" she said. the devastation wrought in tabasco by floods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3956897872916879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.047782"} {"text": "people used to know when they could plant this or that crop, but now they don ' t know. women take charge of supporting the family and looking for food for their children and husbands, \" she said. the devastation wrought in tabasco by floods in october and november 2007 was assessed by the economic commission for latin america and the caribbean ( eclac ) at over three billion dollars. since then the aest has supported groups of women in four municipalities, providing training to cope with recurring climate changes, psychological assistance and support for carrying out development projects like poultry farming and family vegetable gardens. photo : rural women in tabasco raise chickens to help overcome the crop losses caused by climate disasters. credit : ivan garcia / ips in rural areas of tabasco, women grow maize, tomatoes and other vegetables and raise chickens and turkeys, complementing their husbands ' work which focuses on fishing. tabasco ' s climate, with an average annual rainfall of 2, 550 millimetres, and its 28 rivers and four dams make adaptation and mitigation measures necessary. together, these can create climate justice for women. after the 2007 disaster, the regional government created the reconstruction and reactivation programme to transform tabasco, one of whose goals is to complete the building of 3, 500 housing units on high ground around villahermosa, the state capital, benefiting women in \" women made homeless by the floods were relocated as part of a policy of adapting to climate change, \" dolores rojas, programme coordinator for the mexican office of the berlin - based heinrich boll foundation, told \" an interesting aspect of this policy is that women were given the title deeds to their homes. this meant they could decide to start a small shop in their home, for example, without needing to ask their husbands ' permission, \" she said. however, there have been some problems. families who moved to the houses faced higher transport costs, because their new homes are far from the centre of villahermosa, a city of 560, 000 people, and there is a lack of services, rojas said. but the study \" gender relations and women ' s vulnerability to climate change \", carried out by jenny jungehulsing for the heinrich boll foundation, found that the relocation \" reduced women ' s vulnerability in a number of spheres of life, \" and contributed significantly to meeting \" important practical needs. \" the policy lays the foundation \" to advance toward greater gender equality, \" the 2011 study concludes. the national water commission, conagua, and the engineering institute of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42719278217215784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.050356"} {"text": "of spheres of life, \" and contributed significantly to meeting \" important practical needs. \" the policy lays the foundation \" to advance toward greater gender equality, \" the 2011 study concludes. the national water commission, conagua, and the engineering institute of the state national autonomous university of mexico consider it a matter of urgency to relocate over 66, 000 people living in 18, 000 dwellings in 107 communities at risk of flooding. but not everyone agrees with the relocation. some local organisations call it forced eviction, especially in rural areas like centla. \" what we want is more financial support, because ( the government ) focuses mainly on urban areas. close to the rivers, flooding is inevitable, \" but people are reluctant to leave their places of origin, celia hernandez said. civil society organisations complain of bad planning in tabasco that has allowed construction in at - risk areas, and poor management of the dams, which release excess water when they reach maximum levels. the overflow often floods the surrounding communities, as happened in 2007. \" in order to protect villahermosa, the floodwater is being diverted to the rural communities. people have to leave their homes and are relocated in another area, where they have nowhere to farm, \" complained as a result, \" the pressure of supporting a family increases and gender violence gets worse, \" she said. because of the recurring floods, the women have had to diversify their activities, since recovering their crops was impossible. \" relocation plans should include a gender perspective so as not to give only partial solutions ; a comprehensive policy is needed. it ' s an expression of climate justice, \" said rojas. women \" are more exposed to risks, and their vulnerability depends on their socioeconomic status. resettlement partially compensates for that vulnerability, \" she said. the heinrich boll foundation study says : \" given that gender equality and women ' s empowerment are central elements for reducing vulnerabilities to climate change, it is important that these policies - through clear, productive actions - diminish these vulnerabilities and advance toward greater gender equality. \" published by : magne ove varsi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.486515431961577, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.051354"} {"text": "in the garden : western mountains and high plains get ready to browse for seeds you ' d like to start indoors. how to get started with starting seeds indoors starting seeds indoors is one of the best cures for late winter cabin fever and it motivates me to think about trying something new in the garden. with all those garden magazines piling up on my desk, i ' m tempted to try a few new varieties that are often not available locally. it ' s time to get set up for starting some seeds indoors. though it would be nice to have a greenhouse, i ' ll make do with my home environment to start my seeds. bright, high - quality light is the key to success. a south - facing window will work nicely. find a spot with enough space to accommodate a work table or two, fluorescent lights, heat mats, seed starting trays, and containers. seed starting takes minimal effort, but the basics never change. here are some of my time - tested tips : for best germination, use a special, soilless mixture just for seed starting. most of the commercial mixes are a blend of milled sphagnum peat moss, perlite ( heated volcanic rock to create pore space ), and vermiculite ( mica - like material to expand and retain moisture ). some may contain compost or a fertilizer, enough to keep the seedlings growing for a few weeks. moisten the mixture with warm water before you use it. it should be evenly moist but not dripping wet ( you shouldn ' t be able to squeeze any water out of a handful of the soilless mix ). fill a clean container with dampened seed starting mixture. you can use flat, shallow seed starting trays, but you can be creative with containers. recyclable plastic containers including yogurt cups, margarine containers, and egg cartons are just a few items i ' ve used. make sure they have some drainage holes punctured in the bottom. press the seed mix down as you fill the containers and gently tamp it down to level and firm the surface. fill the container to within a half - inch of the rim. it ' s a good idea to water the mix again before sowing seeds so they won ' t be washed around by a stream of water applied after sowing. the number one reason seeds don ' t germinate well is that they are planted too deeply. so carefully read the seed packet and follow the instructions. if the seeds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43435882644528134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.056385"} {"text": "won ' t be washed around by a stream of water applied after sowing. the number one reason seeds don ' t germinate well is that they are planted too deeply. so carefully read the seed packet and follow the instructions. if the seeds are extremely tiny, mix them with a little sand or vermiculite to make it easier to sow them thinly. don ' t cover the seeds too deeply. some seeds need light to germinate and shouldn ' t be covered at all ( this will be indicated on the seed packet ). on a plant label write down the variety and the sowing date, and stick it into or staple to the container. create a mini - greenhouse so that the seeds have warmth and constant, even moisture to germinate. covering the container or tray with its plastic cover, or a sheet of plastic food wrap, acrylic, or sheet of glass. don ' t seal it too tightly as this can cut off all air circulation and molds may develop on the surface of the mixture. air circulation discourages diseases like damping - off and other fungus problems. if you use plastic wrap, lift it off part of the day to let air in. seeds that need darkness to germinate can be covered with a sheet of newspaper, black plastic, or fabric to cut out the light. if they need light to germinate, set the container in full light, but not direct sun. keep the seed starting mixture moist, but not soggy. when it becomes dry to the touch, mist it immediately or set the container in a pan of warm water. here is where bottom watering is best as it won ' t cause the seeds to wash or splash around or encourage diseases. the seed growing area should be warm and i prefer to use a heat mat to keep the temperature around 70 degrees f. once the seeds have sprouted, remove the covers and set them where they get good light or under fluorescent lights placed 2 inches above the seedlings. give the seedlings at least ten hours of light every day ; 12 hours is even better. a light rigged with an automatic timer is ideal. the rest is up to you to thin and transplant as needed. in the long run, once you get hooked, you, like me, will be starting seeds every year to curb the symptoms of cabin fever and try growing something new. care to share your gardening thoughts, insights, triumphs, or disappointments with your fellow gardening enthusiasts? join the lively discussions on our facebook page and receive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4355928860438112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.057414"} {"text": "what are guidelines for fertilizing annual and perennial flowers with nitrogen and phosphorus? \u2014 rosanne janssen, wichita, ks plants need both major and minor nutrients. minor nutrients ( also called \u201c trace elements \u201d ) are usually supplied by the soil, but plants use major nutrients in large enough quantities that we should add them regularly. of the major nutrients, nitrogen ( n ) is associated with green, vegetative growth ; phosphorus ( p ) is associated with flowering ; and potassium ( k ) aids root development. however, that \u2019 s an oversimplification. all three major nutrients are necessary, to some degree, for all aspects of healthy plant growth. if plants don \u2019 t have enough nitrogen or potassium, they \u2019 re unlikely to flower well, even though there \u2019 s plenty of phosphorus in the soil. there is no one best fertilizer formulation for annuals or perennials. many work well. however, choose a fertilizer that \u2019 s higher in phosphorus and potassium than nitrogen to encourage blooming and discourage excessive leafy growth. if you \u2019 re growing perennials primarily for foliage, use a balanced fertilizer with equal parts n - p - k. fertilize annuals throughout the growing season, and perennials from spring through midsummer. stop fertilizing most perennials after midsummer so they \u2019 ll slow their growth and prepare for winter dormancy. perennials that are still putting on new growth in fall will be vulnerable to winter injury. some newer annuals do better with frequent fertilizing ( every 10 to 14 days ), particularly if they \u2019 re growing in containers. an easy way to provide enough nutrients is to mix slow - release fertilizer pellets into the soil when you plant. the pellets will release nutrients into the soil for about three to six months.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4096262149984856, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.059457"} {"text": "mapping q lines - to join, add the earliest known direct paternal ancestor only for the testd line. haplogroup q is one of the two branches of haplogroup p ( m45 ). haplogroup q is believed to have arisen in central asia approximately 15, 000 to 20, 000 years ago. it has had multiple origins proposed. much of the conflict may be attributed to limited sample sizes and early definitions that used a combination of m242, p36. 2, and meh2 as defining mutations. this haplogroup has many diverse haplotypes despite its low frequency among most populations outside of the americas. there also are over a dozen subclades that have been sampled and identified in modern populations. q is found predominantly in central siberia, central asia and among native americans. in the latter case it is the specific subclade q1a3a1. one hypothesis is that q came to europe with the huns in the 5th century. the huns are thought to have originated from central siberia, where haplogroup q is still common nowadays. q is found in 2 % of the people in hungary and up to 5 % in isolated pockets in the mountains of slovakia, just north of hungary. it is historically attested that hungary was were most of the hunnic invaders finally settled after wreaking havoc around europe. the nordic and baltic states have the second highest frequency of q in europe. based on the hunnic hypothesis, it is possible that a group of huns settled in sweden and / or norway along with their allies, the goths. the romans reported that the huns consisted of a small ruling elite and their armies comprised mostly of germanic warriors. an alternative scenario is that nordic and baltic q came through the uralic - speaking population of siberia via finland and lappland, but this is unlikely because q is not more common in finland and does not correlate with the densities of the uralic haplogroup n1c1. other central asian or siberian migrations might have brought q to ukraine in the late antiquity or medieval period. for instance, the multi - ethnic central asian troops of genghis khan could very well have carried some haplogroup q ( along with c, g, o and r1a ) to eastern europe, but not to central europe or scandinavia. sources and resources informasjon pa norsk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4972065335439174, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.061820"} {"text": "cnn was founded by georgia businessman ted turner. in the 1970s turner took advantage of the increasing availability of communications satellites to begin broadcasting his independent uhf station, plans for cnn were publicly announced in may 1979. with the bravado that was one of his trademarks, turner predicted that cnn would represent \" the greatest achievement in the history of journalism. \" schonfeld would serve as the network ' s first president and ceo. veteran journalist daniel schorr, who had worked for cbs news during the \" golden age \" of edward r. murrow, lent his credibility to the venture when he agreed to become the new channel ' s most visible correspondent. turner set an ambitious goal of beginning cnn ' s broadcast on june 1, 1980. early response was skeptical. critics doubted whether there was a market for around - the - clock news, and many questioned whether such a venture could be profitable. in a television news universe dominated by the \" big three \" networks ( cbs, nbc, and abc ), many wondered if there was room for such a shoestring operation, particularly one that planned to fill an enormous amount of airtime on a budget that was a fraction of what the networks spent. despite formidable organizational and technical obstacles ( including the loss of satcom iii, the satellite originally scheduled to carry the network ' s signal ), cnn managed to make its june deadline. an estimated 1. 7 million cable television subscribers were able to receive the channel when it aired. although the first day did not go without a hitch, cnn did get its first \" scoop \" only minutes into its inaugural broadcast, cutting away from its first commercial break to bring viewers live coverage of u. s. president jimmy carter ' s visit to the fort wayne, indiana, hospital room of civil rights leader vernon jordan, who had been wounded in an assassination attempt. part of the concept of cnn was that the news, not the anchor, would be the star. the network ' s early format, drawn in part from that of all - news radio, was centered on a news \" wheel. \" major stories were repeated on a cyclical basis throughout the day, sometimes with minor modifications. new stories were added to the mix periodically. at any time, however, breaking news could arise and dominate the schedule. growth and expansion derided by some as the \" chicken noodle news, \" cnn began to gain respectability throughout the 1980s. as it grew more successful, cnn expanded its lineup and its family of channels. crossfire, a local washington, d. c.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.429211415320104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.066704"} {"text": "the late 1990s cnn faced stiff competition from other cable news channels, such as msnbc ( a joint venture of microsoft and nbc ) and fox news channel ( owned by billionaire rupert murdoch ' s news corporation ), both of which were launched in 1996. although often different in tone, cnn ' s cable competitors were largely using the model pioneered by cnn. media critics over the years have both lauded cnn for its attention to international issues and lamented the compression of editorial decision - making processes spurred when the live around - the - clock cycle introduced by the network produces a \" rush to air. \" some observers now speak of \" the cnn effect, \" as expanded television news coverage affects political, diplomatic, and military decision making on a global level. whatever the future may bring for cnn, it has been instrumental in changing the way millions of people get their news. speaking shortly before the network ' s launch, turner promised that, barring technical problems, \" we won ' t be signing off until the world ends. we ' ll be on, and we will cover the end of the world, live, and that will be our last event.... and when the end of the world comes, we ' ll play ' nearer my god to thee ' before we sign off. \" don m. flournoy and robert k. stewart, cnn : making news in the global market ( luton, england : university of luton press, 1997 ). reese schonfeld, me and ted against the world : the unauthorized story of the founding of cnn ( new york : cliff street books, 2001 ). perry mccoy smith, how cnn fought the war : a view from the inside ( new york : carol publishing group, 1991 ). hank whittemore, cnn : the inside story ( boston : little, brown, 1990 ). lain hughes, university of georgia a project of the georgia humanities council, in partnership with the university of georgia press, the university system of georgia / galileo, and the office of the governor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4566181567592278, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.068555"} {"text": "high temperature instruments for supercritical geothermal reservoir characterization and exploitation gfz part in workpackage 4 : production integrity monitoring within hiti, new surface and downhole tools and approaches for deep high - temperature boreholes are developed, built, and tested in the field. the new set of tools and methods has been chosen to provide a basic set of data needed to describe either the supercritical reservoir structure and dynamics ( measurement of temperature, pressure, natural gamma radiation, electrical resistivity, reservoir storativity, and acoustic imaging of the borehole wall ), and the evolution of the casing and cement integrity during production ( acoustic imaging ). the new tools will be tested in - situ in existing icelandic wells, including the iddp ( \u201c iceland deep drilling project \u201d ) hole. within workpackage 4 \u201c production integrity monitoring \u201d, gfz contributes its expertise in fiber - optic temperature monitoring, which is further developed for the specific demands in high - temperature geothermal wells. the current system was deployed in 4. 2 km depth at temperatures of 146 \u00b0c at the in - situ geothermal lab in gro\u00df - schonebeck ( henninges et al., 2005 ). within hiti, a dts sensor cable will be tested during a field experiment in a high - enthalpy geothermal reservoir in iceland. \u00a9 fournier ( 1999 ) - pressure - enthalpy diagram for pure h2o with selected isotherms. the conditions under which steam and water coexist is shown by the shaded area, bounded by the boiling point curve to the left and the dew point curve to the right. the arrows show various different possible cooling paths ( fournier, 1999 ). the pressure - enthalpy diagram for pure water ( figure 1 ) from fournier ( 1999 ) provides a summary of how a supercritical geothermal system might be managed to produce electricity. for more explanations see : european - projekt hiti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5618173871210475, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.070647"} {"text": "yale researchers discover source of signals that trigger hair growth by darren quick september 5, 2011 in news that offers hope to millions of chrome - domes everywhere - yours truly included - yale researchers have made a discovery that could lead to new treatments for baldness. while men with male pattern baldness still have stem cells in follicle roots, they need signals from within the skin to grow hair. until now, the source of those signals that trigger hair growth has been unclear, but the yale researchers claim to have now discovered it. when hair dies, the researcher team led by valerie horsley, assistant professor of molecular, cellular and developmental biology, observed that the layer of fat in the scalp that comprises most of the skin ' s thickness shrinks. when hair growth begins, the fat layer expands in a process called adipogenesis. they identified a type of stem cell - adipose precursor cells - within the skin ' s fatty layer that is involved in the creation of new fat cells. they showed that these cells ' production of molecules called pgdf ( platelet derived growth factors ), was necessary to spur hair regrowth in mice. horsley ' s team is trying to identify other signals produced by adipose precursor stem cells that may play a role in regulating hair growth. she also wants to know whether these same signals are required for human hair growth. \" if we can get these fat cells in the skin to talk to the dormant stem cells at the base of hair follicles, we might be able to get hair to grow again, \" said horsley. just enter your friends and your email address into the form below for multiple addresses, separate each with a comma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5044690988562088, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.073246"} {"text": "jan 7, 2011 new form of public involvement in french grapevine project genetic engineering experiment : from information to interaction the institut national de recherche agronomique in alsace has been trialling a new form of public involvement over recent years. a release experiment with genetically modified grapevines was monitored for six years by a local monitoring committee, which helped develop the biosafety research questions. the project ended in 2010 when the trial field was destroyed. the final report appeared in the online journal plosbiology at the end of 2010. fanleaf degeneration is a crop disease with significant financial consequences for wine - growers. one of the symptoms is spotty, yellow leaves. the inra in colmar studied transgenic grapevines that are resistant to this disease. in the past, methods of involving the public in the introduction of new technologies have usually been restricted to public information or public hearings. more recent methods place a greater emphasis on the active involvement of citizens and stakeholders. one such method was trialled at the institut national de recherche agronomique ( inra ) in colmar from 2003 to 2010. the focus was a field trial with gm grapevines that are resistant to the grapevine fanleaf virus ( gflv ). gflv is one of several viruses that cause fanleaf degeneration. it is transmitted via soil - dwelling nematodes. affected plants normally have to be completely removed and the soil treated with nematicidal substances, although these are banned in many countries. the transgenic grapevines produce a coat protein of the gflv virus, which protects them to a large extent against infection by the \u2018 real \u2019 viruses. since the virus is transmitted through the soil, only the rootstocks are genetically modified ; the scions grafted onto them do not contain any transgenes. for the field trial, soil was taken from two infected vineyards and brought to the inra site. the local monitoring committee ( lmc ), which was convened before the start of the trial, had no fixed membership, but was open to anyone interested, and members were free to pull out at any time. the members were representatives of wine - growers, consumer associations, environmental and nature conservation associations, representatives of the town council, the regional council and the regional environment agencies, as well as one independent wine - grower and a neighbour of the trial site. despite the considerable time investment involved, the composition of the committee remained stable over a period of six years. the bio", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5039150263674574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.078146"} {"text": ", the regional council and the regional environment agencies, as well as one independent wine - grower and a neighbour of the trial site. despite the considerable time investment involved, the composition of the committee remained stable over a period of six years. the biosafety research experiments on the gm grapevines were planned in the first instance by inra scientists and then discussed and modified in the lmc. following discussions in the lmc, for instance, scions were chosen from a grapevine variety that is not otherwise grown in alsace and which has a very different appearance from the alsace grapevines. although the scions were not genetically modified, this approach was intended to prevent fears among the local community about the transgene outcrossing to native grapevines. another modification instigated by the lmc was for a membrane to be buried under the trial field to isolate the experiment. this was designed to prevent the gflv - infected nematodes from spreading. the membrane was also employed because of fears raised in the lmc that horizontal gene transfer could take place between the transgenic rootstocks and the nematodes. however, the inra scientists regarded these fears as unfounded. the lmc also initiated additional research, e. g. into whether an exchange of genetic material takes place between the transgenic rootstock and the soil microflora or the non - transgenic scion. in addition, the lmc developed a research programme on conventional methods of controlling the gflv virus. after the field trial was partially destroyed in september 2009, the lmc received broad support from a wide range of organisations and parties, including from those opposed to the use of genetic engineering in agriculture. since the rootstocks remained unharmed, the research work was resumed. however, in august 2010 the field trial was destroyed so completely that the research had to be abandoned.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49019959408755154, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.078876"} {"text": "despite the many initiatives launched in the last two decades, there is still a long way to go to tackle britain ' s big health and lifestyle challenges : alcohol misuse, obesity and smoking. the biggest and worst of these public health challenges remains smoking. unlike high - fat foods or alcohol, there is no acceptable level of consumption of cigarettes. smoking kills \u2013 it ' s that simple. not only does smoking shorten smokers ' lives, but it also comes at an enormous cost to the taxpayer. smoking - related illnesses are estimated to cost the nhs at least \u00a32. 7bn a year in england alone. today marks the closure of the government ' s consultation on whether plain packaging of tobacco products should be introduced in the uk. the prospect of standardised cigarette packaging coming into law will inevitably result in a greater focus on the harmful effects associated with smoking and the role that our government can play in helping people to kick the habit. the medical evidence is startlingly clear ; smoking is the single biggest preventable cause of early death and illness in the uk, each year directly accounting for more than 100, 000 unnecessary deaths. one in two long - term smokers will die prematurely from a smoking related disease. we also know that smoking harms others through passive smoking in the home, and smoking by pregnant women also remains a significant problem. more than one in six mothers smoke during pregnancy, with potentially harmful results for both mum and baby. smoking also comes at a large financial cost, and often to those who can least afford it. the average price for a packet of cigarettes translates to \u00a351. 80 a week for a 20 - a - day habit. we know that smoking rates are highest among those on the lowest incomes, further entrenching the health inequalities that exist between the richest and poorest people in our country. so how do we change things? we must discourage young people from taking up smoking in the first place. while there are fewer older adult smokers than there were a decade ago, smoking is still common among young people, and in particular amongst teenage girls. the triumph of britain ' s athletes at the london olympic games has provided a once in a generation opportunity to inspire people to do more exercise and to address some of the toughest public health challenges we face as a country, but it is unlikely that sporting inspiration and the olympic legacy alone will be enough. one of the most overlooked and potentially most successful aspects of the coalition government ' s recent nhs reforms was the allocation of much of the public health budget and the responsibility", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4200931360569479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.083609"} {"text": "last year the bill and melinda gates foundation raised eyebrows with its announcement that they would fund an initiative to take toilet technology to the next level. with 2. 5 billion people lacking access to sanitation in a world that cannot afford to use potable water for carrying away human waste in the long run, the economic opportunities that the reinvented toilet offer businesses could be highly lucrative. ground zero for the quest to find the perfect toilet for the 21st century ' s needs may as well be durban, south africa. the coastal city with a population of 3. 8 million is a prime test bed to find a new solution for the water hogging commode that has changed very little, either technically or functionally, since its invention in the 1850s. despite having an average annual rainfall of 1200mm, durban, as is the case with much of south africa, now faces increasing water scarcity. the city ' s infrastructure suffers further strain as more of south africa ' s rural poor move there to find work. currently 800, 000 residents live in shacks situated in districts that have marginal sanitation. durban has made impressive strides on water issues in the past decade. tap water, for example, is now safe to drink. nevertheless, 230, 000 families still lack access to safe and hygienic toilets. communal toilet blocks are a stopgap measure for residents who lack indoor plumbing or space for a private toilet. but with the urban poor viewing the porcelain flushing toilet as the gold standard, municipalities such as durban face the dual challenge of diminishing water supplies and meeting citizens ' increased expectations. for the world ' s poor, a clean toilet is not just about health, but offers dignity, privacy and a break from the daily chaos in the streets. durban ' s pressing challenge is balancing the needs of its citizens, tight water supplies and the mandate of the south african constitution, which states that access to water and a clean environment are inherent rights. for now the city ' s strategy is to follow a \" sanitation edge concept, \" under which waterborne sanitation is provided where the housing density justifies such infrastructure. in more remote sections of the city, dry urinary diversion ( ud ) toilets are the standard. and hence the dilemma : the victorian - era flush toilets are wasteful, but dry pit toilets are not clean or safe to use in the long term. in the end, poorer citizens want what they view as a simple tool with a handle that flushes. so what about one that does not discharge litres and litres of water? to that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4570447250219044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.090080"} {"text": "toilets are not clean or safe to use in the long term. in the end, poorer citizens want what they view as a simple tool with a handle that flushes. so what about one that does not discharge litres and litres of water? to that end, the city of durban has entered a partnership with the gates foundation and the swiss aquatic research institute eawag to find a solution that captures the functionality of the flush toilet without waste. according to neil macleod, head of durban ' s water and sanitation department, the holy grail for the future toilet is one that not only eliminates waste, but also generates wealth. speaking to an audience at world water week in stockholm, macleod said the technology to recover waste and energy from human waste exists, but the process requires much refinement. in a world where resources such as phosphorous are becoming limited and expensive, last night ' s dinner, multiplied by millions and even billions, could offer a wealth of materials that could provide energy, fertiliser and even recycled water. and the technologies involved could include solar, microwaves and nanotechnology. the toilet ' s future, said macleod, is analogous to what has happened with telephones over the past two decades. in the same way that mobile phones skipped a generation in the developing world, a similar story could unfold with toilets. instead of wasteful flush toilets replacing filthy pit latrines, a future commode that uses modern technology could generate economic opportunity across the globe. rather than a massive revamp of centuries - old infrastructure in cities, macleod envisions decentralised water technology systems where waste would be separated very close to its source. could such a contraption resemble a washing machine at the back of a house, where recycled water and fertiliser flow out to separate pipes? could water, which is now generally a monopoly controlled by one central authority, follow the path of computing and telephony and become managed at a more decentralised level? the shift in viewing sewage as a valuable resource rather than waste will require a massive rethink by government, business and consumers. but a nascent clean technology sector focused on the reinvention of the 150 year old toilet is already taking hold. entrepreneurs have started to cash in : the gates foundation has announced the first round winners of its \" reinvent the toilet challenge \" and durban will host the world toilet summit this december. the future commode, waterless and, for now, a wizardly concept, will bring wealth to a new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5233029777764835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.091526"} {"text": "one of the key tenets of generally accepted accounting principles ( gaap ) is the matching principle. the matching principle states that companies should report associated costs and benefits at the same time. if a company buys a $ 300 million cruise ship in 1982 and then sells tickets to passengers for the next 30 years, the company should not report a $ 300 million expense in 1982 and then ticket sales for 1982 through 2012. instead, the company should spread the purchase price of the ship ( the cost ) over the same time period it sells tickets ( the benefit ). to create income statements that meet the matching principle, accountants use an expense called depreciation. so, instead of reporting a $ 300 million purchase expense in 1982, the company might : report a $ 30 million depreciation expense in 1982, 1983, 1984... and every year after that for the 30 years the company expects to sell tickets to passengers on this cruise ship. to calculate depreciation, a company must make estimates and choices such as : the cost of the asset the useful life of the asset the salvage value of the asset at the end of its useful life and a way of spreading the cost of the asset to match the time when the asset provides benefits the range of different ways of spreading the cost under gaap accounting is too long to list. however, public companies in the united states explain their depreciation choices to shareholders in a note to their financial statements. it is critical that investors read this note. investors can find this note in the companys 10 - k. past depreciation expenses accumulate on the balance sheet. most public companies choose not to show this contra asset account on the balance sheet they present to shareholders. instead, they simply show a single item. this single asset item may be marked net. such as property, plant, and equipment - net. it is actually the asset account netted against the contra asset account. a contra asset account is an account that offsets an asset account. so, for example a company might have : property, plant, and equipment - gross : $ 150 million accumulated depreciation : $ 120 million property, plant, and equipment - net : $ 30 million in this case, the only item likely to be shown on the balance sheet is property, plant, and equipment - net. this is the cost of the companys property, plant, and equipment ( asset account ) minus the accumulated depreciation ( the contra asset account ). it means the companys assets cost $ 150 million, the company has reported", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5070630273251091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.095058"} {"text": "equipment - net. this is the cost of the companys property, plant, and equipment ( asset account ) minus the accumulated depreciation ( the contra asset account ). it means the companys assets cost $ 150 million, the company has reported $ 120 million in depreciation expense over the years, and the company is now reporting the assets have a book value of $ 30 million. it is possible for a company to have fully depreciated assets on its balance sheet. this means the companys estimate of the useful life of the asset was shorter than the assets actual useful life. as a result, the asset - although it is still being used - is carried on the balance sheet at its salvage value. this is a reminder that depreciation involves estimates and choices. it is not an infallible process. companies do not have cash layout for depreciation. therefore, depreciation is added back in the cash flow statement. although depreciation is not a cash cost, it is a real business cost because the company has to pay for the fixed assets when it purchases them. both warren buffett and charlie munger hate the idea of editda because depreciation is not included as an expense. warren buffett even jokingly said we prefer earnings before everything when criticizing the abuse of editda. depreciation estimates make the calculation of net income susceptible to managements accounting choices. these choices can be either overly aggressive or overly conservative., operating margin, earnings before depreciation and amortization * all numbers are in millions except for per share data brown - forman corporation annual data brown - forman corporation quarterly data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.456517480622534, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.095737"} {"text": "fern extract and sun protectionmay 4, 2009 written by jp [ font too small? ] summer is nearly upon us and that means that many us will be spending more time outdoors in the sun. while this is a good thing in many respects, it also increases the likelihood of sun damage and premature aging of skin. another very real concern is skin cancer. but these risks may be significantly reduced if we protect ourselves from excessive uv radiation during the peak hours of the day and by supporting the body from the inside out. there is a little known nutritional supplement that may help shield the skin from the harmful effects of summertime sun exposure. i \u2019 m referring to a fern extract ( polypodium leucotomos ) that has been the subject of scientific study for over a decade. here \u2019 s an overview of several studies that support its use as an \u201c internal sunscreen \u201d. - in 2004, a study at the harvard medical school department of dermatology tested the effects of a fern extract on 9 healthy adults. the volunteers were exposed to artificial uv radiation on two different occasions. in one instance, they were asked to take the fern extract. the second uv radiation session was administered without the supplement. skin tests performed 24 hours after the uv exposures demonstrated a significant \u201c chemophotoprotective \u201d effect thanks to the fern extract. the dosage used was 7. 5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. this would equate to just over 500 mg for a 150 pound individual and about 700 mg for someone who weighs 200 pounds. ( 1 ) - an italian trial from 2007 found that those with sun sensitivity also responded very well to fern supplementation. 25 patients consumed 480 mgs of fern extract a day and found that it provided a statistical reduction in \u201c skin reaction and subjective symptoms \u201d. in addition, this natural medication did not provoke unwanted side effects. ( 2 ) a recent scientific review from the sloan kettering cancer center revealed several proposed mechanisms by which this fern extract appears to work : - it inhibits the formation of free radicals and the typical oxidative damage brought about by uv radiation. this may have to do, in part, with the naturally occurring antioxidants present in ferns. ( 3 ) - it specifically protects skin cells and dna from sun related damage / decomposition and cell death. this may account for some of the skin anti - aging effect noted in some research. ( 4, 5 ) - fern extracts also show a remarkable anti - inflammatory effect in skin tissue. chronic inflammation appears to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4566889478857859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.099378"} {"text": "sun related damage / decomposition and cell death. this may account for some of the skin anti - aging effect noted in some research. ( 4, 5 ) - fern extracts also show a remarkable anti - inflammatory effect in skin tissue. chronic inflammation appears to contribute to both cancer and wrinkle formation. ( 6, 7 ) - fern extract preserves immune function during uv exposure, which may prevent harmful cellular changes that play a role in the development of skin cancer. ( 8 ) the topical application of fern may yield added benefits as well. studies as far back as 1997 show its far reaching potential as a skin saver. ( 9, 10 ) the prospect of combining oral and topical fern appears to be very promising indeed. in fact, even difficult to treat skin conditions such atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and vitiligo ( a loss of pimentation in sections of the skin ) may be responsive to a combination therapy that includes fern extract. ( 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 ) using fern extracts will not give you license to engage in reckless sun exposure. but it may give you an added layer of protection from the harmful effects of uv radiation. we all should spend some time in the sun. the health benefits are undeniable. but we should do so in a judicious manner. fern extract appears to be an ally which can help us to derive more of the sun \u2019 s benefits with less potential for accompanying damage. tags : skin care posted in nutritional supplements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47277866962243004, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.100058"} {"text": "the hebrew vocabulary is spread over wide horizon with special focus on the words and the various derivations from it. there are various terns which are needed to be remembered in order to entreat you with significant results. there are so many flash tools and software available through online resources that allow you to understand and learn the hebrew vocabulary easily, efficiently and quickly. thus you can get skilled and learn hebrew vocabulary with minimum effort and time. there are so many accredited courses available even through online recourses with well qualified and trained faculty. there are software and flashcards available that allows you to recall and master yourself and increase your vocabulary by carefully listening to the pronunciation and speaking accordingly. when you learn hebrew vocabulary it allows you to read and write the language with total efficiency. there are letters with strong and weak pronunciations which helps us to use while writing with vowel systems. you need to understand and learn the rules of the hebrew vocabulary in order to become a skilled learner. when you learn hebrew vocabulary it helps you to introduce yourself and start your conversation with total command over the language. this gives you a chance to explore and understand their rich culture and tradition of the community and hebrew language. learn now the hebrew vocabulary & idioms ( learn hebrew for free online ) : - hebrew vocabulary \u2013 our body - hebrew vocabulary \u2013 basic talk - hebrew vocabulary \u2013 family - hebrew vocabulary \u2013 clothes - hebrew vocabulary \u2013 colors - hebrew vocabulary \u2013 animals - hebrew vocabulary \u2013 countries - hebrew vocabulary \u2013 numbers - hebrew vocabulary \u2013 qualities - hebrew vocabulary \u2013 questions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46468275500486134, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.101841"} {"text": "helcom indicator fact sheets for 2005 as the environmental focal point of the baltic sea, helcom has been assessing the sources and inputs of nutrients and hazardous substances and their effects on ecosystems in the baltic sea for almost 30 years. the resulting indicators are based on scientific research carried out around the baltic sea under the helcom plc and combine monitoring programmes. during the past few years, helcom indicator fact sheets have been compiled by responsible institutions and approved by the helcom monitoring and assessment group. the indicator fact sheets for 2005 are listed in the navigation menu on the left and older ones can be found in the indicator fact sheet archive. the development of sea surface temperature in the baltic sea in 2004 was characterised by rather cold months of june and july and by a warm august. the wave climate in the northern baltic sea in 2004 was charactrised by a spring season that was calmer than usual and by a storm in december during which the significant wave heigth in the northern baltic proper reached a record value of 7. 7 meters. the following ice winter was, by the extent of the ice cover, classified as normal. the break up of ice was in most waters earlier than normal and on the 23rd of may the baltic sea was ice free. life pulsates according to water inflows the present state of the baltic sea is not only the result of the anthropogenic pressures but is also influenced hydrographic forces, such as water exchange between the baltic sea and the north sea. after the major baltic inflow in january 2003, which renewed most of the deep water in the baltic sea, no new major inflow has taken place and the near - bottom water in the bornholm and eastern gotland basin returned back to anoxic conditions in the middle of 2004. the baltic sea continues to suffer the impacts of human activities baltic sea habitats and species are threathened by eutrophication and elevated amounts of hazardous substances as a result of decades of human activities in the surrounding catchment area and in the sea. eutrophication is the result of excessive nutrient inputs resulting from a range of anthropogenic activities. nutrients enter the either via runoff and riverine input or through direct discharges into the sea. although nutrient inputs from point sources such as industries and municipalities have been cut significantly, the total input of nitrogen to the baltic sea is still over 1 million tonnes per year, of which 25 % enters as atmospheric deposition on the baltic sea and 75 % as waterborne inputs. the total input of phosphorus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48927300864624423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.110570"} {"text": "and municipalities have been cut significantly, the total input of nitrogen to the baltic sea is still over 1 million tonnes per year, of which 25 % enters as atmospheric deposition on the baltic sea and 75 % as waterborne inputs. the total input of phosphorus to the baltic sea is ca. 35 thousand tonnes and enters the baltic sea mainly as waterborne input with the contribution of atmospheric deposition being only 1 - 5 % of the total. the main source of nutrient inputs is agriculture. ( please note that indicator fact sheets on nutrient inputs to the baltic sea will be published in the near future ). the inputs of some hazardous substances to the baltic sea have been reduced considerably over the past 20 to 30 years. in particular discharges of heavy metals have decreased. the large majority of heavy metal enters the baltic sea via rivers or as direct discharges : 50 % for mercury, 60 - 70 % for lead and 75 - 85 % for cadmium. the remaining share of inputs is mainly from atmospheric deposition of these heavy metals. eutrophication intensifies phytoplankton blooms the waterborne loads for nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly higher in 2004 compared to the previous year, partly due to the natural flutuations in inputs caused by varying hydrographical conditions. annual emissions of nitrogen from the helcom contracting parties were lower in 2003 than in 1995. mainly because of interannual changes in meteorology, no significant temporal pattern in nitrogen depositions to the baltic sea and its sub - basins can be detected, however depositon in 2003 was 11 % lower than in 1995. eutrophication is an issue of major concern almost everywhere around the baltic sea area. the satellite - derived chlorophyll - like pigments in the baltic sea are clearly higher than in the skagerrak and north sea. the average biomass production has increased by a factor of 2. 5 leading to decreased water clarity, exceptionally intense algal blooms, more extensive areas of oxygen - depleted sea beds as well as degraded habitats and changes in species abundance and distribution. annual integrated rates for sedimentation of organic matter in the gotland sea have not show significant trends between 1995 and 2003. however, decrease in water clarity has been observed in all baltic sea sub - regions over the last one hundred years, with it being most pronounced in the northern baltic proper and the gulf of finland. although no rising trend can be detected in spring blooms from 1992 to 2005, the 2005 spring bloom in the gulf of finland was more intense than in the previous year while negliga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4819574816399649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.111711"} {"text": "being most pronounced in the northern baltic proper and the gulf of finland. although no rising trend can be detected in spring blooms from 1992 to 2005, the 2005 spring bloom in the gulf of finland was more intense than in the previous year while negligable in the arkona basin. due to the poor weather during the summer of 2004, there were no major cyanobacteria blooms that year. as a result, levels of dissolved inorganic nutrients in the winter nutrient pool remained extremely high throughout the baltic proper and meant that the risk for severe cyanobacterial blooms remained. the average concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen were lower in all regions except at the entrance to and within the gulf of finland throughout the year 2004 when compared to the reference ( the average of the years 1993 - 2003 ). this was confirmed by the 2005 summer blooms of cyanobacteria being amongst the most intense and widespread ever encountered in the northern and central baltic proper. high surface water temperatures are a prerequisite for intensive blooms of toxic nodularia species. in 2004, the abundance of the nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria as well as the ratio between the toxic nodularia spumigena and the non - toxic aphanizomenon flos - aquae were almost at the same level as in the previous four years. heavy metals and organic pollutant still persistent in marine environment the inputs of some hazardous substances to the baltic sea have reduced considerably over the past 20 to 30 years. however, the concentrations of heavy metals and organic pollutants in sea water are still several times higher in the baltic sea compared to waters of the north atlantic. as a result of efforts to reduce pollution, annual emissions of heavy metals to the air have decreased since 1990 and consequently their annual deposition onto the baltic sea has also halved since 1990. riverine heavy metal loads ( notably cadmium and lead ) have also decreased for most of coastal states. concentrations of contaminants in fish vary according to substance, species and location, but in general, the concentrations of cadmium, lead and pcbs have decreased. still the content of dioxins in the fish muscle may exceed the authorized limits set by the european commission. overall the levels of radioactivity in the baltic sea water and biota have shown declining trends since the chernobyl accident in 1986, which caused significant fallout over the area. radioactivity is now slowly transported from the baltic sea to the north sea via kattegat. the amount of caesium - 137 in baltic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49323610384745453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.112747"} {"text": "shown declining trends since the chernobyl accident in 1986, which caused significant fallout over the area. radioactivity is now slowly transported from the baltic sea to the north sea via kattegat. the amount of caesium - 137 in baltic sea sediments however has remained largely unchanged, with highest concentrations in the bothnian sea and the gulf of finland. habitats and species under threat this year helcom introduces its first biodiversity indicators. the degenerating state of the the baltic sea affects marine life in many ways. macrobenthic communities have been severely degraded by increased eutrophication throughout the baltic proper and the gulf of finland and are below the longterm averages. populations of the amphipod monoporeia affinis have crashed in the gulf of bothnia and the invasive polychaete marenzelleria viridis has spread. the lack of salt water inflows has diminished the habitat layer for heterotrophic organisms in general and those of marine origin, such as copepods, in particular. although the total number of copepods has not change dramatically, the ratio between different species has been affected which in turn has had consequences in higher trophic levels. herring for instance has suffered from a decline in its favoured diet and now competes with sprat for other species of copepods. decrease in observed illegal oil spills an increase in the number of maritime transportation during the past decade has increased the potential for an increased numbers of illegal oil discharges. since the late 1990s ships have been required to deliver oil or oily water from the machinery spaces as well as from ballast or cargo tanks to reception facilities in ports. as of 1999, the number of observed illegal oil discharges has gradually been decreasing every year, but in 2004, still almost 300 illegal spills were detected. information on the long - term varaitions in the baltic marine environment can be found in : fourth periodic assessment of the state of the marine environment of the baltic sea, 1994 - 1998 ; executive summary ( 2001 ) list of 2005 indicator fact sheets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46939817853386556, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.113668"} {"text": "the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) recently confirmed that a citizen of great britain, who had lived in houston, tx for four years, has been diagnosed with variant creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( vcjd ). the 30 - year - old man had begun experiencing symptoms of the disease before he moved back to great britain earlier this year. he was born in the united kingdom ( u. k. ) and resided there from 1980 - 1996, a period of time when the risk of exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( bse ) through the consumption of contaminated beef was at its peak. bse, known as mad cow disease in animals, is a progressive, degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system. the cdc was made aware of the case by the u. k. national creutzfeldt - jakob disease surveillance unit in edinburgh, scotland. although the diagnosis of the u. k. man raises some concern, cdc and u. s. government officials do not view this case as proof of further domestic transmission. \u201c he lived in the u. k. for the whole time they had a problem, \u201d said lawrence b. schonberger, a medical epidemiologist at the cdc. he added, \u201c almost certainly, this case represents a continuation of the outbreak that is going on in the u. k. and it is just by convention that he happened to have gotten sick here. \u201d mad cow disease in animals and vcjd in humans, are prion - related diseases resulting in very serious neurological symptoms and death. there is currently no treatment for vcjd. if a person was to become infected with vcjd, there exists a theoretical possibility of them donating blood and bringing the disease into the u. s. blood supply. while residing in houston, this particular man was never hospitalized, had not undergone any invasive surgeries or received donated blood, according to the cdc. beverly boyd, a spokeswoman with the texas department of agriculture asserts, \u201c this is not a safety issue for texas. we have taken all the necessary steps possible to prevent any exposure in the united states and we have a very safe beef supply in texas and america. \u201d the cdc has stated that there is no connection between this u. k. human case and the bse detection in a texas cow this past summer. in june, the u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) confirmed the first case of bse in a u. s. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48857841061067453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.116129"} {"text": "hindu religious critiques the hindu view is that there should be peace and good will to all people and all religions, that no one should be discriminated against because of their religious beliefs. therefore no one should fear that a true hindu would interfere with their political or social rights, or their religious freedom. however hindus should not press this tolerance so far that they fail to defend their own rights or allow distortions of their religion to go on unquestioned by others. on a religious level, hindus must employ a different strategy than in the political sphere. while the political sphere demands avoidance of religious issues unless political in nature, in the religious sphere hindus cannot forget that their religion is under attack and fail to vigorously defend it. they must be aware of religious issues and their social ramifications and not ignore them under the guise of political tolerance. hinduism is a pluralistic tradition that contains many different teachers, teachings, and scriptures, and various names and forms for divine. it states that though there is one truth there are many paths, which it represents by different gods and goddesses, and various yogic approaches. this is a different approach than western monotheistic religions that are prone to an exclusivism of one god and his only or final representative. to such exclusive monotheistic beliefs pluralistic traditions like the hindu are polytheist, pagan and heathen, the enemy that has to be converted if not destroyed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4892183932874259, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.117625"} {"text": "1. al capone played banjo in the inmate band. the notorious gangster and mob boss was among the first prisoners to occupy the new alcatraz federal prison in august 1934. capone had bribed guards to receive preferential treatment while serving his tax - evasion sentence in atlanta, but that changed after his transfer to the island prison. the conditions broke capone. \u201c it looks like alcatraz has got me licked, \u201d he reportedly told his warden. in fact, convict no. 85 became so cooperative that he was permitted to play banjo in the alcatraz prison band, the rock islanders, which gave regular sunday concerts for other inmates. 2. there were no confirmed prisoner escapes from alcatraz. a total of 36 inmates put the supposedly \u201c escape - proof \u201d alcatraz to the test. of those convicts, 23 were captured, six were shot to death and two drowned. the other five went missing and were presumed drowned, including frank morris and brothers john and clarence anglin, whose 1962 attempted breakout inspired the 1979 film \u201c escape from alcatraz. \u201d the crafty trio chipped away at the rotting concrete cell walls with sharpened spoons and fashioned decoy heads complete with used locks of hair from the barbershop that they placed in their beds to fool the guards. their possessions were found floating in san francisco bay, but no bodies were ever recovered, leading some to speculate that they may have engineered a successful escape. 3. alcatraz is named for sea birds. before criminals became its denizens, the windswept island was home to large colonies of brown pelicans. when spanish lieutenant juan manuel de ayala became the first known european to sail through the golden gate in 1775, he christened the rocky outcrop \u201c la isla de los alcatraces, \u201d meaning \u201c island of the pelicans. \u201d the name eventually became anglicized to \u201c alcatraz. \u201d with the inmates gone, gulls and cormorants are now the most plentiful inhabitants of alcatraz. 4. in spite of his nickname, the \u201c birdman of alcatraz \u201d had no birds in the prison. while robert stroud was serving a manslaughter sentence for killing a bartender in a brawl, he fatally stabbed a guard at leavenworth prison in 1916. after president woodrow wilson commuted his death sentence to a life of permanent solitary confinement, stroud began to study ornithological diseases, write and illustrate two books and raise canaries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44313164627372365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.125624"} {"text": ", he fatally stabbed a guard at leavenworth prison in 1916. after president woodrow wilson commuted his death sentence to a life of permanent solitary confinement, stroud began to study ornithological diseases, write and illustrate two books and raise canaries and other birds in his leavenworth cell. he was ordered to give up his birds in 1931, and he was banned from having any avian cellmates during his 17 years inside alcatraz, which began in 1942. the 1962 movie \u201c birdman of alcatraz, \u201d for which burt lancaster received an academy award nomination just weeks before \u201c the rock \u201d closed, was largely fictitious. 5. after the prison stood dormant for six years, native american activists occupied alcatraz. following two previous brief occupations, a group of nearly 100 native american activists, led by mohawk richard oakes, took over the island in november 1969. citing an 1868 treaty that granted unoccupied federal land to native americans, the protestors demanded the deed to alcatraz in order to establish a university and cultural center. their proclamation included an offer to purchase the island for \u201c $ 24 in glass beads and red cloth \u201d \u2014 the same price reportedly paid by dutch settlers for manhattan in 1626. federal marshals removed the last of the protestors in june 1971, but some of their graffiti remains. when the national park service recently rebuilt an alcatraz water tower, it made sure to repaint the red graffiti that read \u201c peace and freedom. welcome. home of the free indian land. \u201d 6. military prisoners were alcatraz \u2019 s first inmates. once the gold rush of the 1840s turned san francisco into a boomtown, alcatraz was dedicated to military use. the u. s. army began incarcerating military prisoners inside the new fortress in the late 1850s. during the civil war, prisoners included union deserters and confederate sympathizers. the cells were also used to imprison native americans who had land disagreements with the federal government, american soldiers who deserted to the filipino cause during the spanish - american war and chinese civilians who resisted the army during the boxer rebellion. 7. alcatraz was home to the pacific coast \u2019 s first lighthouse. when a small lighthouse on top of the rocky island was activated in 1854, it became the first of its kind on the west coast of the united states. the beacon became obsolete in the early 1900s after the u. s. army constructed a cell house that blocked its view of the golden gate. a new, taller lighthouse replaced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4072754706811915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.126750"} {"text": "it became the first of its kind on the west coast of the united states. the beacon became obsolete in the early 1900s after the u. s. army constructed a cell house that blocked its view of the golden gate. a new, taller lighthouse replaced it in 1909. 8. the country \u2019 s worst criminals were not automatically shipped to alcatraz. the convicts housed in alcatraz were not necessarily those who had committed the most violent or heinous crimes, but they were the convicts most in need of an attitude adjustment \u2013 the most incorrigible and disobedient inmates in the federal penal system. they had bribed guards and attempted escapes, and a trip to alcatraz was intended to get them to follow the rules so that they could return to other federal facilities. 9. it was possible to swim to shore. federal officials may have initially doubted that any escaping inmates could survive the swim to the mainland across the cold, swift waters of san francisco bay, but it did happen. in 1962, prisoner john paul scott greased himself with lard, squeezed through a window and swam to shore. he was so exhausted upon reaching the foot of the golden gate bridge that police discovered him lying unconscious in hypothermic shock. today, hundreds complete the 1. 5 - mile swim annually during the escape from alcatraz triathlon. 10. inmates requested transfers to alcatraz. while alcatraz was certainly not club med, its tough - as - nails reputation was a bit of a hollywood creation. the prison \u2019 s one - man - per - cell policy appealed to some inmates because it made them less vulnerable to attack by fellow jailbirds. alcatraz \u2019 s first warden, james a. johnston, knew poor food was often the cause of prison riots, so he prided himself on serving good food, and inmates could return for as many helpings as they wanted. inmates who behaved had access to privileges including monthly movies and a library with 15, 000 books and 75 popular magazine subscriptions. overall, some prisoners considered the conditions inside alcatraz to be more attractive than at other federal prisons, and several asked to be moved there.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39465377661884926, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.128082"} {"text": "alexander hamilton and aaron burr ( 1804 ) on july 11, 1804, years of escalating personal and political tensions culminated in the most famous duel in american history : the standoff between alexander hamilton, a leading federalist and former secretary of the treasury, and aaron burr, who was then serving as vice president under thomas jefferson. hamilton had come to detest burr, whom he regarded as an opportunist, and vehemently campaigned against him during his failed 1804 bid to become governor of new york. burr resolved to restore his reputation by challenging hamilton to an \u201c affair of honor, \u201d as duels were then known. the enemies met at the dueling grounds near weehawken, new jersey \u2014 the same spot where hamilton \u2019 s son had died defending his father \u2019 s honor in november 1801. ( the loss inspired hamilton to denounce dueling and lend his voice to the growing movement against the practice. ) according to some accounts, hamilton never planned to aim at burr, hoping instead to fire a symbolic shot into the air and resolve the matter peacefully. whatever his intentions, hamilton missed his opponent but was promptly shot in the stomach ; he died the next afternoon. few affairs of honor actually resulted in deaths at the time, and the nation was outraged by the killing of a man as eminent as alexander hamilton. public opinion turned against burr, who was charged with murder and later arrested for treason in an unrelated incident. acquitted on a technicality, he fled to europe before returning to private life in new york. lady almeria braddock and mrs. elphinstone ( 1792 ) a certain mrs. elphinstone expected no more than a cup of tea when she paid a social call to lady almeria braddock \u2019 s london home in 1792. but the visit veered off into decidedly unladylike territory when the hostess, evidently enraged by a casual comment mrs. elphinstone made about her age, challenged her guest to a duel in hyde park. according to reports, mrs. elphinstone fired her pistol first, knocking lady braddock \u2019 s hat to the ground. the women then took up swords, and lady braddock got her revenge by wounding her opponent in the arm. the \u201c petticoat duel, \u201d as it came to be known, ended without further incident when mrs. elphinstone agreed to write a letter of apology. miyamoto musashi and sasaki kojiro ( 1612 ) considered the preeminent japanese swordsmen of their time, arch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4000654716309262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.134274"} {"text": "to be known, ended without further incident when mrs. elphinstone agreed to write a letter of apology. miyamoto musashi and sasaki kojiro ( 1612 ) considered the preeminent japanese swordsmen of their time, archrivals miyamoto musashi and sasaki kojiro met on the remote shores of ganryu island to settle their differences once and for all. according to legend, musashi showed up several hours late to psych out his opponent, bearing a giant wooden sword he had fashioned from the oar of a boat. kojiro attacked the tardy samurai with his signature \u201c swallow cut \u201d move, but before his blade was lowered musashi dealt him a fatal blow. pursued by furious kojiro supporters who considered his delayed arrival unfair, musashi hopped back into his boat and rowed to safety. later in life, musashi would become an acclaimed painter. edouard manet and edmond duranty ( 1870 ) in february 1870, the french painter edouard manet flew into a fit of rage after reading a single dispassionate sentence about two of his works penned by his longtime friend, the critic edmond duranty. the artist stormed into paris \u2019 cafe guerbois, slapped duranty in the face and challenged him to a sword duel. according to police reports, the men faced each other on february 23 in the forest of saint - germain, with the famous writer emile zola attending manet as his \u201c second. \u201d the adversaries \u2019 swords allegedly struck only once, but with such force that both blades buckled. when duranty sustained a minor wound, manet declared his honor sufficiently defended, and before long the two parisians had patched up their relationship and were once again sharing meals at the guerbois. alexander pushkin and georges d \u2019 anthes ( 1837 ) perhaps more so than the man wielding the pistol, it was pure jealously that felled the great russian poet alexander pushkin at the height of his career. in the 1830s, george d \u2019 anthes aggressively pursued pushkin \u2019 s beautiful wife natalya in saint petersburg, earning verbal threats from the famous \u2014 and notoriously pugnacious \u2014 writer in return. on january 10, 1837, the frenchman wed natalya \u2019 s sister ekaterina, perhaps to dispel rumors of an affair and quell pushkin \u2019 s wrath. nevertheless, on january 27 the newly minted brothers - in - law met in a duel. d \u2019 anthes escaped with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4529376205565602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.135565"} {"text": "s sister ekaterina, perhaps to dispel rumors of an affair and quell pushkin \u2019 s wrath. nevertheless, on january 27 the newly minted brothers - in - law met in a duel. d \u2019 anthes escaped with a gash on his arm, but pushkin took a bullet to the stomach and died two days later. isabella de carazzi and diambra de pettinella ( 1552 ) fabio de zeresola may have been the most sought - after bachelor in 16th - century naples. at a time when many duels were fought between men for a disputed lady \u2019 s favor, two young women \u2014 isabella de carazzi and diambra de pettinella \u2014 competed for zeresola \u2019 s affection in a public swordfight. although the outcome is unknown, the sensational event kept gossips \u2019 tongues wagging for decades to come. in 1636, the spanish artist jose de riberta immortalized the story in his famous painting \u201c duelo de mujeres \u201d ( \u201c duel of women \u201d ). ben jonson and gabriel spenser ( 1598 ) a contemporary of william shakespeare, ben jonson overcame a rough upbringing to become an accomplished playwright, poet and actor. he also cultivated a bad - boy reputation through his ruthless exploits as a soldier, his hard - drinking lifestyle and his inflammatory writings. on september 22, 1598, he killed the actor gabriel spenser in a duel that may have arisen after the two men quarreled over which theater troupe was elizabethan england \u2019 s finest. sentenced to hang for the murder, jonson used a legal loophole known as the \u201c benefit of clergy, \u201d reciting a bible verse to escape the death penalty ; his property was ultimately confiscated and his thumb branded. jonson \u2019 s hit play \u201c every man in his humor \u201d was produced the same year, with shakespeare himself playing a role. andrew jackson and charles dickinson ( 1806 ) more than two decades before he became the seventh president of the united states, andrew jackson faced off against charles dickinson, a lawyer regarded as one of the best shots in the area, in logan, kentucky. the proud and volatile jackson, a former senator and representative of tennessee, called for the duel after dickinson described his wife rachel as a bigamist, referring to a legal error in her 1791 divorce from her first husband. on may 30, 1806, the two men met with pistols in hand, standing 24 feet apart in accordance with dueling custom. after the signal, dickinson fired", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42170543682246947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.136489"} {"text": "this article was originally published in the july / august 1996 issue of home energy magazine. some formatting inconsistencies may be evident in older archive content. | back to contents page | home energy index | about home energy | home energy magazine online july / august 1996 try these on for size : the 60 - unit building in the photo above houses middle - income families. as part of a study conducted in new york city, researchers monitored the building ' s hot water consumption, which fell into the medium usage category under the 1995 ashrae guidelines. energy professionals have long been frustrated by the lack of reliable data for sizing domestic hot water ( dhw ) equipment in multifamily buildings. to be on the safe side, many designers oversize the equipment, resulting in systems with higher equipment costs, operating costs, and energy use. now ashrae has incorporated data from recent studies into new guidelines for properly sizing dhw systems. using previous ( pre - 1995 ) ashrae guidelines resulted in serious undersizing ( see figure 1 ). in practice, however, dhw systems and combined heating / dhw boilers are often oversized by 30 % - 200 %, according to the new york city department of housing preservation and development, energy conservation division. discussions with designers in other parts of the country revealed similar oversizing. what happens is that the individual responsible for installing a boiler will often size it with a what was there before, looks like..., or other rule - of - thumb method. even when they do try to calculate the loads, designers use enormous safety factors because they know the dhw demands estimated with the old methods tend to undersize ( see evolution of an oversizing rule ). the safety factors cause considerable oversizing even when the space heating portion is calculated properly, which is rarely the case. i ' ve seen factors that double the size of the boiler relative to the space heating load ( a rule of thumb that is particularly inaccurate for the new york climate ). many of these methods were initially based on the pre - 1995 ashrae approach. i once sat down with the vp of marketing and one of the design engineers for a prominent manufacturer and asked them how the data sheets in their catalog determine system size. they replied the ashrae handbook method. after running some calculations, we found that in fact their results were somewhere between two to three times greater than the results obtained using the handbook method. what probably happened was that the engineer who had written the sizing sheets ( many years ago ) started with the handbook", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5220390505135479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.151607"} {"text": "some calculations, we found that in fact their results were somewhere between two to three times greater than the results obtained using the handbook method. what probably happened was that the engineer who had written the sizing sheets ( many years ago ) started with the handbook values as a base. but from his experience, he recognized that the numbers were not sufficient to meet a building ' s demand, so he added a safety factor based on that experience. subsequently, as the catalog has been revised, each engineer given the responsibility to update the sheets has said to himself or herself, well, i ' m not going to be responsible for there not being enough hot water in a building and has added another safety factor on top of the previous one. and then the chief engineer in charge of the revision says, i ' m not going to be responsible for there not being enough hot water... and adds yet another safety factor. thus over time these values have in some cases become grossly inflated. to aggravate this already bad situation, the contractor on the job may look at the data sheets and say, well i ' m not... and add another level of so - called safety factor. the job then gets sized out and a call is made to the warehouse, whose staff, feeling like all the other parties, applies the next - size - up approach before sending the heater / boiler out to the job site. the 1995 guidelines also take a new approach. rather than a single value for volume of water used per apartment, they offer a range of values for different types of users. the residents or likely residents of a building are separated by their demographic characteristics into three usage categories : low, medium, or high ( lmh ). additionally, the usage factors are provided per capita rather than per apartment. this reflects the fact that people, not apartments or square footage, use water. to help in the design process, the new ashrae tables give more detailed levels of consumption for the peak 5 minutes and the peak 15 minutes ( the old tables had only 60 - minute peak values ). these values more closely represent the instantaneous demand peak that a building will experience. using the new method the first step in calculating dhw demand is to determine the demographic profile of the project and building occupants. different types of building occupants consume hot water in fairly predictable patterns. users can be lumped into one of the three typical lmh categories of water consumers. table 1 lists a variety of occupant classifications, one or a combination of which should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5237863835719478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.152618"} {"text": "types of building occupants consume hot water in fairly predictable patterns. users can be lumped into one of the three typical lmh categories of water consumers. table 1 lists a variety of occupant classifications, one or a combination of which should describe the occupants of any particular multifamily building. for example, a luxury condominium in an area inhabited predominantly by young couples will tend to fall into the all occupants work category of low anticipated water consumption. by contrast, a low - income housing project will generally fall somewhere between the low income and no occupants work categories of high - volume water consumption. an abundance of hot - water - consuming appliances, such as clothes washers or dishwashers, will tend to increase hot - water consumption. if the condominium building example above intended, or allowed, the future installation of a clothes washer in each unit, the demographic category should be augmented from low to medium. it is up to the system ' s designer to determine this category. once this lmh factor has been determined, values for hot - water consumption can be selected from table 2. values are indicated per capita in peak or maximum flows of 5 minutes, 15 minutes, one hour, two hours, three hours and one day, as well as average daily flow. from these values, anticipated demand can be determined for the estimated maximum building population. | table 1. demographic characteristics correlation to dhw consumption | | demographic characteristics | | usage factor | no occupants work public assistance and low income ( mix ) family and single - parent households ( mix ) high percentage of children higher population density one person works, one stays home all occupants work | table 2. national dhw sizing guidelines ( low - medium - high ) | | hot water demands and use for multifamily buildings | | maximum hour | | peak 15 minutes | | maximum day | | average day | | low | | 2. 8 gal ( 10. 5 l ) / person | | 1 gal ( 4 l ) / person | | 20 gal ( 76 l ) / person | | 14 gal ( 53 l ) / person | | med | | 4. 8 gal ( 18 l ) / person | | 1. 7 gal ( 6. 4 l ) / person | | 49 gal ( 185 l ) / person | | 30 gal ( 114 l ) / person | | high | | 8. 5 gal ( 32. 5 l ) / person | | 3 gal ( 11. 5 l ) / person | | 90 gal ( 340 l )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5453830301656322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.153681"} {"text": ") / person | | 30 gal ( 114 l ) / person | | high | | 8. 5 gal ( 32. 5 l ) / person | | 3 gal ( 11. 5 l ) / person | | 90 gal ( 340 l ) / person | | 54 gal ( 205 l ) / person | | peak 5 minutes | | peak 30 minutes | | maximum 2 hours | | maximum 3 hours | | low | | 0. 4 gal ( 1. 5 l ) / person | | 1. 7 gal ( 6. 5 l ) / person | | 4. 5 gal ( 17 l ) / person | | 6. 1 gal ( 23 l ) / person | | med | | 0. 7 gal ( 2. 6 l ) / person | | 2. 9 gal ( 11 l ) / person | | 8 gal ( 31 l ) / person | | 11 gal ( 41 l ) / person | | high | | 1. 2 gal ( 4. 5 l ) / person | | 5. 1 gal ( 19. 5 l ) / person | | 14. 5 gal ( 55 l ) / person | | 19 gal ( 72 l ) / person | | note : these volumes are for dhw delivered to the tap at 120of. | | sources : data from chapter 45 : service hot water, in 1995 ashrae handbook : hvac applications, atlanta : ashrae, 1995, and goldner, f. s., and d. c. price. domestic hot water loads, system sizing and selection for multifamily buildings. in 1994 aceee summer study on energy efficiency in buildings proceedings, 2. 105 - 2. 116. berkeley : american council for an energy - efficient economy, 1994. | author fredric goldner discusses meter equipment with building superintendent john perkins. the meter he is pointing to monitors hot water recirculation, and above it is a domestic hot water consumption meter. the number of occupants per apartment should be estimated based on local standards or regulations. for example, in a given city, studios may accommodate two persons ; one - bedroom apartments, three persons ; two - bedroom apartments, three to five persons ; and so on. in buildings where corrective maintenance cannot be done, a safety factor of 20 % - 30 % may be employed to compensate for poorly maintained fixtures and distribution piping. however, this should be done only in extreme cases. the figures presented in table 2 are for centrally fired systems ; individual apartment water heater systems are likely to have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5202592084788208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.154601"} {"text": "- 30 % may be employed to compensate for poorly maintained fixtures and distribution piping. however, this should be done only in extreme cases. the figures presented in table 2 are for centrally fired systems ; individual apartment water heater systems are likely to have lower levels of consumption because the resident usually pays for fuel directly, which encourages conservation. there isn ' t a set of values for individual systems in ashrae, but a suggested rule of thumb for sizing these would be to use a low - end estimate for a single - family home load. ashrae based its 1995 guidelines ( published in the 1995 hvac applications handbook ) on new research conducted in new york city ( see collecting usage data in new york city ) as well as data from studies in seven other areas of the united states and canada. both research and practical experience in different areas of north america indicate that there are variances in dhw use among geographical locations. there is, however, no distinctive pattern that can be identified with the available data. the joint ashrae / aspe ( american society of plumbing engineers ) domestic hot water design manual, to be published this fall, will go into greater depth than the ashrae standards, including the patterns of consumption and demand derived from the new york study. becoming familiar with these patterns can help designers choose the best equipment and help auditors troubleshoot related system problems. collecting usage data in new york city the data were collected by computerized heating controllers, which monitored burner on - off times and the following temperatures : apartment air, outdoor air, boiler water ( aquastat ), and dhw. eight buildings had additional monitoring equipment installed to record stack temperature, boiler makeup water flow, dhw flow in 15 - minute increments, oil flow, and dhw temperature before and after the mixing valve and on the return line. in 1993, we equipped a subset of three of the sites to record dhw flow in 5 - minute increments and to record recirculation flows. this was done to get a more precise picture of short - term / instantaneous demand peaks and to collect the missing information necessary to create an accurate simulation of real - time operations. we collected data in these three buildings for 100 days. emra also collected building operation and tenant information from superintendents and property managers via questionnaires and interviews, and building and apartment occupancy records. we conducted energy audits to determine the type and condition of equipment and buildings. within the new york research, we tried to include a variety of building", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5501619946833817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.155927"} {"text": "and property managers via questionnaires and interviews, and building and apartment occupancy records. we conducted energy audits to determine the type and condition of equipment and buildings. within the new york research, we tried to include a variety of building sizes, income levels, ethnic backgrounds, and locales. the study buildings are characteristic of the older and predominant stock of the over 120, 000 new york city multifamily buildings. the buildings range in size from 17 to 103 apartments in either five or six above - ground stories. these buildings were built before 1902 or between 1902 and 1928. all have combination steam - space - heating and dhw - generating steel tube boilers, which use primarily # 4 or # 6 oil in air - atomizing burners. dhw is generated by a tankless coil just under the surface of the boiler water. energy use analysis for further details, a copy of report no. 94 - 19, energy use and domestic hot water consumption : phase 1, is available from nyserda. tel : ( 518 ) 465 - 6251, ext. 250. figure 2. seasonal variations in weekend consumption, gallons per person ( composite of data from new york city apartment buildings ). there is generally a slightly higher daily consumption on weekends than on weekdays. this holds true in all seasons. the average weekend daily consumption is 7. 5 % greater than the average weekday daily consumption. weekday and weekend hot - water consumption patterns have distinct differences ( see figure 3 ). weekdays have little overnight usage ; a morning peak ; lower afternoon demand ; and an evening or nighttime peak. weekends have just one major peak, which begins later in the morning and continues until around 1 pm to 2 pm. the usage then tapers off fairly evenly through the rest of the day. the weekend peak is greater than any of the weekday peaks. the highest peaking level occurs during winter weekends. thus, the best tactic for an engineer who has the time and money to custom - design a retrofit system is to monitor current consumption for two or three winter weekends to determine a building ' s actual peak usage, rather than estimating it with table 2. a system designed to meet these draws should satisfy all other year - round requirements. two morning peaks occur on the weekdays, the first between 6 am and 8 am and the second between 9 : 30 am and noon. individual buildings tend to exhibit one of these two peaks. generally, the buildings with large numbers of working tenants and middle - income populations experience the early morning peak,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.543174553339581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.157824"} {"text": "first between 6 am and 8 am and the second between 9 : 30 am and noon. individual buildings tend to exhibit one of these two peaks. generally, the buildings with large numbers of working tenants and middle - income populations experience the early morning peak, while buildings with many children exhibit the later morning peak ( especially during the summer period ). this knowledge of flow patterns can come in particularly handy when troubleshooting hot water complaints. for instance, a large fluctuation in water temperature at a time when the usage was extremely low recently helped me to identify a problem with a faulty hot water coil. if the fluctuation was observed only during a high usage period, the cause - perhaps an undersized coil or a problem with the mixing valve - would have been harder to determine. although recirculation pumps should be sized to meet each individual building ' s requirements, common practice is one size fits all. thus we found the same pump size at all sites. ( a methodology for proper pump size selection can be found on page 45. 5 of the 1995 ashrae hvac applications handbook. ) our monitoring showed that water consumption has an inverse relationship with recirculation flow. in the overnight period, when there is little or no consumption, the pump reaches its maximum capacity rate. designers should consider this and the flow curves in figure 3 when choosing between recirculation control strategies ( see the best boiler and water heating retrofits, he sept / oct ' 95, p. 27, and controlling recirculation loop heat losses, he jan / feb ' 93, p. 9 ). a new study investigating three very low - cost approaches to reduce recirculation system losses while maintaining resident comfort and satisfaction should be completed in early 1997. peak demands and average consumption in the new york city buildings, the average hourly consumption is only 42 % of the consumption in the peak hour. instead of sizing a system to be able to provide the peak demand, it ' s possible to generate and store hot water during the periods of average and below - average demand to meet the peak. this could be accomplished by installing a system with a heater designed to generate the average hourly load, running essentially continuously, and providing enough storage tank capacity to store unneeded hot water during the night and furnish it during periods of peak demand ( such as morning shower time ). figure 4. parts of three - hour peak and 60 - minute peak consumption. the 5 -, 15 -, 60 -, 120 -, and 180", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5522171207015729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.158791"} {"text": "the night and furnish it during periods of peak demand ( such as morning shower time ). figure 4. parts of three - hour peak and 60 - minute peak consumption. the 5 -, 15 -, 60 -, 120 -, and 180 - minute peak demand times coincide with each other. these volumes should therefore be addressed as different ( time length ) measurements within the same peak dhw draw, so the system can be designed to satisfy this load. an instantaneous system designed to meet the peak 5 - minute draw will have no problem meeting the rest of the load. generation and storage systems should be designed both to provide hot water for the average load and to meet the short, sharp peaks. step 1. compute the maximum potential occupancy, based on local standards and expectations, and conversations with the building owner or manager. step 2. determine the low, medium, or high ( lmh ) usage factor of the building ' s occupants from table 1, based on knowledge of the building, conversations with the building owner or manager, and observations. consider the effect of either currently installed or potential future additions of appliances that might move a building up to a higher usage category. based on the information above, the medium usage factor was selected. step 3a. compute the system load using the 5 - minute peak demand values in table 2. 1 / boiler system load conversion temp rise combustion efficiency dhw load 1, 663 gal / hr x 8. 33 lb / gal x 90of x 1 / 0. 8 ( 80 % ce ) = 1, 558, 439 btu / h instantaneous dhw - only heater. the 1, 558, 439 btu / h should be the size of the dhw heater. ( note that a higher combustion efficiency should actually be used for sizing an instantaneous heater ; use 85 % or the efficiency specified in the equipment documentation. ) combination heat / dhw boiler. when sizing a tankless coil in a combination heat / dhw system, the 1, 663 gallons per hour is the coil size to be ordered. the 1, 558, 439 btu / h is the additional load capacity for dhw to be added to the space - heating load to size the boiler. ( in an existing steam heating distribution system, the space - heating load should be computed by the edr - equivalent direct radiation - methodology. ) generation and storage system step 3b. compute the system load using the peak 30 - minute and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5403361650390668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.159665"} {"text": "boiler. ( in an existing steam heating distribution system, the space - heating load should be computed by the edr - equivalent direct radiation - methodology. ) generation and storage system step 3b. compute the system load using the peak 30 - minute and maximum three - hour hot water values in table 2. step 4b. next, convert the load into equipment ratings. estimating consumption in existing buildings step 3c. calculate system load using the average day values in table 2. if the current practice of defensive oversizing is applied to the new guidelines, this will only exaggerate the capital and energy inefficiencies experienced in the past. it is therefore important for the designer to recognize the inherent safety nets in the new approach. the most significant of these is that the method uses the building ' s maximum potential occupancy, which may never actually occur. also, using the new guidelines, an engineer designs a system to satisfy the higher - volume but short - duration peaks ( not delineated in the old guidelines ), which occur only a few times during the year. even if the system were not able to satisfy that load, the problems would probably be minor - for instance, the occupants might experience slightly lower temperature hot water at their taps a few times per year. the main question concerning acceptance and use of the new guidelines is whether the designers and energy professionals are comfortable with their reliability and professional backing. ashrae ' s technical committee 6. 6 ( service hot water ) was the main force in the call for a new sizing tool based on the vast quantity of real - time data that has been collected. the new joint ashrae / aspe domestic hot water design manual, scheduled for publication this fall, should also provide substantial support for those who wish to size systems properly. it includes a how - to sizing guide for 17 different building types - from residential buildings to commercial, industrial, and recreational facilities. further reading chapter 45 : service hot water, in 1995 ashrae handbook : hvac applications, atlanta : ashrae, 1995. goldner, f. s. dhw system sizing criteria for multifamily buildings. ashrae transactions 100, no. 1 ( january 1994 ) : 147 - 65. goldner, f. s. energy use and dhw consumption research project, report no. 94 - 19. final report : phase 1. prepared by energy management and research associates for new york state energy research and development authority, november 1994. goldner, f. s., and d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5228290614179494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.160580"} {"text": "homeopathy is based on the observation that substances that are capable of causing disorders of the mind or body in healthy people can be used in dilute form as medicines to treat similar disorders in someone who is ill, whatever the cause of the illness. allium cepa derived from onions can be taken as an example. contact with raw onions causes lacrimation, stinging and irritation around the eyes and nose. allium cepa can therefore be prescribed to patients with hay fever with the same symptoms. the key to successful homeopathic treatment is identifying the similarity between the effects of the original substance in healthy people and the pattern of the illness in the individual who is ill. this is called the similia principle. homeopathic medicines must be customized to match the individual with that disease, a process that is called \u2018 individualisation \u2019. the very same disease in another patient will most often be cured with an entirely different medicine. thus we could have two different medicines that cure two different patients with identical conventional diagnoses. the word \u2018 individualisation \u2019 is emphasized because any particular disease or illness, although it may have a particular form of pathology, actually manifests itself differently in individual patients. the pattern of clinical symptoms and signs will differ in some details from person to person. this is true of the actual condition itself, but even more so if incidental factors like changes in mood, thirst, appetite, reaction to temperature, and other body functions are taken into account. the characteristic actions of the homeopathic medicine must match these individual characteristics of the illness if it is to have a therapeutic effect. homeopathy is based on the philosophy that the body, mind and emotions are not really separate and distinct, but are actually fully integrated. based on this perspective, a homeopathic doctor seeks a medicine that fits all of a patient \u2019 s physical and psychological symptoms. the action of homeopathic medicines is to enable the natural self - regulating mechanisms in the mind and body to function more efficiently, and to mobilize and reinforce the healing resources, which already naturally exist. actually, instead of defeating or covering up diseases, it facilitates healing. choosing the right prescription is like choosing the precise key needed to switch on this process. homeopathy does not seek to remove or suppress symptoms. its goal is to recognize and remove the underlying cause of these symptoms. this is why a homeopathic doctor will work towards understanding the whole person \u2014 including their body, mind and emotional state \u2014 before prescribing a medicine. when accurately implemented, home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5426756745685064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.164751"} {"text": "in this article i will describe a basic aspect of homeopathy \u2019 s spiritual understanding of health and disease : the view that disease arises from a fixed adaptation to a past situation that no longer exists in the present. homeopaths view health and disease as states of being that are either appropriate for the situation ( healthy ) or inappropriate for the situation ( unhealthy ). the state of being that we adopt from moment to moment can be regarded a \u2018 posture \u2019 that is either suitable or unsuitable for the present moment of existence. an unsuitable posture kept for too long manifests as chronic disease, whereas a short - lasting one causes acute symptoms or weakens the organism until it is susceptible to infectious influences. disease arises from memory of a past state that no longer exists conventional medicine is based on a materialistic view of life. health is compared to a well - functioning machine, while disease is viewed as a malfunction in some part of the machine. homeopathy is based on a spiritual view of life. health is the ability to respond freely and creatively to all situations encountered throughout life, whereas disease is any restriction on this ability. samual hahnemann, the originator of homeopathy, discovered through lifelong clinical observation that disease could often be traced to a \u2018 mistunement \u2019 created during a past stressful episode in the life of the organism or its ancestors. he concluded that the memory of this past state was the real cause the suffering that we experienced through physical and psychological symptoms. health is the flexibility to successfully adapt to all life situations rajan sankaran ( author of the spirit of homoeopathy ) describes disease as an \u201c unsuitable posture \u2026 adopted by the organism in order to survive in a perceived situation. \u201d what is a \u201c perceived situation \u201d? to answer this, let \u2019 s first look at an example he gives of a real situation : if you are lifting a heavy bag and you have to walk with that heavy weight, in order that your back does not break, you have to bend in the direction opposite to the bag. so, your body adopts a posture to survive in this situation. this posture is healthy, it is going to do you good, in this situation it is needed, and as long as the bag is heavy, the posture has to be maintained. hence, we see that posture is an adjustment. as long as this adjustment is in proportion to the existing situation, as long as it is suitable to this situation, and as long as the situation or exciting factor remains, this adjustment cannot and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5670300834707056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.173532"} {"text": "maintained. hence, we see that posture is an adjustment. as long as this adjustment is in proportion to the existing situation, as long as it is suitable to this situation, and as long as the situation or exciting factor remains, this adjustment cannot and should not be corrected. life can be viewed as a series of adaptations : one situation flows into another, and each time a different posture is adopted to suit the new situation. health is the flexibility to correctly adapt to any situation that arises throughout our life journey. an unhealthy posture arises from adaptation to a perceived situation that is not really present. this adaptation can be either inappropriate for the situation or appropriate for the situation but of disproportionate intensity. sankaran illustrates these possibilities as follows : when a man is being chased by a lion, the posture of running fast, being afraid, etc. is appropriate since his survival depends upon it. however, if a man is in the same state without a lion chasing him, or he adopts the same posture even if a little dog chases him, or he is in such a pain that he cannot think ( a reaction far in excess of what is needed in the situation ) then this state is to be removed by treatment. the unsuitable posture is hidden behind physical and psychological symptoms so long as an unhealthy posture is held over from the past, the person is precluded from adopting an appropriate posture for the present situation. this is considered a state of disease in homeopathy, whether or not there are clear physical or psychological symptoms that warrant medical treatment. this means, on the one hand, that homeopathy is a powerful healing tool in cases where the patient feels distress yet there are no discernible medical abnormalities. on the other hand, during the clinical encounter between patient and homeopath the disease state does not automatically reveal itself as an unhealthy posture. in most clinical situations the patient will present with vague discomfort or with one or more physical and psychological complaints. during the homeopathic intake the homeopath must therefore ask many questions in order to lead the patient to reveal the unsuitable posture that he or she continuously adopts in all life situations. this posture, which most of us do not have a direct awareness of, is the underlying reason for the existence of the clinical complaint that induces people to seek homeopathic treatment in the first place. how do unsuitable postures arise? an unsuitable posture originates from an adaptation to a past situation that is maintained even though it is no longer applicable to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5303009639986163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.174667"} {"text": "the existence of the clinical complaint that induces people to seek homeopathic treatment in the first place. how do unsuitable postures arise? an unsuitable posture originates from an adaptation to a past situation that is maintained even though it is no longer applicable to the situation. this happens when the past situation has exceeded the organism \u2019 s resilience. such situations generally fall into one of the following categories : - a past traumatic event, - childhood or cultural habits that have powerfully impressed themselves on the organism, or - inherited spiritual impressions \u2014 known in homeopathy as \u201c miasms \u201d \u2014 that long ago left their mark on one \u2019 s parents or earlier ancestors. resilience can be understood by analogy with a steel spring : just as a steel spring can be bent and absorb many small shocks and still recover its original form, a person can absorb many stresses yet maintain his underlying state of health throughout the stressful period. but beyond a certain threshold, excessive stress deforms the spring and causes it to lose its elasticity. a person exposed to excessive stress will likewise carry the spiritual impression or \u2018 deformation \u2019 due to the past stress and will no longer be fully \u2018 elastic \u2019 and responsive to the present situation. homeopathic treatment frees us from unsuitable postures we all continually adopt postures in order to survive in different life situations or in an attempt to create a reality that we imagine to be desirable. but if we remain fixed in a posture that is no longer appropriate for the situation ( for any of the reasons cited earlier ) to the point that we are unable to respond appropriately to situations that arise in the present, we may then become aware of an uncomfortable sensation at the level of our spirit. if we do not free ourselves of the fixed posture eventually we experience more obvious psychological discomfort, physical symptoms, or both. in sankaran \u2019 s words : disease is thus seen as an affection of the whole person, as a posture adopted as a survival mechanism to suit a particular situation which does not exist at the moment. this posture makes us react to the present in an unsuitable way due to our false perception of it. such an unsuitable and disproportionate reaction to the situation naturally causes a constant stress on the organism, and the stress aggravates the pathology or brings the tendency to a particular pathology into activity. health is the ability to feel ok in all situations. a posture is an adaptation for feeling ok under a specific situation. unless one is able to switch postures freely from moment to moment, a person will only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5297582498307055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.175777"} {"text": "tendency to a particular pathology into activity. health is the ability to feel ok in all situations. a posture is an adaptation for feeling ok under a specific situation. unless one is able to switch postures freely from moment to moment, a person will only feel ok when the fixed posture happens to coincide with ( be suitable for ) the situation. in terms of the model i \u2019 ve just presented, homeopathic treatment releases the hold of the unsuitable posture that prevents free - flowing adaptation to the present moment. by raising awareness of the inappropriateness of the fixed posture to the point that a person can choose to abandon it in favour of another posture, homeopathic remedies assist in the release of inappropriate life habits that manifest physically or psychologically. once this happens, full resilience is restored and the person is able to handle life as it comes \u2014 adopting appropriate postures as needed and shifting away from them as soon as the situation is over \u2014 without undue stress. read related articles : - the 7 essential factors in forecasting the length of homeopathic treatment of chronic diseases - medical suppression of symptoms and its homeopathic cure - diving into \u201c the spirit of homoeopathy \u201d - this is why homeopaths emphasize clinical results over theory - the influence of vitalism on naturopathic medicine - the distinction between classical homeopathy and naturopathic medicine - the how and what of homeopathic remedies - the followup appointments - basics of the homeopathic prescription - basics of homeopathic case analysis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5662318742279234, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.176449"} {"text": "presidential religious lives are, for the most part, rather unremarkable - - just like the majority of americans they represent. as the 2012 presidential race, and especially the republican nomination, dominate the news, the religion of the sometimes - frontrunner mitt romney continues to be an issue for many republican voters. americans have a hard time imagining a member of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints, a mormon, as president. yet mormonism is, perhaps, the most american of all religions, founded by an american citizen and based on a sacred text that tells the story of god ' s work in the americas. as many question romney ' s religious heritage, it would be enlightening to look at eight presidents whose religious lives have troubled and fascinated americans, or whose faiths may surprise us even today. 1. andrew jackson. our first presbyterian president, jackson ' s religious life is noteworthy because he conscientiously refused to allow his religion to be a part of his office. long before the presidential prayer breakfast or the national day of prayer, jackson was called on by members of congress and influential religious leaders to call for a national day of prayer and fasting in response to a cholera epidemic. jackson refused, stating that to do so would be to transcend \" those limits which are prescribed by the constitution for the president, \" and he feared that this religious encroachment could \" disturb the security which religion now enjoys in this country in its complete separation from the political concerns of the general government. \" 2. james k. polk. like jackson, polk also was reared in a presbyterian community, though he was never a member of the church and was never baptized as a presbyterian. the reason he was never baptized is that his father and grandfather were considered to be religiously suspect by the local presbyterian church, \" free - thinking radicals \" who openly honored deism and its proponents, like thomas paine. polk ' s father refused to give a profession of faith, so polk was not baptized until days before his death. this streak of independence, of not allowing others to dictate one ' s religion is certainly an american trait. interestingly, polk did have his own significant religious experience in a quintessentially - american way - - at an open - air methodist revival meeting where he \" went away... a convicted sinner, if not a converted man, \" considering himself to be a methodist ( the first methodist president ) for the rest of his life. out of deference to his wife '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3723526857683188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.185592"} {"text": "methodist revival meeting where he \" went away... a convicted sinner, if not a converted man, \" considering himself to be a methodist ( the first methodist president ) for the rest of his life. out of deference to his wife ' s presbyterianism, polk waited until the week before his death to be baptized and confirmed into membership in the methodist church, by the same pastor who had preached that open - air sermon years earlier. 3. abraham lincoln. even though he is considered one of the greatest presidents, abraham lincoln likely would be neither nominated nor elected today : he never joined a church, publicly confessed a creed, nor publicly uttered belief in god ' s endorsement of his policies. one should read lincoln ' s second inaugural address, his \" meditation on the divine will, \" or his private letters in which he would declare simply, \" the almighty has his own purposes. \" lincoln resides at the center of american political and religious history, and he seemed to ponder politico - theological matters more deeply than most ministers and theologians of his day. he never claimed to be born again, he never claimed jesus as his favorite philosopher, and he loved to tell ribald stories and poke fun at himself. yet he clearly sought the will of god and divine direction during what he called the \" butchering business \" of the civil war. 4. franklin d. roosevelt. president obama was not the first president to use the gospels to justify social and economic policy. roosevelt often drew on the sermon on the mount to promote the values of the new deal and believed that service to god was best expressed in service to others. also like president obama ( and many others ), roosevelt often refused to go to church while in washington, saying, \" it bothers me to feel like something in the zoo being looked at by all the tourists in washington when i go to church. \" 5. harry truman. in his 1949 inaugural address, truman stated, \" we believe that all men are created equal because they are created in the image of god. from this faith we will not be moved. \" as he once wrote to his wife bess, \" i had a presbyterian bringing up, a baptist education, and episcopal leanings, so i reckon i ought to get to heaven somehow, don ' t you think so? \" while in the white house, truman often attended the first baptist church in the district of columbia, in part because its pastor made no show at all of truman ' s attendance. as truman wrote in his diary in 1948, \" i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4378786394783805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.187350"} {"text": "think so? \" while in the white house, truman often attended the first baptist church in the district of columbia, in part because its pastor made no show at all of truman ' s attendance. as truman wrote in his diary in 1948, \" i go for a walk and go to church. the preacher always treats me as a church member and not as the head of a circus. that ' s the reason i go. \" he also penned in his diary : \" if jesus christ were to return he ' d be on the side of the persecuted all over the world. he ' d most likely be wearing a ready made sack suit and be standing on a street corner preaching tolerance, brother love and truth. \" and truman concluded that christ would \" probably be placed in a sanitarium in the free countries. \" however, it is troubling to read also in truman ' s memoirs that he saw that attainment of the atomic bomb ( and the victory over japan ) as having \" come with the help of god, who was with us in the early days of adversity and disaster, and who has now brought us to this glorious day of triumph. \" one might see why \" give em hell \" harry kept these thoughts private. 6. dwight d. eisenhower. eisenhower may have been instrumental in bringing \" under god \" to the pledge of allegiance and making \" in god we trust \" the national motto, but he was reared in a religious tradition that does not allow its adherents to take oaths of office or to recite the pledge of allegiance - - the jehovah ' s witnesses ( a religion / denomination born in the united states, as was mormonism ). his home was the meeting place for fifteen bible students ( an earlier name for jehovah ' s witnesses ), where they had lessons and held services, until he left for college. however, eisenhower became the only president to be baptized and join a church during his presidency - - the presbyterian church in this instance. 7. john f. kennedy. on september 12, 1960, kennedy delivered the speech of his political career in houston, texas, before a crowd of several hundred mostly protestant ministers. kennedy was addressing what he referred to as \" the so - called religious issue. \" as kennedy saw it, the nation was facing a raft of issues from the threat of soviet communism to hunger and despair at home. \" these are, \" he argued, \" the real issues which should decide this campaign. and they are not religious issues - - - for war and hunger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46074302817365453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.190346"} {"text": "was facing a raft of issues from the threat of soviet communism to hunger and despair at home. \" these are, \" he argued, \" the real issues which should decide this campaign. and they are not religious issues - - - for war and hunger and ignorance and despair know no religious barrier. \" nonetheless, jfk knew he had to address the question of his catholicism. kennedy famously ( and for some, especially today, quite controversially ) declared, \" i believe in an america where the separation of church and state is absolute ; where no catholic prelate would tell the president - - - - should he be catholic - - - how to act, and no protestant minister would tell his parishioners for whom to vote, \" and he concluded, \" i do not speak for my church on public matters ; and the church does not speak for me. \" earlier in his career in congress, jfk once quipped that in boston they learned their politics at home and their religion from rome. as jfk put it, \" i believe in a president whose religious views are his own private affair, neither imposed by him upon the nation, or imposed by the nation upon him as a condition to holding that office. \" 8. jimmy carter. during the 1976 north carolina primary, carter made the statement that he was a \" born - again \" christian, and most journalists and political pundits had little if any idea what this southern baptist, regular church - goer, sunday school teacher was talking about. soon almost every presidential aspirant was claiming to be born again or at least on pretty close speaking terms with god, if not having god on his campaign staff. in a short period of time, the president went from being seen as the nation ' s fire hydrant to our chaplain - in - chief, and we all wanted to know, religiously and / or theologically speaking, what made these candidates tick. the year carter ran for the presidency a leading national magazine proclaimed \" the year of the evangelical, \" and that november he beat president ford in part due to strong evangelical support. yet, many of those same voters would reject carter four years later for his failure to seek to enact their views into public policy, as on abortion. as a southern baptist, carter hewed strongly to his denomination ' s traditionally strong and sound commitment to the separation of church and state. for the first two hundred years of this country, most of its presidents worked diligently to keep their religious lives private and to keep some sort of wall between their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4751479821251826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.191979"} {"text": "today is the first - ever international day of the girl. this is a day to celebrate the fact that it is girls who will change the world ; that the empowerment of girls holds the key to development and security for families, communities and societies worldwide. child marriage is one of the most shocking and disturbing practices facing girls around the world today. every year, ten million girls are forcibly married before the age of eighteen, many as young as twelve or thirteen - years - old. a delegation from the council of elders ( veteran leaders of the freedom and peace movements of the mid - 20th century ) recently led an interfaith service at zuccotti park. hundreds of ows activists took part. working to bring together non - governmental agencies from around the world, girls not brides is confronting a practice that prohibits 10 million girls - - annually - - of the right to an education, health, and security. on a learning trip to ethiopia, where 49 percent of girls are married before they are 18, i came face to face with one of the biggest challenges that holds back the world ' s female population and keeps countries mired in poverty : child marriage. there is a diverse, all - star cast of some of today ' s most treasured and charismatic leaders who have come together online and off in a group called the elders. their mission : to fight for social justice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45809920879921784, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.193477"} {"text": "[ date prev ] [ date next ] [ thread prev ] [ thread next ] [ date index ] [ thread index ] in reply to your question as to whether or not e coli 0157 : h7 and the other verotoxin toxin strains acquired the toxin gene by laboratory genetic engineering. there has been serious discussion in the literature debating that point. there is evidence that the verotoxin genes can be transmitted born on a transducing bacteriaphage ( meaning that the toxin genes may be transmitted between bacteria on a virus ). it seems most likely that the transfer of the toxin genes is a natural phenomenon and one amplified by growing problem of the proximity of farm animals and people, feedlot fattening of range cattle in the corn county has created a lot of poop near fruit and vegetable farms and near main municipal wells. the people made ill have bloody diarrhea but most of those killed or crippled suffer kidney and later other organ damage from the verotoxin. it has been claimed that the pasture or feedlot run off of the bacteria can be greatly reduced by adding the plastic, polyacrylamide, to the hope this discussion helps, cheers, joe roberto verzola wrote : my thanks to joe cummins and frank teuton for the e. coli so far, this is what i ' ve learned : - most of hundreds of e. coli strains are harmless ( in fact, we need the e. coli inside our gut because they produce some vitamins for - a few strains are harmful, and the one which has received the most coverage recently is the o157 : h7 strain, which causes a form of diarrhea which can be fatal. - the presence of e. coli in water is used as * indicator *. while the e. coli itself may not be harmful, its presence implies possible fecal contamination of the water. such fecal contamination means other contaminants - - this time pathogenic - - may also be present. - e. coli is both aerobic and anaerobic ( ie, it can survive in either environment ) ; this seems to contradict recent exchanges on sanet re compost teas which implied that aeration kills e. coli. apparently not. can elaine ingram clarify this? - e. coli has been the most common target of bacterial genetic engineering. ie, all kinds of genes and plasmids have been inserted into e. coli. another question for joe cummins : is it possible that these genetic manipulations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4645803246186966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.196109"} {"text": "construction ( naics 23 ) under this topic you will find the north american industry classification system definition of the construction ( naics 23 ) sector. you can use this definition to properly identify the segment of the industry you wish to study further in other sections of canadian industry statistics. definition of the sector this sector comprises establishments primarily engaged in constructing, repairing and renovating buildings and engineering works, and in subdividing and developing land. these establishments may operate on their own account or under contract to other establishments or property owners. they may produce complete projects or just parts of projects. establishments often subcontract some or all of the work involved in a project, or work together in joint ventures. establishments may produce new construction, or undertake repairs and renovations to existing structures. a construction establishment may be the only establishment of an enterprise, or one of several establishments of an integrated real estate enterprise engaged in the land assembly, development, financing, building and sale of large projects. there are substantial differences in the types of equipment, work force skills, and other inputs required by establishments in this sector. to highlight these differences and variations in the underlying production functions, this sector is divided into three subsectors. establishments are distinguished initially between those that undertake projects that require several different construction activities ( known as trades ) to be performed, and establishments that specialize in one trade. the former are classified in subsectors 236, construction of buildings and 237, heavy and civil engineering construction, depending upon whether they are primarily engaged in the construction of buildings or in heavy construction and civil engineering projects. establishments in these subsectors complete projects using their own labour force, by subcontracting, usually to trade contractors, or a combination of own account and subcontracting activities. establishments classified in these subsectors are known by a variety of designations, such as general contractor, design - builder, speculative builder, operative builder and construction manager. the designation depends on the scope of the projects they undertake, the degree of responsibility and risk that they assume, the type of structure that they produce, and whether they work on contract for an owner or on their own account. general contractors typically work under contract to a client ( the owner of the land and the building or structure to be constructed ), and undertake projects that require several specialized construction activities to be performed. often the general contractor will subcontract some of the specialized tasks to other establishments. design - builders are similar to general contractors. however, in a design - build project a single contract is signed with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49352527044794003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.200459"} {"text": "require several specialized construction activities to be performed. often the general contractor will subcontract some of the specialized tasks to other establishments. design - builders are similar to general contractors. however, in a design - build project a single contract is signed with the owner that makes the contractor responsible for providing the architectural and engineering designs. the design - builder therefore is responsible for the design of the project as well as its construction. construction establishments that build on their own account, for sale to others, are known as speculative builders, operative builders or merchant builders. they are most often engaged in the construction of residential buildings. construction managers provide oversight and scheduling services to the owner, for the most part during the actual construction process. this type of service is sometimes referred to as agency construction management, to distinguish it from a type of general contracting known as at - risk construction management. on the other hand, project management, which is a turnkey - type service involving the entire project, including feasibility studies, the arranging of financing, and the management of the contract bidding and selection process, is classified in 54133, engineering services when it is the primary activity of an establishment. establishments that specialize in one particular construction activity, or trade, are generally classified in subsector 238, specialty trade contractors. however, in order to conform to the generally accepted distinctions made by construction businesses themselves, some types of specialized establishments involved in road building and civil engineering are classified in subsector 237, heavy and civil engineering construction. subsector 238, specialty trade contractors, comprises establishments engaged in trade activities generally needed in the construction of buildings and structures, such as masonry, painting, or electrical work. specialty trade contractors usually work under contract to another construction establishment but, especially in renovation and repair construction, they may contract directly with the owner of the property. a significant amount of construction work is performed by enterprises that are primarily engaged in some business other than construction, for these enterprises \u2019 own use, using employees and equipment of the enterprise. this activity is not included in the construction sector unless the construction work performed is the primary activity of a separate establishment of the enterprise. however, if separate establishments do exist, they are classified in the construction sector. establishments primarily engaged in : - manufacturing and installing building equipment, such as power boilers ; manufacturing pre - fabricated buildings ( 31 - 33, manufacturing ) - operating highways, streets and bridges ( 48 - 49, transportation and warehousing ) - project management services, when it is a primary activity ( 54133, engineering services )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49229515225070103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.201570"} {"text": "we work to reduce our environmental impact and use natural resources efficiently through the adoption of management systems for the main environmental aspects of our activities. - we pump underground water to keep our quarries in good condition and use water to transform our minerals. the group encourages the operations to reduce consumption, increase recycling and control the quality of water discharged. - our activities produce relatively small quantities of industrial waste. this is because minerals are mainly converted by mechanical ( e. g. grinding ) and physical ( e. g. density separation ) processes. - fuel use is the main source of co2 emissions in the physical transformation of minerals. the group aims to improve its energy efficiency and it is looking for ways to replace fossil fuels with alternative energies. - oxides of nitrogen ( nox ) and sulfur dioxide ( sox ) are also emitted from the combustion of fuel in our conversion processes. controls on the emissions of these materials are becoming stricter in many countries. we intend to be proactive with respect to those controls. - the surface area affected by mining is kept to a minimum and it is continuously restored whenever possible. in addition to the compensating measures taken, quarries offer many opportunities to enhance biodiversity, especially through their end - of - life remediation. imerys is an essential partner for its customers. as such, imerys supports their sustainable development processes. the group \u2019 s research & development team increasingly considers raw material savings and carbon footprint reduction when designing new products. as a global industrial group, imerys is accountable for the environmental consequences for its activities. sound environmental management systems ( ems ) and compliance with the laws, regulations and internal protocols that apply to its activities are essential to its performance and long - term future. manage properly water usage and limit waste production are part of our sustainable development goals. we have implemented action programs to improve the energy efficiency of its industrial activities and, as a result, reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. we strive to lessen negative impacts of our mining and processing activities on biodiversity along three main lines : keeping affected surface area to a minimum, continuous restoration whenever possible and taking offset measures. constantly improving the environmental impact of our products and processes is a priority for our r & d programs. in 2011, imerys launched around 50 new products, a large number of which offered an environmental, health or safety benefit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48115531167944836, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.210177"} {"text": "nasa cyber attacks on the increase : report according to nasa ( the national aeronautics and space administration ), in recent years, it has become an increasingly popular target for high - tech hackers. in 2007 and 2008, china was suspected to have hacked into nasa satellites, though no formal evidence linking china to the attacks has been brought forward. the agency says its systems were hacked approximately thirteen times in 2011 alone. \" the threat to nasa ' s information security is persistent and ever - changing, \" noted congressman paul braun at a recent meeting of the house science, space and technology subcommittee. \" unless nasa is able to continuously innovate and adapt, their data systems and operations will continue to be in danger. \" ( source : usatoday. com ) nature of attacks varies widely the number of hacker infiltrations into nasa data systems continues to grow. since 2010, for example, there have been a variety of startling breaches of nasa ' s security networks. these include such issues as interference with earth observation satellites terra and landsat - 7, and the cyber theft of personal records associated with 150 nasa employees. in a separate attack, hackers gained access to the personal records of those associated with nasa ' s jet propulsion lab, located in pasadena, california. then there was the very public case of a texas man who last year plead guilty to hacking nasa computers and then preventing the agency ' s workers from accessing important oceanographic information. nasa too big for security budget? the problem with lack of security appears to be associated with nasa ' s enormous organizational size. although the space organization is popularly linked with the space shuttle program, nasa ' s scope is actually much larger : online, it manages roughly 3, 400 websites and maintains approximately 176, 000 unique email addresses. protecting these assets is a huge challenge, and many observers are starting to wonder if the $ 58 million nasa spends annually on network security is going to be enough, moving forward. \" some nasa systems house sensitive information which, if lost or stolen, could result in significant financial loss, adversely affect national security, or significantly impair our nation ' s competitive technological advantage, \" said paul martin, nasa ' s inspector general. ( source : reuters. com ) free ebook : the windows 7 guide : from newbies to pros. in this 46 page guide you will be introduced to windows 7 and what it has to offer. it will teach you about the new taskbar, how to resolve software compatibility issues, how to customize windows aero, and explain what the windows 7 libraries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5107296278608515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.213150"} {"text": "| | | minding your mind | | | time to stop just saying no last reviewed and revised on june 17, 2011 by michael craig miller, m. d. harvard medical school just say no? it turns out that such an approach to treating addictions never made much sense. what scientists have learned about the biology of addiction should help them persuade policy makers if they ' re listening to move resources off the borders, out of courts and prisons, and into the clinic. addiction is a chronic illness that is as expensive as it is tragic. it affects more than 20 million americans and costs our nation almost $ 500 billion per year more than diabetes and cancer combined. the difficulty with addiction is not the product of bad character or weak moral fiber. rather, it results from brain circuits being on the blink. back to top hijacking the reward system addictive substances commandeer the brain ' s reward system and undermine people ' s determination to make wise choices, even when they know they are likely to suffer as a result. since faulty brain circuits don ' t return to normal right away, if ever, detoxification is rarely enough to keep someone sober. long - term treatment is essential, and usually requires psychotherapy ( to provide emotional support, enhance motivation and reduce stress ) along with medication to counter the brain changes shaped by the addictive drug. a feature common to all addictive drugs is that they stimulate the release of the chemical messenger dopamine into a cluster of nerve cells deep in the brain called the nucleus accumbens. this yields a sensation of pleasure that many people want to experience again and again. cocaine and other stimulants cause this change directly, but other substances alcohol, narcotics, nicotine and marijuana all do so at least indirectly. could we ever find one treatment to cure every addiction? probably not, because the cycle of addiction is too complicated it upsets a dynamic balance between reward circuits and fear circuits. addiction also stifles activity in the front part of the brain, where people decide what action is most important for survival. multiple chemical messengers and their receptors are involved, not just dopamine. back to top medications to cut cravings scientists have used newer models of addiction to develop treatments that can make it a little easier to manage these disorders. the most conspicuous of these are the anti - craving medications. the best known is naltrexone. naltrexone, which blocks receptors for narcotics in the brain, has long been used to negate the effects of drugs like heroin. now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46474848852118184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.217818"} {"text": "conspicuous of these are the anti - craving medications. the best known is naltrexone. naltrexone, which blocks receptors for narcotics in the brain, has long been used to negate the effects of drugs like heroin. now it also is being used to help alcoholics who want to stop drinking. how could a medication that fights addiction to heroin, an opiate drug, also help an alcoholic? alcohol boosts endorphins, the opioid chemicals that are produced by our brains. the endorphin boost is instrumental to how alcohol causes pleasurable sensations. by blocking opioid receptors, naltrexone makes drinking less rewarding, so there is less incentive to drink. another drug, acamprosate, interacts with receptors for another chemical messenger called glutamate. because it has a different mechanism from naltrexone, patients can be given both drugs a one - two punch against alcoholism. there are several other drugs being investigated to cut down craving for alcohol, narcotics, stimulants like methamphetamine, and nicotine. back to top genes at the root of the problem as with many medical problems, scientists are hunting for the genes that control the whole apparatus. about half of the vulnerability to addiction is attributed to heredity. genes determine how sensitive you are to the drug ' s effects. let ' s use alcohol again to illustrate : - in people with a family history of alcoholism, the level of endorphins goes higher after a drink than it does in people without alcoholism in the family. - people with a gene variation labeled asp40 get more benefit from naltrexone than those with a different variant of the gene. - serotonin is a chemical that carries messages from nerve cell to nerve cell and is involved in regulating mood. there is a gene ( 5 - httlpr ) that influences serotonin concentrations by controlling how efficiently it is pumped back into nerve cells. depending on which copies of that gene you get from your mother and father, you may be more or less likely to binge drink. it ' s too early for these genetic differences to be useful to doctors. but markers like these, once better established, will help doctors choose the best treatment for individual patients. back to top what ' s the future? for all addictions, we ' re still a long way from pills that will make treatment easy. the best treatment is still a combination of medication and psychotherapy over the long term", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4316013963564457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.218797"} {"text": "in may 2003, the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure ( jnc ) defined the following categories for blood pressure, based on extensive reviews of scientific literature. the figures are updated periodically to keep pace with new research. the biggest change is the addition of a new category called prehypertension, which identifies people at higher risk for high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke. | category | | systolic blood | pressure ( mm hg ) | | | diastolic blood | pressure ( mm hg ) | normal | | less than 120 | | and | | less than 80 | | prehypertension | | 120 - 139 | | or | | 80 - 89 | | hypertension | | | | | | | | stage 1 | | 140 - 159 | | or | | 90 - 99 | | stage 2 | | 160 or higher | | or | | 100 or higher | to classify your blood pressure, your doctor averages two or more readings. for example, if you have 135 / 85 mm hg on one occasion and 145 / 95 mm hg on another, your doctor will say you have an average blood pressure of 140 / 90 mm hg, which is stage 1 hypertension. when systolic and diastolic pressures fall into different categories, the jnc advises doctors to rate the blood pressure by the highest category. for example, 150 / 85 mm hg is classified as stage 1 hypertension, not as prehypertension. systolic hypertension is defined as a systolic pressure of 140 mm hg or higher and a diastolic pressure below 90 mm hg. people in the normal category those with a blood pressure below 120 / 80 mm hg have the lowest risk of developing cardiovascular disease. people in the prehypertension category have a greatly increased risk of developing hypertension. these people require lifestyle changes to reduce their risk. people with stage 1 hypertension generally require medication, although aggressive lifestyle changes ( in diet and fitness ) can sometimes help people avoid the need for medication. your doctor might recommend different numbers based on special circumstances, such as : - coronary artery disease : 140 / 90 ; lower if possible, especially if your symptoms of angina still occur. however, your blood pressure should be reduced gradually. blood pressure that is lowered too quickly over a short time decreases blood flow in the coronary arteries and stimulates the heart to beat more rapidly. this combination of increased work by the heart muscles with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4861040844202321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.221586"} {"text": "the soul of a new hand tool hand levels are one of the standard tools in the kits of house builders, plumbers, and many other tradespeople. until 1990, all levels were bubble - type spirit levels. but in that year, a california carpenter, andy butler, and some silicon valley engineers patented a new level that depended on high - tech electronics to show digitally the precise angle of the surface being checked. the \" smartlevel, \" as the new tool was named, found a market among users of traditional levels who needed precise degree measurements. butler and his colleagues, more interested in developing a new idea than amassing a fortune, sold the smartlevel line and moved onto new projects. in 1995, the lemelson center supported oral history interviews with andy butler and other key individuals involved with the development, manufacture, and marketing of this new generation of digital hand tool. additional interviews with smartlevel principles outside california are forthcoming. at the conclusion of the project, the interviews, an archive of original documents, drawings, photographs, and other records, several generations of smartlevels, hardware store display elements, and sales training videotapes will be preserved in the archives center of the national museum of american history. for more information on this collection, email the archives center. originally published in fall 1995.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5308138999097993, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.224760"} {"text": "the invisible gardener ' s natural pest control center click here to hear andy talk about organic and natural home pest controls on his radio shows. if you decide not to use a raised bed then you must prepare the area first. draw a plan for what you want to grow in your raised bed. keep the tallest on one side with the smallest to the opposite side. if you have more then one raised decide which plants will grow where. change this design every year so as not to grow the same plants in the same place year after choosing a location for your raised bed is very important. the location needs to be close to the kitchen to provide easy access for the cook. the location must provide at least 6 to 8 hrs direct sun, with the more the better. must have proper drainage. so take a walk around your place and see if you can pick the perfect spot. another consideration is water, it must have a close source. never use city water in your raised bed. many cities have chlorine ( or? ) in their city water. chlorine kills bacteria, that is what it does best. however an organic garden requires natural bacteria in order to function correctly. a garden filter will help keep your garden alive! you will notice an increase in in worms and in the gardens overall health. you can make your own garden filter by converting your shower filter. info on a gardening filter is coming, ask me about it. putting together the raised bed a good raised bed should be at least 4ft x 10 ft x 12 inches high x at least 2 inches thick. use non treated wood. the wood can be screwed together for easy break down when needed. if you have gophers in your area, you will want to screen the bottom with extra heavy chicken wire. the size of the bed depends on the area and amount of space you have to use. an ideal situation is to have two or more raised beds. one 4ft x 12ft x 12 inches x 2 inches can produce enough food for a family of four. more beds allow you to rotate the beds and allow one bed to grow green cover which can be turned over. filling in the raised bed the following should fit just right into the raised bed. you will have to use what you find in your area. start out with a good layer of old horse manure. to this i add either llama pellets or rabbit pellets ( nature ' s time released fertilizer ). add 20 lbs of rock dust or any other trace mineral source. add", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4322740946334465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.227896"} {"text": "andrew jackson ' s mouth / barton letter / spybook ( # 804 ) this episode has not aired in the past few months on iowa public television. how is this fragment connected a political protest in the 19th century? 16 : 03 what does this little black book reveal about spying on the home front during world war i? 18 : 34 what does this letter reveal about america ' s early efforts to honor its war dead? 17 : 31 full program : barton letter ; andrew jackson ' s mouth ; spybook 55 : 10 full program : eduardo investigates the story behind a bill of sale for a 17 - year old \u201c negro girl \". 53 : 41 - watch more video from this program \u00bb information for teachers - grade levels - curricular areas - social studies - series length - 128 episodes - average episode length - 56 minutes - record rights - record and retain for 1 year from each broadcast. no duplication allowed. - visit the website for teacher resources visit the iptv education website to access timely, relevant resources for your classroom. news & announcements - more \u00bb - more \u00bb series description : history detectives returns to explore the stories behind historic sites, artifacts and tall tales told in cities across the country, with the help of an inquisitive team of fact - finders with an uncanny talent for uncovering the truth. all upcoming episodes there are no broadcasts currently planned. please check back for future broadcast dates. these episodes of history detectives aired in the last few months on iowa public television.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4248975010333531, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.229543"} {"text": "the holocaust just got more shocking by eric lichtbau, the new york times, march 1, 2013 thirteen years ago, researchers at the united states holocaust memorial museum began the grim task of documenting all the ghettos, slave labor sites, concentration camps and killing factories that the nazis set up throughout europe. what they have found so far has shocked even scholars steeped in the history of the holocaust. the researchers have cataloged some 42, 500 nazi ghettos and camps throughout europe, spanning german - controlled areas from france to russia and germany itself, during hitler \u2019 s reign of brutality from 1933 to 1945. the figure is so staggering that even fellow holocaust scholars had to make sure they had heard it correctly when the lead researchers previewed their findings at an academic forum in late january at the german historical institute in washington. \u201c the numbers are so much higher than what we originally thought, \u201d hartmut berghoff, director of the institute, said in an interview after learning of the new data. \u201c we knew before how horrible life in the camps and ghettos was, \u201d he said, \u201c but the numbers are unbelievable. \u201d the documented camps include not only \u201c killing centers \u201d but also thousands of forced labor camps, where prisoners manufactured war supplies ; prisoner - of - war camps ; sites euphemistically named \u201c care \u201d centers, where pregnant women were forced to have abortions or their babies were killed after birth ; and brothels, where women were coerced into having sex with german military personnel. auschwitz and a handful of other concentration camps have come to symbolize the nazi killing machine in the public consciousness. likewise, the nazi system for imprisoning jewish families in hometown ghettos has become associated with a single site \u2014 the warsaw ghetto, famous for the 1943 uprising. but these sites, infamous though they are, represent only a minuscule fraction of the entire german network, the new research makes painfully clear. the maps the researchers have created to identify the camps and ghettos turn wide sections of wartime europe into black clusters of death, torture and slavery \u2014 centered in germany and poland, but reaching in all directions. the lead editors on the project, geoffrey megargee and martin dean, estimate that 15 million to 20 million people died or were imprisoned in the sites that they have identified as part of a multivolume encyclopedia. ( the holocaust museum has published the first two, with five more planned by 2025. ) the existence of many individual camps and ghettos was previously known only on a fragmented, region - by -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4179678993492162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.236543"} {"text": "as part of a multivolume encyclopedia. ( the holocaust museum has published the first two, with five more planned by 2025. ) the existence of many individual camps and ghettos was previously known only on a fragmented, region - by - region basis. but the researchers, using data from some 400 contributors, have been documenting the entire scale for the first time, studying where they were located, how they were run, and what their purpose was. the brutal experience of henry greenbaum, an 84 - year - old holocaust survivor who lives outside washington, typifies the wide range of nazi sites. when mr. greenbaum, a volunteer at the holocaust museum, tells visitors today about his wartime odyssey, listeners inevitably focus on his confinement of months at auschwitz, the most notorious of all the camps. but the images of the other camps where the nazis imprisoned him are ingrained in his memory as deeply as the concentration camp number \u2014 a188991 \u2014 tattooed on his left forearm. in an interview, he ticked off the locations in rapid fire, the details still vivid. first came the starachowice ghetto in his hometown in poland, where the germans herded his family and other local jews in 1940, when he was just 12. next came a slave labor camp with six - foot - high fences outside the town, where he and a sister were moved while the rest of the family was sent to die at treblinka. after his regular work shift at a factory, the germans would force him and other prisoners to dig trenches that were used for dumping the bodies of victims. he was sent to auschwitz, then removed to work at a chemical manufacturing plant in poland known as buna monowitz, where he and some 50 other prisoners who had been held at the main camp at auschwitz were taken to manufacture rubber and synthetic oil. and last was another slave labor camp at flossenburg, near the czech border, where food was so scarce that the weight on his 5 - foot - 8 - inch frame fell away to less than 100 pounds. by the age of 17, mr. greenbaum had been enslaved in five camps in five years, and was on his way to a sixth, when american soldiers freed him in 1945. \u201c nobody even knows about these places, \u201d mr. greenbaum said. \u201c everything should be documented. that \u2019 s very important. we try to tell the youngsters so that they know, and they \u2019 ll remember. \u201d the research could have legal implications as well by helping a small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42704324825856044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.237588"} {"text": "\u201d mr. greenbaum said. \u201c everything should be documented. that \u2019 s very important. we try to tell the youngsters so that they know, and they \u2019 ll remember. \u201d the research could have legal implications as well by helping a small number of survivors document their continuing claims over unpaid insurance policies, looted property, seized land and other financial matters. \u201c how many claims have been rejected because the victims were in a camp that we didn \u2019 t even know about? \u201d asked sam dubbin, a florida lawyer who represents a group of survivors who are seeking to bring claims against european insurance companies. dr. megargee, the lead researcher, said the project was changing the understanding among holocaust scholars of how the camps and ghettos evolved. as early as 1933, at the start of hitler \u2019 s reign, the third reich established about 110 camps specifically designed to imprison some 10, 000 political opponents and others, the researchers found. as germany invaded and began occupying european neighbors, the use of camps and ghettos was expanded to confine and sometimes kill not only jews but also homosexuals, gypsies, poles, russians and many other ethnic groups in eastern europe. the camps and ghettos varied enormously in their mission, organization and size, depending on the nazis \u2019 needs, the researchers have found. the biggest site identified is the infamous warsaw ghetto, which held about 500, 000 people at its height. but as few as a dozen prisoners worked at one of the smallest camps, the munchen - schwabing site in germany. small groups of prisoners were sent there from the dachau concentration camp under armed guard. they were reportedly whipped and ordered to do manual labor at the home of a fervent nazi patron known as \u201c sister pia, \u201d cleaning her house, tending her garden and even building children \u2019 s toys for her. when the research began in 2000, dr. megargee said he expected to find perhaps 7, 000 nazi camps and ghettos, based on postwar estimates. but the numbers kept climbing \u2014 first to 11, 500, then 20, 000, then 30, 000, and now 42, 500. the numbers astound : 30, 000 slave labor camps ; 1, 150 jewish ghettos ; 980 concentration camps ; 1, 000 prisoner - of - war camps ; 500 brothels filled with sex slaves ; and thousands of other camps used for euthanizing the elderly and infirm, performing forced abortions, \u201c germanizing \u201d prisoners or transporting victims to killing centers. in berlin alone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40867436121230505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.239667"} {"text": "knowledge drives action 24 august 2012 | news story the ground - breaking work of iucn \u2019 s six commissions is highlighted in the latest issue of the journal s. a. p. i. en. s. set up as \u201c networks of expert volunteers entrusted to develop and advance the institutional knowledge, experience and objectives of iucn \u201d, the commissions enable iucn to link to cutting - edge science to advance knowledge and learning. sapiens ( surveys and perspectives integrating environment and society ), is a peer - reviewed, open access, multidisciplinary journal focused on integrating knowledge to promote sustainability research. this special issue shows how knowledge drives action. it explores how the knowledge generated by the species survival commission ( ssc ) is helping fight the global biodiversity crisis through the examples of amphibians worldwide and mammals in south - east asia ; how the debate in the commission on environmental law on the so - called \u201c non - regression principle \u201d is pushing the boundaries of law and policy ; and how the commission on ecosystem management is tackling existing knowledge gaps on the status of the world \u2019 s ecosystems. the world commission on protected areas presents its work on defining and applying the new concept of \u201c nature - based solutions \u201d to global challenges while the commission on environmental, economic and social policy focuses on an emerging framework for sustainable rural development. last but not least, the commission on education and communication looks at pathways to resilient people and a resilient planet. \u201c there is no question that the need for up - to - the - minute, user - friendly and comprehensive knowledge about biodiversity is greater now than it was 50 years ago when the first iucn commission, the ssc, was born, \u201d says iucn director general, julia marton - lefevre. \u201c what we also need more than ever today is to reach out beyond the conservation community, to other scientific and academic networks \u2013 and this is precisely what we are hoping to achieve through this joint publication between iucn and the institut veolia environnement. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4433323252420427, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.241970"} {"text": "on a bright, airy classroom on the west side, six youngsters are grooving to miles davis, their feet gently tapping, their bodies swaying a bit as they savor the trumpet sighs wafting out of a portable stereo system. meanwhile, at the tony symphony center downtown, a much larger group of kids is hanging on to every note that jazz trumpeter wynton marsalis is playing, as he re - creates the clarion sound of louis armstrong hitting a glorious series of high cs. the day ' s topic may be vintage miles or classic satchmo, but the subliminal message - - the one that the instructors are trying to get across - - is that music can save their lives and open up their futures, whether or not they decide to become musicians. if jazz long ago was the music of the street and the brothel, lately it has taken on a considerably more heroic role in the lives of some urban schoolchildren, thanks to two daring new projects. one, based in chicago and headed by the protean trumpeter orbert davis, uses jazz to save \" at - risk \" children. to date, davis ' musicalive program has been adopted in more than a dozen chicago schools and in classrooms as far away as mobile, ala. if davis has his way, musicalive eventually will be swinging in every state. the other, a jazz for young people curriculum conceived in new york and headed by marsalis, can give kids \" the tools to speak to one another, \" as marsalis puts it. the lessons may cover the basics of jelly roll morton and duke ellington, but - - in profound ways - - they show kids how to respect one another other, how to negotiate and how to get along. so far as davis and marsalis are concerned, no music can do more to give kids hope than america ' s only homegrown art form, jazz. moreover, in an era when arts programs rapidly are disappearing from financially hard - pressed school districts, the need for music education never has been greater, argue artists such as davis and marsalis. and at a time when science is discovering that musical training improves intellectual abilities and deters against anti - social behavior, they appear to have a point. \" the intrinsic value and enjoyment of the music is important, but it ' s also a beautiful way to teach about democracy and about people working together, \" says educator sandy feldstein, who helped create marsalis ' jazz curriculum. \" because that ' s what jazz is all about - - a group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4618705087853927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.251409"} {"text": ", but it ' s also a beautiful way to teach about democracy and about people working together, \" says educator sandy feldstein, who helped create marsalis ' jazz curriculum. \" because that ' s what jazz is all about - - a group of musicians trying to play together, improvising, being creative. \" teach kids jazz, and you ' re teaching them history, because of all that has happened in this music in the past 100 years. and you ' re teaching them social studies, because you cover all the places that the jazz musicians traveled to, on the road. \" really, you ' re teaching them about life. \" easygoing approach \" so what ' s new? \" davis asks the kids awaiting him in room 307 of the victor herbert school, located just a few blocks west of the united center, which most of these kids never have seen on the inside. \" band, \" answers one of the youngsters. \" basketball, \" says another. \" girls, \" jokes a third. the approach may seem informal, but that ' s precisely the way davis prefers it. the idea is to establish a real rapport with these kids - - to talk about everyday life and its problems and its possibilities - - before a single note is played. davis knows that the youngsters sitting in front of him have had trouble in school. some have been failing their classes. some haven ' t been showing up. some have been showing up but haven ' t said a word. or at least that ' s what they were like a year ago, before the school picked them as prime candidates for davis ' musicalive, an innovative program that focuses as much on communication and coping as it does onbuddy bolden and king oliver. between discussions about jazz and related musical forms, davis and the instructors he trains teach kids why it ' s important to show up for a job interview looking good, just as musicians do when they have a gig ; why it ' s critical to \" speak the ` king ' s english ' in proper settings, \" says davis, to keep phrases as beautiful as those a trumpeter makes when he ' s standing in front of the public. \" over the years, i ' ve come to realize that students who are involved in the arts learn the life skills of discipline, focus, self - confidence, expression, group dynamics, coping, communication and racial reconciliation, \" says davis, who spent 14 years teaching at columbia college chicago and received a master ' s degree in music education from northwestern university. \" these are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44620748219692563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.252346"} {"text": "discipline, focus, self - confidence, expression, group dynamics, coping, communication and racial reconciliation, \" says davis, who spent 14 years teaching at columbia college chicago and received a master ' s degree in music education from northwestern university. \" these are skills that enable us to function in society and become responsible citizens - - and employable. so why is music the first thing cut in school curricula? \" taking action a few years ago he decided that he wasn ' t going to sit around watching it happen. so he spent his own time and money developing musicalive, which he conceived as a 15 - session curriculum \" for at - risk youth grades k - 12 \" and unveiled in 1999. the project, which includes workbooks for students and teachers, was designed specifically to connect \" every day life and music, \" according to musicalive ' s mission statement. ultimately, the goal was to improve kids ' self - esteem, teach them how to express themselves verbally and show them how to solve problems and make decisions - - all through hands - on activities in music. thus the student workbooks that davis created include both miles davis ' recording of \" on green dolphin street \" and martin luther king jr. ' s \" i have a dream \" speech. since davis brought musicalive to victor herbert, the kids have formed a jazz band and jam together at least once a week, even when no one from musicalive is around to hear them. in effect, these youngsters are being transformed. \" that music program has saved my boy ' s life, \" says donna thadison, whose youngest son, 7th grader jerome, had problems before he started musicalive. \" he was hanging with the wrong kids, he wasn ' t getting along with the other kids. now he ' s staying out of trouble and getting kids into the program and hardly listening to rap music at all. his life changed. \" says jerome, \" when i first came in here, i didn ' t know a single thing about louis armstrong or miles davis or any of that, \" says jerome, after class. \" now i ' m trying to play like him, which is not easy. \" the magic of music there ' s more than just anecdotes supporting the notion that music education of almost any sort can turn a kid ' s life around. recent scientific studies confirm what jerome ' s mother has noticed. a few studies stand out : - second graders who used piano keyboard training in conjunction with computer software designed to teach math scored 27 percent higher", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4905189099044699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.253299"} {"text": "any sort can turn a kid ' s life around. recent scientific studies confirm what jerome ' s mother has noticed. a few studies stand out : - second graders who used piano keyboard training in conjunction with computer software designed to teach math scored 27 percent higher on math tests than children who used only the computer software, according to neurological research journal, march 1999. - students who were involved in instrumental music in middle school and high school had \" significantly higher levels of mathematics proficiency by grade 12, \" according to data from the u. s. department of education. moreover, this was true regardless of the students ' socioeconomic status. - students with music performance experience scored 57 points higher on the verbal and 41 points higher on the math sat tests than those who had no such experience, while students with music appreciation coursework scored 63 points higher on verbal and 44 points higher on math than those who took no such courses, according to the college entrance examination board. davis does not pretend to have a magic wand. some kids drop out of the musicalive program. many schools cannot afford it ( at the victor herbert school, in fact, davis provided the program for free, as a kind of pilot venture ). but davis and his longtime business partner, mark ingram, believe they ' re on to something. \" we began to realize that there was a problem out there in america ' s schools, and that we were subconsciously ignoring it, \" says ingram. \" whole generations of kids have been lost. kids are failing. they ' re disconnected from learning for a lot of reasons, so we needed to find a way to reconnect them to learning. and we believe we have found it by using their favorite tool - - music. \" the results, says victor herbert music teacher milton gardner, are unmistakable. \" you can see the kids changing, \" says gardner. \" i just wish more kids could get a chance to get involved. \" a different approach realistically speaking, however, struggling, inner - city schools that need jazz instruction the most are, by definition, the ones least able to afford it. which is why the jazz for young people curriculum created by jazz at lincoln center, in new york, may come as a godsend to schoolkids across the country ( including those at the chicago public schools, where it currently is being evaluated by administrators ). unlike davis ' musicalive, which was explicitly created to save at - risk kids, the lincoln center program has been conceived to increase jazz literacy among youngsters of all kinds. and while davis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5136505906683893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.254252"} {"text": "schools, where it currently is being evaluated by administrators ). unlike davis ' musicalive, which was explicitly created to save at - risk kids, the lincoln center program has been conceived to increase jazz literacy among youngsters of all kinds. and while davis ' program emphasizes the role that teachers or mentors play in teaching life skills ( its instructors trained by davis himself ), the lincoln center program is a self - contained collection of materials that almost anyone can use, regardless of how much or how little the teacher knows about jazz. designed by marsalis, the artistic director of jazz at lincoln center, in conjunction with a team of educators, scholars, musicians and graphic designers, the jazz for young people curriculum kit includes 10 cds ( one of which is a cd rom ), video, student workbook and teacher ' s guide. it defines the \" jazz lingo \" and nearly everything else a youngster needs to know. more important, it teaches kids \" to listen to one another with empathy, \" notes marsalis in his introductory letter to teachers, \" to understand and enjoy the individuality of each person. \" you can see as much as marsalis stands before a group of school kids in symphony center ' s buntrock hall, where he somehow has persuaded a group of 300 - plus youngsters to pipe down for a moment. \" we ' re hear to talk about jazz music, \" says marsalis, who shrewdly speaks at almost a whisper, so that the kids will have to keep quiet to hear him. \" we ' re going to talk about buddy bolden, \" adds marsalis, referring to the nearly mythic precursor of the great satchmo. \" buddy bolden is the beginning of jazz. before buddy bolden, new orleans music was about society dances and marches, but buddy bolden had another idea. \" and that ' s what jazz is all about - - playing it your way. but it ' s also listening closely while someone else plays it their way. it ' s respecting someone else and them respecting you. \" later, in a larger session in orchestra hall, where a couple thousand kids and their parents have gathered to learn about john coltrane, marsalis cuts to the heart of the matter. \" for a while, john coltrane used drugs, \" says marsalis, knowing that kids face this temptation, and others, every day they go to school. \" but once coltrane licked drugs, he found god in his own way. he had a spiritual awakening. and he hooked up with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4819568566601462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.256157"} {"text": ", \" says marsalis, knowing that kids face this temptation, and others, every day they go to school. \" but once coltrane licked drugs, he found god in his own way. he had a spiritual awakening. and he hooked up with another serious musician, the high priest of bebop, thelonious monk. \" planting a seed and so the point has been made, tucked in amid the glorious tunes of coltrane that marsalis and friends unfurl. if a great artist such as coltrane can find salvation away from vice and inside the discipline and rigor of music, marsalis is intimating, maybe the youngsters in the audience can, too. \" we ' re trying to reach the kids with ideas and with music that they don ' t hear on the radio very much, \" says marsalis later. \" we ' re trying to teach them in a very plainspoken way, a very accessible way. but we can ' t be in all the classrooms in america at once, so we came up with the jazz for young people curriculum, and we believe it makes it possible for kids to hear us even when we can ' t be with them. \" according to laura johnson, education director of jazz at lincoln center, the program is trying to fill a void. \" jazz has been around for 100 years, but outside of the jazz bands in many schools, there is no real school instruction in this music, \" johnson says. \" and you can ' t help but conclude that that has something to do with race. american schools mostly have taught music by white composers, and it ' s time for the schools to show the kids that great art comes from other races, as well. even apart from music, i think that ' s a worthwhile lesson. \" so is the entire jazz for young people curriculum, which stands as by far the most exhaustive, interactive jazz course ever made available to primary and secondary schools. \" this is very good stuff indeed, \" says michael blakeslee, deputy executive director of the music educators ' national conference. \" it ' s estimable. \" adds henry chapin, arts coordinator for a brooklyn school district that has embraced the jazz for young people project : \" i think this curriculum could fill a vacuum that never even has been acknowledged. \" by howard reich tribune arts critic march 31, 2002 copyright ( c ) 2002, chicago tribune", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48993321102177073, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.257197"} {"text": "many years ago, the philistines and the israelites were going to fight each other in a war. the philistines were on one mountain and the israelites were on another mountain. the valley of e ' - lah was in between them. the israelites were god ' s choosen people, but the philistines had a secret weapon - - his name was goliath. goliath was the champion of the philistines. he was a man who was 9 feet tall! goliath ' s coat weighed 150 pounds, he wore brass on his legs for protection and had a spear with a tip that weighed 20 pounds. only a very strong man could fight with such heavy armour and weaponry. because he was such a huge, fearsome man, goliath was very bold. he stood on the mountain across from the israelites and cried to the armies of israel saying, \" why are ye come out to set your battle in array? am not i a philistine, and ye servants to saul? choose you a man for you, and let him come down to me. if he be able to fight with me, and to kill me, then will we be your servants : but if i prevail against him, and kill him, then shall ye be our servants, and serve us. \" and the philistine said, \" i defy the armies of israel this day ; give me a man, that we may fight together. \" when saul and all israel heard those words of the philistine, they were dismayed, and greatly afraid. goliath kept saying this every morning and every evening for forty days. king saul and the rest of the israelites were scared. no one wanted to fight goliath by himself! even king saul, the king of israel, was sore afraid and dismayed. what were they going to do? now at this time, there was a man named jesse who had eight sons. his three oldest sons were in king saul ' s army. his youngest son, david, lived with his father jesse and tended the sheep. david was a young shepherd with ruddy cheeks and a comely appearance. one day jesse told david to go the army camp where his brothers were and give them some roasted corn and ten loaves of bread. he also told him to give ten cheeses to their captain. jesse wanted to find out how david ' s brothers were doing. so david got up early in the morning and left the sheep with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44717335109937145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.264517"} {"text": "some roasted corn and ten loaves of bread. he also told him to give ten cheeses to their captain. jesse wanted to find out how david ' s brothers were doing. so david got up early in the morning and left the sheep with a keeper and went to the valley of elah as his father had commanded him. when he got there, the philistines and the israelites were about to fight. david got out of his carriage and the man who was driving stayed with the carriage. david ran to the israelite army and saluted his brothers. as he talked with them, goliath cried to the armies of israel again daring someone to fight with him. david heard him. all the soldiers got really scared and fled away running as fast as they could. what a sight that must have been! after things had settled down, the soldiers explained the situation to david. they told david that the man who cried was named goliath. they told david that goliath was is defying israel. they told david that if any man would kill goliath, king saul would give him great riches and would give the man his daughter to marry and would make that man ' s family free in israel. david had a question - -... what shall be done to the man that killeth this philistine, and taketh away the reproach from israel? for who is this uncircumcised philistine, that he should defy the armies of the living god? ( 1 samuel 17 : 26 ) 27 and the people answered him after this manner, saying, so shall it be done to the man that killeth him. 28 and eliab his eldest brother heard when he spake unto the men ; and eliab ' s anger was kindled against david, and he said, why camest thou down hither? and with whom hast thou left those few sheep in the wilderness? i know thy pride, and the naughtiness of thine heart ; for thou art come down that thou mightest see the battle. 29 and david said, what have i now done? is there not a cause? 30 and he turned from him toward another, and spake after the same manner : and the people answered him again after the former manner. 31 and when the words were heard which david spake, they rehearsed them before saul : and he sent for him. 32 and david said to saul, let no man ' s heart fail because of him ; thy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4044028650862765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.265449"} {"text": "after the former manner. 31 and when the words were heard which david spake, they rehearsed them before saul : and he sent for him. 32 and david said to saul, let no man ' s heart fail because of him ; thy servant will go and fight with this philistine. 33 and saul said to david, thou art not able to go against this philistine to fight with him : for thou art but a youth, and he a man of war from his youth. 34 and david said unto saul, thy servant kept his father ' s sheep, and there came a lion, and a bear, and took a lamb out of the flock : 35 and i went out after him, and smote him, and delivered it out of his mouth : and when he arose against me, i caught him by his beard, and smote him, and slew him. 36 thy servant slew both the lion and the bear : and this uncircumcised philistine shall be as one of them, seeing he hath defied the armies of the living god. 37 david said moreover, the lord that delivered me out of the paw of the lion, and out of the paw of the bear, he will deliver me out of the hand of this philistine. and saul said unto david, go, and the lord be with thee. 38 and saul armed david with his armour, and he put an helmet of brass upon his head ; also he armed him with a coat of mail. 39 and david girded his sword upon his armour, and he assayed to go ; for he had not proved it. and david said unto saul, i cannot go with these ; for i have not proved them. and david put them off him. 40 and he took his staff in his hand, and chose him five smooth stones out of the brook, and put them in a shepherd ' s bag which he had, even in a scrip ; and his sling was in his hand : and he drew near to the philistine. 41 and the philistine came on and drew near unto david ; and the man that bare the shield went before him. 42 and when the philistine looked about, and saw david, he disdained him : for he was but a youth, and ruddy, and of a fair countenance. 43 and the philistine said unto david, am i a dog, that thou comest to me with staves? and the phil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3963017881576927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.266302"} {"text": ", and shouted, and pursued the philistines, until thou come to the valley, and to the gates of ekron. and the wounded of the philistines fell down by the way to shaaraim, even unto gath, and unto ekron. 53 and the children of israel returned from chasing after the philistines, and they spoiled their tents. 54 and david took the head of the philistine, and brought it to jerusalem ; but he put his armour in his tent. 55 and when saul saw david go forth against the philistine, he said unto abner, the captain of the host, abner, whose son is this youth? and abner said, as thy soul liveth, o king, i cannot tell. 56 and the king said, enquire thou whose son the stripling is. 57 and as david returned from the slaughter of the philistine, abner took him, and brought him before saul with the head of the philistine in his hand. 58 and saul said to him, whose son art thou, thou young man? and david answered, i am the son of thy servant jesse the bethlehemite. did you know that the god of david can be your god? god sent his son jesus christ to die on the cross for your sins. if you will admit that you are a sinner and believe that jesus died and rose from the dead, david ' s god will be your god. you will become a christian and you will have the power of god on your side. go to children ' s bible stories on - line! | eternal life | hell is real | the gospel according to john | | my testimony | why i read the authorized kjv bible | | the hymnal | messianic prophecies fulfilled by jesus christ | | epistle dedicatory to the authorized king james of 1611 | home for hundreds of articles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4010438984333452, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.267958"} {"text": "march 22, 2012 looking into anne frank \u2019 s unblinking eyes is the image of anne frank heading in the same commercial direction as edvard munch \u2019 s \u201c the scream \u201d? munch \u2019 s expressionist painting, once an iconic representation of horror, for years has been available as a party inflatable, an action figure mask, even a bobblehead. with the installation of a lifelike wax figure of the famed holocaust diarist on display in madame tussauds in berlin, could frank \u2019 s image be susceptible to the same misappropriation and exploitation? considering that a 1999 issue of time magazine listed anne frank as one of the most important people of the 20th century, and that the \u201c diary of anne frank \u201d is one of the best - selling books of all time, it probably should not be surprising us that publishers and manufacturers are cranking out anne frank posters, postcards, limited edition t - shirts and key chains in an effort to cash in on her celebrity. the fact that madame tussauds has locations worldwide indicates tourist acceptance of the museums, which are filled with kitschy wax likenesses of celebrated personalities such as john kennedy, albert einstein, marilyn monroe and rihanna \u2014 all done up in unblinking cosmetic perfection. but are we ready for a young jewish martyr and personification of the holocaust to be melted into the waxy mix? it \u2019 s not entirely clear. the german publication der spiegel noted that the wax figure of adolf hitler, which the museum reintroduced after it was beheaded by a visitor in 2008, is in the next room. chris hale, a producer who lives in berlin, wrote on his blog that frank \u2019 s likeness is displayed in \u201c the city where the diabolical plan to murder all the jews of europe was hatched. \u201d but with several metal sculptures of frank already on display in the u. s. and europe \u2014 there \u2019 s even one near the anne frank house in amsterdam \u2014 why all the fuss? isn \u2019 t a wax figure just a sculpture done in a different medium? madame tussauds did not respond to jta \u2019 s request for comment. but museum spokeswoman nina zerbe told der spiegel that the museum wanted to convey a \u201c sense of optimism \u201d with the figure and that \u201c it \u2019 s important to let the story continue. \u201d perhaps it is the motionless three - dimensional quality of the wax likeness. frank is shown seated at her writing desk in the attic room made famous in her diary, complete with frozen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4104670341801249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.275263"} {"text": "figure and that \u201c it \u2019 s important to let the story continue. \u201d perhaps it is the motionless three - dimensional quality of the wax likeness. frank is shown seated at her writing desk in the attic room made famous in her diary, complete with frozen smile that adds a dimension of jittery concern. the projects that put her and her world into motion \u2014 a tony award - winning broadway play, a movie, a japanese animation, a pbs movie of her life and a cd with a virtual tour of the house where she hid \u2014 all escape this effect. an anne frank comic book even seems to capture her spirit better. in 2010, the anne frank house in amsterdam approached two american comic book artists, writer sid jacobson and illustrator ernie colon, to create \u201c anne frank, the anne frank house authorized graphic biography. \u201d published that year by hill and wang, the book was among the first major projects in print to move beyond the boundaries of presenting frank simply in word and in photos. \u201c can anne frank \u2019 s story be told in a comic book? \u201d time magazine asked when the book first came out, foreshadowing some of the concern that the boundary - breaking frank wax figure has received. \u201c with a graphic format we could make a more truthful presentation of the story, \u201d jacobson said in a recent interview from his home in los angeles. from traveling to amsterdam and seeing the house and the research, he knew he wanted to put the frank story in context by also telling the story of the rise of nazism. \u201c seeing a person that you know introduced in a few quick panels is so much more effective than reading, \u201d said jacobson, a former executive with marvel and harvey comics and one of the writers of the comic book classic \u201c richie rich. \u201d jacobson also was the author of another retelling of tragedy, \u201c the 9 / 11 report : a graphic adaptation. \u201d the book, even in its two - dimensional comic book flatness, is better able than a wax statue to take the viewer inside the attic where frank hid from the nazis. it graphically illustrates where the rooms were situated. it also shows us the joy of frank \u2019 s first kiss with fellow hider peter van pels, the horror of her discovery by the ss, and her mother and sister \u2019 s awful death from typhus in bergen - belsen. as the book had broken boundaries when it was published \u2014 it has since been translated into dutch, german, french, italian and spanish with plans for a hebrew edition \u2014 i wondered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46707738026832707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.276934"} {"text": "and sister \u2019 s awful death from typhus in bergen - belsen. as the book had broken boundaries when it was published \u2014 it has since been translated into dutch, german, french, italian and spanish with plans for a hebrew edition \u2014 i wondered what its author thought about the frank wax likeness. \u201c i found it offensive, i think they should have stayed away from it, \u201d jacobson said, adding that \u201c ours was done with dignity. \u201d on the madame tussauds website there is this introduction to a museum visit : \u201c you \u2019 ll find yourself saying sorry to someone for nearly bumping into them before realizing it \u2019 s a wax figure of penelope cruz or johnny depp. that \u2019 s the skill of our sculptors. \u201d but what if you are not ready for waxen verisimilitude or simply don \u2019 t want to bump into anne frank? a few years ago while visiting the hollywood forever cemetery in los angeles, i was startled by the engraved lifelike images in a section where many russian jews were buried. i had never seen an image of the dead on a headstone. they were done in such realistic detail that they creeped me out. i had a similar feeling at an open casket funeral, which is not a jewish tradition. on both occasions i was ready to honor the dead and was curious about their life story. but did i want to encounter them? no. in judaism, the viewing of a dead person is considered a violation of their modesty. we can look at them, but they cannot gaze back. in madame tussauds, when we look into those unblinking anne frank eyes, there is no return teenage glare that says, \u201c how could you let this happen? \u201d and there can be no look that says, \u201c don \u2019 t let this happen again. \u201d anne frank, the anne frank house authorized graphic biography, $ 11. 29, amazon. com. madame tussauds, berlin : admission, age 15 and older, 18. 85 euro ( about $ 25 ) ; ages 3 - 14, 14. 35 euro ( about $ 19 ). have something that might be good for goods for the jews? contact edmon j. rodman at firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41398983558228214, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.277784"} {"text": "diver a is lowered 28 feet below the surface of the ocean. she swims down another 6 feet. what integer expresses her position compared to the ocean ' s surface? find the curve ' s unit tangent vector. also, find the length of the indicated portion of the curve. r ( t ) = ( t ) i + ( 2 / 3 ) t ^ ( 3 / 2 ) k, 0 less than or equal to t less than or equal to 8 how do you simplify 29 over 9 i am in 5th grade and we are to find out who invented the order of operation. i understand how to use it and found web sites, but i am unable to locate who invented it. what about this science is great fun you get to use chemicals but safety is first is this better? had to write a haiku related to science, is this ok? chemicals make boom chemicals should not be ate it makes good science thank you! i have to write a haiku related to science, not sure what i need to do. please help. are the prime factors 2, 2, 3? what are the prime factors of 12? in photosynthesis, plants form glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. 6co _ 2 + 6h _ 2o - - > c _ 6h _ 12 _ o _ 6 + 6o _ 2 a ) calculate deltah rxn at 15 degree c b ) calculate deltas rxn at 15 c ) calculate deltag rxn at 15 thanks! for further reading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5478517469581354, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.279286"} {"text": "earth, the. arabic arz \u0627\u0631\u0636 muhammad taught his followers that hust as there are seven heavens [ heaven. ] on above another, so there are seven earths one beneath another, the distance between each of these regions being five hundred years \u2019 journey. ( mishkat, book xxiv c i part 3 ) in the qur \u2019 an the earth is said to be stretched out like a carpet or bed ( surah ii 20 ; xiii 8 ; xxviii, 6 ), which expression the ancient commentators understood to imply that the earth was a vast palne, but circular ; and ( surah xxxix 67 ) to be but a handful in the sight of god, which in the last day shall be changed with another earth ( surah xiv 49 ). the earth is believed by muslim writers to be surrounded by a great sea called al - bahru \u2018 l - muhit, or the circumambient ocean which is bounded by the mountains of qaf. the extent of the earth is said to be two hundred years journey being allotted to the sea two hundred to the uninhabited desert, eighty to the country of gog and magog ( yajuj wa majuj ) and the rest to the civilized world. certain terrae incognitae in the midst of the mountains of qaf are said to be inhabited by the jinn or genii. according to some, makkah ( or jerusalem according to others ) is situated in the centre of the earth. on the muhit is the arshu \u2018 l - iblis, or \u201c throne of satan. \u201d the western portion of the muhit is often called the bahru \u2018 z - zulmat, or \u201c sea of darkness, \u201d and in the south - west corner of the earth is the fountain of life of which al - khizi drank, and in virtue of which he still lives, and will live till the day of judgement. the mountains of qaf which bound the great sea muhit, form a circular barrier round the whole earth, and are said to be of green chrysolite, the color of which the prophet said imparts a greenish tint to the sky. the general opinion is that the mountains of qaf bound our earth, but some say there are countries beyond, each country being a thousand years \u2019 journey. the seven earth, which are five hundred years \u2019 journey from each other, are situated one beneath the other, and each of these seven regions has its special occupants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49999421545563755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.282724"} {"text": ", but some say there are countries beyond, each country being a thousand years \u2019 journey. the seven earth, which are five hundred years \u2019 journey from each other, are situated one beneath the other, and each of these seven regions has its special occupants. the occupants of the first are men, genii, and animals ; the second is occupied by the suffocating wind which destroyed the infidel tribe of \u2018 ad ( surah lxix 6 ) ; the third is filled with the stones of hell, mentioned in the qur \u2019 an ( surah ii 22 ; lxvi 6 ) as \u201c the fuel of which is men and stones \u201d ; the fourth by the sulphur of hell ; the fifth by the serpents of hell ; the sixth by the scorpions of hell, which are in size and color like black melons, and have tails like spears ; and the seventh by the devil and his angels. out earth is said to be supported on the shoulders of an angel, who stands upon a rock of ruby, which rock is supported on a huge bull with four thousand eyes, and the same number of ears, noses, mouths, tongues, and feet between every one of each is a distance of five hundred years \u2019 journey. the name of this bull is kujuta, who is supported by an enormous fish, the name of which is bahamut. the above is but a brief outline of the muslim belief as regards the earth \u2019 s formation ; but the statements of muslim commentators are so wild on the subject, that it seems quite useless to quote them as authorities, for they contradict each other in endless variety. based on hughes, dictionary of islam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.519883830522176, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.283436"} {"text": "federal and state fair housing laws were put into effect to create an even playing field for homebuyers in all areas of a real estate transaction. these laws prohibit discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status, and national origin. the civil rights act of 1866 prohibits all racial discrimination in the sale or rental of property. the fair housing act of 1968 makes fair housing a national policy. it prohibits discrimination in the sale, lease or rental of housing, or making housing otherwise unavailable because of race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status or national origin. title iii of the americans with disabilities act prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in commercial facilities and places of public accommodation. the equal credit opportunity act makes it unlawful to discriminate against anyone on a credit application due to race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age or because all or part of an applicant ' s income comes from any public assistance program. the home seller, the home seeker, and the real estate professional all have rights and responsibilities under the law. you should know that as a home seller or landlord you are obligated not to discriminate in the sale, rental and financing of property on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status, or national origin. you may not instruct the licensed broker or salesperson acting as your agent to convey for you any limitations in the sale or rental, because the real estate professional is also obligated not to discriminate. under the law, a home seller or landlord cannot establish discriminatory terms or conditions in the purchase or rental ; deny that housing is available or advertise that the property is available only to persons of a certain race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status, or national origin. you have the right to expect that housing will be available to you without discrimination or other limitations based on race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status, or national origin. this includes the right to expect : agents in a real estate transaction may not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status or national origin. they also may not follow such instructions from a home seller or landlord. discrimination complaints about housing may be filed with the nearest office of the u. s. dept. of housing and urban development ( hud ) or by calling hud '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4327375641360087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.286042"} {"text": "this is one in a series of vignettes celebrating history. the series name comes from the state motto, ad astra per aspera : to the stars through difficulties. her indian name was windagamen. it meant sweetness. her white name was anna. she was a lenape delaware indian who married moses grinter, and when she died in 1905, she was a wealthy, prominent woman in kansas city. moses grinter was among the first whites who settled in kansas ; first, operating a ferry across the kansas river and later opening a trading post for travelers, soldiers and freighters along the oregon - california and santa fe trails. together, the couple built a farm and an orchard. their two - story brick house, built in the late 1850s, is the oldest unaltered building in wyandotte county. it is listed on the national register of historic places and is operated as a museum by the kansas state historical society. in the early 1830s, the lenape delaware tribe was one of several relocated from the eastern united states to the fort leavenworth indian agency. in 1836, moses grinter married anna. at that time, kansas was indian territory. more than 10, 000 indians from nearly two dozen tribes emigrated to the kansas territory. two forts were built to oversee the tribes fort leavenworth and fort scott. some of those tribes were the wyandot, munsee and shawnee. the military hired grinter to operate his ferry on the kansas river near fort leavenworth. some of the earliest records giving an indication of what grinter charged to carry people across the river can be found in james kennedys list of expenditures for conducting kickapoo immigrants to their reservation above fort leavenworth, written in may, 1833 : moses r. grinter, for ferriage of indians, four wagons and baggage, across the kansas river [ the amount of $ 38. 75 ] and moses grinter for ferriage of 5 wagons and teams across the kansas river [ the amount of ] $ 9. 25. the venture was not without hazards. the rev. isaac mccoy wrote of a cholera threat that so alarmed the delawares, that they removed their ferry boat to prevent travelers from crossing to them. still, the grinters survived and prospered. they built a store. a government - run blacksmith shop was located nearby. a post office opened in 1849. the grinter land was part of the delaware reservation, covering what is now several counties in northeastern kansas. when the federal government moved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44111601094795255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.289981"} {"text": "information contained on this page is provided by newsusa, an independent third - party content provider. worldnow and this station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. / national pest management association npma ) - signs of spring often include flowers sprouting out of the ground, leaves emerging on trees, increased animal activity and a general feeling of renewal. however, one of the more unpleasant signs that spring has sprung is the emergence of termites. as this is the time of year termites come out in search of a new habitat, the national pest management association ( npma ) has declared march 25 - 29 termite awareness week. this designation serves to warn homeowners about termite dangers and to educate them about ways to ensure their home isn ' t the next feeding ground for these voracious pests. \" as many homeowners typically take stock of their homes in the spring time and plan for improvement projects, the npma has designated this week after the official start of the season as the perfect time to inform them about why their homes may be vulnerable to termites and how to protect their most expensive investments, \" noted missy henriksen, vice president of public affairs for npma. termites are known as \" silent destroyers \" because of their ability to chew through wood, flooring and even wallpaper undetected. swarmers, looking to start a new colony, are typically the first sign of termite season as these winged pests show up inside homes in early spring. it is important that homeowners do not mistake swarmers for flying ants, as the two species look alike to an untrained eye. discarded wings near windowsills and doors signal that swarmers have already found their way in. as termites cause $ 5 billion in property damage every year, the npma offers these termite - prevention tips for homeowners : * avoid water accumulation near the home ' s foundation. * keep mulch at least 15 inches from the foundation. * repair leaking faucets, water pipes and ac units. * replace weather stripping, and repair loose mortar around basement foundation and windows. * store firewood at least 20 feet away from the house and 5 inches off the ground. * routinely inspect the foundation of your home for signs of mud tubes ( used by termites to reach a food source ), cracked or bubbling paint and wood that sounds hollow when tapped. find more information about pest prevention, identifying an infestation and locating a pest control professional at www. pestworld. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42547662320876195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.292631"} {"text": "look out for asteroid 2012 da14. it is heading toward earth at 17, 450 miles per hour, according to nasa, and the tug of our planet ' s gravitational field will cause it to accelerate when it gets here. but it ' s not going to strike us, when it passes by on feb. 15. nasa is adamant about this. \" it ' s orbit is very well - known, \" said dr. don yeomans, nasa specialist for near - earth objects. \" we know exactly where it ' s going to go, and it cannot hit the earth. \" but it will give the blue planet the closest shave by any object it ' s size in known history, yeomans said. gravity will cause it to fly a curved path, tugging it closer to earth ' s surface than most gps or television satellites. while the asteroid is moving at a good clip, space rockets have to accelerate to an even higher speed to escape earth ' s gravity and make it into space. though 2012 da14 will be flying more slowly, its trajectory will keep it from falling to earth. getting a look at 2012 da14 star gazers in eastern europe, asia or australia might be able to see it with binoculars or consumer telescopes. it will not be visible to the naked eye, because it ' s small, \" about half the size of a football field, \" yeomans said. there are millions of asteroids in our solar system, and they come in all dimensions - - from the size of a beach ball to a large mountain, nasa said. researchers are looking forward to getting such a close look at an asteroid, as it flies from south to north past earth, coming as close as 17, 200 miles to our planet ' s surface. nasa will ping it with a signal from a satellite dish for a few days to get a better idea of its makeup. astronomers think there are about half a million asteroids the size this one near earth, nasa said, but less than one percent have been detected. twenty years ago, no one would likely have discovered 2012 da14, yeomans said. scientists spotted it nearly a year ago from an observatory in the south of spain. today, specialists track asteroids ' paths 100 years into future. they do so less to assess any possible threat of impact with earth and more to explore what opportunities they offer. \" these objects are important for science. they ' re important for our future resources, \" yeomans said. asteroids are potential gold mines asteroids can be chock full of metals and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45544982031548764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.296220"} {"text": "of impact with earth and more to explore what opportunities they offer. \" these objects are important for science. they ' re important for our future resources, \" yeomans said. asteroids are potential gold mines asteroids can be chock full of metals and other materials, which could be mined for use on earth or on space stations. nasa has discussed the possibility of capturing near - earth asteroids and placing them into earth ' s orbit to study them and extract their resources. at least two start - up companies, planetary resources and deep space industries, plan to mine asteroids and sell the acquired bounty on earth and in space. being able to exploit asteroids ' resources would allow humans to fly farther out into the solar system, build stations a long way from earth and supply them with materials gathered out in space. some asteroids, for example, are made of ice, nasa said, which could be used as drinking water for a distant space platform. what if one like this did hit us? an asteroid this size passes this close to earth only every 40 years and collides with it only once every 1, 200 years. if nasa turns out to be wrong about this one not hitting the planet - - and they won ' t be - - then asteroid 2012 da14 would not destroy the world in any case, yeomans said. an asteroid made of metal that was about the same size collided with earth 50, 000 years ago, creating the mile wide \" meteor crater \" in arizona and obliterating everything for 50 miles around, he said. 2012 da14 is likely made of stone, which would do much less damage. in 1908 a similar type asteroid entered the atmosphere and exploded over tunguska, russia, leveling trees over an area of 820 square miles - - about two thirds the size of rhode island. not earth shattering, but you still wouldn ' t want to live nearby.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4623197338676524, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.297025"} {"text": "given that sad is so tied to the seasons and to sunlight in particular, you might predict that people who live in places with cold, dark winters would be more likely than people living in sunny climes to experience sad. you ' d be right. for example, the rate of sad in new hampshire has been estimated at 10 %, whereas less than 2 % of people living in florida suffer with the condition. in fact, i ' ve known many patients over the years who only developed sad when they left places like florida to live further north. in this way, sad is the quintessential environmental disorder - - no winter, no sad. but that is not the whole story. like all psychiatric conditions, sad occurs at the intersection of genes and environment, of nature and nurture. this point has been brought home by several remarkable studies showing that people in iceland have remarkably low rates of sad, despite living in one of the darkest winter environments on earth. even more remarkably, people of icelandic descent living in the prairie provinces of canada have far lower rates of sad than their fellow non - icelandic canadians, which greatly strengthens the argument that icelandic people carry an as - yet - undiscovered genetic factor that protects against sad. we don ' t know what causes sad, although abnormalities in multiple brain regions have been repeatedly observed in studies. the neurotransmitter serotonin seems to be implicated, as does melatonin, one of the hormones most involved in the onset and offset of sleep. perhaps most intriguingly, several studies suggest that the eyes themselves might contribute to the risk of developing sad, given that the eyes of people with sad respond differently to light. there also seems to be a strong association between being affected by the seasons and having heightened creative abilities. i was a practicing psychiatrist before i fully admitted to myself that i suffered from mild sad. in fact, i didn ' t really believe it until i bought my first light box and turned it on one fall. the results were amazing. thirty minutes in front of a bright light ( 10, 000 lux to be exact ) and my brain and body felt like they ' d been transported back to summer. my mind knew it wasn ' t true, but that didn ' t matter ; the melancholy was gone. of course, my experience is hardly unique, and if you suffer from winter depression you really owe it to yourself to buy a light box and give it a try. you might also look into dawn simulators, which have also been shown to treat sad.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5384399978655507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.299719"} {"text": "5 wolf cubs narrator : once upon a time, in the middle of the jungle, there was great silence. suddenly, the tiger roared furiously. ( roaring ) that night, he was watching a group of campers, and specially a little boy who made him really hungry. tiger : hmmm \u2026 i have to eat that little boy \u2026 he looks so delicious! narrator : the boy started to walk away from the camping group, and headed to the wolves \u2019 cave. as soon as mother wolf saw him, he took him inside the cave along with her cubs. mother wolf : try to be quiet \u2026 i \u2019 m sure that the tiger must be around here. i know he can smell you from a very long distance. narrator : a few minutes later, the tiger came to the cave. tiger : mother wolf \u2026 give me the little boy! mother wolf : never! narrator : the tiger knew how well protected the little boy was, so he decided to leave. tiger : some day i \u2019 ll be back \u2026 i swear it! narrator : mother wolf took care of the little boy, and she even taught him how to howl like a wolf ( wolves howling ). when the boy grew up, she introduced him to some of the animals of the jungle. mother wolf : she is black panter \u2026 he is the great bear \u2026 and he is the brave elephant. narrator : the panter, the bear, and the brave elephant became the little boy \u2019 s tutors. they taught him to listen and understand all the languages of the different animals of the jungle. ( sound of the bear, the elephant, and the roaring of the panter ). they also taught him to love, respect, and to have fun with the other animals, the giraffe, the zebra, the rhinoceros, the rabbit, the eagle, and the snake. narrator : one day the boy asked the eagle. boy : listen, eagle \u2026 how is life over there in the sky? eagle : wonderful! \u2026 from over here i can see some of the animals i will hunt to live. narrator : then he asked the snake. boy : how do you spend your time? snake : i like to lie over the rocks and rest. narrator : next, he asked the giraffe. boy : what do you do to grow up so much? giraffe : i don \u2019 t know. my parents say that \u2019 s the way we are \u2026 and at night we get together to eat all the delicious leaves from the trees \u2026 that nobody can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4225265730596969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.303740"} {"text": "what do you do to grow up so much? giraffe : i don \u2019 t know. my parents say that \u2019 s the way we are \u2026 and at night we get together to eat all the delicious leaves from the trees \u2026 that nobody can reach! narrator : he also asked the zebra. boy : what do you do to have fun? zebra : i run throughout the jungle \u2026 nobody runs as fast as i do! \u2026 but you look so strange \u2026. and you \u2019 re so small. narrator : he asked the rhinoceros. boy : why do you have that big horn? rhinoceros : it \u2019 s my protection from the big animals who want to harm me. narrator : finally, he asked the rabbit. boy : what do you eat to jump so high, and run so fast? rabbit : i eat many carrots, and i excercise every day. boy : well, it \u2019 s late and i have to go back to the cave. i \u2019 ll see you all tomorrow \u2026 have fun and have a good night sleep. giraffe, zebra, rhinoceros, rabbit, eagle, snake : good night \u2026 take care! narrator : a few days later, while the boy was taking a nap in the jungle, a very funny monkey approach him. funny monkey : hello \u2026 who are you? narrator : without waiting for an answer, the monkey started to jump up and down just to get the boy \u2019 s attention. then more monkeys came, and took him to the abandoned city where they made him prisoner. the eagle saw what was happening, and he quickly went to see his friends, who immediately organized a rescue team. giraffe : i have an idea! rabbit : what is it? giraffe : the monkeys are scared of the snake \u2026 we have to go see her! narrator : so they went to see the snake. panter : hello \u2026 anybody home? snake : yes, yes, i \u2019 m here. what \u2019 s wrong? panter : the monkeys took the boy prisoner, and we need your help to save him. snake : where is he? elephant : in the old abandoned city. snake : let \u2019 s go! narrator : when they arrived to the city, the snake chased the monkeys, while the bear and the elephant set free the poor little boy. as they were celebrating, the tiger suddenly appeared. tiger : at last i found you! now you are mine little boy! narrator : the tiger furiously jumped over the boy, but the panter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4261317049007876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.304815"} {"text": "those of us with responsibility for the health of canine athletes need to continually read and evaluate new scientific studies to ensure that we are taking the most appropriate care of our performance dogs. this article provides evidence through a number of recent studies to suggest that veterinarians and owners working with canine athletes should revisit the standard protocol in which all dogs that are not intended for breeding are spayed and neutered at or before 6 months of age. a study by salmeri et al in 1991 found that bitches spayed at 7 weeks grew significantly taller than those spayed at 7 months, who were taller than those not spayed ( or presumably spayed after the growth plates had closed ). ( 1 ) a study of 1444 golden retrievers performed in 1998 and 1999 also found bitches and dogs spayed and neutered at less than a year of age were significantly taller than those spayed or neutered at more than a year of age. ( 2 ) the sex hormones, by communicating with a number of other growth - related hormones, promote the closure of the growth plates at puberty ( 3 ), so the bones of dogs or bitches neutered or spayed before puberty continue to grow. dogs that have been spayed or neutered well before puberty can frequently be identified by their longer limbs, lighter bone structure, narrow chests and narrow skulls. this abnormal growth frequently results in significant alterations in body proportions and particularly the lengths ( and therefore weights ) of certain bones relative to others. for example, if the femur has achieved its genetically determined normal length at 8 months when a dog gets spayed or neutered, but the tibia, which normally stops growing at 12 to 14 months of age continues to grow, then an abnormal angle may develop at the stifle. in addition, with the extra growth, the lower leg below the stifle likely becomes heavier ( because it is longer ), and may cause increased stresses on the cranial cruciate ligament. in addition, sex hormones are critical for achieving peak bone density. ( 4 ) these structural and physiological alterations may be the reason why at least one recent study showed that spayed and neutered dogs had a higher incidence of ccl rupture. ( 5 ) another recent study showed that dogs spayed or neutered before 5 1 / 2 months had a significantly higher incidence of hip dysplasia than those spayed or neutered after 5 1 / 2 months of age, although it should be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44152579909093626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.313491"} {"text": "another recent study showed that dogs spayed or neutered before 5 1 / 2 months had a significantly higher incidence of hip dysplasia than those spayed or neutered after 5 1 / 2 months of age, although it should be noted that in this study there were no standard criteria for the diagnosis of hip dysplasia. ( 6 ) nonetheless, breeders of purebred dogs should be cognizant of these studies and should consider whether or not pups they bred were spayed or neutered when considering breeding decisions. a retrospective study of cardiac tumors in dogs showed that there was a 5 times greater risk of hemangiosarcoma, one of the three most common cancers in dogs, in spayed bitches than intact bitches and a 2. 4 times greater risk of hemangiosarcoma in neutered dogs as compared to intact males. ( 7 ) a study of 3218 dogs demonstrated that dogs that were neutered before a year of age had a significantly increased chance of developing bone cancer. ( 8 ) a separate study showed that neutered dogs had a two - fold higher risk of developing bone cancer. ( 9 ) despite the common belief that neutering dogs helps prevent prostate cancer, at least one study suggests that neutering provides no benefit. ( 10 ) there certainly is evidence of a slightly increased risk of mammary cancer in female dogs after one heat cycle, and for increased risk with each subsequent heat. while about 30 % of mammary cancers are malignant, as in humans, when caught and surgically removed early the prognosis is very good. ( 12 ) luckily, canine athletes are handled frequently and generally receive prompt veterinary care. the study that identified a higher incidence of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in spayed or neutered dogs also identified an increased incidence of sexual behaviors in males and females that were neutered early. ( 5 ) further, the study that identified a higher incidence of hip dysplasia in dogs neutered or spayed before 5 1 / 2 months also showed that early age gonadectomy was associated with an increased incidence of noise phobias and undesirable sexual behaviors. ( 6 ) a recent report of the american kennel club canine health foundation reported significantly more behavioral problems in spayed and neutered bitches and dogs. the most commonly observed behavioral problem in spayed females was fearful behavior and the most common problem in males was aggression. ( 12", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43872399461451533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.314427"} {"text": "the american kennel club canine health foundation reported significantly more behavioral problems in spayed and neutered bitches and dogs. the most commonly observed behavioral problem in spayed females was fearful behavior and the most common problem in males was aggression. ( 12 ) other health considerations a number of studies have shown that there is an increase in the incidence of female urinary incontinence in dogs spayed early ( 13 ), although this finding has not been universal. certainly there is evidence that ovarian hormones are critical for maintenance of genital tissue structure and contractility. ( 14, 15 ) neutering also has been associated with an increased likelihood of urethral sphincter incontinence in males. ( 16 ) this problem is an inconvenience, and not usually life - threatening, but nonetheless one that requires the dog to be medicated for life. a health survey of several thousand golden retrievers showed that spayed or neutered dogs were more likely to develop hypothyroidism. ( 2 ) this study is consistent with the results of another study in which neutering and spaying was determined to be the most significant gender - associated risk factor for development of hypothyroidism. ( 17 ) infectious diseases were more common in dogs that were spayed or neutered at 24 weeks or less as opposed to those undergoing gonadectomy at more than 24 weeks. ( 18 ) finally, the akc - chf report demonstrated a higher incidence of adverse reactions to vaccines in neutered dogs as compared to intact. ( 12 ) i have gathered these studies to show that our practice of routinely spaying or neutering every dog at or before the age of 6 months is not a black - and - white issue. clearly more studies need to be done to evaluate the effects of prepubertal spaying and neutering, particularly in canine athletes. currently, i have significant concerns with spaying or neutering canine athletes before puberty. but of course, there is the pet overpopulation problem. how can we prevent the production of unwanted dogs while still leaving the gonads to produce the hormones that are so important to canine growth and development? one answer would be to perform vasectomies in males and tubal ligation in females, to be followed after maturity by ovario hysterectomy in females to prevent mammary cancer and pyometra. one possible disadvantage is that vasectomy does not prevent some unwanted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43606507191875454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.315363"} {"text": "males and tubal ligation in females, to be followed after maturity by ovario hysterectomy in females to prevent mammary cancer and pyometra. one possible disadvantage is that vasectomy does not prevent some unwanted behaviors associated with males such as marking and humping. on the other hand, females and neutered males frequently participate in these behaviors too. really, training is the best solution for these issues. another possible disadvantage is finding a veterinarian who is experienced in performing these procedures. nonetheless, some do, and if the procedures were in greater demand, more veterinarians would learn them. i believe it is important that we assess each situation individually. for canine athletes, i currently recommend that dogs and bitches be spayed or neutered after 14 months of age. 1. salmeri kr, bloomberg ms, scruggs sl, shille v.. gonadectomy in immature dogs : effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development. javma 1991 ; 198 : 1193 - 1203 3. grumbach mm. estrogen, bone, growth and sex : a sea change in conventional wisdom. j pediatr endocrinolmetab. 2000 ; 13 suppl 6 : 1439 - 55. 4. gilsanz v, roe tf, gibbens dt, schulz ee, carlson me, gonzalez o, boechat mi. effect of sex steroids onpeak bone density of growing rabbits. am j physiol. 1988 oct ; 255 ( 4 pt 1 ) : e416 - 21. 5. slauterbeck jr, pankratz k, xu kt, bozeman sc, hardy dm. canine ovariohysterectomy and orchiectomyincreases the prevalence of acl injury. clin orthop relat res. 2004 dec ; ( 429 ) : 301 - 5. 6. spain cv, scarlett jm, houpt ka. long - term risks and benefits of early - age gonadectomy in dogs. javma2004 ; 224 : 380 - 387. 7. ware wa, hopper dl. cardiac tumors in dogs : 1982 - 1995. j vet intern med 1999 mar - apr ; 13 ( 2 ) : 95 - 103 8. cooley dm, beranek bc, schlittler dl, glickman nw, glickman lt, waters d, cancer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4523401051023138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.316332"} {"text": ". j vet intern med 1999 mar - apr ; 13 ( 2 ) : 95 - 103 8. cooley dm, beranek bc, schlittler dl, glickman nw, glickman lt, waters d, cancer epidemiol biomarkers prev. 2002 nov ; 11 ( 11 ) : 1434 - 40 9. ru g, terracini b, glickman lt. host related risk factors for canine osteosarcoma. vet j. 1998 jul ; 156 ( 1 ) : 31 10. obradovich j, walshaw r, goullaud e. the influence of castration on the development of prostatic carcinomain the dog. 43 cases ( 1978 - 1985 ). j vet intern med 1987 oct - dec ; 1 ( 4 ) : 183 - 7 12. meuten dj. tumors in domestic animals. 4th edn. iowa state press, blackwell publishing company, ames, iowa, p. 575 13. stocklin - gautschi nm, hassig m, reichler im, hubler m, arnold s. the relationship of urinary incontinence toearly spaying in bitches. j. reprod. fertil. suppl. 57 : 233 - 6, 2001 14. pessina ma, hoyt rf jr, goldstein i, traish am. differential effects of estradiol, progesterone, andtestosterone on vaginal structural integrity. endocrinology. 2006 jan ; 147 ( 1 ) : 61 - 9. 15. kim nn, min k, pessina ma, munarriz r, goldstein i, traish am. effects of ovariectomy and steroidhormones on vaginal smooth muscle contractility. int j impot res. 2004 feb ; 16 ( 1 ) : 43 - 50. 16. aaron a, eggleton k, power c, holt pe. urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in male dogs : aretrospective analysis of 54 cases. vet rec. 139 : 542 - 6, 1996 17. panciera dl. hypothyroidism in dogs : 66 cases ( 1987 - 1992 ). j. am. vet. med. assoc., 204 : 761 - 7 1994 18. howe lm, slater mr, boothe hw, hobson hp, holcom jl, spann ac", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4902633112241601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.317083"} {"text": "the debate in washington has been focused for months on income tax rates. but the way politicians and media frame the issue of the bush tax rates is at odds with one of the fundamental principles of the income tax system, and it unnecessarily warps public understanding of what \u2019 s on the table. facing record deficits and growing debt, president barack obama has proposed letting the bush tax cuts, enacted as a temporary measure in 2001, expire for income over $ 250, 000, raising that rate from 35 percent to 39. 6 percent, though he has indicated flexibility on the rate if new revenue can be found elsewhere. the problem is in the way this decision is too often formulated. the shorthand used by politicians of both parties as well as in the press, says that \u201c president obama wants to raise taxes on families earning more than $ 250, 000. \u201d put that way, the idea is understandably disturbing to people who earn anywhere near $ 250, 000. it offends their sense of fairness, raising complaints of class warfare. \u201c but we \u2019 re not rich, \u201d they say. why should we pay at a higher rate than other people? \u201d worse, some threaten to keep their earnings under $ 250, 000, so they won \u2019 t be taxed at a higher rate. but tax rates don \u2019 t apply to families. they apply to income. the system is built on \u201c marginal tax rates. \u201d under the current schedule, that means everyone pays the same tax rate \u2014 10 percent \u2014 on the first $ 17, 400 of income ( figures for married couples filing jointly ). they pay 15 percent on taxable income between $ 17, 401 and $ 70, 700, and the brackets edge up from there to income over $ 388, 351, which is taxed at 35 percent. the point too few understand is that, under obama \u2019 s plan, all taxable earnings under $ 250, 000 \u2014 remember, that \u2019 s earnings after deductions, not gross pay \u2014 would still be taxed at the current bush rates. it \u2019 s only the amount over $ 250, 000 that would be taxed at a higher rate. in other words, if your taxable income is $ 251, 000, don \u2019 t worry that you \u2019 ll be punished for being rich. you \u2019 ll pay the same old tax rate on everything except the final $ 1, 000. the tax rate for the highest earners has been all over the map in the last half - century. it was 91 percent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42904487354999343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.320280"} {"text": "be punished for being rich. you \u2019 ll pay the same old tax rate on everything except the final $ 1, 000. the tax rate for the highest earners has been all over the map in the last half - century. it was 91 percent on income over $ 400, 000 when john f. kennedy was president, 70 percent on income over $ 200, 000 during lyndon johnson \u2019 s second term, 50 percent on income over $ 106, 000 when ronald reagan was president, and dropped to 28 percent on income over $ 32, 000 under george h. w. bush. under bill clinton, the top rate rose to 39. 6 percent on income over $ 250, 000, and under george w. bush, it dropped to 35 percent on income over $ 379, 000, which is about where it stands today. yes, it \u2019 s difficult to explain to people unfamiliar with marginal tax rates that different dollars of their income are taxed at different rates. since these calculations are incorporated in the tax tables, it \u2019 s not something people really need to know. filling out tax forms is complicated enough as it is. but politicians and the press could make things a little less confusing if they would stop talking about raising taxes on households above $ 250, 000 and instead talk about raising rates on income above $ 250, 000. metrowest daily news, framingham, mass. kirksville daily express - kirksville, mo posted dec. 3, 2012 @ 4 : 26 pm \u00bb events calendar connect with kirksville daily express - kirksville, mo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4014127005670811, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.320915"} {"text": "with the recent landing of the curiosity rover on mars, interest in our planetary neighbor has never been greater. and why not? mars has long been believed the most viable planet to support life, and if we ever send mankind to another planet, it makes sense that we see what ' s next door. the purpose of the curiosity mission, in fact, is to investigate whether mars is, or ever was, capable of hosting microbial life. if they find it, let me be the first to welcome our martian microbial overlords. in the meantime, let ' s complete our journey that began with part 1 and part 2, and take a look at how mars was seen through the imaginative lens of science fiction. mars is of interest to us because it offers the nearby possibility of supporting life. but colonizing another planet is far from easy. want examples? check out the martian chronicles by ray bradbury, a 1950 collection of stories that, taken together, depict mankind ' s colonization of mars and the conflict with the indigenous population of martians. 1976 ' s man plus by frederik pohl features a man engineered into a cyborg meant to survive living on mars, mankind ' s only alternative to extinction. the 1994 sequel mars plus takes place 50 years later, and the now - firmly - established human population on the red planet must contend with a society mixed with humans and cyborgs... and a computer on which all martian life depends that has now gone rogue. besides his previously discussed mars trilogy, kim stanley robinson also wrote icehenge ( 1984 ) which features a colonized mars. in octavia e. butler ' s xenogenesis series ( 1980s, comprised of dawn, adulthood rites and imago ; and collected as the omnibus lilith ' s brood ) the human race, nearing rendered extinct from a nuclear war, becomes the subject of an alien - sponsored breeding program. the aliens intend to genetically merge their tri - gendered race with humans, except for ( as featured in imago ) a group of unaltered human living on a martian colony set up by the aliens. alien incursion begins the end of the world in greg bear ' s the forge of god ( 1987 ). a second alien faction intercedes \u2014 through spider - like robotic mind control! \u2014 but not soon enough to prevent the forced evacuation of earth and a relocation to a newly terraformed mars. mars get the magic - realist treatment in desolation road ( 1988 ) and ares express ( 2001 ) by ian mcdonald, which depicts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4983792928238625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.325841"} {"text": "\u2014 but not soon enough to prevent the forced evacuation of earth and a relocation to a newly terraformed mars. mars get the magic - realist treatment in desolation road ( 1988 ) and ares express ( 2001 ) by ian mcdonald, which depicts the life of a colony on a partially - terraformed mars across many years. greg bear ' s moving mars ( 1993 ) focuses on the emancipation of a colonized mars amidst political tensions over revolutionary scientific discoveries. martian colonies are not exempt from the forces of politics. mars ' almost earth - like environment is in jeopardy in the chinese - dominated 26th century of paul j. mcauley ' s red dust ( 1993 ), which also features cool tech like artificial intelligence, personality downloads, virtual reality, and nanotechnology. in climbing olympus by kevin j. anderson ( 1994 ), a group of exiles who are surgically altered so that they can survive the martian atmosphere ( but no longer survive on earth ) seek to destroy the corrupt mars colonization project. the empress of mars by kage baker ( 2010 ), is a novel - length adaptation of her award winning short story about a twenty - fourth - century mars under development by a heartless company who cares little about the settlers it exploits. good old - fashioned adventure what good is featuring another planet if you don ' t have adventures there? besides the aforementioned burroughs classic a princess of mars, there ' s plenty of other examples of adventures on mars. in a similar vein is leigh brackett ' s eric john stark planetary adventures featured her hero traipsing around the galaxy... including mars in the secret of sinharat ( 1949 ) and people of the talisman ( 1951 ), both collecting as eric john stark : outlaw of mars. also by brackett is the sword of rhiannon ( 1953 ), where a man of questionable morals profiting from martian treasure is thrust back in time to fight a tyrant with a sword. in the courts of the crimson kings by s. m. stirling ( 2008 ), a pastiche to burroughs ' barsoom stories, is a planetary romance in an alternate solar system where intelligent life can be found on mars ( and venus, as depicted in the first book in the series, the sky people ). philip k. dick ' s martian time - slip ( 1964 ) features a 10 - year - old schizophrenic boy named manfred steiner who is marked by law for deportation and destruction, but is believed by some to be a window into seeing the future. speaking of time, larry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4519055699259623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.327128"} {"text": "slip ( 1964 ) features a 10 - year - old schizophrenic boy named manfred steiner who is marked by law for deportation and destruction, but is believed by some to be a window into seeing the future. speaking of time, larry niven ' s rainbow mars ( 1999, the title a nod to robinson ' s mars trilogy ) utilizes a time machine to visit mars ' ancient past. but here ' s the rub : true time travel is actually impossible, so the traveler, a time agent in search of extinct animals, actually visits alternate, fictitious martian histories. labyrinth of night by allen steele is based on the idea that aliens once lived on mars and left behind artifacts accessible only by passing a series of tests that would prove a lifeform ' s intelligence. ilium and olympus by dan simmons features far - future post - humans taking on the roles of the greek gods and overseeing the re - enactment of the trojan war from their home on mars ' olympus mons. theodore judson leverages real - life history in the martian general ' s daughter, which, although structured like the memoirs of the illegitimate daughter of a general of the fictional pan - polarian empire, is based on history ' s roman empire. finally, the warhammer 40k novel mechanicum by graham mcneill ( 2008 ) is a military sci - fi adventure that depicts a civil war on mars. and yes, mars can be funny, too for the length of this series on mars in science fiction, all of the stories listed have been relatively serious, but who says mars can ' t be funny? certainly not fredric brown, author of martians, go home ( 1955 ), which features a pesky little green man who makes all sorts headaches for a science fiction writer. it ' s a parody of the genre itself and is played for laughs. the road to mars by month python alum eric idle ( 1999 ) is a comedic science fiction novel involving the exploits of two interplanetary stand - up comedians and their robotic secretary. how ' s that for a laugh? john denardo is the editor of sf signal, a hugo - nominated group science - fiction and fantasy blog featuring news, reviews and interviews. he also like bagels.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4767388232864004, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.328053"} {"text": "williamsport, md. ( ap ) \u2014 if scott bragunier has his way, cannon tubes that sat for more than a century on doubleday hill, a spot in riverview cemetery named for union gen. abner doubleday, will be returned to the same spot by spring. the cannon tubes \u2014 the barrels of a cannon \u2014 were procured for the town in 1896 to honor local men who fought and died in the civil war. they were dedicated on doubleday hill on july 4, 1897, said bragunier, a williamsport native and local firefighter who has spent a lot of time studying local civil war history. \" there was a parade, and there was a big to - do in town for it, \" bragunier said. three brick supports were built for the cannon tubes, and for more than 100 years, they served as a popular remembrance of the civil war and the williamsport men who died in it. \" as a child, i went to doubleday hill and played on the cannons. i sat on top of them and pretended i fired them. my dad and mom did the same thing, \" bragunier said. the spot chosen for the tubes related to doubleday ' s military duty. history has it that doubleday was assigned the duty of setting up a western defense for the union army at the beginning of the civil war in 1861, bragunier said. doubleday was in charge of setting up a defense over a broad area that stretched to washington, d. c., but williamsport became a \" collection point \" because it was a major crossing point along the potomac river, according to bragunier. at williamsport, he said, there was a ferry across the river and two fords for making the crossing. on a hill above salisbury street, three 32 - pound siege cannons were set, pointing across the potomac river. the union army eventually moved into virginia and it is not known whether the cannons on what today is known as doubleday hill were ever fired, bragunier said. but it has been a lasting memorial to the men in williamsport who fought and died in the civil war. after the war ended, cannon tubes that survived the fighting often were donated to towns in honor of war dead from their communities. three cannon tubes were donated to williamsport in honor of local war dead, bragunier said. over the years, however, they fell victim to vandalism and the steel became pitted from exposure to the weather, bragunier said. \" people would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40164924076466435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.331698"} {"text": "tubes were donated to williamsport in honor of local war dead, bragunier said. over the years, however, they fell victim to vandalism and the steel became pitted from exposure to the weather, bragunier said. \" people would stuff all kinds of stuff down the tubes, \" he said. in about 2000, a collector offered the town money for the tubes, bragunier said. it was at that point, bragunier said, that the town began to realize their value and former mayor john slayman had the tubes moved to the basement in town hall. they were replaced by plastic replicas that were set on the brick mounts on doubleday hill. bragunier worked on an effort to have the cannon tubes refurbished. in july, the town was awarded a $ 23, 000 grant for the work through the maryland heritage areas authority, bragunier said. in august, the tubes were loaded on a flatbed truck and sent to the steen cannon & ordnance works in ashland, ky., to be refurbished, bragunier said. there, the company smoothed out the rough finish on the tubes and made aluminum cannon carriages for them, he said. the insides of the tubes were coated with oil to preserve them and the ends were plugged so no one could shove items inside, he said. bragunier said it is his hope that by the beginning of may, the cannons will be rolled back onto the exact spot where cannons stood during the civil war. as the town did 116 years ago, bragunier said he hopes to have the cannons dedicated july 4 in a ceremony with local elected officials. bragunier said he would like to have a split - rail fence erected around the site, stairs leading up to the site from salisbury street and interpretive signs. williamsport town council member joan knode said she is looking forward to the cannon tubes being returned. \" i think it ' s going to be a great day for williamsport, \" knode said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3510850817271402, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.332488"} {"text": "most active stories shots - health news wed november 14, 2012 i, robot : paraplegics get an assist originally published on wed november 14, 2012 9 : 41 am a robotic suit that gives the wearer superhuman powers sounds like the stuff of science fiction. but technology like that is making the leap from fantasy to reality. though much of the gear is still experimental, the equipment is giving some paraplegics a chance to walk again. researchers at vanderbilt university in nashville, tenn., for instance, have developed a robotic exoskeleton that straps over paralyzed limbs. with crutches, paraplegics can stand, walk and even climb stairs. \" it ' s really a lot like a legged - segway, \" says michael goldfarb, an engineer at vanderbilt and head of the exoskeleton project. \" you lean forward to walk forward, lean less forward and cause it to stop, lean back and cause it to sit. \" the researchers have tested the model with patients at the shepherd center, an atlanta hospital that specializes in spinal cord and brain injuries. and the developers have licensed their model to parker hannifin corp., a maker of industrial equipment, which aims to get a product on the market by 2014. the ekso device and argo ' s exoskeleton called rewalk are only available in rehabilitation centers and hospitals in the u. s. for now. to move wearable robots like these from hospital to home will require approval from the u. s. food and drug administration. and clinical trials to show there are health benefits for the exoskeletons are already under way. \" what we really are selling until we have clinical proofs is a gadget, \" eythor bender, ekso ' s ceo, tells shots. how do these contraptions work? the vanderbilt model is powered by four motors \u2014 one at each hip and knee joint \u2014 that are controlled by two micro - computers. with crutches for balance, users lean forward to stand up and control their steps with hip placement. to take a step with their right foot, they shift their weight onto their right hip. the battery lasts for about two hours of continuous walking. the rewalk and ekso devices employ similar but slightly different designs. rewalk uses a wrist band to control movement, and ekso includes a control pad to adjust various walking factors. the rex exoskeleton is heavier ( 84 pounds ), but it stabilizes the body,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45566293147165504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.337683"} {"text": "similar but slightly different designs. rewalk uses a wrist band to control movement, and ekso includes a control pad to adjust various walking factors. the rex exoskeleton is heavier ( 84 pounds ), but it stabilizes the body, leaving the hands free. the vanderbilt device incorporates electrodes that are affixed to the skin and tell a person ' s muscles when to contract and relax to move the device. when the user ' s legs get tired, the motors kick in based on an adaptive computer algorithm that goldfarb ' s team developed. \" it looks at what you did during your last few steps, and it alters from person to person and within a person from day to day and hour to hour, \" explains goldfarb. the companies want to take their devices mainstream. but, the prices are high. ekso ' s rehab model runs $ 140, 000 plus a $ 10, 000 yearly service fee. the rewalk devices costs $ 87, 500. argo plans to submit a personal version of rewalk ( expected price around $ 52, 500 ) for fda clearance by the end of the year. until the devices receive the regulatory stamp of approval from the fda, it ' s unclear how much insurance companies would cover, says vanderbilt ' s goldfarb. most companies have models for everyday personal use in the works, but none have received fda ' s ok yet. \" all these systems are designed differently, \" says jose contreras - vidal, an engineer at the university of houston in texas. \" we don ' t know which system is best for whom. \" developers hope to tailor exoskeletons for those suffering from paralysis due to stroke or muscular dystrophy, as well. regulatory hurdles aside, the next technological step is controlling the robot with the mind. contreras - vidal has already developed a cap that measures brain signals and translates them into instructions for the rex exoskeleton. \" by augmenting these exoskeletons, we can reach a larger population, \" says contreras - vidal. \" at the same time we can learn more about how the brain works. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.46332688328056093, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.338533"} {"text": "what : aloe vera, a succulent related to the lily, long used for its ability to heal wounds, burns, and dry skin, as well as treat bug bites, sunburn, and bee stings. the gel from the aloe plant provides a protective layer said to inhibit infection, soothe, and heal. when cut or broken the plant heals itself rapidly, the would barely detectable after only a few minutes. aloe contains over 200 acitve compounds, including vitamins a, b, c, and e, amino acids, enzymes, minerals, and polysaccharides said to stimulate cell renewal and boost circulation. aloe is both hydrating and gentle, making it a suitable for choice for sensitive skin. origin : aloe vera grows in arid climates and is widely distributed in africa, india and other arid areas. to process aloe, the juice is allowed to drain from the cut leaves and then concentrated by evaporation ( dmarp ). aloe is sold for use in this dried juice form or as a gel. aloe gel is made from the leaf pulp of the plant. ( wiki ). products found in : aloe vera is commonly found in facial moisturizers, serums, treatments, healing ointments, body lotions and creams, sunscreens, and after - sun products. aloe can also be used on its own. variations : aloe vera is one of about 250 species of aloes. ( ucc biology department ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45126907475033795, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.341261"} {"text": "in the federal courts, disclosure requires parties to automatically share routine evidentiary information that would otherwise be available during discovery. disclosure comes in three stages. first, at the beginning of the suit, each party must disclose : - \u2022 basic information about each witness the party plans to call - \u2022 copies of documents and things supporting the party ' s claims or defenses - \u2022 the party ' s computations of the damages it plans on requesting - \u2022 information about any insurance agreements that might cover part or all of a judgment against the party. later in the pre - trial process, each party must disclose the identity and qualifications of their expert witnesses. in addition, they must give the other parties a summary of their expert witnesses ' reasoning and conclusions regarding the case. finally, shortly before trial, each party must disclose what evidence they plan to use at trial. this allows the court to address evidentiary objections before trial. disclosure is governed by rule 26 ( a ) of the federal rules of civil procedure. parties are not required to disclose evidence that they plan to use solely for impeachment. see civil procedure. definition from nolo \u2019 s plain - english law dictionary the making known of a fact that had previously been hidden ; a revelation. for example, in many states you must disclose major physical defects in a house you are selling, such as a leaky roof or potential flooding problem ; and in all states, you must disclose the presence of lead - based paint hazards in buildings constructed before 1978. definition provided by nolo \u2019 s plain - english law dictionary. august 19, 2010, 5 : 14 pm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48048332763530266, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.343684"} {"text": "international trade law : an overview international trade is \u201c the exchange of goods [ or ] services \u201d \u201c between nations. \u201d black \u2019 s law dictionary 285, 1529 ( 8th ed. 2004 ). sources of international trade law constitutional, federal, and international laws govern international trade between the united states and foreign nations ( or persons or entities therefrom ). federal and international laws address a wide range of trade issues, such as customs duties, dumping, embargoes, free trade zones, intellectual property, quotas, and subsidies. the commerce clause of the u. s. constitution empowers congress to \u201c regulate commerce with foreign nations, \u201d u. s. const. art. i, \u00a7 8, cl. 3, while other article i provisions empower congress to \u201c lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, \u201d id. at art. i, \u00a7 8, cl. 1, and prohibit states from doing the same without congressional approval, id. at art. i, \u00a7 10, cl. 2. pursuant to this authority, congress has enacted numerous federal statutes, including the tariff act of 1930, the trade act of 1974, and the trade agreements act of 1979. article ii of the u. s. constitution empowers the president, \u201c by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of senators present concur. \u201d u. s. const. art. ii, \u00a7 2, cl. 2. pursuant to this authority, presidents have negotiated numerous international treaties and trade agreements, including the marrakesh agreement establishing the world trade organization, the agreement on trade - related investment measures ( regarding trade in goods ), the agreement on trade - related aspects of intellectual property ( regarding intellectual property ), and the north american free trade agreement. currently, the united states has free trade agreements in force with 17 nations. international trade administration the international trade administration ( \" ita \" ), a bureau of the u. s. department of commerce, aims to \" strengthen the competitiveness of u. s. industry, promote trade and investment, and ensure fair trade through rigorous enforcement of [ u. s. ] trade laws and agreements. \" ita, about the international trade administration ( last visited oct. 23, 2010 ). the ita is comprised of four distinct business units : ( 1 ) u. s. and foreign commercial service, ( 2 ) manufacturing and services, ( 3 ) market access and compliance, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49868528579585597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.346377"} {"text": "behavioural ( or \" behavioral \" ) theory in psychology is a very substantial field : follow the links to the left or right for introductions to some of its more detailed contributions impinging on how people learn in the real world. how i have the effrontery to produce a single page on it amazes even me, whatever my reservations about it! - behaviourism is dominated by the constraints of its ( naive ) attempts to emulate the physical sciences, which entails a refusal to speculate about what happens inside the organism. anything which relaxes this requirement slips into the cognitive realm. - much behaviourist experimentation is undertaken with animals and generalised. - in educational settings, behaviourism implies the dominance of the teacher, as in behaviour modification programmes. it can, however, be applied to an understanding of unintended learning. for our purposes, behaviourism is relevant mainly to : - skill development, and - the \" substrate \" ( or \" conditions \", as gagne puts it ) of learning is the process of reflex learning \u2014 investigated by pavlov \u2014 through which an unconditioned stimulus ( e. g. food ) which produces an unconditioned response ( salivation ) is presented together with a conditioned stimulus ( a bell ), such that the salivation is eventually produced on the presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, thus becoming a conditioned response. this is a disciplined account of our common - sense experience of learning by association ( or \" contiguity \", in the jargon ), although that is often much more complex than a reflex process, and is much exploited in advertising. note that it does not depend on us doing anything. such associations can be chained and generalised ( for better of for worse ) : thus \" smell of baking \" associates with \" kitchen at home in childhood \" associates with \" love and care \". ( smell creates potent conditioning because of the way it is perceived by the brain. ) but \" sitting at a desk \" associates with \" classroom at school \" and hence perhaps with \" humiliation and failure \"... if, when an organism emits a behaviour ( does something ), the consequences of that behaviour are reinforcing, it is more likely to emit ( do ) it again. what counts as reinforcement, of course, is based on the evidence of the repeated behaviour, which makes the whole argument rather circular. learning is really about the increased probability of a behaviour based on reinforcement which has taken place in the past, so that the antecedents of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5793418060206436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.353851"} {"text": "of course, is based on the evidence of the repeated behaviour, which makes the whole argument rather circular. learning is really about the increased probability of a behaviour based on reinforcement which has taken place in the past, so that the antecedents of the new behaviour include the consequences of previous behaviour. the schedule of reinforcement of behaviour is central to the management of effective learning on this basis, and working it out is a very skilled procedure : simply reinforcing every instance of desired behaviour is just bribery, not the promotion of learning. withdrawal of reinforcement eventually leads to the extinction of the behaviour, except in some special cases such as anticipatory - avoidance learning. two points are often misunderstood in relation to behaviourism and human learning : - the scale : although later modifications of behaviourism are known as s - o - r theories ( stimulus - organism - response ), recognising that the organism ' s ( in this case, person ' s ) abilities and motivations need to be taken into account, undiluted behaviourism is concerned with conditioning and mainly with reflex behaviour. this operates on a very short time - scale \u2014 from second to second, or at most minute to minute \u2014 on very specific micro - behaviour. to say that a course is behaviourally - based because there is the reward of a qualification at the end is stretching the idea too far. - its descriptive intention : perhaps because behaviourists describe experiments in which they structure learning for their subjects, attention tends to fall on ideas such as behaviour modification and the technology of behaviourism. however, behaviourism itself is more about a description of how [ some forms of ] learning occur in the wild, as it were, than about how to make it happen, and it is when it is approached from this perspective that it gets most interesting. it accounts elegantly, for example, for ways in which attempts to discipline unruly students actually make the situation worse rather than better. ( this point is heretical! ) for human beings, reinforcement has two components, because the information may be cognitively processed : in many cases the \" reward \" element is less significant than the \" feedback \" information carried by the reinforcement. applied to the theory of teaching, behaviourism ' s main manifestation is \" instructional technology \" and its associated approaches : click below for useful guides. up - dated 26 feb 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5257760812327834, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.355143"} {"text": "there are several problems with te modules used in waste heat recovery applications. first, the te modules themselves are not very efficient ; although some heat energy gets converted into electricity, still much of it is wasted. the next problems have to do with construction of the module itself and durability in its desired environment. inside a te module, semiconductors are soldered in series to copper pads to conduct the electricity. they are limited by temperature ; in many situations where waste heat recovery would be the most desirable, higher temperatures exist than the melting point of the solder used to hold the modules together. the modules would literally melt and fall apart. another problem has to do with the coefficient of thermal expansion ( cte ). when the module is heated, brittle intermetallics form due to the diffusion of ni ( the coating ) into the substrate ( bi2te3 ). the cte of the newly formed ni2te3 is drastically different from the cte of the surrounding materials. it is easy to see how the shear stresses at the interface generated by high or cyclic temperatures would have a tendency to crack the brittle intermetallic that forms in the modules. see project details. currently, most of the processes commonly used in bridge fabrication are fusion welding processes. the problem with fusion welding is that molten and resolidified metal in the weld deposit remains as - cast microstructure in the structure and has mechanical properties greatly dependent on chemistry / dilution and cooling rates. these processes inherently have a potential for creating weld discontinuities such as solidification cracking in the fusion zone [ figure 1 ] or gas and slag entrapment. generic concerns remain in haz grain coarsening and loss of toughness in fusion welds. see project details.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5766805121605961, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.362402"} {"text": "definition of indigo bird 1. noun. small deep blue north american bunting. generic synonyms : bunting group relationships : genus passerina, passerina indigo bird pictures click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term : indigo bird images lexicographical neighbors of indigo bird literary usage of indigo bird below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and / or classical literature : 1. ornithological biography by john james audubon ( 1832 ) \" the indigo bird arrives in the southern states from the direction of mexico, along with its relative the painted finch, and is caught in trap - cages,... \" 2. the american cyclopaedia : a popular dictionary of general knowledge by charles anderson dana ( 1874 ) \" indican has occasionally been found in tho urine when no indigo has been taken. the dose is from 30 to 120 grains. indigo bird... \" 3. the new england farmer by samuel w. cole ( 1854 ) \" the beautiful and cheerful songster known to our ornithologists as the purple linen or american linnet, is now frequently seen with the indigo bird,... \" 4. the united states of america : their history from the earliest period ; their by hugh murray, james nicol ( 1844 ) \"... oriole \u2014 rice - birds \u2014 indigo - bird \u2014 nonpareil \u2014 carolina parrot \u2014 woodpecker \u2014 cuckoo \u2014 passenger pigeon \u2014 turtle - dove \u2014 turkey \u2014 quail \u2014 ruffed grouse \u2014 crane \u2014... \" 5. the review of education ( 1902 ) \"... printed the following, size 7x10, suitable for framing. two cents each ; the twelve for 20 cents. 1001 gold - finch tanager, indigo bird. 1007 red fox.... \" other resources relating to : indigo bird", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5117814186262566, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.367047"} {"text": "w. e. b. du bois papers, 1803 - 1984. 328 boxes ( 168. 75 linear feet ). scholar, writer, editor of the crisis and other journals, co - founder of the niagara movement, the naacp, and the pan african congresses, international spokesperson for peace and for the rights of oppressed minorities, w. e. b. du bois was a son of massachusetts who articulated the strivings of african americans and developed a trenchant analysis of the problem of the color line in the twentieth century. the du bois papers contain almost 165 linear feet of the personal and professional papers of a remarkable social activist and intellectual. touching on all aspects of his long life from his childhood during reconstruction through the end of his life in 1963, the collection reflects the extraordinary breadth of his social and academic commitments from research in sociology to poetry and plays, from organizing for social change to organizing for black consciousness. - african americans - - civil rights - african americans - - history - - 1877 - 1964 - crisis ( new york, n. y. ) - du bois, w. e. b. ( william edward burghardt ), 1868 - 1963 - - views on democracy - national association for the advancement of colored people - united states - - race relations - du bois, w. e. b. ( william edward burghardt ), 1868 - 1963", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4704225506374778, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.368606"} {"text": "from irish pedigrees ; or the origin and stem of the irish nation by john o ' hart the chiefs and clans of brefney and the territories they possessed in the twelfth century, are, according to o ' dugan, as follows : \u2014 1. o ' ruairc or o ' rourke ; 2. o ' raghallaigh or o ' reilly : these were the princes of the territory of brefney. 3. mactighearnain ( tighearna : irish, a lord or master ), anglicised macternan, mckiernan, and masterson, were chiefs of teallach dunchada ( signifying the tribe or territory of donogh ), now the barony of \" tullyhunco, \" in the county cavan. 4. the macsamhradhain ( anglicised macgauran, magauran, and magovern ) were chiefs of teallach eachach ( which signifies the tribe or territory of eochy ), now the barony of \" tullaghagh, \" county cavan. this sirname is by some rendered \" somers, \" and \" summers, \" from the irish word \" samhradh \" [ sovru ], which signifies summer. 5. macconsnamha ( snamh : irish, to swim ; anglicised \" ford \" or \" forde \" ), chief of clan cionnaith or clan kenny, now known as the muintir kenny mountains and adjoining districts near lough allen, in the parish of innismagrath, county leitrim. 6. maccagadhain or maccogan, chief of clan fearmaighe, a district south of dartry, and in the present barony of dromahaire, county leitrim. o ' brien states that the macegans were chiefs of clan fearamuighe in brefney : hence maccagadhain and macegan may, probably, have been the same clan. 7. macdarchaidh or macdarcy, chief of cineal luachain, a district in the barony of mohill, county leitrim, from which the townland of laheen may be derived. 8. macflannchadha ( rendered macclancy ), chief of dartraidhe or dartry, an ancient territory co - extensive with the present barony of ross - clogher in leitrim. 9. o", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40590689741334307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.378869"} {"text": "derived. 8. macflannchadha ( rendered macclancy ), chief of dartraidhe or dartry, an ancient territory co - extensive with the present barony of ross - clogher in leitrim. 9. o ' finn and o ' carroll, chiefs of calraighe or calry, a district adjoining dartry in the present barony of dromahaire, and comprehending, as the name implies, an adjoining portion of sligo, the parish of \" calry \" in that county. 10. macmaoilliosa or mallison, chief of magh breacraighe, a district on the borders of leitrim and longford. 11. macfionnbhair or finvar, chief of muintir gearadhain ( o ' gearon or o ' gredan ), a district in the southern part of leitrim. 12. macraghnaill or macrannall ( anglicised reynolds ), who were chiefs of muintir eoluis, a territory which comprised almost the whole of the present baronies of leitrim, mohill, and carrygallen, in the county leitrim, with a portion of the north of longford. this family, like the o ' farrells, princes of annaly or longford, were of the race of ir or clan - na - rory ; and one of their descendants, the celebrated wit and poet, george nugent reynolds, esq., of letterfian, in leitrim, is stated to have been the author of the beautiful song called \" the exile of erin, \" though its composition was claimed by thomas campbell, author of \" the pleasures of hope. \" 13. o ' maoilmiadhaigh or mulvey, chief of magh neise or nisi, a district which lay along the shannon in the west of leitrim, near carrick - on - shannon. the following clans in the counties of cavan and leitrim, not given by o ' dugan, are collected from other sources : 14. macbradaigh or macbrady, was a very ancient and important family in cavan ; they were, according to macgeoghagan, a branch of the o ' carrolls, chiefs of calry. 15. macgobhain, macgowan, or o ' gowan ( gobha : irish, a smith ), a name which has been anglic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42560938871949194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.379708"} {"text": ", o ' dolan, o ' drom, etc. 27. and several clans in the county leitrim, not mentioned by o ' dugan, as macgloin of rossinver ; macfergus, who were hereditary erenachs of the churches of rossinver, and whose name has been anglicised \" ferguson ; \" o ' cuirnin or curran, celebrated bards and historians ; mackenny or keaney, maccartan, o ' meehan, etc. brefney : in irish this word is \" breifne \" or \" brefne, \" which signifies the hilly country ; it was called by the english \" the brenny, \" and has been latinized \" brefnia \" and \" brefinnia. \" this ancient territory comprised the present counties of cavan and leitrim, with a portion of meath, and a part of the barony of carbury in sligo ; o ' rourke being prince of west brefney or leitrim ; and o ' rielly, or o ' reilly, of east brefney or cavan. brefney extended from kells in meath to drumcliff in the county sligo ; and was part of the kingdom of connaught, down to the reign of queen elizabeth, when it was formed into the counties of cavan and leitrim, and cavan was added to the province of ulster. in this territory tiernmas, the 13th monarch of ireland, was the first who introduced idol worship into ireland ; and set up at moy slaght ( now fenagh, in the barony of mohill, county leitrim ) the famous idol, crom cruach, the chief deity of the irish druids, which st. patrick destroyed. brefney was inhabited in the early ages by the firvolgians ( who are by some writers called belgae and firbolgs ), who went by the name of \" ernaidhe, \" \" erneans, \" and \" ernaechs ; \" which names are stated to have been given them from their inhabiting the territories about lough erne. these erneans possessed the entire of brefney. the name \" brefney \" is, according to \" seward ' s topography, \" derived from \" bre, \" a hill, and therefore signifies the country of hills or the hilly country : a derivation which may not appear inappropriate as descriptive of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4302282826615781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.381728"} {"text": "name \" brefney \" is, according to \" seward ' s topography, \" derived from \" bre, \" a hill, and therefore signifies the country of hills or the hilly country : a derivation which may not appear inappropriate as descriptive of the topographical features of the country, as innumerable hills are scattered over the counties of cavan and leitrim. on a vast number of these hills over cavan and leitrim are found those circular earthen ramparts called forts or raths, and some of them very large ; which circumstance shows that those hills were inhabited from the earliest ages. as several thousands of these raths exist even to this day, and many more have been levelled, it is evident that there was a very large population in ancient brefney. the erection of these raths has been absurdly attributed to the danes, for it is evident that they must have formed the chief habitations and fortresses of the ancient irish, ages before the danes set foot in ireland ; since they abound chiefly in the interior and remote parts of the country, where the danes never had any permanent settlement. ancient brefney bore the name of hy briuin breifne, from its being possessed by the race of brian, king of connaught, in the fourth century, brother of niall of the nine hostages, and son of eochy moyvane, monarch of ireland from a. d. 357 to 365, and of the race of heremon. that brian had twenty - four sons, whose posterity possessed the greater part of connaught, and were called the \" hy - briuin race. \" of this race were the o ' connors, kings of connaught ; o ' rourke, o ' rielly, macdermott, macdonogh, o ' flaherty, o ' malley, macoiraghty ( macgeraghty, or geraghty ), o ' fallon, o ' flynn ( of connaught ), macgauran, mactiernan, macbrady or brady, etc. in the tenth century brefney was divided into two principalities, viz., brefney o ' rourke or west brefney, and brefney o ' rielly or east brefney. brefney o ' rourke comprised the present county leitrim, with the barony of tullaghagh and part of tullaghoncho in the county cavan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4549276359152099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.382568"} {"text": "and brefney o ' rielly or east brefney. brefney o ' rourke comprised the present county leitrim, with the barony of tullaghagh and part of tullaghoncho in the county cavan ; and brefney o ' rielly, the rest of the present county cavan : the river at ballyconnell being the boundary between brefney o ' rourke and brefney o ' rielly ; the o ' rourkes being the principal chiefs. \" o ' rourke ' s country \" was called brefney o ' rourke : and \" o ' rielly ' s country \" brefney o ' rielly. the o ' rourkes, and o ' riellys maintained their independence down to the reign of james the first, and had considerable possessions even until the cromwellian wars ; after which their estates were confiscated. \u2014 connellan. o ' carroll : according to the de la ponce mss., \" o ' carroll \" of calry, has been modernized macbrady. from a sad, comfortless childhood giles truelove developed into a reclusive and uncommunicative man whose sole passion was books. for so long they were the only meaning to his existence. but when fate eventually intervened to have the outside world intrude upon his life, he began to discover emotions that he never knew he had. a story for the genuine booklover, penned by an irish bookseller under the pseudonym of ralph st. john featherstonehaugh. free download 23rd - 27th may join our mailing list to receive updates on new content on library, our latest ebooks, and more. you won ' t be inundated with emails! \u2014 we ' ll just keep you posted periodically \u2014 about once a monthish \u2014 on what ' s happening with the library.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38169052191757835, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.383259"} {"text": "what are infectious diseases? infectious diseases are contracted due to microscopic organisms ( bacteria, viruses, fungi and animal parasites ) that invade the body \u2019 s natural barriers and immune system to create a wide range of symptoms \u2013 from undetectable to severe. who are infectious disease specialists and what do they do? an infectious disease specialist ( or \u201c id \u201d specialist ) is an internal medicine doctor ( also called an internist ), or sometimes a pediatric doctor, with additional specialty training in the diagnosis, treatment and management of infectious diseases. infectious diseases may first be diagnosed by a patient \u2019 s primary care doctor or other healthcare professional who may request a specialty consultation from an id physician. an infectious disease specialist has extensive knowledge of bacteria, parasites, fungi and viruses \u2013 whether airborne, communicable, contagious, food - borne or sexually transmitted. id specialists treat conditions in many areas of the body including infections in the bones, bowel, brain, heart and lungs, pelvic organs, sinus, and urinary tract, with many of the conditions treatable with medications, procedures or surgery. they have special insight into antibiotics and their side effects, along with specialized training in immunology ( how infection is fought ), epidemiology ( how infection spreads ) and infection control. many infectious disease doctors also specialize in treating infections due to hiv / aids. what sort of training does an infectious disease specialist undergo? in addition to four years of college, four years of medical school and three years of training as a doctor of internal medicine, an infectious disease doctor also undergoes 2 - 3 years of specialized training in infectious diseases. many are also board certified and have passed a certification examination by the american board of internal medicine in both internal medicine and infectious diseases. when would i need an infectious disease specialist? your primary care physician can take care of most infectious conditions, but sometimes an expert is required to make a diagnosis or suggest treatment. you may need to see an infectious disease specialist when you have a potentially serious infection or when treatment for an infection causes problems. an infectious disease specialist can order tests to diagnose the problem, as well as offer special insight into those tests to prescribe treatment, if needed. if you \u2019 re hospitalized with an infection or an infection occurs while you \u2019 re hospitalized, an infectious disease specialist will direct your care and may continue to provide follow - up care after you \u2019 re discharged from the hospital. when your infection is cured or stabilized, you \u2019 ll typically resume seeing your regular primary care physician. if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4610086279053883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.386207"} {"text": "what is optometry? optometry focuses on the study of vision and eye health. an optometrist conducts eye examinations, prescribes corrective lenses, and diagnoses and prescribes treatment for eye conditions. optometrists should not be confused with ophthalmologists, who are medical doctors trained to perform corrective eye surgery, or opticians, who are trained to grind lenses but not licensed to examine or treat patients. optometry is tightly regulated by boards that vary by state. an optometrist may practice a subspecialty, such as pediatric optometry, ocular disease and noninvasive vision therapy. when should i visit an optometrist, and what conditions does an optometrist treat? visit an optometrist for annual eye examinations to ensure healthy eyes, good vision and to catch any problems early. visit the optometrist immediately if you are experiencing eye problems such as red and painful eyes, swollen or flaky eyelids, spots or floaters in your eyes, sensitivity to light, blurred vision or any other discomfort, as these may indicate a serious eye problem. common eye conditions an optometrist treats include acanthamoeba ( bacterial infection ), myopia ( nearsightedness ), hyperopia ( farsightedness ), astigmatism ( blurred vision ), computer vision syndrome, blepharitis ( inflammation of the eyelids ), cataracts, conjunctivitis ( \u201c pink eye \u201d ), diabetic retinopathy ( a sight - threatening condition brought on by diabetes ), dry eye, glaucoma, or macular degeneration ( vision loss ). optometrists also test peripheral awareness ( side vision ), eye coordination, depth perception, the ability to focus on an object, and color vision. what is considered good vision? while the term \u201c 20 / 20 \u201d is the standard by which normal vision is measured, it does not refer to perfect vision. it is a term used to express a normal level of clarity of vision, which is measured at a distance of 20 feet. if you have 20 / 20 vision, you can see clearly at 20 feet what a person with normal vision should be able to see at that distance. if you have 20 / 80 vision, you must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 80 feet. what preventative measures can i take to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5132626944147141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.392888"} {"text": "person with normal vision should be able to see at that distance. if you have 20 / 80 vision, you must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 80 feet. what preventative measures can i take to preserve my eyesight? certain vitamins and nutrients contribute to healthy eyes and good vision, including lutein / zeaxanthin ( green leafy vegetables ), vitamin c ( fruits and vegetables ), vitamin e ( nuts and sweet potatoes ), and zinc ( liver or zinc supplements ). these nutrients are credited with reducing the risk of certain eye diseases, including cataracts and age - related macular degeneration. on the job, be sure to wear eye protective gear if you work around dust, projectile objects, etc. if you are working at a computer all day, there is risk of developing computer vision syndrome due to eye strain. to prevent this condition, position the center of the computer screen at least 4 to 5 inches below eye level and at least 20 inches away from your face. use an anti - glare screen to minimize glare. for every 20 minutes you are on the computer, look into the distance for 20 seconds to rest your eyes, and also rest your eyes for 15 minutes after every two hours of computer use.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5017299425346307, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.393737"} {"text": "slot - missing class object slot - name operation & optional new - value = > result * slot - missing ( class t ) object slot - name operation & optional new - value arguments and values : class - - - the class of object. slot - name - - - a symbol ( the name of a would - be slot ). operation - - - one of the symbols setf, slot - boundp, slot - makunbound, or slot - value. the generic function slot - missing is invoked when an attempt is made to access a slot in an object whose metaclass is standard - class and the slot of the name slot - name is not a name of a slot in that class. the default method signals an error. the generic function slot - missing is not intended to be called by programmers. programmers may write methods for it. the generic function slot - missing may be called during evaluation of slot - value, ( setf slot - value ), slot - boundp, and slot - makunbound. for each of these operations the corresponding symbol for the operation argument is slot - value, setf, slot - boundp, and slot - makunbound respectively. the optional new - value argument to slot - missing is used when the operation is attempting to set the value of the slot. if slot - missing returns, its values will be treated as follows : affected by : none. the default method on slot - missing signals an error of type error. defclass, slot - exists - p, slot - value the set of arguments ( including the class of the instance ) facilitates defining methods on the metaclass for slot - missing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.536450325751858, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.395403"} {"text": "to link to this article, copy this persistent link : ( jul 02, 2008 ) twenty - eight years after acceding to the united nations convention on refugees, on june 5, 2008, nicaragua approved the law on protection of refugees. the legislature passed the law by a nearly unanimous vote. the law mandates the creation of a national commission for refugees ( conar ), which will be in charge of studying each application and granting the status of \" refugee \" to those persons it considers meet the legal requirements. the representative of the united nations high commissioner for refugees for mexico, central america, and the caribbean, kevin allen, stated that the new nicaraguan statute is one of the most modern in the region. he pointed out the importance for the country to finally have a legal framework regulating the status of refugees. ( ary pantoja, aprueban ley de proteccion a refugiados, el nuevo diario, june 3, 2008, available at http : / / www. elnuevodiario. com. ni. ) | author : | | norma gutierrez more by this author | | topic : | | immigration more on this topic | | jurisdiction : | | nicaragua more about this jurisdiction | search legal news find legal news by topic, country, keyword, date, or author. global legal monitor rss get the global legal monitor delivered to your inbox. sign up for rss service. the global legal monitor is an online publication from the law library of congress covering legal news and developments worldwide. it is updated frequently and draws on information from the global legal information network, official national legal publications, and reliable press sources. you can find previous news by searching the glm. last updated : 07 / 02 / 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44202070323070547, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.398462"} {"text": "( wvlt ) - - with november being diabetes awareness month, it ' s important for everyone to be aware of the risks associated with the disease and how to prevent it. type two diabetes can often be prevented with a gradual weight loss plan and proper diet. that ' s why we talked with molly gee, a registered dietitcian for education on diabetes and tips to prevent it. here are some facts and myths about the disease : myth : diabetes is not that serious of a disease and only affects a small portion of the u. s. population. fact : diabetes affects 25. 8 million americans and causes more deaths a year than breast cancer and aids combined. diabetes is the leading cause of heart disease and stroke. myth : eating too much sugar causes diabetes. fact : foods do not cause diabetes but eight in 10 people with diabetes are overweight or obese. studies have shown the benefits of weight loss for people with or at risk of developing diabetes : a slight 5 - 7 % weight loss, plus regular exercise can reduce the rate of onset of type 2 diabetes by 58 percent. gee says, \" just small changes, a modest weight loss, 10 to 20 pounds which translates to about 5 to 10 % can make a real difference in controlling your diabetes and really improving your quality of life. \" by providing structure around daily eating plans and controlling calorie intake, people can take better control of their diabetes and / or minimize the risks. \" having a balanced diet that includes protein, whole grains, fiber is very important, and then most of my patients tell me they ' d love to do it but they run out of time and this is where portion control, calorie control is really important. monitoring their blood sugar is so important, especially when theyre trying to lose weight. i do remind my patients to check with your doctors before you start on a weight loss diet or an exercise diet, but usually monitoring it right before you go to bed or when you get up is a pretty good standard. \" also, get active by starting physical activity on a gradual basis. gee says, \" the weight control registry really has some clear ideas and one of course is to really keep moving. keeping with the theme of small steps, just starting out with ten minutes a day of walking will put you on the road of good activity and working up gradually to 30 minutes. you really find that you feel better and really, physical activity helps control that blood sugar as well. \" for more information on controlling diabetes, visit glucerna. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4355743055080138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.401680"} {"text": "alcohol and pregnancy the risks involved with alcohol use during pregnancy : alcohol consumption by the mother is a leading cause of preventable birth defects in the fetus and is the only cause of mental retardation that is completely preventable. everything a mother drinks also goes to the fetus. alcohol is broken down more slowly in the immature body of the fetus than in an adult ' s body. this can cause the alcohol levels to remain high and stay in the baby ' s body longer. in addition, the risk of miscarriage and stillbirth increases with alcohol consumption. even light or moderate drinking can affect the developing fetus. because no amount of alcohol is safe, the us surgeon general recommends that pregnant women avoid alcohol during pregnancy. an infant born to a mother who drinks alcohol during pregnancy can have problems included in a group of disorders called fetal alcohol spectrum disorders ( fasds ). fasds include the following : - fetal alcohol syndrome ( fas ) : these are the most severe effects that can occur when a woman drinks during pregnancy, and include fetal death. infants born with fas have abnormal facial features and growth and central nervous system ( cns ) problems, including mental retardation. - alcohol - related neurodevelopmental disorder ( arnd ) : children with arnd may not have full fas but have learning and behavioral problems due to prenatal exposure to alcohol. these problems may include mathematical difficulties, impaired memory or attention, impulse control and / or judgment problems, and poor school performance. - alcohol - related birth defects ( arbd ) : birth defects related to prenatal alcohol exposure can include abnormalities in the heart, kidneys, bones, and / or hearing. - small for gestational age at birth or small stature compared with their peers - facial abnormalities such as small eyes and thin mouth - poor physical coordination - hyperactive behaviors - learning disabilities - developmental disabilities ( e. g., speech and language delays ) - mental retardation or low iq - problems with daily living - poor reasoning and judgment skills - sleep and sucking problems in infancy there is no cure for fasds, but children who are diagnosed early and receive appropriate physical and educational interventions, especially those in a stable and nurturing home, are more likely to have better outcomes than those who are not. the information on this web page is provided for educational purposes. you understand and agree that this information is not intended to be, and should not be used as, a substitute for medical treatment by a health care professional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4538925913486893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.407322"} {"text": "| back behavioral enrichment | animals have emotions and feelings. in some respects, animals have basic physical and mental health needs which are similar to our own. they include food, shelter, and in many cases, privacy for breeding as well as general peace and quiet for just doing ' their own thing '. in the wild, much of the animal ' s mental health has to do with eating, or being eaten. in the comfortable environment of a zoo, devoid of predators and competitive pressures, animals get bored easily. and boredom is a zoo animals greatest enemy, affecting both their physical and mental health. behavioral enrichment tries to evoke the natural stresses of the wild and bring out the animals natural instincts and reflexes. these techniques aim to stimulate all of the senses, mostly through the use of food and feeding styles. one enrichment technique is to suddenly change the features of an animal ' s enclosure. this adds zest to the animal ' s life as it tries to figure out what happened, and to reclaim the enclosure as its territory. in many species, especially the mammals, play is serious business. it is vital to ensure a good state of mental health in the animals. an essential element for most wild animals is competition with other species. this is the thinking that lies behind lupazoo ' s preference for mixed exhibits, displaying more than one species together. the resulting heightened alertness leads to livelier behavior.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5019135946224571, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.409988"} {"text": "date uploaded : november 1, 2008, 12 : 56 pm last edited : december 11, 2012, 12 : 10 am print this article article \u00a9 mail user : inventor there are different ways to weave spheres in chainmaille. you can weave triangles and stitch them together or make reductions of increasing frequency to get something fairly spherical, or you can wrap a spherical object with maille. these techniques work well enough given the appropriate weave as the rings will relax into an approximately spherical shape. but what if we want to make really small spheres, or really spherical spheres? what if we want a sphere that is hollow yet solidly rigid instead of flexible? in that case we need to use the right weave, ring, and material combination, and we also need to know the exact number of rings per row that will create a true sphere. i once created a basket using the reduction method. it turned out nice and round, kind of hemispherical, but not exactly. the night after completing it, i dreamed and awoke with an epiphany! i had realized the math behind making a perfectly spherical chainmaille sphere, or at least as perfect as you can reasonably get. i owe my undergrad calculus teachers a debt of gratitude for teaching me how to set up calculus problems, because the sphere math is based on the way that you set up a spherical surface area calculation. actually you can understand it with only trigonometry, no calculus required ( whew ). the math that caused a light bulb to turn on above my head is illustrated in the figure below. i ' ll spare you the derivation details, but basically the four equations on the upper right are obtained from the drawing on the left, and when you solve them you get the equation in the box, which is repeated below : m = ( 2 * pi * r / ( kh * d ) ) * cos ( ( kv * d / r ) * n ) where the variables are : r is the radius of the sphere d is the inside diameter of the rings kh is the horizontal proportionality constant of the weave kv is the vertical proportionality constant of the weave n is the row index m is the number of rings to put on the nth row. the proportionality constants are a measure of how dense the weave is in each direction. well, technically they are inversely proportional to ring density so they are a measure of how loose the weave is. whatever. you find the proportionality constants for a given weave and ring combination by weaving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5434806233148851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.431027"} {"text": "how dense the weave is in each direction. well, technically they are inversely proportional to ring density so they are a measure of how loose the weave is. whatever. you find the proportionality constants for a given weave and ring combination by weaving a rectangular patch and then calculating how much of an inside diameter each ring spans. so the simplest possible weave, ordinary chain link, has a proportionality constant of exactly 1 because each ring spans one inside diameter. for a more practical explanation, let ' s say you are using 1 inch rings ( for simplicity ' s sake ) and you observe that it takes 20 rings to span 10 inches. then your proportionality constant would be ( 10 \" / 1 \" ) / ( 20 rings ) which equals 0. 5. clear as mud? good. for an example we will use kingsmaille ( european 8 in 2 ) with 14 ga 3 / 8 \" rings. because we are working with kingsmaille, which is a double weave, we will call each double ring of the kingsmaille a pair and do all our calculations in terms of pairs, not rings. otherwise it gets even more confusing than it already is, sheesh! i have experimentally determined the values of kh = 0. 74 and kv = 0. 895 for this weave. we will make a three inch diameter sphere, so r = 1. 5 \". the inside diameter of the rings, d, is 3 / 8 \". plugging these into the equation we get : m = 34 * cos ( n / 4. 5 ) we start with the equator at n = 0 and calculate m which is the number of pairs to weave into the equator. then we increment n to 1 and solve for the number of pairs to weave into the rows that are adjacent to the equator. then we do n = 2, and so on until we get either zero or a negative number at which point we stop and discard that last value of m because it is non - physical. if we were to solve for theta and plug in those values of n, we would find that m = 0 corresponds to theta equal to exactly 90 degrees, and negative values of m correspond to theta greater than 90 degrees. we are only interested in the region of theta from 0 to 90 degrees. the table for this example is shown below : 0 | 34 1 | 33 2 | 31 3 | 27 4 | 21 5 | 15 6 | 8 7 | 1 this means that we will make a sphere starting at the equator with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5559269413851489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.432070"} {"text": "to 90 degrees. the table for this example is shown below : 0 | 34 1 | 33 2 | 31 3 | 27 4 | 21 5 | 15 6 | 8 7 | 1 this means that we will make a sphere starting at the equator with 34 pairs, then weave rows above and below the equator that get smaller and smaller until we reach row 7 with 1 pair. that 7th row presents us with a problem : how is a row with only one pair going to look? it would be kinda weird to just have two rings on a row at each pole of the sphere. the solution is to adjust the radius of the sphere to a slightly smaller value than 1. 5, say 1. 45 for example. then we get six pairs on the row six and a negative value for row 7. this will leave us with a circle of rings with a small hole at the poles of the sphere, and due to the tightness of the weave the rings will hold each other in place without the need for a specially sized ring to gather them together. i find that to be kinda kewl that it works out that way. a sphere similar to the example sphere is shown below : obviously the sphere will have an odd number of rows. there is a different form of the equation for making a slight variation on the theme, spheres that have an even number of rows such that the equator actually lies on the joining boundary between two rows instead of the center of the largest row. the equation for a sphere with an even number of rows is : m = ( 2 * pi * r / ( kh * d ) ) * cos ( ( kv * d / r ) * ( 2n + 1 ) / 2 ) where you begin with n = 0 as before, but n = 0 corresponds to the two rows that surround the equator. really, though, you wouldn ' t want to make a sphere with an even number of rows unless you had a special reason to do so. that ' s because for a european weave sphere, an odd number of rows allows you to weave the first three rows all at once using the ordinary way of starting a european weave. after that it ' s pretty much going to be oraat ( one ring at a time ), unfortunately. i suppose in special cases if you got to where you were mass - producing a specific sphere design, you could slip in some closed rings at the right locations between reductions, but aside from that it ' s oraat for spheres. there are some details about the weaving technique that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5275028078013477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.433214"} {"text": "you got to where you were mass - producing a specific sphere design, you could slip in some closed rings at the right locations between reductions, but aside from that it ' s oraat for spheres. there are some details about the weaving technique that will help you make the most spherical sphere possible. these suggestions will help smooth out irregularities in the spherical surface. if you follow these instructions you will be learning from the mistakes of others, namely me, which will reduce the possibility of creating a useless jumble of rings instead of a spherical sphere. first, you should space the reductions out as evenly as you can around the row. second, you should arrange the reductions so that they do not line up on adjacent rows. in fact, it ' s best if they do not line up on the row after that either. note that you can make slight adjustments to the sphere radius in the equation to create a rings per row table that works out better. for example, if you have three reductions on a row and five reductions on the next row, that is not very good because they are both prime numbers and therefore have no common factors. in other words, an equilateral triangle and a pentagon do not line up elegantly if you are trying to prevent their vertices from overlapping. better would be a situation where you have three reductions on a row and six reductions on the next row because three divides into six and that means that things can line up nicely without overlapping reductions. you can also \" cheat \" to make your rings per row table work out nicely by changing the number of rings on one or more of the rows. although it is not mathematically kosher to add or subtract a ring or two on any given row, you may find that the overall roundness of the sphere is enhanced by doing this. it is especially useful for weaving really small spheres of very few rings. in any case, having things line up nicely is a lot easier when it comes to counting out ring positions and such. it is possible to find spherical spheres with rings per row such that all of the reductions line up nicely like this, but that is rare. try to at least get the poles of the sphere to line up well since you have less room to space out the reductions there. also, when working with kingsmaille, it is ideal for the last row to have half of the ring pairs as the next - to - last row, and avoid spheres with very low ring count in the last row. third, with a kingsmaille sphere you make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49770079404891665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.434429"} {"text": "kingsmaille, it is ideal for the last row to have half of the ring pairs as the next - to - last row, and avoid spheres with very low ring count in the last row. third, with a kingsmaille sphere you make the reductions by putting a single ring in place of a pair in two adjacent pair positions, or in other words you space the reduction over two adjacent pairs. if you make your reductions by removing a whole pair then you may have trouble getting the rings in the next row to span the gap properly, or at least i did. fourth, when you get to the final row or the final few rows at the poles of a kinsmaille sphere, you can spread out the pairs into twice as many single rings. if you look closely at the photos you will see the last row is woven with individual rings instead of more sparsely positioned ring pairs. unless you have a huge sphere, there is typically a large number of reductions relative to the number of rings on the last row, so you can do that and it works out well. oh, one more trick : for a european weave such as kingsmaille, start by weaving a band with the number of pairs in the equator, then * remove * rings to form the reductions on the rows adjacent to the equator. if you don ' t do it that way you ' ll probably get a tangled mess like i did until i figured that trick out. along the same lines, you may find it easier to remove those row 1 reduction rings on one side only, add row 2 on that side, then remove the reduction rings on the other side and finally add row 2 to the second side. this way the reduction rings of row 1 help to hold the equator together while you weave row 2 and this prevents unwanted twisting of the equator at the reduction sites. also, unless you are making a hemisphere, i recommend weaving equally in both directions as you move away from the equator. that is, weave the equator and its adjacent rows as a band first, then weave row 2 on both sides of the band before moving on to row 3. this way you will have your reduction spacing fresh in memory and you can make both hemispheres precise mirror images of each other. this also helps the rings relax into the correct positions relative to each other so you get a sphere, not an egg. to further help the rings relax into position, smoosh the work around a bit after adding each row. in addition to causing the rings to equalize in position, smooshing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.524366657799331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.435407"} {"text": "to each other so you get a sphere, not an egg. to further help the rings relax into position, smoosh the work around a bit after adding each row. in addition to causing the rings to equalize in position, smooshing or rolling or squeezing the band is a nice relaxing thing to do in between all that tedious weaving - it ' s very tactile, like squeezing a stress reliever ball. wait, there ' s one more tip. you may find that using tie wraps to mark the reduction locations is very helpful. that way you only have to count once, not repeatedly count as you go along. this also reduces annoying mistakes, which minimizes the chance that you will throw the dang thing across the room in frustration! i save my bread tie - wraps for this purpose, didn ' t you always wonder what you could do with those things besides throw them away? at this time the only weave and ring combination that i have discovered to work is kingsmaille with 14 ga 3 / 8 \" rings, and i have had success with both aluminum and bronze. you can also mix aluminum and bronze on the same sphere. materials with more springback may not work. i tried 12 ga 1 / 2 \" rings but that made a loose sphere that collapsed into a pumpkin shape. an even worse mistake in a european 6 - in - 1 attempt made such a loose, flexible sphere that i just left one end off and declared it to be a small spherical bag. my suggestion for experimenting with new weave and ring size / material combinations for spherical spheres is to select combinations that produce a semi - rigid sheet. too loose and you get a bag, too rigid and your sphere will become too tight to weave at some point and you will end up with something akin to a bracelet. of course, you might actually * want * a spherical bag or a spherically shaped rigid bracelet, in which case i say go for it! if you really want to discover new spherical sphere weave / ring combinations, i suppose you could start by weaving a rectangle of the known good combination ( kingsmaille with 14 ga 3 / 8 \" rings ). then you can make rectangles of proposed choices and compare them in terms of flexibility. after all, you ' re going to need a small patch anyway to measure for the values of the horizontal and vertical proportionality constants. ( shouldn ' t you be able to base good combinations for the same weave off of the ar? that is, use the ar of your 14 ga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5314211275697618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.436366"} {"text": "need a small patch anyway to measure for the values of the horizontal and vertical proportionality constants. ( shouldn ' t you be able to base good combinations for the same weave off of the ar? that is, use the ar of your 14 ga 3 / 8 \" rings to find other kingsmaille combos - - ed. ) in my early attempts i made just tiny patches to estimate the constants, then jumped ahead into making the spheres. this didn ' t work out all that well because the constants were not accurate since they were measured from too small a patch ( or just guesstimated, yikes! ), and also because i had no feel for the flexibility of the weave in sheet form compared to the known good weave / ring combination. so once again i suggest that you learn from my mistakes and make patches with about 50 or 100 rings first - save yourself the grief of weaving failed spheres! the spherical derivation assumes a constant radius and a row slope with a tangent that passes through the origin, but you can break those rules if you want. if you can mathematically describe another shape in spherical or cylindrical coordinates such as an egg or an ellipse, or a ming dynasty vase, then you can derive a mathematical expression that tells you exactly how many rings per row to weave in order to create that shape. in my case, college was about 20 years ago and i have forgotten most of the math that i used to know, so i will leave that exercise to the more mathematically inclined among us. also, i imagine that you may not need to describe the entire shape mathematically, just each row. for example you could draw a cross - section of a vase and measure the radius at each row height with a ruler, then calculate the rings per row from that by multiplying by 2 * pi and dividing by kh * d. for this approach to work, you would have to account for sloped rows not having the full row height because they are leaning to one side or the other. that could be done by simply breaking up the curve into equal line segments of the appropriate length for the proportionality constant that you are using. for example draw your cross - section with line segments equal to the vertical proportionality constant times the inside diameter of your rings. that way you get both the horizontal * and * the vertical measurements correct. now i really should stop there, but i ' ll go just one step further. if we abandon the cylindrical symmetry altogether, we could possibly create a way to describe just", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.533501228916659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.437449"} {"text": ". that way you get both the horizontal * and * the vertical measurements correct. now i really should stop there, but i ' ll go just one step further. if we abandon the cylindrical symmetry altogether, we could possibly create a way to describe just about * any * contoured shape we want. it might be practical to do the shape of a person ' s head with nose, eyes, mouth, chin, hair, etc. all described as a very complicated set of reductions. a wide variety of sculpture could be created in rigid sheet maille using this method. in fact, i believe that someone with enough education and programming skill could turn any arbitrary mesh description of a surface into chainmaille form. i ' ll leave that epiphany to someone else though, just doing spheres was challenging enough for me! you can make really round, rigid - shell, spherical spheres with a little math and a lot of patience by following the instructions in this article. the technique works well even for small spheres that cannot be made with other techniques such as weaving triangular sections together. there are many suggested tricks and techniques for ensuring that your spheres turn out well and don ' t end up as unfinished lumps of rings. so far the trusted weave is kingsmaille with 14 ga 3 / 8 \" aluminum or bronze rings, but you should be able to utilize your personal mailling wisdom to create spheres of other weaves, ring sizes, and materials. also, it should be possible to create non - spherical objects such as eggs, ellipses, and vases by using math and / or drawing it out on paper. be creative, have fun, and don ' t weave too much or you ' ll start dreaming about the intricate dance of math and rings like i did! enjoy your sphere - weaving adventure! original url : http : / / www. mailleartisans. org / articles / articledisplay. php? key = 507", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.541603075094775, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.439935"} {"text": "10 times as many prostate cancers in 2021? managed care may 2011. \u00a9medimedia usa canadian researchers say there could be as many as 267, 329 new cases of prostate cancer diagnosed each year by 2021. that would be 10 times as many as in 2009 ( 25, 355 cases ). researchers in the department of radiation oncology at the sunnybrook health sciences center at the university of toronto calculated prostate cancer cases using best -, most likely -, and worst - case scenarios. \u201c the trends we \u2019 re anticipating in canada are going to be very similar to the united states, \u201d says andrew loblaw, md, lead author. he \u2019 s a staff radiation oncologist and clinician scientist at the center. \u201c for clinical executives, this would mean about 650, 000 men diagnosed in the united states. so there \u2019 s going to be the need for increased capacity to diagnose these men. you \u2019 re going to need better quality in active surveillance. you \u2019 re going to have to increase your treatment capacity \u2014 both surgery and radiation. and lastly, it \u2019 s about cost. both countries are struggling to effectively manage those health care dollars, \u201d he says. the four factors likely to affect the incidence of prostate cancer are an increase in the aging population, increased prevalence of psa screening, lowered psa cutoff to recommend biopsy, and improved sensitivity to prostate biopsy. of the four factors, the aging population and the possible lowering of the psa threshold before biopsy are expected to be the major influencers in new cases. the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention makes no such predictions. jun li, md, phd, mph, an epidemiologist at the cdc, says the latest data available for prostate cancer incidence are from 2006. the agency reports that the incidence of prostate cancer has decreased significantly, by 2. 4 percent per year from 2000 to 2006. with better screening, physicians are better equipped at finding prostate cancer earlier, and plotting an effective treatment plan. loblaw points out that the \u201c men who died this year from prostate cancer were diagnosed 17 years ago. and those men who are diagnosed today are going to have markedly different treatments, so these men will have different mortality rates 17 years from now. \u201d source : quon h, loblaw a, nam r. dramatic increase in prostate cancer cases by 2021. bjui. apr 20. doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1464 - 410x. 2011. 10197. x. [", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39606088791426264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.446851"} {"text": "- join over 1. 2 million students every month - accelerate your learning by 29 % - unlimited access for just \u00a34. 99 per month comparing ' cousin kate ' and ' the seduction ', two poems about pregnancy. the first 200 words of this essay... gcse comparative poetry essay the genre of both the poems are about pregnancy, fathering and how pregnancy has effected the lives of virtuous, innocent young women. the main difference between the two poems is that the first one called ' cousin kate ' is set in the past, around the 1914 ' s, while the other one called ' the seduction ' is more modern. this is because of the language used and how the words use syntax. \" not mindful i was fair. \" \" she had met him at the party \" the first line was taken from the poem called \" cousin kate \" while the other one was taken from \" the seduction \" poem. the sentence structure of the first line has been changed around because, if it were written as a sentence than the poem would not sound correct because the number of syllables would not match the line before or after it. ( i was not mindful, i was fair ). if the second half of the line was not there ( i was fair ) the sentence would not make sense because the reader would not know what the writer is talking about as there is no first, second or third person narrative found what you ' re looking for? - start learning 29 % faster today - over 150, 000 essays available - just \u00a34. 99 a month not the one? we have 100 ' s more comparisons ( view all ) - gcse english spec b - war poetry - still i rise and mid term break analysis - poetry analysis - comparing ozymandias to khubla khan - am going to look at four poem ; hitcher ( simon armitage ) ; my... - london 1802 by william wordsworth ode to a nightingale by jo... - how does john donne and emily dickinson portrays the theme o... - compare and contrast the presentation of seduction in marve... - how have emotional voices in romeo and juliet and the labora... - compare and contrast how blake and wordsworth depict london - compare and contrast the poem \" father and son \" by... \" \" yoel lax. religious studies. gcse student. \" \" m singh. english. a level student.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45176645131606075, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.462797"} {"text": "each school system is required by the code of maryland regulations to provide school psychological services. ( comar 13a. 05. 05. 04. 04 ) the school psychology program is a comprehensive continuum of services and activities based on psychological principles. the goal of the program is to prevent or remediate educational, emotional, or behavioral problems by identifying, analyzing, and reporting psychoeducational needs through consultation, observation, or through psychological and educational assessment. comprehensive school psychological services are comprised of diverse activities in concert with the activities of teachers, administrators, school counselors, and other school staff. these activities complement each other and are most accurately viewed as being coordinated rather than as separate services. the continuum of services and activities include but are not limited to ; q consultation - - meeting with school staff and parents on issues involving psychological principles related to curriculum development, learning, and student development. q psychological counseling \u2014 providing individual or group evidence - based interventions with students or parents. q psychological assessments \u2014 the process of obtaining data about an individual student in accordance with acceptable, valid practices with the purpose of identifying factors that may impact on a student \u2019 s ability to learn or function in a school setting. q professional development \u2014 provide training for school staff and parents to enhance their capacity to implement strategies and create learning environments that maximize the ability of students to learn in school. q program development \u2014 assist school systems in implementing innovative practices such as instructional consultation and positive behavioral interventions and supports. the school psychology specialist at the maryland state department of education assists the local school systems in promoting students ' learning and mental health, and developing the skills of school psychologists across the state through technical support and consultation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5379704410625799, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.466237"} {"text": "at the bottom of the code page is a text area where you can enter the url for a web accessible dataset and a browse button for selecting a dataset on your computer. either way, the dataset will be read in using read. table with header = t and stored in a dataframe called x. the dataframe, x, will then be attached so you can use the variable names. after your code has be executed three more browser windows will open to display the results. once all of the window are open you can keep typing code into the code window, edit what ' s there, or erase everything and start over. you can cut and paste between an editor window and the code window. you can also cut text or images out of the rweb windows and paste them into documents ( if the document editor supports pasting images ). here is some r code you can use to test things out. # a little regression x < - rnorm ( 100 ) # 100 random numbers from a normal ( 0, 1 ) distribution y < - exp ( x ) + rnorm ( 100 ) # an exponential function with error result < - lsfit ( x, y ) # regress x on y and store the results ls. print ( result ) # print the regression results plot ( x, y ) # pretty obvious what this does abline ( result ) # add the regression line to the plot lines ( lowess ( x, y ), col = 2 ) # add a nonparametric regression line ( a smoother ) hist ( result $ residuals ) # histogram of the residuals from the regression # # boxplots n < - 10 g < - gl ( n, 100, n * 100 ) x < - rnorm ( n * 100 ) + sqrt ( codes ( g ) ) boxplot ( split ( x, g ), col = \" lavender \", notch = true ) # scatter plot matrix data ( \" iris \" ) pairs ( iris [ 1 : 4 ], main = \" edgar anderson ' s iris data \", font. main = 4, pch = 19 ) pairs ( iris [ 1 : 4 ], main = \" edgar anderson ' s iris data \", pch = 21, bg = c ( \" red \", \" green3 \", \" blue \" ) [ codes ( iris $ species ) ] ) # coplots data ( quakes ) coplot ( long ~ lat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48311533792892625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.470759"} {"text": "\", pch = 21, bg = c ( \" red \", \" green3 \", \" blue \" ) [ codes ( iris $ species ) ] ) # coplots data ( quakes ) coplot ( long ~ lat | depth, data = quakes, pch = 21, bg = \" green3 \" ) # image and contour plots ( these are owww - ahhh plots ) opar < - par ( ask = interactive ( ) & &. device = = \" x11 \" ) data ( volcano ) x < - 10 * ( 1 : nrow ( volcano ) ) x. at < - seq ( 100, 800, by = 100 ) y < - 10 * ( 1 : ncol ( volcano ) ) y. at < - seq ( 100, 600, by = 100 ) image ( x, y, volcano, col = terrain. colors ( 100 ), axes = false ) rx < - range ( x < - 10 * 1 : nrow ( volcano ) ) ry < - range ( y < - 10 * 1 : ncol ( volcano ) ) ry < - ry + c ( - 1, 1 ) * ( diff ( rx ) - diff ( ry ) ) / 2 tcol < - terrain. colors ( 12 ) par ( opar ) ; par ( mfrow = c ( 1, 1 ) ) ; opar < - par ( pty = \" s \", bg = \" lightcyan \" ) plot ( x = 0, y = 0, type = \" n \", xlim = rx, ylim = ry, xlab = \" \", ylab = \" \" ) u < - par ( \" usr \" ) rect ( u, u, u, u, col = tcol, border = \" red \" ) contour ( x, y, volcano, col = tcol, lty = \" solid \", add = true ) title ( \" a topographic map of maunga whau \", font = 4 ) abline ( h = 200 * 0 : 4, v = 200 * 0 : 4, col = \" lightgray \", lty = 2, lwd = 0. 1 ) par ( opar )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49315051032028207, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.471503"} {"text": "originally posted by chris f early america school system ( after the war about the time of jefferson ) actually took only the best of the best and the others were required to become trade apprentices. so preachers, doctors, lawyers were hand picked and the rest were sent to shop class. just imagine if we did that today. kids who were bright and could excel were pushed. kids who were kardashians were sent to learn a career. the public school system today is severely flawed. this is why other countries beat us in science, math, etc etc. i believe most kids in those days were home - schooled as well, not processed through a government - run public school system like cattle. ben franklin was also a self - taught writer. so there is something to be said for ambition. i think parents need to instill in their kids an intrinsic motivation for achievement. simply upping the pay scale of certain jobs only creates extrinsic motivation. for those who might not be familiar with the differences. when someone is extrinsically motivated to do something, then they are only doing it to receive some kind of external reward ( like a big paycheck ). when they are intrinsically motivated, they do it because they love it and the satisfaction they get from the action itself is all the reward they need.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4819015324054037, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.476411"} {"text": "this article is - freely available epidemiology, molecular epidemiology and evolution of bovine respiratory syncytial virus facultad de medicina veterinaria y zootecnia, universidad nacional autonoma de mexico, circuito exterior, ciudad universitaria, delegacion coyoacan, mexico d. f. 04510, mexico consejo estatal para la prevencion y control del sida - centro ambulatorio para la prevencion y atencion del sida e its ( coesida - capasits ) oaxaca, mexico instituto de diagnostico y referencia epidemiologicos, carpio 470, col. santo tomas, mexico d. f. 11340, mexico * author to whom correspondence should be addressed. received : 29 october 2012 ; in revised form : 22 november 2012 / accepted : 23 november 2012 / published : 30 november 2012 abstract : the bovine respiratory syncytial virus ( brsv ) is an enveloped, negative sense, single - stranded rna virus belonging to the pneumovirus genus within the family paramyxoviridae. brsv has been recognized as a major cause of respiratory disease in young calves since the early 1970s. the analysis of brsv infection was originally hampered by its characteristic lability and poor growth in vitro. however, the advent of numerous immunological and molecular methods has facilitated the study of brsv enormously. the knowledge gained from these studies has also provided the opportunity to develop safe, stable, attenuated virus vaccine candidates. nonetheless, many aspects of the epidemiology, molecular epidemiology and evolution of the virus are still not fully understood. the natural course of infection is rather complex and further complicates diagnosis, treatment and the implementation of preventive measures aimed to control the disease. therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which brsv is able to establish infection is needed to prevent viral and disease spread. this review discusses important information regarding the epidemiology and molecular epidemiology of brsv worldwide, and it highlights the importance of viral evolution in virus transmission. keywords : brsv ; global distribution ; genotypes ; evolution article statisticsclick here to load and display the download statistics. notes : multiple requests from the same ip address are counted as one view. cite this article mdpi and acs style sarmiento - silva, r. e. ; nakamura - lopez, y. ; vaughan,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5087734436898388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.479897"} {"text": "john p. cunha, do, is a u. s. board - certified emergency medicine physician. dr. cunha ' s educational background includes a bs in biology from rutgers, the state university of new jersey, and a do from the kansas city university of medicine and biosciences in kansas city, mo. he completed residency training in emergency medicine at newark beth israel medical center in newark, new jersey. melissa conrad stoppler, md, is a u. s. board - certified anatomic pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of experimental and molecular pathology. dr. stoppler ' s educational background includes a ba with highest distinction from the university of virginia and an md from the university of north carolina. she completed residency training in anatomic pathology at georgetown university followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology. photosensitivity ( or sun sensitivity ) is inflammation of the skin induced by the combination of sunlight and certain medications or substances. this causes redness ( erythema ) of the skin and may look similar to sunburn. both the photosensitizing medication or chemical and light source have to be present in order for a photosensitivity reaction to occur. generally, these reactions can be divided into two mechanisms, 1 ) phototoxic reactions and 2 ) photoallergic reactions. phototoxic drugs are much more common than photoallergic drugs. what is the difference between a photoallergic and a phototoxic reaction? in phototoxic reactions, the drug may become activated by exposure to sunlight and cause damage to the skin. the skin ' s appearance resembles sunburn, and the process is generally acute ( has a fast onset ). ultraviolet a ( uva ) radiation is most commonly associated with phototoxicity, but ultraviolet b ( uvb ) and visible light may also contribute to this reaction. rash from a phototoxic reaction is mainly confined to the sun - exposed area of the skin. a phototoxic reaction typically clears up once the drug is discontinued and has been cleared from the body, even after re - exposure to light. in photoallergic reactions, the ultraviolet exposure changes the structure of the drug so that is seen by the body ' s immune system as an invader ( antigen ). the immune system initiates an allergic response and cause inflammation of the skin in the sun - exposed areas. these usually resemble eczema and are generally chronic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4875874243137952, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.486786"} {"text": "so that is seen by the body ' s immune system as an invader ( antigen ). the immune system initiates an allergic response and cause inflammation of the skin in the sun - exposed areas. these usually resemble eczema and are generally chronic ( long - lasting ). many drugs in this family are topical drugs. this type of photosensitivity may recur after sun exposure even after the drug has cleared from the system and can sometimes spread to areas of the skin unexposed to the sun. reviewed by melissa conrad stoppler, md on 7 / 18 / 2012 medical author : melissa conrad stoppler, md k. hecht, phd most people are understandably confused when it comes to choosing a sunscreen because of the baffling array of available choices. common questions about how high should the spf be? should it block uva or uvb? does it matter whether it is a gel, cream, or spray? should it be water - resistant or waterproof? spf stands for sun protection the spf numbers on a product can range from as low as 2 to as high as 60. these numbers refer to the product ' s ability to screen or block out the sun ' s burning rays. the spf rating is calculated by comparing the amount of time needed to produce sunburnon protected skin to the amount of time needed to cause a sunburn on unprotected skin. the higher the spf, the greater the sun protection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5150548860296613, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.487450"} {"text": "maternal and child health : delivering a better life over half a million women die in pregnancy and childbirth every year - that ' s one death every minute. the child left behind is then 4 times more likely to die prematurely. of these deaths, 99 per cent are in developing countries. as global students we have the duty to lead a legacy of change and to influence the environment and political decisions that have permitted these vast inequities. open letter : universal healthcare & the post 2015 development agenda the lifetime risk of dying in pregnancy and childbirth in africa is 1 in 22, while it is 1 in 120 in asia and 1 in 7, 300 in developed countries. shockingly this is not the complete picture ; most deaths in rural areas are not recorded, with many women buried without trace. the tragedy is that the majority are preventable deaths. join us in signing this letter to call for universal healthcare to be a core component in the post - 2012 development agenda, hence progressing towards health equity in a sustainable way. the letter also points out universal healthcare will pave the way to achieving millennium development goals and help liberate countries \u2019 reliance from donor countries. david cameron and his cabinet : stop taking breakfasts away from children did you know 1 in 3 children in britain lives in poverty, in london, that \u2019 s 4 in 10! that is one of the highest rates in industrialised country : shocking in such a well resourced country. increasing numbers of children rely on breakfast clubs held at their schools because their parents cannot afford to provide the meal at home. many of these clubs are now under threat \u2026 a breakfast club is a safe place where children can enjoy breakfast with teachers and classmates before school, but it serves a wider purpose just providing breakfast. a study has shown that breakfast clubs are associated with sustained improvement in academic performance! unfortunately, budget cuts have led to increasing closures of breakfast clubs across the country despite best efforts from charity groups ( and even teachers paying out of their own pockets ) ; schools just simply cannot afford to sustain these clubs. subsequently, children from this vulnerable group are stuck in a vicious cycle of low concentration, behaviour problems, and low attainment. this is a problem with a solution! in march 2010, the child poverty act came into force, which requires the secretary of state to consider which groups of children in the uk are disproportionately affected by socio - economic disadvantage, and to consider the likely impact of government policy on children in these groups. this gives legal force to the previous government \u2019 s commitment to era", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4242610582660218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.495902"} {"text": "consider which groups of children in the uk are disproportionately affected by socio - economic disadvantage, and to consider the likely impact of government policy on children in these groups. this gives legal force to the previous government \u2019 s commitment to eradicate child poverty by 2020 and will compel successive governments to account for what they are doing to achieve that goal. breakfast clubs are just the tip of the iceberg on how current policies are affective children in poverty. sign the petition on change. org to speak up for this vulnerable group and to make changes happen for the better for these children. check out the girl effect. the girl effect is about girls. and boys. and moms and dads and villages and towns and countries. girls living in poverty are uniquely capable of creating a better future. but when a girl reaches adolescence, she comes to a cross roads. follow the campaign at girleffect. org resources to help you integrate teaching on women ' s health in a global context into your university curriculums. if you are interested in learning more, raising awareness and campaigning on maternal and child health issues such as preventing premature births, female genital mutilation, mother - to - child transmission of hiv, malnutrition and many other problems so many mothers and children face around the world, then please join the new maternal and child health national working group! contact firstname. lastname @ example. org to get involved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5153468165856327, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.496688"} {"text": "osteomalacia has a pathogenesis similar to that of rickets but it is seen in mature bones. because bones mature at different rates, both rickets and osteomalacia can be seen in the same animal. osteomalacia is characterized by an accumulation of excessive unmineralized osteoid on trabecular surfaces. affected animals are unthrifty and may exhibit pica. nonspecific shifting lamenesses are common. fractures can be seen, especially in the ribs, pelvis, and long bones. spinal deformation such as lordosis or kyphosis may be seen. in horses, nutritional osteodystrophy is known as bran disease, miller ' s disease, and \u201c big head. \u201d the diet of pampered horses is often too high in grains and low in forage ; such a diet is high in phosphorus and low in calcium. many of the obscure lamenesses of horses have been attributed to nutritional osteodystrophy. the pathologic changes are similar to those in other species, with the provisos that the bones of the head are particularly affected in severe cases and that gross or microscopic fractures of subchondral bone ( with consequent degeneration of articular cartilage and tearing of ligaments from periosteal attachments ) are dominant clinical signs. unilateral facial deformity due to secondary ( nutritional ) hypoparathyroidism has been reported in a 1 - yr - old filly. nutritional osteodystrophy can occur in cattle grazing on arid, infertile soils deficient in phosphorus if they are not given adequate mineral supplementation. affected animals are unthrifty and have a rough hair coat. weight loss, shifting limb lameness, limb deformities, and spontaneous fractures are the most common clinical findings. pica may predispose affected animals to esophageal obstruction, reticuloperitonitis, botulism, or other intoxications. to establish a firm diagnosis, the diet should be evaluated for calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin d content. there is radiographic evidence of generalized skeletal demineralization, loss of lamina dura dentes, subperiosteal cortical bone resorption, bowing deformities, and multiple folding fractures of long bones due to intense localized osteoclast proliferation. levels of hydroxyproline, an amino acid released into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4615479288996241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.500637"} {"text": ", subperiosteal cortical bone resorption, bowing deformities, and multiple folding fractures of long bones due to intense localized osteoclast proliferation. levels of hydroxyproline, an amino acid released into blood during bone mineralization, can be determined to assess the extent of ongoing bone mobilization. if dietary calcium and phosphorus content cannot readily be determined ( eg, in grazing animals ), soil or fecal samples can be analyzed as crude proxies for dietary intake of these minerals. laboratory values used to assess renal function should be within normal limits in animals with nutritional osteodystrophy. affected animals should be confined for several weeks after initiation of the supplemental diet. response to therapy is rapid ; within 1 wk the animals become more active, and their attitude improves. jumping or climbing must be prevented because the skeleton is still susceptible to fractures. restrictions can be lessened after 3 wk, but confinement with limited movement is indicated until the skeleton returns to normal ( response to treatment should be monitored radiographically ). complete recovery can be achieved within months in animals with no or only minor limb and joint deformities. last full review / revision march 2012 by walter gruenberg, drmedvet, ms, phd, decar, decbhm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4813691688656505, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.501246"} {"text": "during the fall campaign, california ' s attention was focused on the presidential race and gov. jerry brown ' s tax measure. but in a historic, largely overlooked environmental shift, the state ' s voters also triggered a multibillion - dollar tidal wave of new green spending. by overwhelmingly passing proposition 39, voters closed a tax loophole on out - of - state corporations that will generate $ 1. 1 billion a year. but the measure, buried in a crowded ballot, also required that half of that money fund projects to install new windows, better insulation, modern lighting and more efficient heating and air conditioning at thousands of public schools and other government buildings over the next five years. that windfall, roughly $ 550 million a year, or $ 2. 75 billion before it sunsets in 2018, dwarfs anything that california or any other state has ever spent on energy efficiency for public buildings. the new program is on par with the $ 3 billion that voters approved in 2004 for stem cell research and the $ 3. 3 billion that former gov. arnold schwarzenegger committed to his \" million solar roofs \" plan in 2006. critics worry, however, that lawmakers will fritter the proposition 39 money away because they have too much power to decide the details. while not as flashy as money for solar or wind projects, many experts say such seemingly routine changes as weatherizing buildings and replacing leaky windows is actually one of the cheapest ways to \" if we do this well and people see it as money well spent, as an investment that should be mimicked in the private sector, then this could really be a very big deal, \" said tom steyer, a san francisco financier who spent $ 32 million bankrolling proposition 39. u. s. schools spend $ 8 billion a year on energy bills. if those were cut 25 percent, it would save $ 2 billion, enough to buy 40 million new textbooks. steyer sees that as easy money for cash - strapped schools, and views his ballot measure as a demonstration project for other property owners. a 55 - year - old stanford mba with a net worth of $ 1. 3 billion, steyer cofounded farallon capital management in 1986 and built the company into the world ' s 17th largest hedge fund. in 2010, he funded a large part of the campaign to defeat a ballot measure by texas oil companies that would have suspended california ' s global warming law. his latest campaign is energy efficiency. one of steyer ' s favorite examples is the empire state building.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4354750557423977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.509845"} {"text": ", he funded a large part of the campaign to defeat a ballot measure by texas oil companies that would have suspended california ' s global warming law. his latest campaign is energy efficiency. one of steyer ' s favorite examples is the empire state building. two years ago, a sunnyvale company, serious materials, replaced all 6, 500 windows on the new york city landmark. it was part of a $ 13. 2 million upgrade with new insulation, lighting and ventilation, which the building ' s owners calculate will cut energy costs 38 percent and pay for itself in three years. \" people in the public sector often confuse expenditures and investments, \" steyer said. \" if you go out to dinner that ' s an expenditure. if you send your kid to college, that ' s an investment. if this money is used wisely, we will get multiples of it back in savings down the road that can be used for schools. \" all the new money has some sacramento observers nervous, however. \" look at the high - speed rail authority, the stem cell money, the tobacco tax funds and the state recycling fund, \" said jon coupal, president of the howard jarvis taxpayers association. \" there have been slush funds and corruption in all of them. we have very little confidence this money will be spent effectively unless there is a sea change in sacramento. \" proposition 39 does not spell out in much detail where the $ 550 million a year should be spent. it says the money should pay to retrofit schools, colleges, universities and other public buildings ; it can also be used to fund job - training programs in energy efficiency - - and incentives to put solar panels on homes. joe caves, a longtime environmental lobbyist who wrote the measure, said the lack of specifics is on purpose. the measure notes that the legislature must appropriate the money, which means next year lawmakers will pass a bill to create new programs in one or more agencies like the state department of education or the california energy commission, he said. those agencies will set up grant programs for school districts and other local governments to compete for the money. \" it ' s got to go through existing public agencies, and the projects have to be evaluated as cost effective, \" caves said. \" it ' s not like legislators are going to be able to say, ' i want $ 100, 000 to go this project or $ 50, 000 to that one. ' and they can ' t make the grants to private businesses. we built in a lot of controls. \" the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39022123658511526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.511073"} {"text": "going to be able to say, ' i want $ 100, 000 to go this project or $ 50, 000 to that one. ' and they can ' t make the grants to private businesses. we built in a lot of controls. \" the measure also creates a new nine - member oversight committee of engineers, architects and economists to commission yearly audits and post the results online. for now, steyer said, he ' d like to see much of the money go to schools. \" when you drive around california and look at the physical condition of some of the schools, it can be a little shocking, don ' t you think? \" he said. as soon as next week, state sen. kevin de leon, d - los angeles, will introduce a bill to spell out how to spend the money. de leon said he would like to see most of it go to schools, with strict criteria, such as ranking schools by kilowatt hours of electricity used. \" it ' s not going to be a program of pork, \" he said. \" we are going to go to schools of highest need, schools that don ' t have the resources to move forward with energy - efficiency projects, and do the work there and create jobs. \" de leon said that for roughly $ 500, 000 each, crews could retrofit half of california ' s 10, 000 public schools using proposition 39 money. for that amount, they could replace windows, boost insulation, and fix leaks and lighting. in some cases, they could upgrade heating and cooling systems. a study last year by the epa found that public schools can easily save 20 to 40 percent on utility bills - - which run in the tens of thousands of dollars a year - - through simple energy - efficiency work. since 2009, the california energy commission has doled out $ 132 million to retrofit public buildings. but much of that came from federal stimulus dollars that have now run out. there are success stories : the sacramento city unified school district, for example, replaced lighting, put in led exit signs and made other upgrades, saving the average high school $ 53, 000 a year, with a payback of seven years. one of the state ' s top energy experts, stanford university engineering professor jim sweeney, said he ' s watching the rollout carefully. \" fixing insulation and leaky windows isn ' t as sexy as saying, ' look at our new solar installation, ' \" he said. \" but for every $ 1 spent you will save more on energy efficiency than a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3995677039000401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.512183"} {"text": "mit team finds that the ratio of component atoms is vital to performance. there are many ways to define power, but manuel castells, distinguished visiting professor of technology and society, defines power as the ability to make people think the way you want them to think - - or to convince those who disagree that they can ' t do anything about it. \" the battle ( for power ) is in the people ' s minds, \" said castells, communication professor at the annenberg school for communication at the university of southern california, during a march 12 lecture on \" communication technology, media and power, \" part of the spring colloquium held by mit ' s program in science, technology and society. now, however, new information technology has shifted the battlefield, castells said. political battles have been traditionally waged in the \" public space \" of mass media - - television, newspapers and radio. the emergence of the internet and mobile informational technology \" has reshaped the public space. \" perhaps the most dramatic example of this shift is the mobile - phone video capturing sen. george allen ' s \" macaca \" remark. the video was widely distributed over the internet and allen was defeated, giving democrats a senate majority. but the internet is not just new technology, it ' s a new culture. italian prime minister silvio berlusconi misread that culture ; he sent a political text message just before an election to 30 million phones, thinking the phone was \" just like a tv, \" castells said. italians, who saw the phone as a personal device, thought otherwise, and berlusconi went down in defeat. \" throughout history, communication and information are fundamental sources of power and counterpower in our societies - - of both domination and social change, \" castells said. everything \" depends on how people think and what they believe in. \" that does not mean power is in the hands of the media. mass media is constrained by market forces ( \" they must win an audience \" ) and journalists ' own ethics. but mass media \" constitutes the space where power is decided, \" castells said. and \" what is not in the mass media does not exist. \" thus \" a political message is necessarily a media message, \" castells said. furthermore, the \" most powerful message is a simple message attached to an image. \" and that image is often a face. \" people vote for faces. \" indeed, character assassination has become a primary political tool all over the world ; with no scarcity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5609525710381349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.517202"} {"text": ", the \" most powerful message is a simple message attached to an image. \" and that image is often a face. \" people vote for faces. \" indeed, character assassination has become a primary political tool all over the world ; with no scarcity of damaging material to dig up on opponents, media politics has become scandal politics, castells said. the result is a general mistrust of all politicians. democracy \" is at an historical low point, \" he noted. latin americans, for example, don ' t want dictatorships, but they don ' t like what they see of western democracy. the emergence of what castells calls \" mass self communication \" is changing political dynamics. instead of information passing from \" one to many, \" it may go from \" many to many \" - - whether via blogs, chat forums, wikis or places like myspace. consider some statistics : there are 60 million blogs worldwide ; one is created every second and 55 percent of new bloggers are still posting after a month. two - thirds of blog posts are in non - english languages. only 9 percent of blogs are strictly political ; still, that ' s a lot of blogging, he said. also, studies indicate an interest in the internet increases political interest and activity, he said. most importantly, the internet in - creases the belief that you have power. and the belief that you have power, in castells ' formulation, constitutes real power.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5065586219319725, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.517847"} {"text": "about the photographer one of the pioneers of pop art, andy warhol is known for destabilizing the division between consumer culture and fine art and for undermining conventional notions of originality. iconic works such as his silkscreen reproductions of campbell ' s soup cans and sculptural replicas of retail packaging \u2014 most notably brillo boxes \u2014 adopt the mass - produced forms of consumer products in a deadpan manner. in other works, such as silkscreen paintings of legends like marilyn monroe, warhol tapped into the growing cult of celebrity. ultimately, warhol ' s expansive practice encompassed numerous artistic media and merged the roles of artist, impresario, and businessman, as the head of a studio he dubbed the factory. warhol ' s photographs were rarely exhibited during his lifetime, but the medium played a central role in his practice from early on. throughout his career he made photographs in different formats and used photographic images as the basis for other works. more generally, he drew inspiration from the mechanical qualities of the camera and the photograph ' s inherent flatness. the 156 photographs by warhol in mocp ' s collection include examples of polaroid portraits and black and white 35mm snapshots. these groups of images offer insight into the artist ' s working process and reveal his attachment to the camera as a means to create a visual diary. in the early 1960s warhol used the photomechanical silkscreen process to reproduce publicity stills of celebrities or clippings from newspapers and magazines. towards the end of the decade he grew concerned about copyright lawsuits, and began making his own photographic material. around 1970, warhol was introduced to the polaroid big shot, an instant film camera that he used thereafter as the starting point for a steady business of silkscreen commissions. with a fixed focal length and a built - in flash, the big shot was designed for portraits, framing a sitter ' s head and shoulders. warhol ' s portrait sessions were systematic and repetitive, yielding a large reserve of raw material \u2014 up to 200 images per sitting \u2014 from which warhol and his subject would select the best image for the silkscreen. he aimed to create an aura of glamour and often had his female sitters wear white make - up to cover any imperfections, a technique that yielded photographs that translated well as flattened silkscreen images. in addition to portraits, the museum holds a number of polaroids by warhol of male nudes and miscellaneous objects. in 1976 warhol was introduced to the minox 35 el, a small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4775544349227481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.530657"} {"text": "yielded photographs that translated well as flattened silkscreen images. in addition to portraits, the museum holds a number of polaroids by warhol of male nudes and miscellaneous objects. in 1976 warhol was introduced to the minox 35 el, a small 35mm camera, which he began to carry with him constantly. recording his social activities, friends, and environment became a lasting obsession. for warhol these photographs were not utilitarian material for art, like his polaroids were. instead, the snapshots comprise a visual record of his life during the 1970s, illuminating the ranks of the rich and famous and publicizing his inclusion among them. warhol once claimed, \" a good picture is one that ' s in focus and of a famous person doing something unfamous. \" he was largely indifferent to technique, and his black and white snapshots are deliberately amateurish and sometimes banal ; it is not the image itself that sparks interest but the celebrity it depicts. selections of the images were published in three books during warhol ' s lifetime and printed in interview, the magazine he co - founded in 1969. these photographs were donated to mocp by the andy warhol photographic legacy program, which was founded by the warhol foundation in 2007 to increase public access to warhol ' s photographs. to date, over 28, 000 photographs have been distributed to university and college museums throughout the united states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46366839060801607, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.532020"} {"text": "nearly 6 million american children have food allergies, some life - threatening. keeping them safe after diagnosis can be a very serious challenge. in a new study published in the journal pediatrics, researchers tracked 512 pre - school aged children who were diagnosed with or were at risk for having an allergy to milk or eggs. three hundred sixty - seven participants reported 1, 171 reactions over an average three year period. the majority of these were accidental. many of the families struggled with checking the ingredients on food labels in their own homes. they sometimes misread labels or weren ' t always vigilant enough in supervising children or preparing food safely. about one in 10 families actually allowed their kids to try offending foods to see if they had outgrown their allergy. more than half of the allergic reactions happened when the child was under someone else ' s care, either extended family, teachers or at a friend ' s. only about 30 % of severe reactions were treated with the standard epinephrine injections, pointing out the need to educate families and other caretakers on when an epi - pen should be used. the study ' s authors suggest improved education for both family and friends, as well as persistent vigilance with label reading and treatment of severe reactions. designed by gray digital media", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4660419535749815, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.534107"} {"text": "looking for a health - promoting snack? enjoy a handful of mild nutty tasting sunflower seeds with their firm but tender texture to take care of your hunger and get a wealth of nutrition at the same time. the various health benefits of sunflower seeds can be attributed to the high levels of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, vitamin e, selenium, protein, copper, folates, iron, zinc and b vitamins that it contains. sunflower seeds are a highly nutritious food that we often supply to our parrots and chickens, yet neglect it in our own diets. sunflower seeds are power - packed with healthy fats, proteins, fibers, minerals, and phytochemicals - all important to the nutritional quality of the diet and of fundamental importance to human health. sunflower seeds can be used to enrich any meal. they can be sprinkled over cereals, salads, soups, mixed with vegetables, used on desserts or as snacks. the most important health benefit of sunflower seeds is imparted by the polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats that it contains. these components protect the heart against various heart diseases like blockage of arteries, by lowering cholesterol and eliminating bad cholesterol or low density lipoprotein. more than 90 % of the fat that sunflower seeds contain is unsaturated fat which help maintain high density lipoprotein. sunflower seeds are an excellent source of vitamin e. vitamin e rids the body of free radicals, that cause heart ailments like atherosclerosis and can also cause cellular damage. the vitamin e, contained in sunflower seeds have antioxidant properties and help in the rapid clotting of blood and healing of wounds, regulates the functioning of the circulatory system and reduces the risk of developing heart ailments and diabetes. vitamin e also imparts anti - inflammatory properties to sunflower seeds, that is essential in the cure and reduction of arthritis symptoms. selenium is an important trace mineral which works in conjunction with vitamin e to impart antioxidant properties, that prevent the formation of cancerous cells and heart problems. selenium promotes dna repair and induces apoptosis and the synthesis of damaged cells. this is an health benefit. the proteins that sunflower seeds contain enable the supply of amino acids to the body. these amino acids are essential for the maintenance, growth and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43959289558439363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.548786"} {"text": "promotes dna repair and induces apoptosis and the synthesis of damaged cells. this is an health benefit. the proteins that sunflower seeds contain enable the supply of amino acids to the body. these amino acids are essential for the maintenance, growth and repair of tissues. folate, also known as folic acid, is a type of b vitamin that is very essential for pregnant women as it aids the production of new cells in the body by forming their dna and rna which is very important for the growth and development of the fetus. it works together with vitamin b - 12 to form hemoglobin in red blood cells. intake of folate also lowers the risks of developing heart ailments. magnesium contained in sunflower seeds prevents the entry of calcium into the nerve cells, muscles and blood vessels which enables the prevention of muscle spasms and sudden nerve contractions. magnesium also lowers blood pressure and reduces and prevents asthma attacks and migraine headaches. sunflower seeds contain tryptophan, an amino acid that helps in the production of serotonin, which is an important neurotransmitter. serotonin relieves tension, calms the brain and promotes relaxation. sunflower seeds contain phytochemicals like choline, phenolic acids, lignan and betaine. phytochemicals are plant chemicals, that are known to prevent heart diseases and the growth of cancerous cells, that cause breast colon and prostate cancer. fiber that sunflower seeds contain promotes easy digestion and prevents constipation, lowers blood cholesterol levels and manages blood sugar levels. these fibers also help control weight and prevent obesity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4450124720801737, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.549849"} {"text": "| part of the series on the | according to mormonism, the atonement is \" the great sacrifice [ jesus ] made to pay for our sins and overcome death. \" jesus was the only person able to atone for sin because he was sinless. oddly enough, gospel principles, addressing why jesus could atone for sins, lacks any reference to his divinity. ( see esp. \" christ was the only one who could atone for our sins \" ). in gethsemane or on the cross? lds teach that jesus \" atoned for our sins by suffering in gethsemane and by giving his life on the cross. \" it was in the garden that \" the weight of our sins caused him to feel such agony and heartbreak that he bled from every pore ( see d & c 19 : 18 - 19 ). \" how does one receive the atonement - benefits of forgiveness and eternal life? mormonism teaches that the atonement secured for each person a physical resurrection and thus \" immortality \". yet, \" only those who accept the atonement will be saved from spiritual death. \" how does one do this? \" [ b ] y placing our faith in him. \" yet, it is added : \" to make his atonement fully effective in our lives, we must strive to obey him and repent of our sins. \" this has historically been a serious source of tension between mormons and christians. lds clearly add unbiblical conditions to the atonement. not only is it necessary to place faith in jesus, but it is also necessary to obey and repent of ones sins. at first glance this appears biblical ; however, the question arises as to what kind of obedience and repentance is required. mormon leaders speak ambivalently of the \" repentance \" which brings forgiveness, sometimes giving the impression that it is a simple broken heart and contrite spirit, and other times speaking of it as a process which includes the successful abandonment of sin and keeping all the commandments. - \" the demands of justice for broken law can be satisfied through mercy, earned by your continual repentance and obedience to the laws of god... through the atonement you can live in a world where justice assures that you will retain what you earn by obedience. \" - richard g. scott - \" our need in today ' s world, in which christians assume there was an atonement, is to interpret the scriptures properly and to call upon men", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4377884398607511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.613883"} {"text": "assures that you will retain what you earn by obedience. \" - richard g. scott - \" our need in today ' s world, in which christians assume there was an atonement, is to interpret the scriptures properly and to call upon men to keep the commandments so as to become worthy of the cleansing power of the blood of the lamb. \" - bruce r. mcconkie - \" the atonement cleanses us of sin on condition of our repentance. repentance is the condition on which mercy is extended. after all we can do to pay to the uttermost farthing and make right our wrongs, the savior \u2019 s grace is activated in our lives through the atonement, which purifies us and can perfect us. \" - james e. faust - \" should choices be wrong, there is a path back : repentance. when its conditions are fully met, the atonement of the savior provides a release from the demands of justice for the errors made. \" - richard g. scott - \" when a person repents, accepts the gospel of jesus christ, and lives in accordance with the principles and ordinances of the gospel, then christ ' s atonement becomes effective for him, for jesus christ has already paid the penalty - - that is, for those who will repent. \" - royden g. derrick - \" the perfect relationship between the atoning grace of christ and the obedient efforts of mankind is powerfully stated by nephi : ' we know that it is by grace that we are saved, after all we can do ' ( 2 ne. 25 : 23 ). furthermore, we are invited to ' come unto christ, and be perfected in him. ' when we deny ourselves \u201c of all ungodliness, ' then and only ' then is his grace sufficient ' for us ( moro. 10 : 32 ). \" - clyde j. williams christians respond that it is not even partially our obedience which brings forgiveness and eternal life but faith alone in the work of christ. it is our faith alone that unites us to jesus, the only one who can and does save us. obedience must follow, but it is not a necessary prerequisite for receiving forgiveness or eternal life ( see justification ). repayment to god in mormon theology, jesus becomes our creditor when he \" forgave \" us, and we are now indebted to repay him. to receive the progressive benefits of the atonement ( which was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45661782257678235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.614965"} {"text": "see justification ). repayment to god in mormon theology, jesus becomes our creditor when he \" forgave \" us, and we are now indebted to repay him. to receive the progressive benefits of the atonement ( which was supposed to have cancelled our debt ) we are required to \" fully pay our part of the debt \". - \" all of us have sinned and need to repent to fully pay our part of the debt. when we sincerely repent, the savior \u2019 s magnificent atonement pays the rest of that debt. \" - james e. faust, a helpful story? the following is taken verbatim from gospel principles : elder boyd k. packer of the council of the twelve gave the following illustration to show how christ ' s atonement makes it possible to be saved from sin if we do our part. \" let me tell you a story - - a parable. \" there once was a man who wanted something very much. it seemed more important than anything else in his life. in order for him to have his desire, he incurred a great debt. \" he had been warned about going into that much debt, and particularly about his creditor. but it seemed so important for him to do what he wanted to and to have what he wanted right now. he was sure he could pay for it later. \" so he signed a contract. he would pay it off some time along the way. he didn ' t worry too much about it, for the due date seemed such a long time away. he had what he wanted now, and that was what seemed important. \" the creditor was always somewhere in the back of his mind, and he made token payments now and again, thinking somehow that the day of reckoning really would never come. \" but as it always does, the day came, and the contract fell due. the debt had not been fully paid. his creditor appeared and demanded payment in full. \" only then did he realize that his creditor not only had the power to repossess all that he owned, but the power to cast him into prison as well. \" ' i cannot pay you, for i have not the power to do so, ' he confessed. \" ' then, ' said the creditor, ' we will exercise the contract, take your possessions and you shall go to prison. you agreed to that. it was your choice. you signed the contract, and now it must be enforced. ' \" ' can you not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4338738442308686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.616093"} {"text": "said the creditor, ' we will exercise the contract, take your possessions and you shall go to prison. you agreed to that. it was your choice. you signed the contract, and now it must be enforced. ' \" ' can you not extend the time or forgive the debt? ' the debtor begged. ' arrange some way for me to keep what i have and not go to prison. surely you believe in mercy? will you not show mercy? ' \" the creditor replied, ' mercy is always so one - sided. it would serve only you. if i show mercy to you, it will leave me unpaid. it is justice i demand. do you believe in justice? ' \" ' i believed in justice when i signed the contract, ' the debtor said. ' it was on my side then, for i thought it would protect me. i did not need mercy then, nor think i should need it ever. justice, i thought, would serve both of us equally as well. ' \" ' it is justice that demands that you pay the contract or suffer the penalty, ' the creditor replied. ' that is the law. you have agreed to it and that is the way it must be. mercy cannot rob justice. ' \" there they were : one meting out justice, the other pleading for mercy. neither could prevail except at the expense of the other. \" ' if you do not forgive the debt there will be no mercy, ' the debtor pleaded. \" ' if i do, there will be no justice, ' was the reply. \" both laws, it seemed, could not be served. they are two eternal ideals that appear to contradict one another. is there no way for justice to be fully served, and mercy also? \" there is a way! the law of justice can be fully satisfied and mercy can be fully extended - - but it takes someone else. and so it happened this time. \" the debtor had a friend. he came to help. he knew the debtor well. he knew him to be shortsighted. he thought him foolish to have gotten himself into such a predicament. nevertheless, he wanted to help because he loved him. he stepped between them, faced the creditor, and made this offer. \" ' i will pay the debt if you will free the debtor from his contract so that he may keep his possessions and not go to prison. ' \" as the creditor was pondering the offer, the mediator", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44372614174685465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.617020"} {"text": "and made this offer. \" ' i will pay the debt if you will free the debtor from his contract so that he may keep his possessions and not go to prison. ' \" as the creditor was pondering the offer, the mediator added, ' you demanded justice. though he cannot pay you, i will do so. you will have been justly dealt with and can ask no more. it would not be just. ' \" and so the creditor agreed. \" the mediator turned then to the debtor. ' if i pay your debt, will you accept me as your creditor? ' \" ' oh yes, yes, ' cried the debtor. ' you saved me from prison and show mercy to me. ' \" ' then, ' said the benefactor, ' you will pay the debt to me and i will set the terms. it will not be easy, but it will be possible. i will provide a way. you need not go to prison. ' \" and so it was that the creditor was paid in full. he had been justly dealt with. no contract had been broken. \" the debtor, in turn, had been extended mercy. both laws stood fulfilled. because there was a mediator, justice had claimed its full share, and mercy was satisfied. \" \" our sins are our spiritual debts. without jesus christ, who is our savior and mediator, we would all pay for our sins by suffering spiritual death. but because of him, if we will keep his terms, which are to repent and keep his commandments, we may return to live with our heavenly father. \" packer is clear in that \" if we will keep his terms \" only then can jesus save us. this is a very different gospel from that which the bible teaches. obedience is commanded by jesus, but in a very different way from the lds teaching. ostler ' s view - the purpose of the atonement in lds scripture is to ' bring about the bowels of mercy ' so that god is moved with compassion for us and we are moved with gratitude to trust him by opening our hearts to him. the result of the atonement is that we are freed to choose to turn back to god, and he is free to accept us into a relationship of shared life. atonement removes, casts out, and releases the guilt that alienates us ; and it also brings us together into shared life... in [ jesus ' ] passion we find compassion. he literally feels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47358788661083623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.629814"} {"text": "us into a relationship of shared life. atonement removes, casts out, and releases the guilt that alienates us ; and it also brings us together into shared life... in [ jesus ' ] passion we find compassion. he literally feels our pains and is thereby filled with compassion for us. in this sense, christ suffers for our sins and bears our iniquities. - \" to put it bluntly and plainly, if christ is not my substitute, i still occupy the place of a condemned sinner. if my sins and my guilt are not transferred to him, if he did not take them upon himself, then surely they remain with me. if he did not deal with my sins, i must face their consequences. if my penalty was not borne by him, it still hangs over me. there is no other possibility. \" - leon morris, the cross in the new testament - \" all of us have sinned and need to repent to fully pay our part of the debt. when we sincerely repent, the savior \u2019 s magnificent atonement pays the rest of that debt. \" - james e. faust, \" the atonement : our greatest hope \" ( october 2001 general conference ) - \" how can we ever repay the debt we owe to the savior? he paid a debt he did not owe to free us from a debt we can never pay. because of him, we will live forever. because of his infinite atonement, our sins can be swept away, allowing us to experience the greatest of all the gifts of god : eternal life. \" ( apostle joseph b. wirthlin, earthly debts, heavenly debts, ensign ( cr ), may 2004, p. 40 ) - \" we must turn the sins and the guilt over to the savior in a process of complete repentance. for serious sins we will need the help of a bishop or another appropriate priesthood leader to complete our repentance. we then must let the savior judge whether we or he must make final payment for the sin. \" - d. chad richardson - \" the individual effect of the atonement makes it possible for any and every soul to obtain absolution from the effect of personal sins, through the mediation of christ ; but such saving intercession is to be invoked by individual effort as manifested through faith, repentance, and continued works of righteousness.... the blessing of redemption from individual sins, while open for all to attain, is nevertheless conditioned on individual effort. \" -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43850350349598877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.640295"} {"text": "is to be invoked by individual effort as manifested through faith, repentance, and continued works of righteousness.... the blessing of redemption from individual sins, while open for all to attain, is nevertheless conditioned on individual effort. \" - james talmage, \" a study of the articles of faith \" by ( p. 89 ) - sermons and writings of bruce r. mcconkie, p. 77 \u2013 \u201c the blood of christ was shed as a free gift of wondrous grace, but the saints are cleansed by the blood after they keep the commandments. \u201d - \" he performed the greatest work that was ever performed in this mortal world by the shedding of his blood, which paid a debt that mankind owes to the eternal father, and which debt we inherited after the fall of adam. \" - joseph fielding smith, conference report, october 1967 christian response it wasn \u2019 t that he was crucified, but that he was crucified. jesus didn \u2019 t suffer in the garden \" for us \" \u2013 it wasn ' t the \u201c cup \u201d yet. it was in anticipation of the cup he was about to drink : matthew 26 : 39 - \" and going a little farther he fell on his face and prayed, saying, \" my father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me ; nevertheless, not as i will, but as you will. \" john 18 : 11 so jesus said to peter, \" put your sword into its sheath ; shall i not drink the cup that the father has given me? \" peter, of all people, would mention the garden, yet he says, \" he himself bore our sins in his body on the tree, so that we might die to sins and live for righteousness ; by his wounds you have been healed. \" ( 1 pet 2 : 24 ) see also unless otherwise noted, all quotes are taken from the reference below : - \u2191 gospel principles - \u2191 http : / / www. lds. org / library / display / 0, 4945, 11 - 1 - 13 - 18, 00. html - \u2191 \u201c the atonement can secure your peace and happiness, \u201d ensign, nov 2006, 40 \u2013 42. from general conference, october 2006. - \u2191 bruce r. mcconkie, \" what think ye of salvation by grace? \". byu devotional address was given at brigham young university on 10 january 1984. available online here : http : / / speeches. byu. edu / reader / reader. php? id =", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45261556814693416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.641926"} {"text": ", \" what think ye of salvation by grace? \". byu devotional address was given at brigham young university on 10 january 1984. available online here : http : / / speeches. byu. edu / reader / reader. php? id = 6910 & x = 56 & y = 3 - \u2191 james e. faust, \" the atonement : our greatest hope, \" ensign ( conference edition ), nov. 2001, 18. emphasis original. - \u2191 richard g. scott, \" have no regrets \". fireside address given at brigham young university on 12 september 1999. - \u2191 agency, by royden g. derrick. online - \u2191 clyde j. williams, \" plain and precious truths restored, \" ensign, oct. 2006, p. 50 - \u2191 james e. faust, \" the atonement : our greatest hope, \" ensign, nov. 2001, 18. emphasis original. - \u2191 conference report, apr. 1977, pp. 79 - 80 ; or ensign, may 1977, pp. 54 - 55. - \u2191 blake ostler, exploring mormon thought : the problems of theism and the love of god, vol. 2 ( greg kofford books, 2006 ), pp. 235 - 284. - \u2191 ostler, exploring mormon thought, vol. 2, pp. 235 - 236. - \u2191 d. chad richardson, \u201c forgiving oneself, \u201d ensign, mar 2007, 30 \u2013 33 - gethsemane and christ ' s blood in lds references - did jesus christ die on the cross to pay for our sins?, by cky j. carrigan - \" a survey of mormon teachings \" - atonement of jesus christ ( ency. of mormonism ) - hope through the atonement of jesus christ ( october 1996 general conference ), by elder neal a. maxwell - \" apply the atoning blood of christ \" ( october 1997 general conference ), by elder neal a. maxwell - the atonement in the book of mormon, by [ [ robert millet ] - the gethsemane event in church history - teaching the atonement, by elder tad r. callister - the passion of the christ - - three reviews and a letter, by orson scott card", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40087257667997933, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.642932"} {"text": "margaret atwood novelist / poet the united states has promoted individualism so much that the responsibilities of giving to a community, and vice versa, have been trampled by rampant individualism. canada hasn ' t gone in that direction of extreme individualism : my mortgage ; my bank account ; no pies when i hurt my leg, and i won ' t bring pies to you. americans tried to weld some sort of fellow feeling in all of this - - to shed their ethnic roots and be part of an american identity but, paradoxically, an individual. community as once proposed meant all americans. that was the myth. all were not included in it. richard rodriguez writer / commentator america is not based on a communal notion. it ' s a low church protestant culture whose major discovery was the individual face - to - face with god. our greatest myth is about a boy who leaves home with a runaway slave, has no mother and a drunken father. we don ' t know how to share our individualistic culture. there ' s nothing more american than for me to say i ' m better off because i ' m mexican, and i want to exclaim my distinction. if mexicans, people of mixed blood, really want to be subversive, they should say \" i ' m going to marry you, or your daughter. you ' ll eat my food, and we ' ll be friends. \" susan faludi journalist / feminist the ideal community for americans is often an escape from political engagement. europeans are so much more engaged. community here is running away to the suburbs. the media has become our pseudocommunity. people don ' t belong, but if they ' re part of a sound bite, they feel part of a larger world. it ' s the false idea of the media as a public forum, an idea encouraged by politicians. people take their intimate stories on tv talk shows, replacing political engagement and community, which would actually bind people, with psychology and therapy. e. l. doctorow novelist communities appear temporally rather than spatially. they form as circumstances demand, and when the emergency is over people go back to their semi - estranged mood. communal expressions that really matter on a day - to - day basis are probably made by people who have no thought of community. a surgeon who only wants to make money and live well and has a lousy bedside manner still contributes. the korean grocer on the corner who works hard trying to survive may feel a foreigner, but the store is a contribution to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.506454225469425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.650652"} {"text": "of community. a surgeon who only wants to make money and live well and has a lousy bedside manner still contributes. the korean grocer on the corner who works hard trying to survive may feel a foreigner, but the store is a contribution to the neighborhood. i don ' t know if you can ask for more. noam chomsky political analyst / linguist community is pr bullshit designed in the 1930s by the corporations, when they became terrified by the collapse of their society brought on by the wagner act and the labor movement. they developed new techniques to control the population and inculcate the concept of living together in harmony - - all americans, all working together : the sober workman, the hardworking executive, the housewife. and them - - the outsiders trying to disrupt. community is a bit of a joke. only labor has succeeded. that ' s why business hates unions. they can create real community and democracy. ram dass author / spiritual activist our inordinate concern with individuality has marked our group identity. i ' m part of the problem. the ' 60s were about individual freedom, and we threw out the baby with the bath. we ' re dealing with the effect of imbalance ; we ' re so focused on separateness that we ' ve lost interconnectedness, the inherent gregarious nature of humanity where we need others to give us meaning. the web of violence in this culture is clearly connected to the breakup of these types of systems. but look at the crips and the bloods, now meeting together as a new kind of community structure. amy tan novelist my community was more like an extended family. my father was the minister of a chinese church, so it was as if my whole world was chinese. the sons of the women i called auntie were like brothers to me. i know i can go up to a person on the street who is also chinese and ask questions and get information, because there is a sense of community. we are both chinese people in america : that ' s community based on being different. in china that wasn ' t true. it ' s too diverse, regional. i identified more with shanghai people than with hong kong people, for example. frances moore lappe activist / writer / political theorist people are looking for community in all the wrong places. it ' s not goodwill and like - mindedness, it ' s daily experience in workplaces and neighborhoods and churches and civic groups. the sonoma county faith - based community organizing project is a prime example of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49599250018891483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.651803"} {"text": "for community in all the wrong places. it ' s not goodwill and like - mindedness, it ' s daily experience in workplaces and neighborhoods and churches and civic groups. the sonoma county faith - based community organizing project is a prime example of concerned people coming together - - farmworkers, african - americans, whites of all classes, professionals, nuns, accountants, lawyers. they got together candidates for the school board, for example, and judged them on how well they listened to constituents ' concerns. it ' s a two - way process of public officials accepting accountability and citizens taking an active role. barbara kingsolver novelist there ' s no shame in depending on each other. there ' s heroism in ordinariness and connectedness and using relationship skills to get through difficult times, as opposed to the isolated heroism of the cowboy. look at the things in your living room or refrigerator and realize they were made by thousands of people on different continents. the lemons we buy at the grocery connect us with a food chain, with people coming up from mexico, being sprayed by pesticides. it ' s easier to see just a lemon, but only when we see the whole line can we feel connectedness and responsibility. harry edwards sociologist we need a new definition of community. we ' re a nation of nations ; we ' re not homogenous like japan. we need to look at pluralistic reality in terms of all interests, including white male, while recognizing the concerns of those in the minority opinion. it ' s good business to have everybody involved in the national life. a black community should produce students who can go to the universities equally - - without affirmative action or head start - - and it ' s in our mutual interest to see that the competence and quality are there to provide that equal opportunity. ellen goodman journalist there has always been a tension in the united states between individualism and community. the economy deals with us as individuals : you achieve success or you don ' t. we typically divided america into men as individualists and women as caretakers of the family and keepers of community - - until women had to go to work and saw themselves as individuals rather than as members. the baby boom generation broke from family ; there were so many of them it seemed like the whole country. now that they have families they have more longing for community. theodore roszak historian / author our culture builds bigger and bigger - - bigger forces, corporations, and trading alliances. the thrust toward the global in government, communications, and business goes against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5139619471239381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.653041"} {"text": "that \u2019 s because the same ingredients in decongestants that help relieve the nasal swelling associated with congestion also affect other blood vessels in the body, causing blood pressure and heart rate to rise \u2013 a potentially dangerous situation for those with high blood pressure. unfortunately, just 10 percent of those with high blood pressure are aware they should avoid decongestants, and nearly half don \u2019 t know they should take a special otc medicine when they have a cold or the flu, according to a survey by st. joseph, makers of over - the - counter medications. \u201c the number of hypertensive people who don \u2019 t know to avoid decongestants is shocking, \u201d says bernie kropfelder of st. joseph health products, llc. \u201c each year, 5 to 20 percent of americans will catch the flu, so it \u2019 s important for people with high blood pressure to talk to their doctors or pharmacists about which otc medicines to avoid. \u201d if you have high blood pressure, start your medicine cabinet makeover by replacing otc medicines that contain decongestants with remedies that don \u2019 t, such as st. joseph \u2019 s new line of cold and flu products. the brand \u2019 s products for fever and pain contain acetaminophen, which will not interfere with aspirin \u2019 s benefits if you \u2019 re on an aspirin regimen. next, remove from your medicine cabinet, pantry or refrigerator dietary supplements that are high in sodium, as high levels of salt are commonly known to increase blood pressure. for example, many protein supplements contain hundreds of milligrams of sodium per serving. likewise, avoid supplements that contain extracts of grapefruit, and talk to your doctor about whether you should also remove grapefruit and grapefruit juice from your diet. research published in the canadian medical association journal points out that the number of medications that interact adversely with grapefruit is on the rise. there are now more than 85 drugs known to be affected by grapefruit, including calcium channel blockers that are used to treat high blood pressure, according to a cbc news report. once you \u2019 ve removed adverse products from your medicine cabinet, you \u2019 ll have plenty of room for additions that are good for your heart, your high blood pressure and your overall health, including : * fish oil \u2013 supplements like fish oil that contain omega 3 fatty acids offer a host of health benefits, and are known to be good for your heart. people with high blood pressure are at increased risk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42846940306584724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.658959"} {"text": "high blood pressure and your overall health, including : * fish oil \u2013 supplements like fish oil that contain omega 3 fatty acids offer a host of health benefits, and are known to be good for your heart. people with high blood pressure are at increased risk of heart disease, so adding heart - healthy supplements to their diets may be beneficial. * beet juice \u2013 ok, while this one should probably go in your refrigerator, adding beet juice to your diet may help your blood pressure control. researchers at the baker idi heart and diabetes institute in melbourne, australia have found that within hours of drinking beet juice, study subjects had lowered systolic blood pressure by an average of four to five points, webmd reports. * sesame and rice bran oil \u2013 webmd also reports that a recent study showed taking 35 grams of a sesame / rice bran oil blend daily can help lower blood pressure. finally, add some relaxation time to your \u201c mental medicine cabinet. \u201d stress can elevate blood pressure, so engaging in activities that help reduce stress can aid in your efforts to control your blood pressure. while it \u2019 s not always possible to avoid stressful situations, you can counter the effects of daily stress with activities like meditation, yoga, listening to relaxing music or even just spending time with a beloved pet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4327845529834109, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.660315"} {"text": "when your child ' s birthdate barely meets the cutoff for starting kindergarten, you may wonder whether it ' s better to enroll them, or wait a year. unfortunately, there ' s no easy answer. you ' ll have to weigh the evidence, based on your child ' s personality. to be eligible for kindergarten, a child must turn five by a certain date. this date could be april 1st, before the fall term ; or, it might be after the term starts, such as october 31st, december 1st, or january 1st. studies suggest that when fall or winter cutoff dates are used, a percentage of children will not be developmentally ready to start school, though their age allows them to do so. this is especially true for boys. compounding the problem is the fact that many of today ' s kindergartens are simply an earlier version of first grade. experts say this creates unrealistic expectations for children of that age. they also claim that children who are youngest in their class tend to have a more difficult time academically. still others say such differences usually disappear by third grade. the final decision depends on you and your child. consider how advanced they are for their age, and if there ' ll be other children in the class with birthdays near theirs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38732245705002105, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.661814"} {"text": "overcoming perceived gis resource limitations this module ( teaching with gis ) is designed to highlight gis concepts that may be added to many geoscience topics and exercises. in particular, we focus on using gis at the level of introductory geoscience ; however, many of the exercises and concepts may be applied in upper level courses as well. we will attempt to answer the following questions : do i need to be a gis wizard to introduce gis concepts in my courses? answer : no! there are numerous web - based mapping utilities, some of which are specifically designed for geoscience applications. in addition, consumer - grade gps devices and mapping software are both cheaper and easier to learn than the professional gis / gps tools. many students new to geoscience are unfamiliar with mapping concepts that we take for granted as professional scientists. even simple geographic and cartographic concepts can help them understand more complex gis tasks at a later stage. the introduction of hands - on map creation / interpretation exercises and the associated terminology can greatly enhance the learning experience of the students. aren ' t the hardware and software requirements of gis prohibitive at the introductory level? answer : no! there are many options that may be pursued despite resource limitations or student difficulties with computer tasks. below are some ideas on what can be accomplished with different levels of resource availability or student background. keep in mind that this site is focused on how we can introduce gis within existing introductory geoscience courses : hardware - limited options \u2014 there is little or no access to computers / internet or gps receivers by students and / or instructor within the classroom. the students often have access to computers and the internet in public labs or have personal computers. faculty usually have access to the internet on their computers and may have access to some gis software. - instructor generates maps for exercises / labs utilizing online resources - utilize traditional paper maps ( e. g. geologic maps ) to introduce concepts of data - driven maps - assign homework exercises that access online resources from student - owned or campus computer labs software - limited options \u2014 some access to computers / internet and gps receivers, but little or no gis software for student / instructor use in or out of the classroom. - instructor generates maps for exercises / labs from online sources or gis software. note that there is gis shareware available ( e. g. grass ( more info ) ). - gps use in lab exercises, particulary field labs - shareware utilities to download gps data to computer - ms excel or other software used to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5063307004568178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.664834"} {"text": "behind the buzz and beyond the hype : our nanowerk - exclusive feature articles posted : jun 28th, 2010 novel maskless e - beam technique a promising tool for engineering metallic nanostructures ( nanowerk spotlight ) the manufacture of certain types of nanostructures \u2013 nanotubes, graphene, nanoparticles, etc. \u2013 has already entered industrial - scale mass production. however, the controlled fabrication of nanostructures with arbitrary shape and defined chemical composition is still a major challenge in nanotechnology applications. it appears that electron beams from electron microscopes ( em ) \u2013 nowadays routinely focused down to the nanometer regime \u2013 are ideal candidates for versatile tools for nanotechnology ( see our recent nanowerk spotlight : \" direct - write process brings nanotechnology fabrication closer to mass production \" ). however, their usage is mostly restricted by the conditions in the corresponding electron microscopes, since most ems are housed in high vacuum chambers the unintended electron - beam - induced deposition of residual gases is a problem, as well as the maintenance of well defined sample conditions. researchers in germany have now presented a novel way to use a highly focused electron beam to lithographically fabricate clean iron nanostructures. this new technique expands the application field for focused electron beams in nanotechnology. \" we have developed a novel two - step process to locally generate iron nanostructures on a commercial 300 nm silicon oxide substrate at room temperature, \" hubertus marbach, a researcher at the universitat erlangen - nurnberg tells nanowerk. \" in the first step, the surface is locally activated by a 3 nm wide electron beam. the second step comprises the development of the activated structures by dosing an organometallic precursor, which then decomposes and grows autocatalytically to form pure iron nanocrystals until the precursor supply is stopped. \" using a more vivid picture, marbach says that one might think of the whole process as writing with invisible ink in the irradiation step, which is then made visible by the development step. \" besides the fantasy - stimulating application to write secret nanomessages in ultrahigh vacuum, the described effect might be the starting point for a whole new way to generate nanostructures. \" electrons as invisible ink. a siox surface can be locally activated with a focused electron beam ( 1 ) such that subsequently dosed [ fe ( co ) 5 ] decomposes ( 2 ) and auto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5828100695524674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.669682"} {"text": "to generate nanostructures. \" electrons as invisible ink. a siox surface can be locally activated with a focused electron beam ( 1 ) such that subsequently dosed [ fe ( co ) 5 ] decomposes ( 2 ) and autocatalytically grows to pure fe nanocrystals ( 3 ) at predefined positions until the precursor supply is stopped. a 3d representation of the sem data is in the background. ( reprinted with permission from wiley - vch verlag ) the major new aspect of this work is the local chemical activation, i. e. catalytic activation of an oxidic surface. the researchers use this process to locally dissociate adsorbed precursor molecules and then generate nanostructures with an electron beam ( a process that can be categorized as focused electron beam induced processing or febip, where the injection or removal of electrons can be used to trigger chemical processes, such as bond formation or dissociation ). the starting point of the present investigations was the so called electron beam induced deposition or ebid technique a special case of febip, where already adsorbed precursor molecules are locally dissociated with a focused electron beam, leaving a deposit of the nonvolatile dissociation products. to minimize the complications of unintended ebid of residual gases, the team followed a ' surface science approach ' where they worked under ultra high vacuum ( uhv ) conditions. this resulted in deposits with high purity. the cleanliness of the whole process, namely uhv conditions plus a well - defined surface, was identified as the key factor for the purity of the metallic nanostructures. in a previous paper, marbach and his team have described this technique ( \" electron - beam - induced deposition in ultrahigh vacuum : lithographic fabrication of clean iron nanostructures \" ) marbach explains that, in conventional applications, the high energetic primary electrons of the em beam are scattered in the sample. eventually, scattered electrons exit the surface again close to the impact of the electron beam. \" in ebid, this effectively leads to a widening of the deposit compared to the size of the beam \" he says. \" this ( proximity ) effect increases with an increase of the local electron dose. since our fabrication technique relies on catalytic and autocatalytic effects, the electron dose needed as a ' seed ' for the growth of the iron nanostructures can be minimized, thus reducing the mentioned proximity effect. in other words, our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5802120565288769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.670908"} {"text": "our fabrication technique relies on catalytic and autocatalytic effects, the electron dose needed as a ' seed ' for the growth of the iron nanostructures can be minimized, thus reducing the mentioned proximity effect. in other words, our approach might be suitable to produce smaller structures. \" ebid allows almost every combination of deposit material and substrate to be targeted since there is a large variety of precursor molecules and there are nearly no restrictions in regard to the substrate. in this specific work, the researchers ' aim was to generate clean iron nanostructures with potential applications in the field of data storage, sensor or information processing devices or as seeds for the localized growth of other nanostructures like carbon nanotubes or silicon wires. with their novel febip process they are now moving on to explore other oxide materials and precursor molecules. \" we propose our technique to pre - structure the surface by a local chemical modification as a general route to fabricate nanostructures, e. g. to locally anchor or activate functional molecules, \" says marbach. one challenge of the novel process is the rather low writing speed. marbach points out though, that there are considerable efforts underway to develop multibeam instruments which would boost the throughput of electron - beam - based techniques, e. g. at the tu delft ( mapper lithography ) and the european charpan project located in vienna.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.545724635925405, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.672377"} {"text": "the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. learning science in informal environments : people, places, and pursuits ing in informal environments. first, the assessments should not be limited to factual recall or other narrow cognitive measures of learning, but should address the range of relevant capabilities ( depicted in the six strands ) that informal environments are designed to promote. second, the assessments used should be valid, providing authentic evidence of participants \u2019 learning and competencies. third, assessments of informal science learning should fit with the experiences that make these environments attractive and engaging ; that is, any assessment activities undertaken in informal settings should not undermine the very features that make for effective engagement, such as learner choice, voluntary participation, and pursuit of science - related interests. conclusion 14 : learning experiences across informal environments may positively influence children \u2019 s science learning inschool, their attitudes toward science, and the likelihood that theywill consider science - related occupations or engage in lifelong science learning through hobbies and other everyday pursuits. although, as discussed in conclusion 13, the committee has serious reservations about using academic measures to assess learning in informal settings, we did find evidence that these settings may support improvements in student achievement, attainment, and career choices ( see, for example, discussion of strand 2 in chapter 6 ). these outcomes reflect a degree of overlap between academic and informal settings. however, informal environments may particularly foster capacities that are unlikely to register traceable effects on conventional academic measures, notably around interest and motivation ( strand 1 ) and identity ( strand 6 ). toward a common field conclusion 15 : the literature on learning science in informal environments is vast, but the quality of the research is uneven, at leastin part due to limited publication outlets ( i. e., dedicated journalsand special editions ) and a lack of incentives to publish for manyresearchers and evaluators in nonacademic positions. although there is a tremendous body of evidence relevant to learning science in informal environments, there is a limited ( but growing ) number of peer - reviewed outlets for publication devoted to it. while many scholars publish in a variety of peer - reviewed journals in education, psychology, and museum studies, others are not in academic positions and hence receive few rewards for publication. at present, much of the literature that informs the science learning in informal environments has not undergone rigorous, systematic peer review. in fact, the committee observed enormous variety", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5617188539148203, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.676135"} {"text": "harvard - amy stoller of littleton road ran and grabbed her camera last week. she was able to take a couple of snaps before the creature spotted in her yard skittered away. \" i guess it ' s good i didn ' t go out into the yard for a better picture, \" said stoller. the animal appears to be a bobcat. the massachusetts division of fisheries and wildlife estimates the population to be 1, 200 - 1, 300 strong. twice the size of a typical domestic housecat, the bobcats ( lynx rufus ) is the only wildcat remaining in massachusetts. \" it actually sat in the lawn for about 5 - 10 minutes, just looking around, \" said stoller. \" it didn ' t run away until i opened the door to our back porch to try to get closer. it was really a beautiful animal. \" a tell - tale sign? the animal ' s \" bobbed \" tail. the bobcat has a prominent tuft of facial fur and a coat of short dense yellow - to - red fur. there are also distinct or faint black spots along its flanks and white under parts sprinkled with black spots. full grown bobcats weigh between 15 - 35 pounds and measure 28 - 47 inches in overall length. bobcats typically prey upon rabbits, mice, squirrels, skunk, opossum, muskrat, birds, snakes, and other available items. the bobcats are considered to be common in central shy and solitary, the bobcat is silent unless confronted by an enemy when it will scowl, snarl, and spit. bobcats also let out an occasional scream. follow mary arata at twitter. com / maryearata and facebook. com / mary. arata.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38277256476045096, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.677998"} {"text": "pulmonary hypertension ( ph ) refers to a condition in which high blood pressure exists within the vessels of the lungs. normally, venous ( low oxygen ) blood returns from the body to the right side of the heart where it is pumped to lungs via the pulmonary arteries. breathing brings oxygen to venous blood in the lungs, turning it into arterial ( high oxygen ) blood. arterial blood returns to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins where it is subsequently pumped to the rest of the body. healthy pulmonary arteries of the lungs are elastic, expanding and contracting with each beat of the heart. in ph, arteries stiffen and thicken, leading to increased resistance to blood passing through the vessel thereby increasing pressure. higher pulmonary pressure can lead to shortness of breath, low oxygen levels, chest pain, near - fainting / fainting, heart rhythm problems, and in its more advanced form, heart failure. pulmonary hypertension was previously classified as primary ( without obvious cause, or idiopathic ) or secondary ( occurring as a result of another disease ). although this terminology is still referenced in medical text, the revised world health organization classification system does away with these definitions and instead divides ph into 5 different categories based upon mechanism of disease. ph can occur in isolation or, more commonly, with diseases of the lungs and heart. ph in the absence of other diseases is very rare and generally idiopathic or familial in nature. this kind of ph is referred as pulmonary arterial hypertension ( pah ). ph is commonly associated with a variety of lung conditions characterized by low oxygen levels. these include emphysema, asthma, interstitial lung disease, chronic pulmonary blood clots or sleep apnea. when pulmonary hypertension arises from cardiac conditions such as heart failure, heart valve disease, or congenital heart disease, it is referred to a pulmonary venous hypertension. other important disease states associated with ph include connective tissue diseases ( scleroderma, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis ), sarcoidosis, hyperthyroidism, liver disease, sickle cell disease and bone marrow disorders. amphetamine use such as meth or the diet drug fen - phen has been linked to the development of ph. oftentimes multiple causes of ph are present.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5084268220451444, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.682388"} {"text": "florida \u2019 s popular land conservation program diminished if you have hiked in state preserves from apalachicola to the keys or kayaked some of florida \u2019 s unique springs, you \u2019 ve enjoyed the beauty of florida forever. this program and its predecessor, preservation 2000, have protected 2. 4 million acres of florida \u2019 s most pristine places. many threatened and endangered species such as the florida panther, scrub jay and black bear rely on habitat that still needs protection by florida forever. the program also strengthens florida \u2019 s economy in many ways. saving conservation land protects working agriculture, buffers military bases, brings people to our state and produces jobs. unfortunately, florida forever \u2019 s unique funding formula \u2013 the money for conservation comes from the documentary taxes paid on real estate transactions \u2013 has not immunized it from controversy. the last two years no money was allocated by lawmakers and this year saw only $ 8. 7 million. the previous 18 years have seen full funding for florida forever, authorized at $ 300 million per year. if you \u2019 ve wanted to do something to make a difference for florida \u2019 s future and haven \u2019 t known what to do or have just been too busy, this is the time to act. with a small investment of your time, you can make a big difference. let your elected officials know that conservation is critically important to florida \u2019 s future. view the conservancy report economic benefits of land conservation : a case for florida forever.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3813693517370286, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.684395"} {"text": "why poverty persists \" changes in family structure - notably a doubling of the percent of families headed by a single woman - can account for a 3. 7 percentage point increase in poverty rates, more than the entire rise in the poverty rate from 10. 7 percent to 12. 8 percent since 1980. \" over the past 45 years, the united states has experienced an ever - growing standard of living, with real gdp per capita more than doubling between 1959 and 2004. in contrast, living standards among some populations in the united states seem to have stagnated. between 1970 and 2003 the non - elderly poverty rate rose from 10. 7 to 12. 8 percent. this is in spite of dramatic increases in female labor force participation and overall education levels, and an almost 50 percent increase in cash and in - kind welfare spending per capita. all of these factors should have put substantial downward pressure on poverty rates in the united states, yet they have remained relatively stable. in poverty in america : trends and explanations ( nber working paper no. 11681 ), co - authors hilary hoynes, marianne page, and ann stevens seek to understand why this is the case. they examine post - war trends in american poverty, the work habits and family structures of the non - elderly poor, an d the likely effects of immigration, and they attempt to estimate the effects of the various government programs designed to alleviate poverty. the authors first review some basic facts about the nature of poverty in the united states : according to the march current population surveys, poverty rates are generally higher among children than among adults. in 2003, children were approximately 29 percent of the non - elderly population but they constituted 40 percent of the non - elderly poor ; 17. 6 percent of all children lived in households with incomes below the poverty line. overall, only 7 percent of those living in households headed by a married individual were poor, whereas households with an unmarried head and children present - - 83 percent of which were headed by women - - had poverty rates of 40. 3 percent. likewise, the probability of being poor varies tremendously by race : blacks and hispanics are much more likely to be poor than whites, even though most of the poor are white. the persistence of poverty also depends strongly on individual and family characteristics. among those beginning a spell of poverty, about 83 percent of white children living in two - parent households headed by someone with at least a high school education will escape long - term poverty. in contrast, only 10 percent of poor black children in a household headed by a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4905014291489745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.698823"} {"text": "a spell of poverty, about 83 percent of white children living in two - parent households headed by someone with at least a high school education will escape long - term poverty. in contrast, only 10 percent of poor black children in a household headed by a single woman without a high school diploma will avoid it. to explore the determinants of trends in poverty, the authors use data on state poverty rates over the period 1967 - 2003. possible explanations for changes in poverty include : changes in labor market opportunities, female labor force participation, family structure, and government assistance for the poor, and immigration. hoynes and her co - authors show that labor market opportunities are the major determinant of poverty. specifically, they find that the unemployment rate, median wages, and wage inequality in the lower half of the wage distribution all are significant determinants of poverty rates. overall, increasing the unemployment rate by 1 percentage point increases the poverty rate by 0. 4 to 0. 7 percentage points. increasing the median wage by 10 percent decreases the poverty rate by about 2 percentage points. increasing the ratio of the median wage to the average weekly wage in the 20 percentile of the wage distribution ( a measure of inequality ) by 10 percent increases the poverty rate by roughly 2. 5 percentage points. the strength of the relationship between these business cycle and labor market indicators and the poverty rate has declined in the past two decades, though. after 1980, the effects of unemployment, median wages, and wage inequality were about half their pre - 1980 magnitudes, the authors estimate. predicted poverty rates based on coefficients estimated with data from the entire period ( 1967 through 2003 ) are significantly higher than the actual poverty rate. in contrast, actual poverty rates are very close to the predictions for the post - 1980 period. this close correspondence between the actual poverty rate after 1980 and the poverty rates predicted by unemployment, median wages, and wage inequality in part solves the mystery of why poverty rates have not declined by more. the \" answer \" is familiar to those acquainted with trends in inequality over this period : poverty has not fallen despite robust economic growth because this growth did not result in rising wages at the median and below. missing from this analysis of labor market opportunities and poverty, though, is the dramatic increase in female labor force participation over this period ( a rise from 57 percent in 1970 to 76 percent in 2000 ). once the authors incorporate female labor supply into their poverty rate models, the puzzle returns. specifically, after 1980 actual poverty rates are substantially higher than predicted poverty rates. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5198734245195314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.700727"} {"text": "this period ( a rise from 57 percent in 1970 to 76 percent in 2000 ). once the authors incorporate female labor supply into their poverty rate models, the puzzle returns. specifically, after 1980 actual poverty rates are substantially higher than predicted poverty rates. the period after 1980 saw large changes in family structure - - notably a doubling of the percent of families headed by a single woman. because poverty rates among female - headed families are typically 3 or 4 times the level in the overall population, such changes in the distribution of family types can have potentially large effects on poverty. the authors find that these changes in family structure can account for a 3. 7 percentage point increase in poverty rates, more than the entire rise in the poverty rate, from 10. 7 percent to 12. 8 percent since 1980. using census data for 1960 - 2000, the authors find that the increase in the u. s. immigrant population has had only a marginal effect on poverty. even though recent immigrants are \" poorer than their predecessors, their fraction of the population is simply too small to effect the overall poverty rate by much. \" these results do not, however, take account of the possibility that a rising immigrant population could directly affect the wage opportunities of natives. finally, the authors consider the effects of welfare spending on poverty, using four measures of welfare generosity. overall, their results consistently show that increases in welfare spending have produced only modest reductions in poverty, and that their effect has become more modest over time. this result is partially driven by the nature of the official poverty definition, specifically the fact that increments to aftertax income ( as resulting, for example, from the significant expansions in the earned income tax credit ) or provision of in - kind benefits will not be reflected in poverty rates based on pretax cash income definition. furthermore, the lack of an effect on official poverty does not mean that these programs have not significantly improved the well being of the poor. taken together, the results suggest that the lack of improvement in the poverty rate reflects a weakened relationship between poverty and the macroeconomy. the lack of progress despite rising living conditions is attributable to the stagnant growth in median wages and to increasing inequality. holding all else equal, changes in female labor supply should have reduced poverty, but an increase in the rate of female - headed families may have worked in the opposite direction. other factors often cited as having important effects on the poverty rate do not appear to play an important role - - these include changes in the number and composition of immigrants and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49233931218570814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.702163"} {"text": "the ecliptic is the geometric plane that contains the orbit of the earth. the orbits of most planets in the solar system lie very close to it. seen from the earth, this is a bisecting great circle, superimposed upon the celestial sphere, which contains the different points of the sun ' s path, relative to the background stars, over the course of a year. the zodiac also lies along the ecliptic plane. the ecliptic plane is inclined by ~ 23. 5\u00b0, with respect to the celestial equator ; a result of axial tilt. the orbital plane of luna is inclined by ~ 5\u00b0, with respect to the ecliptic. the plane of the ecliptic is well seen in this picture from the 1994 lunar prospecting clementine spacecraft. clementine ' s camera reveals ( from right to left ) the moon lit by earthshine, the sun ' s glare rising over the moon ' s dark limb, and the planets saturn, mars and mercury ( the three dots at lower left ). because there are ~ 365. 25 days in a year and 360 degrees in a circle, the sun appears to move along the ecliptic at a rate of about 1\u00b0 per day. this motion is from west to east, in opposition to the apparent east - west movement of the celestial sphere. the ecliptic and the celestial equator intersect at two points, directly opposite one another. these are the equinoxes and when the sun appears at these points, day and night are each about 12 hours long at all locations on earth. the point on the ecliptic that is farthest north of the celestial equator is called the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, and the winter solstice in the southern hemisphere. when the sun is farthest south of the celestial equator the reverse is true.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5540382841705589, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.704407"} {"text": "netwellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. netwellness is commercial - free and does not accept advertising. friday, may 24, 2013 geriatric dentistry deals with special knowledge, attitudes and technical skills required in the provision of oral health care to older adults. currently over 13. 7 % of the u. s. population is aged 65 + years, and this proportion will increase to 23 % by the year 2040. the state of ohio is one of nine states where the older adult population constitutes an increasingly significant percentage of the population. oral health is particularly important among the elderly. they are more susceptible to systemic conditions, making them predisposed to developing oral diseases which can directly or indirectly lead to malnutrition, altered communication, further susceptibility to infectious diseases, and diminished quality of life. today, approximately 40 % of older adults are edentulous ( toothless ), while the remaining 60 % of individuals 65 years of age and older retain some or all of their natural teeth. in may, 2000, the first - ever surgeon general ' s report on oral health identified dental and oral disease as a \" silent epidemic \" and called for a national effort to improve the oral health of all americans. this report also documented profound disparities in oral health and identified poor americans, especially children, the elderly, and members of racial and ethnic groups, as those suffering the worst oral health. recent research has determined that oral health and quality of life of older adults can be compromised by discomfort and pain caused by dental and oral disease. some 120 physical or mental conditions may lead to either symptoms in the oral cavity or may affect an older person ' s ability to perform good oral hygiene. for example : xerostomia ( dry mouth ), a common problem among many elderly, can result as a side effect of using certain medications such as antidepressants, antihistamines, anti - hypertensives, anti - psychotics, anti - parkinsonism medications and anti - inflammatory agents. there are over 1000 medications that cause dry mouth. dry mouth can interfere with a person ' s ability to speak, taste, chew, and swallow. a person with dry mouth may experience pain, irritation, or difficulty in using their dentures. tooth decay and gum disease can develop and progress faster in an environment of dry mouth because dental plaque tends to accumulate faster when saliva production is decreased. diabetes mellitus - older diabetics are at risk for oral", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49102500434901597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.710436"} {"text": "history february 8, 2013 \" inaugural parade, \" march 22, 1933 in 1930, four years after edmund wilson first arrived at the new republic, the desk - bound literary critic declared his intention to become the magazine ' s roving reporter. it took his colleagues by surprise. \" i doubt whether he had been west of pittsburgh before that time, \" wrote one - time new republic editor malcolm cowley in 1972. for the next couple years, bunny \u2014 as wilson was known to his friends \u2014 traveled the country, becoming increasingly dismayed at the scenes of depression and decay he encountered. wilson thought nothing less than pure socialism would cure america, and so he was not thrilled by franklin delano roosevelt ' s broad coalition - fueled victory in 1932. ( the rumor that fdr had borrowed the phrase \" the new deal \" from a series of articles in the new republic did not dampen his dislike. ) in his \" inaugural parade \" dispatch, wilson reports from fdr ' s swearing in, poison pen in hand. everything is gray today. from a distance, the dome of the capitol looks like gray polished granite and in the bleak march sky has a sort of steel - engraving distinction. close to, the big building seems a replica in white rubber ; clouds in colorless light threaten rain or snow. an aluminum blimp hangs below them. the people seem dreary and they are curiously apathetic. the washington banks have closed, the banks throughout the country are closing, and, in spite of the attempts of some papers to keep out of sight the news that new york and illinois have finally gone, there remains under all the activity and pomp the numbness of a zero hour. the people ' s prosperity has vanished ; even the banks don ' t know where the money is ; even the banks say they haven ' t got it ; so they are simply shutting up, no checks cashed ; blankness and dismay. and what seems a circumstance of bad omen, thomas walsh, the most popular member of the cabinet, has suddenly died on the eve of taking office. they wait in the park in front of the capitol. \" what are those things that look like little cages? \" \" machine guns, \" says a woman with a giggle. they wait till they see roosevelt ' s dim figure on the platform on the capitol steps, hear dimly the accents of his voice \u2014 then the crowd rapidly thins. and even when you read them, the phrases of the speech seem shadowy \u2014 the echoes of woodrow wilson ' s elo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37239681878474046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.724102"} {"text": "s dim figure on the platform on the capitol steps, hear dimly the accents of his voice \u2014 then the crowd rapidly thins. and even when you read them, the phrases of the speech seem shadowy \u2014 the echoes of woodrow wilson ' s eloquence without wilson ' s glow of life behind them. the old unctuousness, the old pulpit vagueness : \" in every dark hour of our national life, \" \" and yet our distress comes from no failure of substance \u2014 we are stricken by no plague of locusts, \" \" where there is no vision the people perish, \" \" the money changers have fled from their high seats in the temple of our civilization, \" \" our true destiny is not to be ministered unto but to minister to ourselves and to our fellow men. \" the old wilsonian professions of plain - speaking followed by the old abstractions : \" i am certain that on this day my fellow americans expect that... i will address them with a candor and a decision which the present situation of our people impels. this is preeminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly, \" etc. so what? so in finance we must \" restore to the ancient truths \" the temple from which the money - changers have fled ; so in the field of foreign affairs, he \" would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor. \" the thing that emerges most clearly is the warning of a dictatorship. the first part of the parade is dignified. preceded by well drilled motorcycles and a squadron of khaki cavalry leaning forward as they briskly canter with their sabers against their shoulders, the silk hats and the admiral ' s gold - braided bicorne roll along in their open cars on their way from the capitol to the white house. roosevelt smiles his smug public smile, taking off his high hat and calling back to greetings from the crowd. \" he looks like wilson, doesn ' t he? \" says a woman. \" the glasses and pointed nose look like wilson. \" another woman showing her neighbor a newspaper picture of the president graciously receiving hoover in his car, says : \" he looks so aristocratic, i think! \" mrs. roosevelt sits beside him, small, dark and unpretentious, smiling, her little round black hat tilted fashionably over one ear. a space of waiting ; the weather is getting colder. the parade proper begins. the branches of the service pass first. chief", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45484947527587194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.725342"} {"text": "him, small, dark and unpretentious, smiling, her little round black hat tilted fashionably over one ear. a space of waiting ; the weather is getting colder. the parade proper begins. the branches of the service pass first. chief of staff, general douglas macarthur, who drove the veterans out of washington last summer ; the flare of flags of the first division ; tall, rigid west pointers in gray ; marines in clean white caps and gaiters with a red and yellow rattlesnake flag ; bluejackets ; negroes in khaki ; always with a white officer at their head ; khaki trucks, khaki anti - aircraft guns ; a new kind of short black machine gun as perfect and shiny as the little screw - out pencils that people used to wear on watch - chains ; stretchers ; a drum - major in a white shako ; the blue richmond blues, the gray richmond grays and the red and gray richmond howitzers, all with white plumes and pre - civil - war uniforms. it is fun to hear \" the west point cadets \u2019 march, \" and \" the stars and stripes forever \" \u2014 they bring back the america of boyhood : the imperial roosevelt, the spanish war. and the airplanes against the dark sky, flying in groups of nine and moving as they reach the reviewing stand into exact little patterns of jackstones, awaken a moment ' s pride in american technical precision. but from this point on \u2014 and there are something like three hours of it yet \u2014 the procession crazily degenerates. from recalling one of those college reunions where the classes dress up in costumes, it takes on qualities of grotesque idiocy which make the carnival at nice look decorous. decorous, because it is proper for a carnival to be silly and gaudy, whereas the inaugural parade is supposed to be impressive. it is the co - eds who first give it a musical - comedy air. the military delegation from atlanta tech high is headed by a pretty girl in a red coat and white pants with a white overseas cap and white sam brown. another in high heels leads a company of girls in gray and blue. the john marshall cadet corps from richmond are handsome in long gray coats and red cloaks. now the governors are coming, sandwiched in between bands. delaware post number one have shiny steel trench helmets, sky - blue coats, white breeches and black puttees. gifford pinchot, in an open car, bows and takes off his hat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42927657466794095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.726667"} {"text": "now the governors are coming, sandwiched in between bands. delaware post number one have shiny steel trench helmets, sky - blue coats, white breeches and black puttees. gifford pinchot, in an open car, bows and takes off his hat in response to the cheers that follow him, with gestures willowy and courtly like the white knight turned politician. but the next sound is a breeze of laughter. one of the bands has a funny drum - major, whose specialty is hip - waggling and mincing : he puts one hand to his waist, holds it out marking the time with wrist limp and little finger extended, turns sideways and with a rumba - dancer \u2019 s rhythm performs phallic billiard - shots with his baton. and the effect of the fairy drum - major is to impart to the features that come after him a circus - parade effect of clowning. he is followed immediately by governor ritchie, who looks like a silk - hatted mr. woodchuck out of one of thornton burgess ' s bedtime stories ; he shakes a day - day with one gloved paw, and you expect to see the automobile go off with a blaze and a bang and the silk hats tumbling on the ground. there follows a strange little closed car with the blue lone star of texas on the radiator. it has the streamlines of a small goblin army tank and the audience murmur as it passes that it cost ten thousand, thirty thousand dollars. the green trojans of greensburg, pennsylvania, are frog green with bersaglieri \u2019 s feathered bonnets. the national indian war veterans are old men in a big green bus. and as the weather grows darker and more ominous, the parade becomes more fantastic. the american legions posts, which dominate the later sections, startle, trouble and shock. are these the implacable guardians of americanism? there are legionnaires with bright bluecoats and canary - yellow trench helmets ; legionnaires as orange hussars ; legionnaire drum and bugle corps who perform fancy evolutions as they march. a great many women mixed up among them. one detachment of patriot ladies wear red cloaks and blue and white plumes. the circus illusion is further heightened by a cute - kid cowboy on a donkey and by a man who marches all alone as lincoln and whom you expect to see stop and do a clowning act \u2014 perhaps puff smoke out of his stovepipe hat. now the spectacle become frankly delirious. comic lodges and marching clubs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41349464181822043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.727895"} {"text": "a donkey and by a man who marches all alone as lincoln and whom you expect to see stop and do a clowning act \u2014 perhaps puff smoke out of his stovepipe hat. now the spectacle become frankly delirious. comic lodges and marching clubs go by. men appear in curled - up shoes and fezzes, dressed in hideous greens, purples and reds. indians, very fat, with made - up squaws : real or burlesque? a very large loose old negro with a purple fez and yellow - edged cloak, carrying the prong of an antler as if it were the golden bough. the airplanes overhead have been replaced by an insect - like auto - gyro, which trails a big advertising banner : \" re - tire with lee \u2019 s tires. \" the negro lady hussars wear bright purple stockings. the spirit of ' 76 are probably cockeyed : one of the trio is always getting behind and then running to catch up to the others. real cherokees in white - fringed suits and with pink - tipped feathers ; one is on a horse, bareback, and sends a rustle through the crowd, who remark that he is practically naked. a passage of real dignity and gravity ensues. the cornets of the new york police band, who \" fear no music written \" and march in dense blue formation, make an attention - compelling impact for the solid ranks of the silk - hats of tammany that go on and on like an army. no fantasy and no frivolity : each marches in a dark coat with a white carnation in his buttonhole. al smith, red - faced, is in the front line with john f. curry, and gives rise to a high wave of cheering. they are followed by a comic dutchman wheeling a red, white and blue keg and miss columbia leading the queens county donkey. but now a matter of expectation agitates the crowd. whatever the papers may say later, it is tom mix and not al smith, who, at the start of the parade at any rate, receives the biggest ovation. not even the president is so popular. they see his white suit and white sombrero blocks away and they go wild with delight as he comes by, making his beautiful little jet - black pony with its silver harness dance. he is a part of the publicity for a new film called \" 42nd street \" to which the inauguration is incidental. with an assortment of hollywood actors and beauties he has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4039842350595313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.729044"} {"text": "in recognition of the importance of preservation efforts, this periodic series features historic buildings on the ui campus. a little more than a decade after it was built 100 years ago, the ui observatory became the site of a scientific development considered revolutionary in its day. joel stebbins, a professor at the ui, helped to develop a system to measure the brightness of stars at the ui observatory. he worked with an instructor, f. c. brown, to create a selenium cell to use in a photometer. while it took time to perfect the selenium photometer, they used their innovation to discover three double stars, construct a light curve for the moon, determine the time of mid - eclipse during the july 24, 1907, lunar eclipse and measure the magnitude of halley ' s comet in may 1910. it was stebbins who convinced the ui board of trustees to establish an astronomy department in 1905, just nine years after the observatory was built. in the spring of 1895, the ui was given $ 15, 000 by the legislature - at the request of the trustees - to build the astronomical observatory and equip it. it took another two years to complete that task. the equipment cost $ 8, 340 - which included 12 - inch and 4 - inch equatorial telescopes, 3 - inch and 2 - inch combined transit and zenith telescopes, a good chronograph and a cheap chronograph. the building and dome cost $ 6, 680. historically, the observatory is considered an unusual structure. it was built of repressed brick ; its entrance faces north. the interior rotation system is historically significant. when it was built, the dome was described as revolving on trucks that rolled on a circular rail and was turned by hand using a rope and sheave. but it was the work done by stebbins and brown that played a key role in the observatory being named a national historic landmark by the u. s. department of the interior in 1990.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49621241833234564, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.732401"} {"text": "a user ' s guide to electrical ppe : based on nfpa 70e\u00ae | item # res28208 | analyze risks and work smart! every electrician on the job needs the user ' s guide to electrical ppe. this full - color manual to personal protective equipment ( ppe ) is a \" must \" for the practicing electrical contractor or electrician. based on nfpa 70e\u00ae : standard for electrical safety in the workplace\u00ae and written by ray jones, the top ranking expert in electrical safety, a user ' s guide to electrical ppe helps workers and supervisors competently analyze risks and take the action needed to avoid electrical contract injuries. be sure you can choose equipment that will reduce or eliminate the risk of shock and electrocution, arc flash, arc blast, and other hazards. ppe goes beyond voltage - rated gloves, shoes, and boots. in fact, author ray jones contends that any equipment used to help recognize or evaluate a hazard is also personal protective equipment. in this must - have guide, easy - to - understand text explains potentially life - saving concepts such as : - how protective clothing and tools work together to create a barrier between workers and the identified jobsite hazards - how nfpa 70e and osha rules help employers and safety directors comply with today ' s worker safety requirements an abundance of full - color photographs illustrate equipment in a wide variety of work environments. ( softbound, 156 pp., 2008 ) | customers also bought | | you might also like |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4744071653752696, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.738585"} {"text": "national park service mission... to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations. black canyon of the gunnison national park and curecanti national recreation area outreach education is committed to : creating an awareness and fostering an appreciation for the mission of the national park service and the natural, cultural, and historic resources of curecanti national recreation area and black canyon of the gunnison national park. education lesson plan curriculum enhancing activities designed to complement national and state content standards across a variety of disciplines. title : black canyon habitats ( field trip ) grade level : first grade time length : 2 - 4 hours, depending on number of students subject areas : science, reading and writing, visual arts, physical education teacher : 2 - 4 nps education specialists plus classroom teachers and chaperones ( 1 adult per 7students ) colorado content standards : science : ( 1 ) students understand the processes of scientific investigation and design, conduct, communicate about, and evaluate such investigations. ( 3. 1 ) students know and understand the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life, and how living things interact with each other and with their environment. ( 5 ) students know and understand interrelationships among science, technology, and human activity and how they can affect the world. reading and writing : ( 1 ) students read and understand a variety of materials. ( 2 ) students write and speak for a variety of purposes and audiences. visual arts : ( 2 ) students know and apply elements of art, principles of design, and sensory and expressive features of visual arts. physical education : ( 1 ) students demonstrate competent skills in variety of physical activities and sports. theme : black canyon is home to many kinds of plants and animals. sometimes we see them, sometimes we don \u2019 t. each plant and animal is important and helps others survive. nps focus : public law 39 - 535 ( organic act ), public law 95 - 250 ( redwood national park expansion act ), vail agenda education committee report ( strategic goal # 2 ; action plan 16 ) and ( strategic goal # 3 ; action plan 52, 62 ), curecanti and black canyon themes : natural resources / wildlife environmental concepts : everything is connected to everything else ( interrelationships ). everything must fit how and where it lives ( adaptations ). materials : video ; who goes there animal clues (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49334090587319823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.764466"} {"text": "curecanti and black canyon themes : natural resources / wildlife environmental concepts : everything is connected to everything else ( interrelationships ). everything must fit how and where it lives ( adaptations ). materials : video ; who goes there animal clues ( bird nest, track, scat, feather, etc. ) ; national park service ranger booklet ; paper and pencils ; clipboards ; toilet paper rolls ( 1 per student ) ; markers ; double - sided tape ; ranger clothes and hat x 2 ( one set for child, one set for ranger ) ; i. instructional outcomes knowledge level : students will be able to list the different components of a habitat. students will be able to name three animals that live at the black canyon. students will be able to describe how plants are used by people and by animals. students will be able to tell their families and friends about national park rangers and list three of their jobs. comprehension level : students will be able to point out various components of the habitat for specific animals at the black canyon. ii. anticipatory set rangers will meet the school bus at the south rim visitor center. ranger should board the bus ( or if it \u2019 s not too busy, have the kids get off the bus and gather together inside or outside ) and provide an enthusiastic welcome to black canyon of the gunnison national park. explain why this national park is very important ( special canyon and rock formations, home to many plants and animals, wilderness area below the canyon rim ). touch on main rules, incorporating leave no trace ( leave what you find - don \u2019 t pick plants or take anything home ; put garbage in the cans ; respect the animals, plants, and other visitors ; no running, walk on trails unless told otherwise ). explain that we \u2019 ll divide into four groups, and each group will get to rotate through four \u201c centers. \u201d briefly explain the activity that they \u2019 ll do at each center. iii. teaching procedure / methodology location : hike from south rim visitor center ( vc ) on oak flat trail toward the rock outcropping and back to vc leader : 1 - 2 rangers activity : habitat hike during this activity, the students will follow a ranger on a scavenger hunt hike focusing on local animals and their habitats. at the beginning, the ranger will show \u201c clues \u201d that animals have left behind, such as feathers, fur, scat, bones, antlers, etc. students can use their powers of investigation to determine which animal left each clue behind. briefly discuss the components of a habitat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4732892621587333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.768219"} {"text": "will show \u201c clues \u201d that animals have left behind, such as feathers, fur, scat, bones, antlers, etc. students can use their powers of investigation to determine which animal left each clue behind. briefly discuss the components of a habitat. each student will receive a worksheet and a crayon. the worksheet is divided into four sections, each devoted to one animal : bird, fox, insect, and squirrel. students will follow the ranger along the trail, looking for objects that these animals need to survive ( food, water, shelter, space ). look for clues the animals have left behind, as well. if you find one of the objects, show the ranger. then circle it on your paper. if you find all the things an animal needs to survive, then that animal probably lives here! if there is time remaining at the end of this activity, students can color their pictures at the visitor center. location : back porch of vc leader : 1 ranger activity : ranger rules the job of a national park service ranger will be highlighted in various ways at this station. first, gather the students in a circle on the back porch of the visitor center. ask them what they imagine a national park service ranger does. some probable answers will be : take care of the animals ; protect the plants ; help visitors ; fight forest fires ; etc. engage the students in dialogue for a few moments, and then read aloud the park ranger coloring book, which describes the duties of a park ranger. provide paper, pencils, and crayons to the students, and encourage them to write a story ( a few sentences ) about themselves as a ranger, or draw themselves doing the job of a ranger. choose two volunteers to dress up as a ranger, as fast as they can. the winner competes against the ranger in a timed race ( clothing items = vest, shirt, pants, boots, hat, windbreaker, etc. ). if there \u2019 s time, lead a short walk down to the gunnison point overlook, having each student pretend that they \u2019 re a park ranger. lunch break \u2013 all students travel via school bus to warner point picnic area and eat lunch ( 30 minutes ). provide time for students to release some of their energy by doing a guided game that involves lots of movement and silliness. afterwards, all students and teachers return to vc. location : other side of vc parking lot, rim rock trail ( or switch locations with station 2 ) leader : 1 ranger activity : plant scopes the ranger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4693313239121783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.770147"} {"text": "involves lots of movement and silliness. afterwards, all students and teachers return to vc. location : other side of vc parking lot, rim rock trail ( or switch locations with station 2 ) leader : 1 ranger activity : plant scopes the ranger will lead a short discussion about plants, encouraging students to name some different types of plants ( trees, bushes, flowers, mosses, show examples or pictures of each ). ask students why plants are useful, and let them discuss this question for a couple of minutes. ( take notice if they mention human uses or animal uses. ) ranger will hold up various objects for the students to see ( pg 36 plt ) like a small branch, pencil, wooden toy, paper, etc. and ask where each one comes from ( trees! ). talk a little bit more about how humans use trees and other plants. ask the students if they think that animals use plants, too. discuss the uses / benefits of plants that the students mention, and show pictures of animals using plants - beaver dam, beaver chewing branch, butterfly on flower, deer scraping antlers, bird nest in tree, bird or squirrel in hollow tree / log, etc. after the discussion, have the students make a tree telescope ( pg. 71 plt ) using a toilet paper roll and decorating it with markers, double sided tape, leaves, twigs, and their creativity. next, have the students kneel down in their own space and use their scopes to look for examples of animals using plants ( insect galls, chewed leaf, scat, etc. ) gather briefly and allow a time for students to share their discoveries ( either through words or by showing the actual discovery ). ranger should conclude by emphasizing the importance of plants for both people and animals, and that plants and animals are interdependent. flowers depend on insects for pollination, trees depend on animals to eat their seeds and deposit them elsewhere, animals rely on plants as a source of food, etc. location : south rim vc leader : vc personnel or a classroom teacher activity : in the vc theater, show an educational video which ties together wildlife, plants, and habitats. leader should have each student sit in a chair, keep their hands to themselves, and quietly watch the movie. introduce the movie briefly and encourage the students to pay attention to the ways that the plants and animals interact. after the movie, have the students remain seated and ask some review questions to determine what the students learned. have the students line up and quietly exit the vc,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5040699133408755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.778224"} {"text": "briefly and encourage the students to pay attention to the ways that the plants and animals interact. after the movie, have the students remain seated and ask some review questions to determine what the students learned. have the students line up and quietly exit the vc, or if there \u2019 s time, students may be allowed to look at the exhibits ( must be supervised ). movie possibilities : prairie dog movie, co endangered species, etc. iv. check for student understanding ask several review questions after completion of each station. v. guided practice see section iii. vi. independent practice students should be encouraged to use their plant scopes at home to search for plant / animal interactions. they can look for wildlife and habitats around their home, and make a list of each animal they see and what they think it needs to survive. gather all the students on the bus, divide bus into 2 teams and ask several review questions. show students the jr. ranger booklet and badge and tell them that they can earn their badge if they return another day and fill out the booklet. thank the students for visiting the black canyon and tell them that we hope they will bring their families to visit someday soon. give a program evaluation to the teacher. indicate what you judge to have been the strengths of the lesson, what changes you made during the lesson and what changes you would make if you were to teach the unit again. ix. references cited x. related www sites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4797660456210509, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.781633"} {"text": "a retired school teacher who taught elementary school with an emphasis in environmental education, peg mohar doesn \u2019 t have the mien of a revolutionary. but when mohar spoke last saturday at a gibson woods wild ones meeting, she talked about a simple way to restore and rejuvenate our environment in her presentation titled \u201c go native : soothe your soul and save the world. \" \u201c if everyone planted natives, we \u2019 d be able to repair our ecosystems, \u201d said mohar, a former executive director, board member, volunteer, and part time employee as land assistant for the shirley heinze land trust as well as a volunteer guide for mighty acorns and a former dunes learning center board member. \u201c we can pay reparations for the damage to ecosystems we have incurred through human activity by turning parts of our yards into the native landscapes we replaced. plant, and they will come! native gardens attract the native bugs, birds, and butterflies once populating our area. \u201d mohar said her talks about native plants and nature have evolved over the years, but she has been greatly influenced by \" bringing nature home \" ( timber press, $ 27. 95 ), a book by doug tallamy, chairman of the department of entomology and wildlife ecology at the university of delaware in newark, about how gardeners can slow the rate of extinction by planting natives in their yards. to prove his point, tallamy cites studies that connect habitat destruction with species loss. locally, the impact can be seen with the decline and near disappearance of the delicate karner blue butterfly. just 30 years or so ago, the duneland woods might have seemed blue with the large population of the karner blues that feed on wild lupine, but as the lupine disappears, the karner blues do, too. \u201c we humans as a species have waged an undeclared and unintentional war on the millions of other species with which we share this planet, \u201d mohar said. \u201c the unintended consequences of our turning the native landscapes to our purposes has been to reduce the numbers or remove completely many species of plants and animals. bringing back native ecosystems \u2014 starting with planting of native plants \u2014 is a simple but effective step everyone can take to give back. \u201d gibson woods wild ones is a local chapter of wild ones : native plants, natural landscapes, a nationwide group formed more than a decade ago with the mission of educating people about the benefits of using native plants. such groups, and educators like mohar and tallamy, want to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3813860734876988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.807788"} {"text": "a local chapter of wild ones : native plants, natural landscapes, a nationwide group formed more than a decade ago with the mission of educating people about the benefits of using native plants. such groups, and educators like mohar and tallamy, want to help others understand that gardens brimming with lilies, hydrangeas and rosebushes don \u2019 t provide nourishment to insects, birds and butterflies. indeed, tallamy points out in his book that butterfly bushes only benefit adult butterflies, because they like the flower \u2019 s nectar, but their larvae can \u2019 t eat it. \u201c they might as well be plastic, \u201d said tallamy about certain ornamental plants that fall in the \u201c not in our backyard \u201d category. but natives doesn \u2019 t have to mean a garden of taupe and brown. instead, pretty patches of phlox \u2014 which comes in several different colors \u2014 can feed eight species of butterflies. mohar credits her love of the outdoors to growing up on a family farm in central illinois. \u201c the diversity of wild flowers on our family farm was not nearly as large as what \u2019 s here in northwest indiana, \" she said. \" that \u2019 s the interesting thing about the region, with its smokestack industries and the dunes and its amazing biodiversity. \u201d mohar lives in a wooded area near chesterton. \u201c we were fortunate to find land that was biodiverse and hadn \u2019 t been over - grazed, \u201d she said. \u201c we have an unfolding of flowers starting in march and going on until the frost. on our property i have found over 200 native species. \u201d to illustrate her talk, mohar showed photos of local winners of the 2011 shirley heinze land trust \" bringing nature home \" awards, such as jay gallagher, developer of the green and sustainable east edge homes in miller, who uses native grasses, dune grasses and native prairie flowers like black - eyed susans, goldenrod and lupine instead of a lawn ; the taltree arboretum native plant garden overseen by patty stimmel ; the restoration of a cattail marsh led by susan mihalo and gerry lehmann at long lake marsh in ogden dunes ; and franklin academy native landscape in east chicago sponsored by bp whiting. \u201c this year spencer cortwright was awarded a bnh award in the individual category, \u201d mohar said. \u201c he has turned his valparaiso lawn into a prairie planting. \u201d gallagher says that once established, the maintenance requirements of a native garden are very low. \u201c this area was a natural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38998850469915014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.814795"} {"text": "- the u. s. is committed to working together with china to tackle current energy challenges the world faces, including cultivating sufficient investment, the development and deployment of new energy technologies, and addressing greenhouse gas emissions from producing and using energy. - our cooperation spans power generation, efficient buildings, sustainable transportation, emissions - free nuclear power, and clean fossil fuels. - the u. s. and china are the world ' s largest energy consumers and are expected to remain the top two oil consumers in the world for the foreseeable future. china is likely to experience very large growth rates for both its economy and energy consumption over the next two decades. the u. s. continues working with china to increase energy efficiency and renewable energy use. - the actions of the u. s. and china matter for global energy demand, for global environmental quality, and for the challenge of global climate change. - our governments need to take positive action to reduce uncertainty in the market and encourage investment. only by providing clear signals to the energy industry can we secure our future energy needs. our governments should work together to increase energy security through : - fostering transparent and efficient energy markets ; - lowering trade barriers, particularly for clean energy and other environmental goods and services ; - supporting measures to increase energy efficiency ; and, - providing consistent policies for investment in oil, gas, coal, and renewables. the u. s. and china ' s strategic economic dialogue ( sed ) action plans : - the u. s. and china ' s five action plans - developed under the sed ten year energy and environment cooperation framework - are critically important. doe took the lead in working with china to develop the two energy - related action plans under the ten year framework, one on clean, efficient and secure electricity production and transmission and the other on clean and efficient transportation. - under these action plans, the u. s. and china will build on past cooperation, such as our work in promoting biofuels production and its use in transportation and in improving energy efficiency through industrial efficiency assessments. - the action plans also take us in important new directions, such as helping china to achieve low sulfur fuels for both gasoline and diesel engines and the introduction of more stringent emission standards in china for the transportation sector. - the u. s. continues to work with china through the strategic economic dialogue, energy policy dialogue, asia pacific partnership on clean development and climate and other bilateral and multilateral forums towards confronting our global energy challenges, including building efficiency, transportation, electricity, renewable and alternative energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.509633723744223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.830291"} {"text": ". continues to work with china through the strategic economic dialogue, energy policy dialogue, asia pacific partnership on clean development and climate and other bilateral and multilateral forums towards confronting our global energy challenges, including building efficiency, transportation, electricity, renewable and alternative energy sources and energy diversification, in a collaborative, environmentally effective, and economically sustainable approach. examples include conducting on - site industrial energy assessments, energy training at the mayors training center, building codes, and sustainable reconstruction in earthquake zones. past, current and future u. s. - china energy efficiency collaboration : - u. s. doe and the beijing municipality worked closely to promote use of clean energy technologies at the 2008 summer olympic games. doe provided expert technical and policy assistance. - the olympic village was approximately 50 percent more energy efficient than similar buildings in beijing. doe worked with the developer and the us green building council ( gbc ) to submit the entire olympic village as a usgbc leadership in energy and environmental design ( leed ) building under its leadership in energy and environmental design rating system, receiving a gold leed certification. this is the first olympic village to receive such recognition. in addition, the olympic welcome center is a near zero energy building, also called a micro - energy building. - doe technical support provided a variety of energy efficiency technologies to reduce the heating and cooling loads, improve lighting efficiency, save water and serve as models of what the next generation of housing could be in china. - doe continues to work with its chinese counterparts to conduct energy efficiency assessments of buildings and industry factories, among others, to improve energy use and cut greenhouse gas emissions ; to expand cooperation on biofuels production and use ; and to promote large - scale deployment of electric - drive and fuel cell technologies for transportation. - doe is now working with chinese officials to prepare an action plan on energy efficiency in the latest development under the sed ten year framework. - through u. s. - china partnerships and discussions, the two countries will continue to make progress in all of these areas while sustaining economic growth. the path forward : - the world needs more energy supplies of all types. we need more hydrocarbons now and in the near future. over time, the role of renewable energy will continue to grow. diversity of supplies, suppliers and supply routes is a key component to enhancing global energy security. - u. s. - china partnerships and bilateral discussions will drive progress toward reducing energy consumption and cutting greenhouse gas emissions and promoting more efficient energy markets. healy baumgardner, ( 202 ) 586 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5421548830163473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.833853"} {"text": "tahiti - description of tahiti ( originally published 1921 ) description of tahiti \u2014 a volcanic rock and coral reef \u2014 beauty of the scenery \u2014 papeete the center of the south seas \u2014 appearance of the tahitians. tahiti was a molten rock, fused in ' a subterranean furnace, and cast in some frightful throe of the cooling sphere, high up above the surface of the sea, the seething mass forming into mountains and valleys, the valleys hemmed in except at their mouths by lofty barriers that stretch from thundering central ridges to the slanting shelf of alluvial soil which extends to the sand of the beach. it is a mass of volcanic matter to which the air, the rain, and the passage of a million years have given an all - covering verdure except upon the loftiest peaks, have cut into strangely shaped cliffs, sloping hills, spacious vales, and shadowy glens and dingles, and have poured down the rich detritus and humus to cover the coral beaches and afford sustenance for man and beast. about the island countless trillions of tiny animals have reared the shimmering reef which bears the brunt of the breaking seas, and spares their impact upon the precious land. these minute beings in the unfathomable scheme of the will had worked and perished for unguessed ages to leave behind this monument of their existence, their charnel - house. man had often told himself that a god had inspired them thus to build havens for his vessels and abodes of marine life where man might kill lesser beings for his food and sport. always, in the approach to the island in steamship, schooner, or canoe, one is amazed and transported by the varying aspect of it. a few miles away one would never know that man had touched it. his inappreciable structures are erased by the flood of green color, which, from the edge of the lagoon to the spires of la diademe, nearly eight thousand feet above the water, makes all other hues insignificant. in all its hundred miles or so of circumference nature is the dominant note \u2014 a nature so mysterious, so powerful, and yet so soft - handed, so beauty - loving and so laughing in its indulgences, that one can hardly believe it the same that rules the northern climes and forces man to labor in pain all his days or to die. the scene from a little distance is as primeval as when the first humans climbed in their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48563871797039526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.860517"} {"text": "of america or australasia. a delicious breeze comes up every morning at nine o ' clock and fans the dweller in this real arcadia until past four, when it languishes and ceases in preparation for the vesper drama of the sun ' s retirement from the stage of earth. typhoons or cyclones are rare about tahiti, but squalls are frequent and tidal waves recurrent. the rain falls more than a hundred days a year, but usually so lightly that one thinks of it as liquid sunshine. in the wet quarter from december until march there are almost daily deluges, when the an seems turned to water, the land and sea are hidden by the screen of driving rain, and the thunder shakes the flimsy houses, and echoes menacingly in the upper valleys. papeete, the seat of government and trade capital of all the french possessions in these parts of the world, is a sprawling village stretching lazily from the river of fautaua on the east to the cemetery on the west, and from the sea on the north to half a mile inland. it is the gradual increment of garden and house upon an aboriginal village, the slow response of a century to the demand of official and trading white, of religious group and ambitious tahitian, of sailor and tourist. here flow all the channels of business and finance, of plotting and robbery, of pleasure and profit, of literature and art and good living, in the eastern pacific. papeete is the london and paris of this part of the peaceful ocean, dispensing the styles and comforts, the inventions and luxuries, of civilization, making the laws and enforcing or compromising them, giving justice and injustice to litigants, despatching all the concomitants of modernity to littler islands. papeete is the entrepot of all the archipelagoes in these seas. the french, who have domination in these waters of a hundred islands and atolls between 8\u00b0 and 27\u00b0 south latitude, and between 137\u00b0 and 154\u00b0 west longitude, a stretch of about twelve hundred miles each way, make them all tributary to papeete ; and thus it is the metropolis of a province of salt water, over which come its couriers and its freighters, its governors and its soldiers, its pleasure - seekers and its idlers. from it an age ago went the maoris to people hawaii and new zealand. papeete has a central position in the pacific. the capitals of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4349928109204604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.936319"} {"text": "and its freighters, its governors and its soldiers, its pleasure - seekers and its idlers. from it an age ago went the maoris to people hawaii and new zealand. papeete has a central position in the pacific. the capitals of hawaii, australia, new zealand, and california are from two and a half to three and a half thousand miles away. no other such group of whites, or place approaching its urbanity, is to be found in a vast extent of latitude or longitude. it is without peer or competitor. in endless leagues of waves. yet papeete is a little place, a mile or so in length and less in width, a curious imposition of european houses and manners upon a tahitian hamlet, hybrid, a mixture of loveliness and ugliness, of nature savage and tamed. the settlement, as with all ports, began at the water - front, and the harbor of papeete is a lake within the milky reef, the gentle waters of which touch a strip of green that runs along the shore, broken here and there by a wall and by the quay at which i landed. coral blocks have been quarried from the reef and fitted to make an embankment for half a mile, which juts out just far enough to be usable as a mole. it is alongside this that sailing vessels lie, the wharf being the only land mooring with a roof for the housing of products. a dozen schooners, small and large, point their noses out to the sea, their backs against the coral quay, and their hawsers made fast to old cannon, brought here to war against the natives, and now binding the messengers of the nations and of commerce to this shore. where there are no embankments, the water comes up to the roots of the trees, and a carpet of grass, moss, and tropical vegetation grows from the salt tide to the roadway. following the contour of the beach, runs a fairly broad road, and facing this original thoroughfare and the sea are the principal shops of the traders and a few residences. french are some of these merchants, but most are australasian, german, american and chinese. france is ten thousand miles away, and the french unequal in the struggle for gain. some of the stores occupy blocks, and in them one will find a limited assortment of tobacco, anchors, needles, music - boxes, candles, bicycles, rum, novels, and silks or calicos. here in this spot was the first settlement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43582978777667736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.947052"} {"text": "of the stores occupy blocks, and in them one will find a limited assortment of tobacco, anchors, needles, music - boxes, candles, bicycles, rum, novels, and silks or calicos. here in this spot was the first settlement of the preachers of the gospel, of the conquering forces of france, and of the roaring blades who brought the culture of the world to a powerful and spellbound people. here swarmed the crews of fifty whalers in the days when \" there she blows! \" was heard from crows ' - nests all over the broad pacific. these rough adventurers, fighters, revelers, passionate bachelors, stamped tahiti with its first strong imprint of the white man ' s modes and vices, con - tending with the missionaries for supremacy of ideal. they brought gin and a new lecherousness and deadly ills and novel superstitions, and found a people ready for their wares. an old american woman has told me she has seen a thousand whalemen at one time ashore off ships in the harbor make night and day a saturnalia of occidental pleasure, a hundred fights in twenty - four hours. as more of europe and america came and brought lumber to build houses, or used the hard woods of the mountains, the settlement pushed back from the beach. trails that later widened into streets were cut through the brush to reach these homes of whites, and the thatched huts of the aborigines were replaced by the ugly, but more convenient, cottages of the new - comers. the french, when once they had seized the island, made roads, gradually and not too well, but far surpassing those of most outlying possessions, and contrasting advantageously with the neglect of the spanish, who in three hundred years in the philippines left all undone the most important step in civilization. one can drive almost completely around tahiti on ninety miles of a highway passable at most times of the year, and bridging a hundred times the streams which rush and purl and wind from the heights to the ocean. the streets of papeete have no plan. they go where they list and in curves and angles, and only once in a mile in short, straight stretches. they twist and stray north and south and nor ' nor ' west and eastsou ' east, as if each new - comer had cleft a walk of his own, caring naught for any one else, and further dwellers had smoothed it on for themselves. i lost myself in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44951628589405146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.954894"} {"text": "nor ' nor ' west and eastsou ' east, as if each new - comer had cleft a walk of his own, caring naught for any one else, and further dwellers had smoothed it on for themselves. i lost myself in a maze of streets, looked about for a familiar landmark, strolled a hundred paces, and found myself somewhere i thought a kilometer distant. everywhere there are shops kept by chinese, restaurants and coffee - houses. the streets all have names, but change them as they progress, honoring some french hero or statesman for a block or two, recalling some event, or plainly stating the reason for their being. all names are in french, of course, and many are quaint and sonorous. as the sea - wall grew according to the demands of defense or commerce the sections were rechristened. the quai des subsistances tells its purpose as does the quai de l ' uranie. the rue de l ' ecole and the rue de la mission, with the rue des remparts, speak the early building of school and catholic church and fortifications. rue cook, rue de bougainville and many others record the giant figures of history who took tahiti from the mist of the half - known, and wrote it on the charts and in the archives. other streets hark back to that beloved france to which these french exiles gaze with tearful eyes, but linger all their years ten thousand miles away. they saunter along the rue de rivoli in papeete, and see again the magnificence of the tuileries, and hear the dear noises of la belle paris. they are sentimental, these french, patriots all here, and overcome at times by the flood of memories of la france, their birthplaces, and their ancestral graves. some born here have never been away, and some have spent a few short months in visits to the homeland. some have brown mothers, half - islanders ; yet if they learn the tripping tongue of their french progenitor and european manners, they think of france as their ultimate goal, of paris their playground, and the \" marseillaise their himene par excellence. one might conjure up a vision of a tiny paris with such names in one ' s ears, and these french, who have been in possession here nearly four - score years, have tried to make a french town of papeete. they have only spoiled the scene as far as unfit architecture can, but the riot of tropical nature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45843279066335263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.958534"} {"text": "s ears, and these french, who have been in possession here nearly four - score years, have tried to make a french town of papeete. they have only spoiled the scene as far as unfit architecture can, but the riot of tropical nature has mocked their labors. for all over the flimsy wooden houses, the wretched palings, the galvanized iron roofing, the ugly verandas, hang gorgeous draperies of the giant acacias, the brilliant flamboyantes, the bountiful, yellow allamanda, the generous breadfruit, and the uplifting glory of the cocoanut - trees, while magnificent vines and creepers cover the tawdry paint of the facades and em - bower the homes in green and flower. if one leaves the few principal streets or roads in papeete, one walks only on well - worn trails through the thick growth of lantana, guavas, pandanus, wild coffee, and a dozen other trees and bushes. the paths are lined with hedges of false coffee, where thrifty people live, and again there are open spaces with vistas of little houses in groves, rows of tiny cabins close together. every - where are picturesque disorder, dirt, rubbish, and the accrued wallow of years of laissez - aller ; but the mighty trade - winds and the constant rains sweep away all bad odors, and there is no resultant disease. \" my word, \" said stevens, a london stockbroker, here to rehabilitate a broken corporation, \" if we english had this place, would n ' t there be a cleaning up! we ' d build it solid and sanitary, and have proper rules to make the bally natives stand around. \" the practical british would that. they have done so in a dozen of their far - flung colonies i have been in, from singapore to barbadoes, though they have failed utterly in jamaica. yet, i am at first sight, of the mind that only the spanish would have kept, after decades of administration, as much of the simple beauty of papeete as have the gauls. true, the streets are a litter, the government almost unseen as to modern uplift, the natives are indolent and life moves without bustle or goal. the republic is content to keep the peace, to sell its wares, to teach its tongue, and to let the gentle tahitian hold to his island ways, now that his race dies rapidly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4251461929755657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.959840"} {"text": "the pepper - and the gum - tree that make southern california ' s desert a bower, the oranges and lemons there which send a million golden trophies to less - favored peoples, are the flora of distant climes. since the days of the white discoverers, adventurers and priests, fighting men and puritans, have added to the earth ' s treasury in tahiti and all these islands. walking one morning along the waterfront, i met two very dark negresses. they had on pink and black dresses, with red cotton shawls, and they wore flaming yellow handkerchiefs about their woolly heads. they were as african as the congo, and as strange in this setting as eskimos on broadway. they felt their importance, for they were of the few good cooks of french dishes here. they spoke a french patois, and guffawed loudly when one dropped her basket of supplies from her head. they were servants of the procureur de la republique, who had brought them from the french colony of martinique. many races have mingled here. one saw their pigments and their lines in the castes ; here a soupcon of the french and there a touch of the dane ; the chileno, himself a mestizo, had left his print in delicacy of feature, and the irish his freckles and pug, which with tawny skin, pearly teeth, and the superb form of the pure tahitian, left little to be desired in fetching and saucy allurement. thousands of sailors and merchants and preachers had sowed their seed here, as did captain cook ' s men a century and a half ago, and the harvest showed in numerous shadings of colors and variety of mixtures. tahiti had, since ship of europe sighted orofena, been a pasture for the wild asses of the wanderlust, a paradise into which they had brought their snakes and left them to plague the natives. there were phonographs shrieking at one from a score of verandas. the automobile had become a menace to life and limb. there were two - score motorcars in tahiti ; but as the island is small, and most of them were in the capital, one met them all the day, and might have thought there were hundreds. motor - buses, or \" rubberneck - wagons, \" ran about the city, carrying the natives for a franc on a brief tour, and, for more,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42925624590749445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.962642"} {"text": ", one met them all the day, and might have thought there were hundreds. motor - buses, or \" rubberneck - wagons, \" ran about the city, carrying the natives for a franc on a brief tour, and, for more, to country districts where good cheer and dances sped the night. a dozen five - and seven - passenger cars with drivers were for hire. most nights until eleven or later the rented machines dashed about the narrow streets, hooting and hissing, while their carefree occupants played accordions or mouth - organs and sang songs of love. louis de bougainville, once a french lawyer, and afterward soldier, sailor, and discoverer and a lord under bonaparte, had a monument in a tiny green park hard by the strand and the road that, beginning there, bands the island. he is best known the world about because his name is given to the \" four - o ' clock \" shrub in warm countries, as in tahiti, which sends huge masses of magenta or crimson blossoms climbing on trellises and roofs. i walked to this monument from the tiare along the mossy bank of a little rivulet which ran to the beach. it was early morning. the humble natives and whites were about their daily tasks. smoke rose from the iron pipes above the houses, coffee scented the air, men and women were returning from the market - place with bunches of cocoanuts, bananas, and bread - fruit, strings of fish and cuts of meat in papers, many of them had their heads wreathed in flowers or wore a tiare blossom over an ear. the way in which one wears a flower supposedly signifies many things. if one wore it over the left ear, one sought a sweetheart ; if over the right, it signified contentment, and though it was as common as the wearing of hats, there were always jokes passing about these flowers, exclamations of surprise or wishes of joy. \" what, you have left terii? \" \" aue! i must change it at once. \" now, really there was no such idea in the native mind. it was invention for tourists. the tahitian wears flowers anywhere, always, if he can have them, and they do express his mood. if he is sad, he will not put them on ; but if going to a dance, to a picnic, or to promenade, if he has money in his pocket, or gaiety in his heart, he must bloom. over one ear,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44903522531279993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.963826"} {"text": "he is sad, he will not put them on ; but if going to a dance, to a picnic, or to promenade, if he has money in his pocket, or gaiety in his heart, he must bloom. over one ear, or both, in the hair, on the head, around the neck, both sexes were passionately fond of this age - old sign of kinship with nature. the lei in hawaii around the hat or the neck spells the same meaning, but the flood of outsiders has lost hawaii all but the merest remnant of its ancient ways, while here still persisted customs which a century of european difference and indifference has not crushed out. here, as there, more lasting wreaths for the hat were woven of shells or beads in various colors. as i strolled past the houses, every one greeted me pleasantly. \" la ora na, \" they said, or \" bon jour! \" i replied in kind. i had not been a day in tahiti before i felt kindled in me an affection for its dark people which i had never known for any other race. it was an admixture of friendship, admiration, and pity \u2014 of affection for their beautiful natures, of appreciation of the magnificence of their physical equipment, and of sympathy for them in their decline and inevitable passing under the changed conditions of environment made by the sudden smothering of their instinctive needs in the sepia of commercial civilization. i saw that those natives remaining, laughing and full of the desire for pleasure as they were, must perish because unfit to survive in the morass of modernism in which they were sinking, victims of a system of life in which material profits were the sole goal and standard of the rulers. the tahitians are tall, vigorous, and superbly rounded. the men, often more than six feet or even six and a half feet in height, have a mien of natural majesty and bodily grace. they convey an impression of giant strength, reserve power, and unconscious poise beyond that made by any other race. american indians i have known had much of this quality when resident far from towns, but they lacked the curving, padded muscles, the ease of movement, and, most of all, the smiling faces, the ingratiating manner, of these children of the sun. the tahitians ' noses are fairly flat and large ; the nostrils dilated ; their lips full and sensual ; their teeth perfectly shaped and very white and sound ; their chins strong, though", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5155109294225755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.965218"} {"text": "##ratiating manner, of these children of the sun. the tahitians ' noses are fairly flat and large ; the nostrils dilated ; their lips full and sensual ; their teeth perfectly shaped and very white and sound ; their chins strong, though round ; and their eyes black and large, not brilliant, but liquid. their feet and hands are mighty \u2014 hands that lift burdens of great weight, that swing paddles of canoes for hours ; feet that tread the roads or mountain trails for league on league. the women are of middle size, with lines of harmony that give them a unique seal of beauty, with an undulating movement of their bodies, a coordination of every muscle and nerve, a richness of aspect in color and form, that is more sensuous, more attractive, than any feminine graces i have ever gazed on. they have the forwardness of boys, the boldness of huntresses, yet the softness and magnetism of the most virginal of their white sisters. one thinks of them as of old in soft draperies of beautiful cream - colored native cloth wound around their bodies, passed under one arm and knotted on the other shoulder, revealing the shapely neck and arm, and one breast, with garlands upon their hair, and a fragrant flower passed through one ear, and in the other two or three large pearls fastened with braided human hair. the men never wore beards, though mustaches, copying the french custom, are common on chiefs, preachers, and those who sacrifice beauty and natural desires to ambition. the hair on the face is removed as it appears, and it is scanty. they abhor beards, and their ghosts, the tupapau, have faces fringed with hair. the usual movements of both men and women are slow, dignified, and full of pride.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4636752858402201, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.966359"} {"text": "how options work how you can use options > options are the most versatile trading instrument ever invented. since options cost less than stock, they provide a high leverage approach to trading that can significantly limit the overall risk of a trade or provide additional income. simply put, option buyers have rights and option sellers have obligations. option buyers have the right, but not the obligation, to buy ( call ) or sell ( put ) the underlying stock at a specified price until the 3rd friday of their expiration month. there are two kinds of options : calls and puts. call options give you the right to buy the underlying asset. put options give you the right to sell the underlying asset. it is essential to become familiar with the inner workings of both. every strategy you learn from this point on depends on your thorough understanding of these two kinds of options. there are no margin requirements if you want to purchase an option because your risk is limited to the price of the option. in contrast, option sellers receive a credit in their account for selling an option and get to keep this amount if the option expires worthless. however, option sellers also have an obligation to buy ( put ) or sell ( call ) the underlying instrument if their option is exercised by an assigned option holder. therefore, selling an option requires a healthy margin. to trade options, you must be acquainted with the select terminology of the option market. the price at which an underlying stock can be purchased or sold if the option is exercised is called the strike price. options are available in several strike prices above and below the current price of the underlying asset. stocks priced below $ 25 per share usually have strike prices at 2 dollar intervals. stocks priced over $ 25 usually have strike prices at $ 5 dollar intervals. the date the option expires is referred to as the expiration date. a stock option expires by close of business on the 3rd friday of the expiration month. all listed options have options available for the current month and the next month as well as specific future months. each stock has a corresponding cycle of months available for options. there are three fixed expiration cycles available. each cycle has a - january, april, july and october - february, may, august and november - march, june, september and december the price of an option is called the premium. an option ' s premium is determined by a number of factors including the type of option ( call or put ), the current price of the underlying asset, the strike price of the option, the time remaining until expiration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.486578394762667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.987637"} {"text": "option is called the premium. an option ' s premium is determined by a number of factors including the type of option ( call or put ), the current price of the underlying asset, the strike price of the option, the time remaining until expiration, and volatility. an option premium is priced on a per share basis. each option on a stock generally corresponds to 100 shares. therefore, if the premium of an option is priced at 2, the total premium for that option would be $ 200 ( 2 x 100 = $ 200 ). buying an option creates a debit in the amount of the premium to the buyer ' s trading account. selling an option creates a credit in the amount of the premium to the seller ' s trading account : example : jane wants to buy a house. after a few weeks of searching, she discovers one she really likes. unfortunately, she won ' t have enough money for a substantial down payment for another six months. so, she approaches the owner of the house and negotiates an option to buy the house within 6 months for $ 100, 000. the owner agrees to sell her the option for $ 2, 000. scenario 1 : during this 6 - month period, jane discovers an oil field underneath the property. the value of the house shoots up to $ 1, 000, 000. however, the writer of the option ( the owner ) is obligated to sell the house to jane for $ 100, 000. jane buys the house for a total cost of $ 102, 000 ; $ 100, 000 for the house plus the $ 2, 000 premium paid for the option. she promptly turns around and sells it for a million dollars for huge profit of $ 898, 000 and lives happily ever after. scenario 2 : jane discovers a toxic waste dump on the property. now the value of the house drops to zero and she obviously decides not to exercise the option to buy the house. in this case, jane loses the $ 2, 000 premium paid for the option to the owner of the property. how options work review - options give you the right to buy or sell an underlying instrument. - if you buy an option, you are not obligated to buy or sell the underlying instrument ; you simply have the right to do so. - if you sell an option and the option is exercised, you are obligated to deliver the underlying asset ( call ) or take delivery of the underlying asset ( put ) at the strike price of the option regardless of the current price of the underlying asset", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4920553793283055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.991851"} {"text": "workers may be at risk of crushing injuries due to contact with falling or rolling objects [ 29 cfr 1915. 156 ] ; as well as punctures from sharp objects. additional hazards include contact with : figure 1 : worker with foot protection. hierarchy of controls - engineering controls - administration controls - personal protective equipment ( ppe ) injuries may be prevented by the use of appropriate footwear. - electrical or electricity - molten metals - hot surfaces - wet or slippery surfaces | use and selection of foot protection back to top workers may be exposed to injuries including : requirements and example solutions : - crushing from falling objects, - crushing from rolling cylinders, - punctures from sharp objects, - burns or shocks from electrical hazards, - burns from molten metal or hot surfaces, - skin contact or burns from chemicals, or - slips and falls from wet or slippery surfaces. - workers must wear protective footwear when working in areas where there is a danger of falling or rolling objects or objects piercing the sole. [ 29 cfr 1915. 156 ( a ) ] examples include : - impact injuries from carrying or handling materials such as equipment, objects, parts, or heavy tools which could be dropped or from objects that may fall during work activities. - compression injuries from work activities involving forklifts, gas cylinders, and heavy pipes, which could roll onto worker ' s feet. - puncture injuries from sharp objects such as nails, screws, staples, scrap or sheet metal, which workers may step on. - protective footwear must meet ansi z41 or equivalent design requirements [ 29 cfr 1915. 156 ( b ) ]. - safety shoes or boots may be required to provide special electrical conduction or insulation to prevent electric shock or static electric spark. - chemical - resistant boots may be required to provide protection from caustic, reactive, toxic, or corrosive materials during cleaning, or surface preparation. - slip - resistant soled shoes should be worn when working on slippery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49092222886033776, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.994482"} {"text": "acupuncture, traditional chinese medicine ( tcm ), is one of the oldest forms of medicine on the planet dating back to 200 bce. chinese warriors are thought to be one of the first practitioners of acupuncture. they used acupuncture to stay strong, balanced and to help heal their wounds from battle. for years in the united states acupuncture has been viewed as an alternative treatment for pain. november 1997 the national institute for health ( nih ) recognized acupuncture as a viable therapy for some pain disorders such as : pain from surgery, nausea from pregnancy or chemotherapy, tennis elbow and carpal tunnel. in the area of sports performance the use of acupuncture for the prevention and care of athletic injuries, has been slow to be recognized as a viable and effective branch of sports medicine. the american college of sports medicine ( acsm ) is one of the main regulating bodies for athletic trainers and sports performance in the united states. in their material and text books i have not yet come across the acknowledgment, recommendation or the reference of the effectiveness of acupuncture in sports. it is time that that changes and for acupuncture to take its place among the other sports medicine modalities. in other countries acupuncture has been accepted as an effective form of treatment for athletes. in the winter olympics of 1998, the austria downhill skier hermann maier was treated with acupuncture after a devastating fall only to come back and win two gold metals. in china at the summer olympics of 2008 acupuncture was available and used by the athletes. i have been practicing acupuncture for over 25 years and have had the opportunity to treat all kinds of athletes. i have treated recreational, competitive and elite athletes. i have had the privilege to treat successfully a three time olympic biathlon skier, a national college rodeo finalist bronco rider, college ncaa division 1 woman \u2019 s basketball player, world - class swimmers, skiers, runners, bicyclists and tennis players. some of the injuries i see include trauma, and overuse, such as sprains, strains, tendonitis, bursitis, tennis elbow and carpal tunnel. acupuncture is not only effective for pain it also helps with insomnia, anxiety, and digestive problems, which can sometimes affect an athlete \u2019 s performance ability. athletes have told me that they feel an increased clarity, an inner calmness and more centered after an acup", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49390755053994384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:01.998724"} {"text": "i ' ve been starting plants indoors for several years and i ' ve found it ' s a great way to get a head start on the growing season. i can gain 4 to 8 weeks by setting out seedlings rather than planting seeds in my garden. it ' s also a way to insure that i will have just the variety and color of the plants i need as well as any unusual or heirloom plants on my list. here are some tips to help you get started : soil - a key to success is using a loose, fertile, disease - free soil mix. i find the packaged potting soil easy to use. containers - you can start seeds in almost any container ; it doesn ' t have to be fancy. i ' ve used plastic flats, trays, clay pots, compressed peat pellets, and even a make - you - own - paper cup from recycled newspaper with a little gadget called an n. viropotter. cut - off milk cartons or plastic jugs, and egg cartons can also be used to start seeds. last season ' s flats, trays, and pots should be cleaned and disinfected before use. wash the containers in soapy water, and then disinfect them in a solution of one part chlorine bleach and nine parts water. be sure to add holes in the bottom of the containers to allow for drainage. timing - find out when your area is likely to have its last frost. you ' ll find this information in gardening books or check with your county cooperative extension service or local garden center. next, look on the back of the seed packet and find out how long it will take the seeds to sprout. mark the last frost date on a calendar then count back the number of weeks needed for sprouting. that ' s the date to start the seeds. if you want the seedlings to be larger, start earlier. the time varies from plant to plant. peppers require 7 to 8 weeks and tomatoes 5 or 6 to grow to transplanting size, while squash and cucumbers require only 2 to 3 weeks. seedlings are ready to transplant when they have the first set of true leaves. seed size - usually smaller seeds require less soil to cover them than larger seeds. check on the back of the seed packet for the proper seed depth. seed size also determines the size of container and sowing method. fine seeds, such as begonias and petunias, are typically sown in flats or tray", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4058583606026175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.003467"} {"text": "seeds. check on the back of the seed packet for the proper seed depth. seed size also determines the size of container and sowing method. fine seeds, such as begonias and petunias, are typically sown in flats or trays. after germination, the seedlings are transplanted into individual containers. large seeds, such as marigolds and tomatoes, can also be germinated in flats. however, they are often sown directly into individual containers, thereby eliminating the need to transplant the seedlings before planting outside. temperature - soil temperature is important. cool soil retards germination. i use an electric grow mat under my trays to make sure the soil is around 75 degrees or so until seedlings have emerged. provide an air temperature of 70 to 75 degrees during the day and night temperature of at least 60 to 65 degrees. water and light - after seeding, water the soil gently until water drains out the bottom of the container. just be careful not to wash seeds away. place containers in plastic bags or cover the soil surface with plastic film until the first sign of the seeds ' emergence. then remove the plastic cover and be sure the container gets maximum exposure to light. most seeds do not require light to germinate, but seedlings need full light exposure as soon as they emerge.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41428828975132687, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.004081"} {"text": "how to make child - size crop circles directions aliens with flashlights crop \" circles \" are generally intricate and complex geometric patterns that seem to mysteriously appear overnight primarily in english farm fields. most crop circle are sizable patterns formed by flattening sections of a field of wheat, maize, barley, or rye. farmers generally do not appreciate aliens invading their fields and ruining their crops, so we recommend creating crop circle in safer environments such as in your yard, driveway, on the beach or school playground. if you are fortunate enough to have tall grass or a cooperative farmer to create your child - size cropcircle, great. make child - sized mysterious \" alien \" crop circles aliens with flat wooden planks - alien masks ( for a disguise ) - large, flat surfaces ( fields of wheat ) - wooden or metal stakes - planks of wood - knotted ropes - moonlight ( or a few of really good flashlights ). you can make child - sized crop circle easily. ingredients for creating child size crop circles are pretty simple. all you need are a few good aliens and these simple tools listed here : aliens with knotted ropes instead of intruding upon or destroying valuable wheat fields, and gathering heavy planks of wood and rope, you can substitute these : - chalk, white and / or colored - asphalt or concrete playground surface - freshly fallen snow or sandy beach - a lawn in need of a good mowing - a skein of string or yarn - shoeboxes ( instead of planks ) snowshoes or heavy cardboard fitted to the child ' s feet - broad daylight - tent stakes or strong dowels pound the tent stake ( or dowel ) into the ground, tie the string or yarn to the stake. have the child or children walk in circle with the plank of wood in front of them. press the grass or vegetation ( or snow, sand ) down with the plank of wood as they walk. soon they will have a perfectly round circle to experiment with further.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46617307501970995, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.010231"} {"text": "when you arrive in honduras for the first time, having heard about its recent political upheaval, you might expect to see a country that looks a little tired and rough around the edges. in fact, you would find something very different during your daily excursions in central america \u2019 s rising star. hope and progress aren \u2019 t just slogans for a country like honduras. these are guiding principles for a population that is constantly working on a better life for now and in the future. their optimism and enthusiasm for quality in life reminds many visitors of those halcyon days when life seemed simpler \u2013 a nostalgia familiar to most living in europe and north america. honduras \u2019 nationwide movement forward to bigger things is proven by its continued growth in industry, real estate and tourism. honduras is a country full of promise and opportunity, with the natural and historical attributes to back up its ambitions. the narrow mouth of the country \u2019 s pacific coast is a glory of volcanic islands and secret beaches, its sights only rivaled by the longer caribbean coast. that northeast coastline boasts extraordinary marine life and the lure of island living on the bay islands, just off the mainland. the interior of the country is an exciting patchwork of mountains, jungles, and cloud and pine forests crisscrossed by huge rivers. honduras \u2019 cities and towns have retained most of their historic architecture and ways of life, unlike some of their central american neighbors. though it \u2019 s not always the first to spring to mind when considering exotic destinations, the country matches others in the region for its dedication to wilderness protection, cultural preservation and continual progress. hope and enthusiasm are a strong presence in the daily life of local people \u2013 both honduran born and honduran by choice. as a tourist or an expatriate, it \u2019 s impossible to resist the overwhelming feeling that good things are happening in honduras, and being there is one of them. - major cities : tegucigalpa, san pedro sula - capital city : tegucigalpa - boundaries : caribbean sea to the north, guatemala and el salvador to the west, gulf of fonseca and nicaragua to the south - population : 8. 14 million ( july 2011 ) - languages : predominantly spanish. some english is spoken along the northern coast and on the caribbean bay islands. several indigenous amerindian languages and garifuna ( a mixture of afro - indigenous languages ) also spoken. - diversity : 90 % mestizo ( mixed amerindian and european ), 7 % other amerindian, 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41389059011761214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.018581"} {"text": "get flash to fully experience pearltrees photo : meddygarnet happiness is, by nature, a subjective quality with a definition like a moving target. there is scant evidence \u2014 qualitative or quantitative \u2014 to lend convincing support to those life variables most critical in determining individual happiness, which is likely why past researchers committed to the scientific method rarely tried to tackle the subject. this is changing. psychological ( \" personality \" ) types according to jung ' s theory of psychological types we are all different in fundamental ways. one ' s ability to process different information is limited by their particular type. these types are sixteen. you ' ve likely heard that body language accounts for up to 55 % of how we communicate, but reading non - verbal cues isn ' t just about broad strokes. the same gesture can indicate a number of different things depending on context. in this post, we ' re going to take a look at three common situations in which non - verbal cues are especially important \u2014 detecting lies, going on a date, and interviewing for a job \u2014 then explain how to interpret body language more accurately so that you can read between the lines when a person ' s words aren ' t necessarily conveying the way that they honestly feel. we lie a lot. when having a conversation with a stranger, chances are we ' ll lie in the first ten minutes. by david johnson like death and taxes, there is no escaping color. it is ubiquitous. yet what does it all mean? interesting info - > lying index - > how to detect lies become a human lie detector ( part 1 ) warning : sometimes ignorance is bliss.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5582443330130119, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.020653"} {"text": "dr. giuseppe mazza journalist - scientific photographer family : myrtaceae text \u00a9 pietro puccio english translation by mario beltramini this species is native to southern brazil ( parana, rio de janeiro, santa catarina and sao paulo ), where it grows in the humid coastal forests on mainly sandy soils. the genus was dedicated to the memory of the general, diplomat and patron eugene of savoy ( 1663 - 1736 ) ; the latin name of the species, \u201c brasiliensis \u201d = of brazil, refers to its origin country. common names : brazil - cherry, brazilian plum, grumichama, spanish cherry ( english ) ; cerisier du bresil, jambosier du bresil ( french ) ; grumixama, grumixa - meira ( portuguese ) ; cereza brasilena ( spanish ) ; brasilianische kirschmyrte ( german ). the eugenia brasiliensis lam. ( 1789 ) is an erect, rather slow - growing, evergreen tree, up to about 10 m tall, with greyish bark which, with the age, gets fissured and peels in papery strips, and thick foliage. the leaves, on an about 1 cm long petiole, are opposite, obovate or elliptic with curved, entire margins, coriaceous, 8 - 15 cm long and about 5 cm broad, of a glossy dark green colour on the upper page, pale green below ; the young buds have a dark purple colour. the flowers, of about 2, 5 cm of diameter on a short peduncle, usually solitary of in groups of 2 - 3 at the axil of the leaves of the young buds, have four green sepals, four white petals and a hundred of white stamina ; in the countries of origin it may sporadically flower again during the year. the fruits, which ripen quickly, in a month from the flowering, are globular berries of 1, 2 - 2, 5 cm of diameter, with persistent sepals at the extremity, of colour going from dark purple to almost black when ripe and pale pulp, with a taste similar to that of the cherries, usually containing one to three greyish seeds ; there are varieties with yellow and red fruit. it usually reproduces by seed which germinates in about one month ; the fructification begins starting from the fourth - fifth year of age. recourse is done to the cutting and layering in the case you wish to reproduce a particular variety.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4358214306868851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.028814"} {"text": "##s by seed which germinates in about one month ; the fructification begins starting from the fourth - fifth year of age. recourse is done to the cutting and layering in the case you wish to reproduce a particular variety. it is a species adding to great landscape value, due to its luxuriant foliage, the production of fruit with a pleasant taste, suitable for zones with humid subtropical climate and, marginally, warm temperate, where it can resist to decreases in temperature to about - 3 \u00b0c for a short time. it prefers an exposure in full sun, but it adapts to a slight shade, and deep soils, sandy, rich of organic substance, possibly acidic, and availability of water all over the year, as it does not bear dry periods ; it is therefore to be regularly irrigated is cultivated in climates having little or not at all rainy summers. it may be utilized as isolated specimen in parks and gardens or for creating barriers, also as windbreak. the fruits are consumed fresh or employed in sweets, ice creams and for preparing jams. synonyms : myrtus dombeyi spreng. ( 1825 ) ; eugenia bracteolaris lam. ex dc. ( 1828 ) ; myrtus grumixama vell. ( 1829 ) ; eugenia filipes baill. ( 1895 ) ; eugenia ubensis cambess. ( 1832 ) ; stenocalyx brasiliensis ( lam. ) o. berg ( 1857 ) ; stenocalyx ubensis ( cambess. ) o. berg ( 1857 ) ; eugenia dombeyi skeels ( 1912 ). the photographic file of giuseppe mazza", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4398539668672518, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.029610"} {"text": "with the world \u2019 s attention focused on the creation of the new country of south sudan, the khartoum government \u2019 s continued oppression of the sudanese has flown under the radar. south sudan \u2019 s independence does nothing to stem khartoum \u2019 s human rights violations against its own people. as a wave of regime change sweeps africa and the middle east, continued support and pressure \u2013 both domestic and international \u2013 needs to remain on authoritarian leaders like sudan president omar al - bashir. they need to help stop the ethnic cleansing that has been endemic to his 22 year tenure and help bring about additional needed reforms. in 2009, sudan \u2019 s gender policy came into focus when the government arrested journalist, and former united nations employee, lubna hussein and her associates for wearing pants at an outdoor cafe in khartoum and charged them with violating decency laws. the punishments varied for the 12 women, as some pleaded guilty and were subjected to 10 lashes immediately, while others, like hussein, fought the case. while hussein was not flogged, she did go to jail for refusing to pay the fine. more recently, sudan \u2019 s security forces were accused of rape. two journalists were sentenced to jail time for covering the story. this has prompted the un to publicly denounce the arrests and draw attention to the silence that often surrounds acts of sexual violence. not only does this highlight the disregard for women \u2019 s rights in the country, it is also contrary to the national constitution that proclaims a free press. the press, however, has routinely come under attack for exercising their right to free speech, especially when newspapers are critical of the regime. opposition newspapers are being confiscated and the government is placing restrictions on who can and cannot be hired by newspapers, in an effort to ensure that journalists who are critical of the government are sidelined. the government has also been violently oppressing the sudanese people. this is once again being played out in south kordofan, where it has resulted in at least 200, 000 displaced persons. the fighting, which began in june, has escalated and drawn international attention. the conflict is rooted along ethnic and political lines. the state, which borders on south sudan, is home to south sudan loyalists, who supported the splm ( south sudan \u2019 s ruling party ) during the civil war. their current political party splm - n is considered illegal as it is seen as an extension of a foreign political entity. the current fighting, which erupted when the government attempted to forcibly disarm the splm - n loyalists,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38164040478556327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.035526"} {"text": "more than 36 million americans have a disability. improving the health of this large segment of the population is a central concern for public health. this chartbook presents information about the health of adults with disabilities in oregon. the information in this book can be used by people with disabilities, their family members, policy makers, health professionals, disability service providers, and others interested in the health and well - being of people with disabilities. the information in this book came from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system ( brfss ). the brfss is a telephone survey that asks about health, behaviors that affect health, and access to health care. the survey is random, meaning that any resident might be called. however, some groups of people are not included. children under age 18 and people who are in an institution, such as a jail or nursing home, are not included in the survey. people who have no telephone or only have a cell phone are not included. those who do not speak english or spanish are not included. some people who have a disability may not be included because they do not understand the questions, cannot get to the phone in time, or use a special telephone that sounds to the caller like a fax machine. the brfss survey is done every year by each state or territory health department. the information used for this book was collected in oregon in 2008. what do we mean by \u201c disability \u201d? in the brfss survey, people are considered to have a disability if they answer \u201c yes \u201d to one or both of the following questions : - are you limited in any way in any activities because of physical, mental, or emotional problems? - do you now have any health problem that requires you to use special equipment, such as a cane, a wheelchair, a special bed, or a special telephone? disability in oregon how many people in oregon have a disability? about 746, 663 oregon adults age 18 and older have a disability. this is a little more than one quarter ( 25. 7 % ) of the adult population of oregon in 2008. what age groups are most impacted by disability? disability becomes more common as people age. in the 18 - 39 age range, 15. 1 % of oregon adults have a disability. among 40 - 59 year olds, 27. 1 % have a disability and among 60 - 79 year olds, 36. 7 % have a disability. among oregon adults age 80 or older, 47. 1 % have a disability. how much education do people with disabilities have? over seven percent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4576410581299434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.045663"} {"text": ". 1 % have a disability and among 60 - 79 year olds, 36. 7 % have a disability. among oregon adults age 80 or older, 47. 1 % have a disability. how much education do people with disabilities have? over seven percent ( 7. 6 % ) of people with disabilities have less than a high school education, 27. 2 % have a high school education only, 34. 7 % have attended some college or technical school, and 30. 5 % of people with disabilities are college graduates. of people without disabilities, 9. 2 % have less than a high school education, 27. 0 % have a high school education only, 27. 8 % have attended some college or technical school, and 36. 0 % are college graduates. how many people with disabilities are employed? among people with disabilities, 31. 8 % are employed for wages, 7. 9 % are self - employed, 3. 6 % have been out of work for more than a year, 4. 1 % have been out of work for less than a year, 6. 7 % are homemakers, 4. 2 % are students, 26. 9 % are retired, and 14. 9 % are unable to work. in contrast, 56. 3 % of people without disabilities are employed for wages, 10. 2 % are self - employed, 1. 6 % have been out of work for more than a year, 3. 4 % have been out of work for less than a year, 8. 3 % are homemakers, 4. 7 % are students, 15. 0 % are retired, and 0. 5 % are unable to work. what is the annual household income of people with disabilities? twelve percent ( 12. 2 % ) of people with disabilities have a household income of less than $ 15, 000 per year, 21. 8 % have an income between $ 15, 000 and $ 25, 000, 15. 7 % have an income between $ 25, 000 and $ 35, 000, 15. 7 % have an income between $ 35, 000 and $ 50, 000, and 34. 6 % have an annual income of $ 50, 000 or more. only four percent of people without disabilities have a household income of less than $ 15, 000 per year, 15. 0 % have an income between $ 15, 000 and $ 25, 000, 13. 0 % have an income between $ 25, 000 and $ 35, 000, 16. 5 % have an income between $ 35, 000 and $", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3941240420179035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.046678"} {"text": "what do presbyterians believe about the holy spirit? the holy spirit ( 3 views ) reprinted from the september 1985 issue of presbyterians today \" god ' s presence with and in us \" by arnold b. come there are five main emphases about the holy spirit in the reformed tradition, as found in calvin, the westminster confession, karl barth, and the confession of 1967. 1. the holy spirit is god. that is to say, the holy spirit is understood strictly in trinitarian terms. the trinity is a doctrinal way of referring to the three ways god has of being god \u2014 all three simultaneously, and each always in active relation with the other two. this means that our experience of god as holy spirit always involves also our relation to god as creator ( father ) and to god as mediator - savior ( son ). god as holy spirit comes into our lives in and through and with god ' s creation of israel and its history, in and through and with the coming of the word of god in the \" flesh \" of jesus of nazareth. no matter how profound is our sense of the immediate spiritual presence of god in our lives, that awareness is always initiated, given substance and definition, corrected, and sustained in and through and with our being encountered by the eternal word of the creator \u2014 finally and decisively by that word incarnate in the life - death - resurrection of jesus of nazareth. the holy spirit moves within us, but there is no merging and loss of identity in the union of holy spirit and human spirit. 2. the holy spirit is god ' s most intimate, powerful and mysterious presence with and in us. god as creator gives us our very existence and life, and sets the context and course in which we are to live it out. but this working of god is hidden, at a level not open to our discovery or direct awareness. god as word speaks to us through the wonders of nature and the discoveries of science, through the proclamations of prophets and the great events of history, and ultimately reveals the very being of god and god ' s will for our lives through jesus the christ. but all this remains somehow external, outside of us. we may know the way we should go, but lack the will to follow it. we need a deeper, inward helping. so the god who created us, and who when we lost our way took the step to come after us in jesus christ in order to open the way to eternal life, now takes a further step. he invades our in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4603785038103294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.063893"} {"text": "deeper, inward helping. so the god who created us, and who when we lost our way took the step to come after us in jesus christ in order to open the way to eternal life, now takes a further step. he invades our inmost central being by the power of his love, enabling us to see that all that he has done and is doing in christ is for us, out of love and compassion for us. even barth finally said, \" the being and activity of jesus christ has essentially and necessarily the form... in which he turns precisely to the single human being, to you and to me,... in which he makes common cause with a particular one precisely in that one ' s loneliness, in which his holy spirit speaks just to that one ' s spirit. \" and only by the power of this divine love are we enabled, freely, to respond in love, to accept the fact that we are accepted. 3. how does such an experience come to each of us? in a blinding, overwhelming, mystical sense of being caught up into oneness with god? not in the reformed tradition. god ' s love does not obliterate our own free struggle. god honors too much \" the dignity, truth and actuality which belong to the individual christian subject as such \" ( barth ). every major expression of the reformed tradition agrees that the shape or form that this experience of god as holy spirit takes is faith, a relationship in which god takes the initiative to make it possible and the person accepts and responds with the heart. it is faith that saves us, not because of our response but because it unites us with jesus christ, from whom new life flows into us. as calvin says, christ remains an object of \" cold speculation... at a great distance from us \" unless and until we are united with him. and \" it is only in the spirit that he unites himself with us... only through faith does he lead us into the light of the gospel. \" 4. the reformed tradition clearly asserts that this event of faith is a profoundly mysterious, even mystical, one. but it also asserts that it cannot be known or seen directly, consciously. it happens, but it is invisible, unanalyzable, indescribable. the truth of this event therefore comes to us in its effects. the concrete shape of faith - union with christ, of the coming of god as holy spirit, is twofold. it is the experience of forgiveness, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.521837751258145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.065163"} {"text": "indescribable. the truth of this event therefore comes to us in its effects. the concrete shape of faith - union with christ, of the coming of god as holy spirit, is twofold. it is the experience of forgiveness, the qualitative change in our relation with god ( justification, reconciliation ). it is also the experience of the newness of life, the gradual permeation of our entire life and being by the spirit of christ ( sanctification, but not perfection ). 5. the coming of god as holy spirit into our lives is always and simultaneously both individual and corporate. there is no such thing as a lone christian, living in his or her own relation with god in splendid isolation. the holy spirit always comes to us and works within us through and with the scriptures, the sacraments, and the communal worship and work of the christian koinonia ( church ). and individual christians find the fulfillment of faith in that work as it carries them beyond the church in order to shed the love of god abroad into the lives of god ' s children who are lost and lonely, hungry and oppressed, naked and in prison \u2014 the rev. arnold b. come, formerly president of san francisco theological seminary, now retired and living in greenbrae, calif. \" the spirit could turn us around \" by cecilio arrastia for many followers of john calvin, the trinity has been reduced to two persons. we have some definitions of the function and the character of god as father, we have some clarity when it comes to the role of the son, but we are very imprecise when we talk about the reality of the holy spirit and his function in the christian equation. the book of confessions provides some answers to the question, what do \u2014 or should \u2014 presbyterians believe about the holy spirit? the work of the spirit of god is characterized both in relation to the individual christian and to the church as a community : the scots confession says, \" we confess that the holy ghost does sanctify and regenerate us, without respect to any merit proceeding from us, be it before or be it after our regeneration \" ( 3 : 12 ). the westminster confession of faith is more detailed and specific. first of all, it tells us what the spirit deserves and expects from believers : the spirit is \" to be believed in, loved, obeyed and worshiped, throughout all ages. \" this means that the spirit is on the same level of dignity and majesty as that of the father and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5396500749943127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.066281"} {"text": "the spirit deserves and expects from believers : the spirit is \" to be believed in, loved, obeyed and worshiped, throughout all ages. \" this means that the spirit is on the same level of dignity and majesty as that of the father and the son. the westminster confession goes on to enumerate those gifts that the spirit grants to the believer : \" he is the lord and giver of life,... the source of all good thoughts, pure desires, and holy counsels. \" the connection between our ethics and the work of the spirit is clear and non - negotiable. the writing of the holy scriptures and the proclamation of god ' s message by the prophets are the results of the work of the spirit. \" the dispensation of the gospel is especially committed to him. \" in the central matter of redemption, nothing happens without the direct participation of god ' s spirit. the spirit is \" the only efficient agent in the application of redemption. \" his actions are very well delineated : he is to regenerate men [ and women ] by his grace, to convict them of sin, to move them to repentance, to persuade and enable them to embrace jesus christ by faith, and to unite the believers, dwell in them and give them the spirit of adoption and prayer. the church is the outcome of the work of the spirit, who unites believers to christ and to one another. the spirit also deals with the whole area of vocation : \" he calls and anoints ministers for their holy office... by him the church will be preserved, increased, purified, and at last made perfectly holy in the presence of god. \" this controversial doctrine has been abused and deformed, and has been the cause of many divisions and heretical positions. the fact that our church often functions like a secular corporation and not like the mystical body of christ may be explained by the negation of the real presence and work of the spirit in the life of the christian community. according to the biblical narrative there were three moments in which the spirit was given to the apostolic community. the first took place in jerusalem in the days of pentecost ( acts 2 ). this experience enabled the apostles to present the gospel to the wide community of dispersed hebrews. it brought about unity in diversity, community without any interference, and it was the total reverse of babel. on pentecost there were many languages but a clear process of communication. the second incident, described in acts 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4952973075617897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.067438"} {"text": "of dispersed hebrews. it brought about unity in diversity, community without any interference, and it was the total reverse of babel. on pentecost there were many languages but a clear process of communication. the second incident, described in acts 10, is also very revealing. we read that \" while peter was still saying this, the holy spirit fell on all who heard the word. \" the traditional, orthodox jewish believers were \" amazed, because the gift of the holy spirit had been poured out even on the gentiles. \" here we have the breaking of frontiers, the widening of the horizon of the christian mission. baptism becomes a privilege also of those who are \" gentiles. \" the universality of the gospel is dramatized. the second israel is according to god ' s grace, not according to genes or history or culture or tradition. again the spirit unites those god intends to bring together. it is a breaking down of classes within the christian family. the third vignette comes from the very corrupt and paganized city of ephesus. paul is explaining the difference between the baptism of john, by water, and the baptism of jesus, by the spirit ( acts 19 ). \" on hearing this, they were baptized in the name of the lord jesus. and when paul had laid his hands upon them, the holy spirit came on them. \" the spirit is given to evangelize another family of gentiles, the greeks. the entire city of ephesus is impacted by the proclamation of the gospel. its economic, religious, cultural and emotional life is touched in a dramatic way. there is turmoil - - riot and revolution. and there is the destruction of some old myths and the acceptance of a new way of life - - \" the way \" of the lord. in each instance, the spirit is given for the fulfillment of a missionary task, to preach to the diaspora community, to the romans and to the greeks. the giving of the spirit is positive, and he is personal but social too. the spirit consolidates the christian family, and then sends its members out to proclaim and share the gospel, the good things that god has done in them, for them, with them. if the presbyterian church, with its decreasing membership and number of overseas fraternal workers, could grasp this perception of the spirit and this experience of his transforming, sending power, the spirit could turn around our denomination ad majorem dei gloriam ( \" for the greater glory of god \" ). church growth would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5100772564138301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.068559"} {"text": "overseas fraternal workers, could grasp this perception of the spirit and this experience of his transforming, sending power, the spirit could turn around our denomination ad majorem dei gloriam ( \" for the greater glory of god \" ). church growth would be a reality as a sign of the coming of the kingdom, evangelism would not be a suspect word, and every day the lord would add to the church those who are being saved. \u2014 the rev. cecilio arrastia, at the time of the original printing of this artical, was associate for hispanic church development in the congregational development program office of the program agency. \" giver of light and life \" by melicent huneycutt \" oh, morning, at the brown brink eastward, springs / because the holy ghost over the bent / world broods with warm breast and with ah! bright wings. \" with these lines gerard manley hopkins captures the fresh genesis images of the holy spirit as creator, brooding over the waters and nurturing them into light and life, and as the breath of god, breathing personhood into the potent human clay. most biblical images vivifying the person and work of the spirit are images of life. the spirit is life - giver, life - nurturer, the life surging in the creation and growth of human personality. paraclete, the greek name by which jesus introduced the holy spirit, who was to walk beside and dwell within believers, is translated to express warm and growth - enhancing qualities : comforter, counselor, advocate, helper, partner. as comforter, the spirit first comes into our lives to show us that we were created to be like god ; we were chosen before the foundation of the world to \" be holy and blameless before him \" ( ephesians 1 : 4 ). the spirit helps us understand that our self - dissatisfaction grows out of awareness that we fall short of the glory god designed us for, and then as comforter the spirit leads us to hope in christ, who yearns to be the healer of our brokenness. making us one with christ, the spirit becomes one with us, filling us with newness of life. as \" the one beside us, \" the paraclete nurtures us while we discover our new selves in christ. the counselor guides and encourages us toward healthy attitudes and choices, the advocate intercedes for and stands up for us, the helper pours into us strength to live true to our new personhood, and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4935417226548247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.069585"} {"text": "our new selves in christ. the counselor guides and encourages us toward healthy attitudes and choices, the advocate intercedes for and stands up for us, the helper pours into us strength to live true to our new personhood, and the partner shares in our struggles and our victories. the holy spirit is the life of christ in us. like an iris springing from a dull, dry tuber, we are transformed by the spirit ' s life surging into us. some of us blossom overnight, while others grow slowly like a century plant \u2014 we each grow according to the god - seed planted in us and our healthy response to the spirit ' s nurture. slow growers may experience \" being filled with the spirit \" as a process ; they may give to god level after level of themselves, being filled always with increasing joy and power to serve. others may experience a sudden spurt of growth, a sense of god rushing into their persons and their lives in such a dramatic way that they try to find a special word for this event. whatever the name we give to this transforming power, whatever the description of the process, we know that somehow we have been enabled to put ourselves out of the way so that the spirit has become free to urge us to our full potential. the evidence that we have been \" filled with the spirit \" is not often a supernatural gift such as speaking in tongues, which some mistakenly see as the only \" proof. \" paul makes it clear in 1 corinthians 13 that the spirit expresses life in us by fruit rather than by gifts. love, joy, peace, courtesy ripen in those who yield themselves to the inflowing life of god through the spirit. as unconsciously as trees bear their fruit, stretching their branches to the sunlight and drawing life into their abiding roots, the people of god as they mature delightedly and unself - consciously bring forth graces in their relationships. by these fruits, the indwelling spirit is made known - - and the true joyous self of each believer fulfilled. the spirit gives gifts even to the immature : the love to reach out to others, helpful hands - on service, communication with power. the purpose of gifts, however, is not so much to enhance the growing individual but to be the life of god in the whole body of god ' s people. just as the spirit brings to full personhood each one who welcomes the life of god, so the spirit brings us into oneness with each other in christ and surge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4996512859395374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.070730"} {"text": "to be the life of god in the whole body of god ' s people. just as the spirit brings to full personhood each one who welcomes the life of god, so the spirit brings us into oneness with each other in christ and surges in our common life to fulfill god ' s dreams for us as the body of christ. because the gift each of us brings to the body is a channel for the flowing of god ' s love and healing power, believers have the responsibility for discovering, developing and using their gifts. otherwise the life of the spirit is stifled in one area or another. fruitful folk are often those whose gifts are also most prodigally shared. the greatest fruit, love, is also the greatest gift. since our life in the spirit is a life in god, and god is love, all the gifts we have are offered to the body in the context of love and of delight in the healthy growth of the whole church. the creator spirit who works in each one of us, often futile and fragile people, to fill our lives with love and our beings with joy, creates an even greater miracle. somehow that same spirit infills thousands, millions of other equally frustrated folk and makes us together one living, fruitful, giving organism : the church of the living god, the bride of christ. what beauty there is when we move in perfect harmony, responsive to the life of the spirit that makes us one! \u2014 melicent huneycutt, a former christian educator and pcus missionary to korea and associate pastor of first presbyterian church in evanston, 111. ; at the time of the original printing of this article she was active in the covenant fellowship of presbyterians and a member of the joint task force to write a new directory for the service of god. four tasks dealing with our belief by james g. kirk four specific endeavors that deal with what presbyterians believe are under way in the pc ( usa ) : 1. the task force on the confessional nature of the church. confessions are the church ' s witness to what it believes. they guide the church in its proclamation, offer content for education and directions for pastoral ministry and mission, and give opportunity in worship to offer god praises and thanksgiving. they thereby shape the life of the church. it is not always clear what being a confessional church means in practice. the task force is seeking answers to such questions as : what were the issues that prompted the earlier confessions? what issues are crucial today? how did writers in times past confess their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48322549469530507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.072888"} {"text": "it is not always clear what being a confessional church means in practice. the task force is seeking answers to such questions as : what were the issues that prompted the earlier confessions? what issues are crucial today? how did writers in times past confess their faith in response to the holy spirit ' s guidance, and what lessons can we learn from their witness? how did scripture inform and reform the church ' s doctrine and teaching, and what faithful response are we to make in our day? 2. the work of the special assembly committee to write a brief statement of reformed faith will provide opportunities for presbyterians to look afresh at their own faith and practice as well as that of the church catholic and ecumenical. the committee will seek to learn from the word of god what presbyterians are to think, say and do in this particular time, situation and place in which god calls them to confession. it will explore concretely and specifically the theological, personal, economic and social issues the word of god is calling the pcusa to address as it shapes its mission efforts. 3. the directory for the service of god will provide opportunities to translate confessional heritage into the common work of praising and worshiping god. the directory will be guided by that heritage that frees us to resist imposed forms but constrains us to obey god ' s word in matters of worship, to be informed by our reformed confessions, to be catholic rather than sectarian in scope and orientation, to be open to the richness of traditional and cultural ways of responding to god ' s grace, to assure an openness to the holy spirit ' s creativity, which is spontaneous and yet orderly, and to recognize that as we faithfully worship god, the holy spirit sends us to bear witness to jesus christ in the world. 4. in relation to the design for a reformed and presbyterian educational ministry familiar themes emerge : it will be reformed by the word of god, biblically grounded, historically informed, ecumenically involved, socially engaged, and communally nurtured. to be reformed by the word of god is to study both scripture and the contemporary world for the sake of authentic worship and responsible mission. to be historically informed is to approach with appreciation the historic faith as evident in the confessions, linking us with the communion of saints through the ages. to be ecumenically involved is to be led by the holy spirit into becoming more aware of the oneness of the church, and to participating in mission with other denominations and in other countries. to be socially engaged is to follow obediently as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5134526672782123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.073973"} {"text": "friday, may 24, 2013 melissa healy / los angeles times don \u2019 t be fooled by some of the jargon of biomedical research : people who respond strongly to placebo medications are not dummies. a new study finds they tend to be people you would describe in much more favorable terms : straightforward, tough in the face of difficulty, and willing to lend others a hand. maybe the people who don \u2019 t respond well to placebos are the dummies : angry, hostile and prone to negativity, these people seem far less capable of harnessing their minds to the task of healing their bodies, says the new research. in clinical trials, a placebo is a \u201c dummy \u201d therapy, a sham version of the real thing. it helps give researchers a basis for comparison. if an experimental drug or treatment works far better than the placebo, its effect is presumed to be \u201c real. \u201d the \u201c placebo effect \u201d was long dismissed as an improvement that is \u201c all in your head \u201d : imagined, ephemeral, the response of the gullibly hopeful. the problem is that the placebo effect is often very real, a powerful testament to the mind \u2019 s influence over physical pain, infection and disease. the belief that a treatment will work can help mobilize the immune system, blunt pain and promote healing. for doctors, knowing who is most, and least, responsive to the placebo effect can be a useful clue to which patients are primed to heal and which may need more aggressive therapy. and for researchers trying to disentangle a treatment \u2019 s direct effects from those supplied by the study participant, it would be helpful to know which subjects would probably respond irrespective of whether they get the real thing or the sham. now, both have their answer, published this month in the journal neuropsychopharmacology. about 50 volunteers at the university of michigan completed assessments that nail down personality traits known to stay stable across most people \u2019 s life spans. in addition to gauges of altruism and empathy, they completed measures of neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. the volunteers then had infusions of two forms of saline solution into their jaw muscles : one that was expected to cause pain and another that should not. they sometimes got a real pain reliever, and at others got a placebo, never knowing what combination of conditions they were getting. not only did participants rate their pain and their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5240996695896903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.077524"} {"text": ": one that was expected to cause pain and another that should not. they sometimes got a real pain reliever, and at others got a placebo, never knowing what combination of conditions they were getting. not only did participants rate their pain and their pain relief regularly ; their levels of the stress hormone cortisol \u2014 a good gauge of discomfort \u2014 were tested and the activity levels of their body \u2019 s own painkilling response in the brain were measured. those who experienced pain relief from the fake analgesic didn \u2019 t just report it ; their brain showed that their body \u2019 s pain suppression mechanisms \u2014 the natural release of opioid - like chemicals in the brain \u2014 snapped into high gear. and when researchers looked to see which subjects responded most strongly to the placebos, they saw people who rated highly on measures of altruism and the capacity to withstand and overcome stressors. they also tended to be highly straightforward : more direct and frank in their approach to others, less guarded and not manipulative. \u201c people with those factors had the greatest ability to take environmental information \u2014 the placebo \u2014 and convert it to a change in biology, \u201d said university of michigan psychiatrist dr. jon - kar zubieta, the paper \u2019 s senior author and an expert on the placebo effect.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5345470190664416, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.078111"} {"text": "a plan is typically any diagram or list of steps with timing and resources, used to achieve an objective. see also strategy. it is commonly understood as a temporal set of intended actions through which one expects to achieve a goal. for spatial or planar topologic or topographic sets see map. plans can be formal or informal : - structured and formal plans, used by multiple people, are more likely to occur in projects, diplomacy, careers, economic development, military campaigns, combat, or in the conduct of other business. in most cases, the absence of a well - laid plan can have adverse effects : for example, a non - robust project plan can cost the organization time and money. - informal or ad - hoc plans are created by individuals in all of their pursuits. the most popular ways to describe plans are by their breadth, time frame, and specificity ; however, these planning classifications are not independent of one another. for instance, there is a close relationship between the short - and long - term categories and the strategic and operational categories. it is common for less formal plans to be created as abstract ideas, and remain in that form as they are maintained and put to use. more formal plans as used for business and military purposes, while initially created with and as an abstract thought, are likely to be written down, drawn up or otherwise stored in a form that is accessible to multiple people across time and space. this allows more reliable collaboration in the execution of the plan. other articles related to \" formal \" :... formal methods, mathematically - based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems formal...... formal theory can refer to another name for a theory which is expressed in formal language... by symbols and its operators formal theory from political science, the theoretical modeling of social systems based on game theory, dynamical systems theory, among...... students are not required to wear gowns at formal halls, with exception of at certain college feasts... in special formal meals such as matriculation dinner or scholars ' feast the master usually raises a toast, first to the queen and then to \u201c sir winston \"... in other formal halls this is usually made by a senior student once the fellows have left...... individuals are deemed undesirable in urban space because they do not fit into social norms, which causes unease for many residents of certain neighborhoods... this fear has been deepened by the broken windows theory and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6064575768290732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.081959"} {"text": "have left...... individuals are deemed undesirable in urban space because they do not fit into social norms, which causes unease for many residents of certain neighborhoods... this fear has been deepened by the broken windows theory and exploited in policies seeking to remove undesirables from visible areas of society...... solely to the final year, it may be described as a ball, school formal, or simply formal... a dinner - dance, leavers ' dinner or debutante ball but is also commonly called a school formal or \" formal \"... have a valedictory dinner, which is like the formal but has students, parents and teachers instead of students and dates... famous quotes containing the words plans and / or formal : \u201c a father... knows exactly what those boys at the mall have in their depraved little minds because he once owned such a depraved little mind himself. in fact, if he thinks enough about the plans that he used to have for young girls, the father not only will support his wife in keeping their daughter home but he might even run over to the mall and have a few of those boys arrested. \u201d \u2014 bill cosby ( 20th century ) \u201c that anger can be expressed through words and non - destructive activities ; that promises are intended to be kept ; that cleanliness and good eating habits are aspects of self - esteem ; that compassion is an attribute to be prizedall these lessons are ones children can learn far more readily through the living example of their parents than they ever can through formal instruction. \u201d \u2014 fred rogers ( 20th century )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.541476531684034, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.082723"} {"text": "science - june 11, 2004 \" with clarity and precision, marcus, a developmental psychologist at new york university, lays to rest the rumors of a gene shortage and also rebuts the argument that minds are too complex to have been designed over evolutionary time by the process of natural selection \" - - clark barrett department of anthropology metapsychology - april 30, 2004 \" a wonderful book which i heartily recommend to any interested readers who want to explore either genomics or the workings of the mind / brain \" - - lloyd wells, md, phd about half of the estimated 30, 000 - odd genes in the human genome are expressed in the brain. among these genes is hidden the explanation for our unique human cognitive abilities, and for many of the differences between individual people. developmental neurobiology is the essential bridge for connecting genome to behavior, but despite its obvious importance, there has not yet been a popular book devoted to this subject. the birth of the mind is an ambitious attempt to fill this gap... a concise and very readable introduction to the field... as clear an account as i have ever seen of the nature versus nurture \" debate \"... einstein famously advised that everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler. marcus takes this to heart...... i have no hesitation recommending it to students, scientists from other disciplines, or lay readers wanting to learn something about this fascinating and fast - developing field. executive editor of the nature research journals. - - anthony monaco director of the wellcome trust centre for human genetics university of oxford - - therese littleton \" [ written ] in a down - to - earth style about an out - of - this - world subject matter... this awe - inspiring book shows the intricate relationship between our genes and our thinking patterns and learning styles. \" \" the birth of the mind [ is ] totally mind - boggling... a page - turner that is all nonfiction \" \" interesting and accessible... progress in genomics means that we are now ready to learn about the mind by understanding how genes build the brain. \" \" a lucid, pleasing chronicle of how genes construct the human mind. \" \" marcus ' upbeat, friendly writing style... makes even the most arcane genetics principles a joy to read. \" \" a rare and delicate balance of scientific detail and layperson accessibility \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5762159128330289, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.085330"} {"text": "i have chosen to study the history of stone walls in the town of thompson, conn. many of the stone walls have a historical perspective behind them, and to know how they were built can be interesting. many were used as lines of demarcation, and still stand in their original form today. stone walls are the boundaries in fields built by the first settlers in the area. fields were cleared of trees ; many were plowed and planted, and \" rockpicked. \" ( connecticut past and present, prologue ) wherever we see a stone wall today, there had to have been a field. these stone walls stand as evidence that many people lived off the rocky land in new england. according to one author, curtis fields, the following steps should be considered in the careful construction of stone walls : many of the stonewalls which were built have markings with initials, and these initials, usually on a square stone, tell who built them and in what year ( mcgee 87 ). a great amount of human strength went into the building of these walls. \" the early craftsman took thirty minutes to drill a hole through a stone and hundreds of hammer blows on a three - foot, star - pointed iron drill, turning the drill with a slight twist of the wrist between blows. \" ( mcgee 86. each stone wall was prepared by a trench a foot wider than the top stones, and two feet deep for the foundation. these stone walls would not be standing today if it were not for these underground bases. a good stone wall is said to last a couple of hundred years. many of the stone walls are two feet wide at the top and five feet high in some places. many were built by civil war veterans in the 19th century. \" some of the stone walls in connecticut towns contain, it has been estimated, over six thousand tons of rock, averaging forty inches wide and rise as high as six feet to form an even surface without mortar in its entire length, with each stone used as fitting tightly, most of the stones having been cut to size and shape in a quarry. \" ( mcgee 87 ) thompson contains many packets of swampland and wetlands, and these swamp areas are said to be a product of the last \" ice - age. \" ( mcdonough 18 ) glacial ice sheets wore down hills and left mounds of debris which blocked drainage and formed the wetlands. the glacial sheets also were known to have stripped away much of the topsoil, and left behind what is known as \" glacial till. \" \" till is a chaotic mixture of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4720791823928794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.093360"} {"text": "hills and left mounds of debris which blocked drainage and formed the wetlands. the glacial sheets also were known to have stripped away much of the topsoil, and left behind what is known as \" glacial till. \" \" till is a chaotic mixture of sand, clay, silt and - - most notably - - rocks of all sizes and description. \" ( mcdonough 18 ). it is this glacial debris that has been held responsible for bent plows, and curses over the last three centuries. a nineteenth - century journalist, john warner barber, describes thompson ' s soil in this manner : \" there is a great supply of valuable stone for walls and buildings... \" ( mcdonough 19 ) another historian gave the opinion that the town ' s fields were so burdened with stone that cultivation was seen as impossible. ( mcdonough 19 ). as i began my journey investigating the stone walls in thompson, i found it fascinating to see the different widths and heights of these walls. the set of stone walls in rte. 200 were used as a trail - guide, for it was these walls that settlers followed into neighboring towns in massachusetts. these stone walls i found to be in excellent shape, and i found from talking to local townspeople, many folks have contributed to keeping them rebuilt. i began to notice different types of stone used depending upon where the wall was built. many of the stone walls built around farms seemed to be made from rounded stones, and the ones around the center of town were flatter. the old town library was mostly made from round stones, and the foundation was flat stones. the stone walls built around farms were also narrow, and most were not very high. i found a few walls in the woods that were quite wide, and built mostly of flat stones. in this one section, the walls seemed to divide at one point, and then rejoin. i was disappointed not to find as much historical information as i had anticipated. i enjoyed this study, and enjoyed both the research and the picture taking involved. click on any thumbnail below fields, curtis, the forgotten art of building a stone wall maine : yankee books, 1971. mc donough, mark, townside historical and architectural survey of thompson, ct. july 1986. mc gee, donald j. towers of brick, walls of stone : a history of the textile industry in new england with thompson ct. as a prism of the factory town. new york : vintage press, 1991. shepard, odell, connecticut past and present. canada : rye", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4868714791535604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.094477"} {"text": "readwritethink couldn ' t publish all of this great content without literacy experts to write and review for us. if you ' ve got lessons plans, activities, or other ideas you ' d like to contribute, we ' d love to hear from you. find the latest in professional publications, learn new techniques and strategies, and find out how you can connect with other literacy professionals. teacher resources by grade | 1st - 2nd | | 3rd - 4th | | 5th - 6th | | 7th - 8th | | 9th - 10th | | 11th - 12th | lesson plans see all lesson plans we have hundreds of standards - based lesson plans written and reviewed by educators using current research and the best instructional practices. find the perfect one for your classroom. standard lessons see all standard lessons these lessons are designed to offer three to five classroom sessions with step - by - step instructions. grades k \u2013 4 | lesson plan a read - aloud of patricia polacco \u2019 s thank you, mr. falker helps promote deeper comprehension through questioning to achieve personal connections and discussions of character and theme. grades 5 \u2013 12 | lesson plan today ' s students love chatting online with friends. this lesson combines that love with literature. students form literature circles and have meaningful online discussions about a literary work. grades 3 \u2013 5 | lesson plan tell me about it in your own words! if students can paraphrase the information they have read, then you \u2014 and they \u2014 can be confident that they understand it. every lesson plan on readwritethink has been aligned not only to the ira / ncte standards for the english language arts but to individual state standards as well.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47952347368371195, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.096366"} {"text": "tapping the liquid gold water battle sites central plains water scheme : involves taking water from the rakaia and waimakariri rivers and storing it in a reservoir in the dammed waianiwaniwa valley. the water will be used to irrigate 60, 000ha bounded by the rivers, sh1 and the malvern foothills. red zones : environment canterbury has labelled many blocks of land as red zones areas that have no more groundwater allocation to spare for irrigation. but farmers keep fighting for more water through legal challenges. project aqua : the lower waitaki river was the site where meridian abandoned a bid to build six new power stations by diverting two - thirds of the river through channel alongside the river. canterbury has 78, 162 kilometres of rivers and 4753 lakes with a surface area of 702 square kilometres, an area the size of greater christchurch. the canterbury region has 70 per cent of the country \u2019 s irrigated land and generates 24 % of the nation \u2019 s power through hydroelectricity. the aquifiers on the central plains are fed by seepage from the rivers and by rainfall. they supply almost all the water for irrigation and for human use. the groundwater of the canterbury plains is a large continuously flowing body of water within layers of silts, sands and gravel down to a depth of 500m. the waimakariri river is the source of christchurch \u2019 s pristine untreated drinking water through the underground aquifer system. it \u2019 s also one of the largest and best examples of a braided river in new zealand. ( c ) 2008 press, the ; christchurch, new zealand. provided by proquest llc. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43012503033308463, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.098673"} {"text": "charles edward stuart \u2019 s flight charles edward louis philippe casimir stuart was born on 20 december 1720. supported by jacobite adherents, he attempted to regain the throne of his father, who, according to jacobite beliefs, was the legitimate successor of james ii, king of england, scotland, and ireland. in the end, charles edward stuart \u2019 s attempts to reclaim his father \u2019 s throne led to devastating losses on the part of the jacobites who mainly consisted of scottish clansmen, when the highlanders encountered the hanoverian army at culloden moor. the battle of culloden went down in history as a cruel and brutal strike against the highland army that destroyed many clans. from there, he marched towards edinburgh with the gradually increasing highland army whose nucleus consisted of macdonalds of clanranald and keppoch, and lochiel \u2019 s camerons. panic stricken as it was, edinburgh offered no resistance, although the castle could not be conquered. after the successful battle of prestonpans they reached london marching through carlisle and manchester. there he was out of luck as the highland army refused to encounter the three - thousand men strong hanoverian army lying at finchley to defend london. the highlanders went back to scotland on behalf of lord george murray, the prince \u2019 s lieutenant - general, who overruled the prince together with others. nevertheless, after a small victory at falkirk they advanced to inverness, followed by the hanoverian army led by the duke of cumberland, who had taken command of it in the north. put under pressure, and nearly starved to death because of bad supplies, the jacobites mustered quickly to encounter their enemies at culloden moor on 16 april 1746. on account of terrible bodily conditions caused by hunger and strain, they eventually lost the extremely bloody battle, struck by the merciless hanoverian army. when bonnie prince charlie, that is what he was and still is called among his adherents in present times, realised his failure, he took refuge at the farm of balvraid near culloden moor, from where his long and confusing flight began. today, several massive gravestones spread over culloden moor remain in silent remembrance of hundreds of scottish clansmen who lost their lives in the dreadful battle of culloden. when the prince perceived that all hope to win the battle in culloden moor had vanished, he left the battlefield together with some companions for the farm of balvraid from which his long flight began. in the early afternoon after the battle, the prince and his party headed southwards to the ford of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.38111805282633593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.110443"} {"text": "in culloden moor had vanished, he left the battlefield together with some companions for the farm of balvraid from which his long flight began. in the early afternoon after the battle, the prince and his party headed southwards to the ford of faillie, which was near the river nairn, to reach the house of lord lovat, one of his kinsmen, who had sent his son to support the prince. after some glasses of wine, the prince had to leave the house as lord lovat \u2019 s hospitality was rather curt at that time. as the battle was over quicker than expected, nobody knew where to meet and how to reorganise. thus, the prince sent message to his men to avoid total confusion and to attain a re - mustering at fort augustus. early next morning, he reached invergarry castle, which unfortunately was already burnt down by the duke of cumberland, who had led the hanoverian army against the highlanders in the battle or culloden. passing loch lochy and loch arkaig, the prince and his fellows arrived at achnacarry house, which was cameron of lochiel \u2019 s residence. he was one of the first clansmen to join the prince in his venture, but now he lay helpless and wounded in the burnt ruins of his house. still lacking any considerable support, the prince took a rough path along the north shore to kinloch arkaig where donald cameron of glen pean \u2019 s residence was located. together with only three remaining fellows which were captain o \u2019 sullivan, father allan macdonald, and ned burke, whose occupation it was to carry one end of a sedan chair in edinburgh, he stayed there overnight to wait for possible messages from his men. and indeed, a letter from lord george murray, the prince \u2019 s lieutenant general, arrived in the late afternoon of the 18th april. having slowed down the prince \u2019 s reckless venture earlier, he was now furious about the devastating result of the battle, which he considered to be on account of captain o \u2019 sullivan \u2019 s incompetence and the prince \u2019 s support of it. as a consequence, lord george murray offered the resignation of his commission. this letter is supposed to be the reason for the prince \u2019 s further steps on his flight because the re - mustering at fort augustus failed and by then it was clear that scotland could only be won with help of france. heading for the coast to probably charter a ship to france, they had to march through rough highland areas again, passing the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3591418071961071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.111547"} {"text": "the re - mustering at fort augustus failed and by then it was clear that scotland could only be won with help of france. heading for the coast to probably charter a ship to france, they had to march through rough highland areas again, passing the braes of morar and the small glen of meoble south of loch morar to reach borradale on the north shore of loch nan uamh. there, where the sound of arisaig is opened up, the prince had disembarked his brig doutelle only nine month ago. at borradale, many survivors of the battle sought refuge, so he could recover from the exhaustive march through the amazing landscape of the scottish highlands as well. still planning to re - muster his highland army, he wanted help from the great lairds of the isle of skye, macdonald of sleat and mcleod of macleod, but only almost seventy - year - old donald mcleod, tenant of gualtergill on loch dunvegan in skye and a seaman, came to help the lost prince. supported now by a good seaman who knew the hebridean seas and a little more save, as cumberland \u2019 s troops headed to st. kilda where they thought the prince sought refuge, they left the main land for benbecula on long island in the outer hebrides. o \u2019 sullivan, o \u2019 neil, father allan macdonald, ned burke, donald macleod, and 7 boatmen were with him and they went against donald mcleod \u2019 s advice to wait for better weather. luckily, they survived this desperate voyage through the cuillin sound and disembarked the ship on 27th april 1746. for his new venture to re - muster the highland army and to get money, he met several important clansmen amongst them clanranald, his brother macdonald of boisdale, and donald campbell, who all offered their help. they indeed chartered a boat for the prince, but none of their plans prevailed in the end because the islanders were suspicious and there was already a reward of \u00a3 30, 000 on charles \u2019 head. the ever remaining danger of the hanoverian army which still searched all possible places for charles and the terrible hunger convinced him to be more careful. on 28th june, after he rode up and down the islands anxiously and in constant danger of being captured by the english, he crossed to skye in a very unconvincing disguise and the brave company of flora macdonald, the daughter of ranald macdonald of milton in south uist. he was dressed up as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38569429582469644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.112725"} {"text": "anxiously and in constant danger of being captured by the english, he crossed to skye in a very unconvincing disguise and the brave company of flora macdonald, the daughter of ranald macdonald of milton in south uist. he was dressed up as flora macdonald \u2019 s maid betty burke. when they landed on the shore of skye, the prince had to stay near the shore because the local militia was near by. they decided to take the prince to macdonald of kingsburgh \u2019 s house where to they had to walk through the heather. this appeared to look odd as the prince walked like a man and when they reached kingsburgh \u2019 s house, his wife mrs macdonald was apparently shocked by the appearance of betty burke, whom she described looking \u201c odd muckle trallop of a carlin \u201d ( maine 1972 : 139 ). however the prince had to leave kingsburgh \u2019 s house soon, for it was too dangerous for him to stay too long at one particular place. although he left in women \u2019 s clothes again, he soon changed into a respectable highland ensemble which he got from mrs macdonald \u2019 s son - in - law because his disguise was not convincing at all. passing raasay, nicolson \u2019 s rock, sligachan, and loch ainort, they reached elgol, this time with the prince in disguise of a servant called lewie caw, from where they embarked a ship heading for the main land of scotland. now they were about to meet some other clansmen, amongst them clanranald and glenaladale, who would hopefully be able to help them. in the early morning of the 5th of july, when they landed at mallaig, they couldn \u2019 t find shelter for a couple of days, which forced the small group, now consisting of different men than before, to ride up and down, back and forth to finally seek refuge at meoble where they unfortunately were surrounded by enemies, still not able to get in contact with any supporters. pursuit by an advancing enemy, they were now forced to find a way to fort augustus. luckily, they met donald cameron of glen pean for whom they had already searched desperately because he was thought of being able to help them breaking through towards fort augustus. and indeed, he knew something about their enemy that would probably help them. threatening enough, the enemy had established camps from the head of loch eil to the top of loch hourn at intervals of half a mile and soldiers were regularly patrolling. always walking up and down the local hills to stay as secure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43563554274845817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.113805"} {"text": "probably help them. threatening enough, the enemy had established camps from the head of loch eil to the top of loch hourn at intervals of half a mile and soldiers were regularly patrolling. always walking up and down the local hills to stay as secure as possible, they passed camp by camp sometimes near enough to hear the redcoats talking to eventually reach glenshiel in the proximity of shiel bridge, which they later crossed to reach poolewe where the prince hoped to find a french ship. however, the prince \u2019 s hope was disappointed again and they were guided by donald macdonald, who was also on the flight and who took them to glenmoriston. although the prince was in constant danger of being captured by the redcoats ( the english ), he was not threatened by betrayal as he encountered a group of loyal scotsmen who, although they could have easily earned the reward of \u00a3 30, 000 for charles stuart, swore allegiance according to highland customs. \u201c that their backs should be to god and their faces to devil ; that all the curses the scriptures did pronounce might come upon them and all their posterity if they did not stand firm to help the prince in his greatest dangers \u201d ( linklater 1965 : 129 ). throughout the scottish history, one thing has always been for sure \u2013 a scotsmen who had sworn an oath stood firmly against any possible threat to answer his duties no matter what that meant for him. guarded and guided by the most loyal men, the prince took shelter in caves along his way and decided to send men to poolewe again to finally find a french ship. meanwhile it was august and he arrived at the most northerly point of his wanderings, beinn acharain, which is north - west of invercannich. there the prince got message from poolewe that a french ship had indeed been there, but that it had also already left again. however, two officers of the ship were now about to meet the prince at lochiel \u2019 s country, which was located in the south. he met the french officers who had nothing of importance to tell amongst other men who joined the prince on his further way. amongst them was cameron of clunes, also called cluny, who was \u201c the only person in whom he could repose the greatest confidence \u201d ( linklater 1965 : 136 ). by now, the duke of cumberland and the main body of lord albemarle \u2019 s army had also gone, leaving only some companies to watch the region. the last", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4132243543417139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.114785"} {"text": "familiarity plays an important role in face processing. the importance of familiarity is increased when facial form cues are degraded, so that a person must rely primarily on movement ( dynamic ) information to identify someone. it is, however, unclear which dynamic cues are used for face recognition of both familiar and unfamiliar faces. furthermore, little work has been done on dynamic self - face recognition, and none has focused on the type of movement that facilitates this process. the current study used motion capture cameras to record and isolate facial movements in order to test recognition of self, familiar and unfamiliar faces. participants completed a 2afc same / different face - matching task involving point - light displays of natural motion ( i. e. both rigid and non - rigid motion ), rigid motion only ( e. g. nodding / shaking ), non - rigid motion only ( e. g. mouth / eyebrow motion ) and still images to determine whether differences in familiarity resulted in the use of different movement cues. the manner ( style ) in which someone is speaking may also impact on whether they can be easily identified from dynamic cues. consequently, speech style was either matched or mismatched between video clips. we found that matching performance was more accurate overall when speech style was matched than mismatched. familiar face matching appears to use rigid, non - rigid and natural movement cues equally, but unfamiliar and self - face matching are more accurate for rigid than natural motion when speech style differs between clips. these results are discussed in relation to previous research on dynamic face recognition, and possible implications for current face processing models. copyright 2009 by the australasian society for cognitive science. publisher version archived with the permission of the editor, ascs09 : proceedings of the 9th conference of the australasian society for cognitive science. this copy is available for individual, non - commercial use. permission to reprint / republish this version for other uses must be obtained from the publisher.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5356972747697446, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.118020"} {"text": "karuk tribe : learning from the first californians for the next california editor ' s note : this is part of series, facing the climate gap, which looks at grassroots efforts in california low - income communities of color to address climate change and promote climate justice. this article was published in collaboration with globalpossibilities. org. the three sovereign entities in the united states are the federal government, the states and indigenous tribes, but according to bill tripp, a member of the karuk tribe in northern california, many people are unaware of both the sovereign nature of tribes and the wisdom they possess when it comes to issues of climate change and natural resource management. \u201c a lot of people don \u2019 t realize that tribes even exist in california, but we are stakeholders too, with the rights of indigenous peoples, \u201d says tripp. tripp is an eco - cultural restoration specialist at the karuk tribe department of natural resources. in 2010, the tribe drafted an eco - cultural resources management plan, which aims to manage and restore \u201c balanced ecological processes utilizing traditional ecological knowledge supported by western science. \u201d the plan addresses environmental issues that affect the health and culture of the karuk tribe and outlines ways in which tribal practices can contribute to mitigating the effects of climate change. before climate change became a hot topic in the media, many indigenous and agrarian communities, because of their dependence upon and close relationship to the land, began to notice troubling shifts in the environment such as intense drought, frequent wildfires, scarcer fish flows and erratic rainfall. there are over 100 government recognized tribes in california, which represent more than 700, 000 people. the karuk is the second largest native american tribe in california and has over 3, 200 members. their tribal lands include over 1. 48 million acres within and around the klamath and six rivers national forests in northwest california. tribes like the karuk are among the hardest hit by the effects of climate change, despite their traditionally low - carbon lifestyles. the karuk, in particular have experienced dramatic environmental changes in their forestlands and fisheries as a result of both climate change and misguided federal and regional policies. the karuk have long depended upon the forest to support their livelihood, cultural practices and nourishment. while wildfires have always been a natural aspect of the landscape, recent studies have shown that fires in northwestern california forests have risen dramatically in frequency and size due to climate related and human influences. according to the california natural resources agency, fires in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4224773743722346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.129455"} {"text": "decrease fuel loads and the risk for more severe wildfires when they do happen. traditional burning was used by the karuk to burn off specific types of vegetation and promote continued diversity in the landscape. tripp notes that these practices are an example of how humans can play a positive role in maintaining a sound ecological cycle in the forests. \u201c the practice of utilizing fire to manage resources in a traditional way not only improves the use quality of forest resources, it also builds and maintains resiliency in the ecological process of entire landscapes \u201d explains tripp. another crucial aspect of the plan is the life cycle of fish, like salmon, that are central to karuk food traditions and ecosystem health. traditionally, the karuk regulated fishing schedules to allow the first salmon to pass, ensuring that those most likely to survive made it to prime spawning grounds. there were also designated fishing periods and locations to promote successful reproduction. tripp says regulatory agencies have established practices that are harmful this cycle. \u201c today, regulatory agencies permit the harvest of fish that would otherwise be protected under traditional harvest management principles and close the harvest season when the fish least likely to reach the very upper river reaches are passing through, \u201d says tripp. the karuk tribe is now working closely with researchers from universities such as university of california, berkeley and the university of california, davis as well as public agencies so that this traditional knowledge can one day be accepted by mainstream and academic circles dealing with climate change mitigation and adaptation practices. according to the plan, these land management practices are more cost effective than those currently practiced by public agencies ; and, if implemented, they will greatly reduce taxpayer cost burdens and create employment. the karuk hope to create a workforce development program that will hire tribal members to implement the plan \u2019 s goals, such as multi - site cultural burning practices. the plan has a long way to full realization and federal recognition. according to the national indian forest resources management act and the national environmental protection act, it must go through a formal review process. besides that, the karuk tribe is still solidifying funding to pursue its goals. the work of california \u2019 s environmental stewards will always be in demand, and the karuk are taking the lead in showing how community wisdom can be used to generate an integrated approach to climate change. such integrated and community engaged policy approaches are rare throughout the state but are emerging in other areas. in oakland, for example, the oakland climate action coalition engaged community members and a diverse group of social justice, labor,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4771627931020234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.132117"} {"text": "an integrated approach to climate change. such integrated and community engaged policy approaches are rare throughout the state but are emerging in other areas. in oakland, for example, the oakland climate action coalition engaged community members and a diverse group of social justice, labor, environmental, and business organizations to develop an energy and climate action plan that outlines specific ways for the city to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create a sustainable economy. in the end, tripp hopes the karuk plan will not only inspire others and address the global environmental plight, but also help to maintain the very core of his people. in his words : \u201c being adaptable to climate change is part of that, but primarily it is about enabling us to maintain our identity and the people in this place in perpetuity. \u201d dr. manuel pastor is professor of sociology and american studies & ethnicity at the university of southern california where he also directs the program for environmental and regional equity and co - directs usc \u2019 s center for the study of immigrant integration. his most recent books include just growth : inclusion and prosperity in america \u2019 s metropolitan regions ( routledge 2012 ; co - authored with chris benner ) uncommon common ground : race and america \u2019 s future ( w. w. norton 2010 ; co - authored with angela glover blackwell and stewart kwoh ), and this could be the start of something big : how social movements for regional equity are transforming metropolitan america ( cornell 2009 ; co - authored with chris benner and martha matsuoka ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4588862197238768, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.132760"} {"text": "local optometrist dr. john breiwa considers eyes to be windows. \" you can actively see the body functioning, \" he said. sometimes he sees patients with eye diseases that result from diabetes at drs. breiwa, jeskie and tucker eyecare. some patients don ' t think about how the disease - - where the body does not produce or properly use insulin, a hormone needed to change sugar, starches and other foods to energy - - can affect their vision. \" they think, ' my sugar is high. ' the worse - case scenario is that you can go blind, \" he said. \" diabetes is the third - most common cause of blindness in the nation. kentucky is one of the top states for diabetes. \" there are two types of diabetes. in type 1 diabetes, the body doesn ' t produce insulin. in type 2 diabetes, the body makes insulin but is unable to respond to it, said megan givan, a diabetes coordinator at the warren county health department and registered and licensed dietitian. symptoms include frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained tiredness, slow - healing wounds and extreme eating without gaining weight - - which happens more frequently with type 1, but doesn ' t happen in type 2. \" people with type 1 diabetes use insulin shots or pumps. some are diagnosed at birth or in their teens or early 20s, \" she said. \" people with type 2 diabetes can control it with diet and exercise, and then that may lead in to prescriptions. sometimes they need a combination of pills and insulin. \" the risk factors for diabetes include age, ethnicity, family history and weight, givan said. older people are more at risk. pacific islanders, native americans and african - americans are some of the ethnic groups with the highest risk. weight plays a part, particularly in type 2 diabetes. also at high risk are women with gestational diabetes, which happens during pregnancy, or who give birth to babies weighing more than 9 pounds. diabetic eye diseases breiwa sees include cataracts, which is the clouding of the eye ' s lens ; glaucoma, an increase in fluid pressure inside the eye that leads to optic nerve damage ; and diabetic retinopathy, damage to the blood vessels in the retina that, if left to advance, can turn into proliferative retinopathy, where new blood cells grow on the retina and can bleed into the eye. \" the walls bulge out and eventually pop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4688784708888888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.142217"} {"text": "damage to the blood vessels in the retina that, if left to advance, can turn into proliferative retinopathy, where new blood cells grow on the retina and can bleed into the eye. \" the walls bulge out and eventually pop. we see them as large blood vessels in the eye, \" he said. \" there can be blood floating around in the eye. it ' s hard to see through that. \" laser treatment can be done on the retina to stop the growth of the blood vessel. there is also an injection in the eye that can reduce fluid retention. \" the blood is reabsorbed back in the body, \" he said. if things are bad, breiwa sends patients to a different type of doctor. \" when we ' re seeing a lot of little hemorrhages, a retina care specialist gets a hold of them, \" he said. breiwa recommends that diabetics have a dilated eye exam a minimum of once a year and, in some cases, every six months. \" there can be changes in vision, \" he said. \" they tend to become nearsighted, but i have seen people go the other way. \" regular exams can help detect the diabetic eye diseases earlier and prevent more eye damage. \" we generally don ' t find ( more severe ) problems unless they ' ve been diabetic for a while, \" he said. other complications that can be caused by diabetes include heart disease, stroke, heart attack, kidney disease and nerve damage. the health department has recently been hosting free diabetes self - management classes that discuss complications that can be caused by diabetes, sick day management and treatments, nutrition, medication and exercise. \" we talk about when to call the doctor and what foods you can eat if you can eat, \" she said of the sick day plan. \" we talk about counting carbohydrates. \" exercise helps with weight control and blood sugar control. \" the body will be more insulin sensitive if you exercise every 24 hours or so, \" givan said. breiwa urges diabetic patients to take of their overall health as well as their eyes, which includes getting a proper diet and doing things in moderation. \" people shouldn ' t blow that off, \" he said. \u00a92011 the daily news ( bowling green, ky. ) | cold and flu | | hair, skin, nails |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4635518974894551, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.143809"} {"text": "if you are able to impress the examiner you are likely to improve your grades. this app contains simple and powerful tips to get the examiner onside and boost your grades during the all important exams. you need to know your numbers really well - you can be certain that numbers will come up more than once in your exams. in the following exercise, read the speech bubble and then click on the winning sequence in the strip above : you need to be able to talk about yourself, say where you come from and what nationality you are. this exercise will help you to see whether you are confident in the basic phrases you need to talk about yourself. look at the dialogue below. some words have been missed out. click and drag on the correct word and place it in the correct place in the dialogue. watch out - there are some extra words! there is a lot of vocabulary in this topic - family members, description, characteristics, colours, nationalities... we all like talking about other people, so this is a really useful topic to know when you talk to german - speaking people - it will also gain you loads of marks in the exams! you may need to write about yourself - your family, pets. how much do you know? this letter contains lots of essential words and structures. click on the correct words and drag them into the correct space. watch out - three of the words won ' t be used! in german, it is a little different. when you look up a word in a dictionary, you will see the plural in brackets next to the word, so you know what todo. for example, if you look up the word for ' dog ' you will find ' der hund ( - e ) '. the \" - e \" in brackets means that you add an \" e \" to the word hund if you want to say you have more than one dog. for example : ' i have two dogs ' = ' ich habe zwei hunde '. there are other plurals in german. look at the list below. make sure you know what to do when you use a dictionary : | der hund ( - e ) | | dog | | hunde | | der vogel ( \" ) | | bird | | vogel | | das meerschweinchen ( - ) | | guinea pig | | meerschweinchen | | der hamster ( - ) | | hamster | | hamster | in this exercise, complete the sentence by typing in the correct plural word. mark", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5293624286359087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.148902"} {"text": "science of breath, by yogi ramacharaka, pseud. william atkinson,, at sacred - texts. com the science of breath, like many other teachings, has its esoteric or inner phase, as well as its exoteric or external. the physiological phase may be termed the outer or exoteric side of the subject, and the phase which we will now consider may be termed its esoteric or inner side. occultists, in all ages and lands, have always taught, usually secretly to a few followers, that there was to be found in the air a substance or principle from which all activity, vitality and life was derived. they differed in their terms and names for this force, as well as in the details of the theory, but the main principle is to be found in all occult teachings and philosophies, and has for centuries formed a portion of the teachings of the oriental yogis. in order to avoid misconceptions arising from the various theories regarding this great principle, which theories are usually attached to some name given the principle, we, in this work, will speak of the principle as \" prana, \" this word being the sancrit term meaning \" absolute energy. \" many occult authorities teach that the principle which the hindus term \" prana \" is the universal principle of energy or force, and that all energy or force is derived from that principle, or, rather, is a particular form of manifestation of that principle. these theories do not concern us in the consideration of the subject matter of this work, and we will therefore confine ourselves to an understanding of prana as the principle of energy exhibited in all living things, which distinguishes them from a lifeless thing. we may consider it as the active principle of lifevital force, if you please. it is found in all forms of life, from the amoeba to manfrom the most elementary form of plant life to the highest form of animal life. prana is all pervading. it is found in all things having life, and as the occult philosophy teaches that life is in all thingsin every atomthe apparent lifelessness of some things being only a lesser degree of manifestation, we may understand their teachings that prana is everywhere, in everything. prana must not be confounded with the egothat bit of divine spirit in every soul, around which clusters matter and energy. prana is merely a form of energy used by the ego in its material manifestation. when the ego leaves the body, the pr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6190443371386436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.159982"} {"text": "not be confounded with the egothat bit of divine spirit in every soul, around which clusters matter and energy. prana is merely a form of energy used by the ego in its material manifestation. when the ego leaves the body, the prana, being no longer under its control, responds only to the orders of the individual atoms, or groups of atoms, forming the body, and as the body disintegrates and is resolved to its original elements, each atom takes with it sufficient prana to enable it to form new combinations, the unused prana returning to the great universal storehouse from which it came. with the ego in control, cohesion exists and the atoms are held together by the will of the ego. prana is the name by which we designate a universal principle, which principle is the essence of all motion, force or energy, whether manifested in gravitation, electricity, the revolution of the planets, and all forms of life, from the highest to the lowest. it may be called the soul of force and energy in all their forms, and that principle which, operating in a certain way, causes that form of activity which accompanies life. this great principle is in all forms of matter, and yet it is not matter. it is in the air, but it is not the air nor one of its chemical constituents. animal and plant life breathe it in with the air, and yet if the air contained it not they would die even though they might be filled with air. it is taken up by the system along with the oxygen, and yet is not the oxygen. the hebrew writer of the book of genesis knew the difference between the atmospheric air and the mysterious and potent principle contained within it. he speaks of neshemet ruach chayim, which, translated, means \" the breath of the spirit of life. \" in the hebrew neshemet means the ordinary breath of air, and chayim means life or lives, while the word ruach means the \" spirit of life, \" which occultists claim is the same principle which we speak of as prana. prana is in the atmospheric air, but it is also elsewhere, and it penetrates where the air cannot reach. the oxygen in the air plays an important part in sustaining animal life, and the carbon plays a similar part with plant life, but prana has its own distinct part to play in the manifestation of life, aside from the physiological functions. we are constantly inhaling the air charged with prana,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5839517826085254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.160978"} {"text": "in sustaining animal life, and the carbon plays a similar part with plant life, but prana has its own distinct part to play in the manifestation of life, aside from the physiological functions. we are constantly inhaling the air charged with prana, and are as constantly extracting the latter from the air and appropriating it to our uses. prana is found in its freest state in the atmospheric air, which when fresh is fairly charged with it, and we draw it to us more easily from the air than from any other source. in ordinary breathing we absorb and extract a normal supply of prana, but by controlled and regulated breathing ( generally known as yogi breathing ) we are enabled to extract a greater supply, which is stored away in the brain and nerve centers, to be used when necessary. we may store away prana, just as the storage battery stores away electricity. the many powers attributed to advanced occultists is due largely to their knowledge of this fact and their intelligent use of this stored - up energy. the yogis know that by certain forms of breathing they establish certain relations with the supply of prana and may draw on the same for what they require. not only do they strengthen all parts of their body in this way, but the brain itself may receive increased energy from the same source, and latent faculties be developed and psychic powers attained. one who has mastered the science of storing away prana, either consciously or unconsciously, often radiates vitality and strength which is felt by those coming in contact with him, and such a person may impart this strength to others, and give them increased vitality and health. what is called \" magnetic healing \" is performed in this way, although many practitioners are not aware of the source of their power. western scientists have been dimly aware of this great principle with which the air is charged, but finding that they could find no chemical trace of it, or make it register on any of their instruments, they have generally treated the oriental theory with disdain. they could not explain this principle, and so denied it. they seem, however, to recognize that the air in certain places possesses a greater amount of \" something \" and sick people are directed by their physicians to seek such places in hopes of regaining lost health. the oxygen in the air is appropriated by the blood and is made use of by the circulatory system. the prana in the air is appropriated by the nervous system and is used in its work. and as the oxygenated blood is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5524760300395871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.162073"} {"text": ". the oxygen in the air is appropriated by the blood and is made use of by the circulatory system. the prana in the air is appropriated by the nervous system and is used in its work. and as the oxygenated blood is carried to all parts of the system, building up and replenishing, so is the prana carried to all parts of the nervous system, adding strength and vitality. if we think of prana as being the active principle of what we call \" vitality, \" we will be able to form a much clearer idea of what an important part it plays in our lives. just as in the oxygen in the blood used up by the wants of the system, so the supply of prana taken up by the nervous system is exhausted by our thinking, willing, acting, etc., and in consequence constant replenishing is necessary. every thought, every act, every effort of the will, every motion of a muscle, uses up a certain amount of what we call nerve force, which is really a form of prana. to move a muscle the brain sends out an impulse over the nerves, and the muscle contracts, and so much prana is expended. when it is remembered that the greater portion of prana acquired by man comes to him from the air inhaled, the importance of proper breathing is readily understood.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5336991716174202, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.162766"} {"text": "studies in islamic mysticism, by reynold a. nicholson,, at sacred - texts. com pensando al bel ch eta non cangia o verno. one of the deepest differences between arabs and persians shows itself in the extent and character of the mystical poetry of each people. as regards persia, the names of sanai, attar, jalaluddin rumi, sadi, hafiz, and jami are witnesses enough. whether quantity or quality be considered, the best part of medieval persian poetry is either genuinely mystical in spirit or is so saturated with mystical ideas that it will never be more than half understood by those who read it literally. when we turn to arabic poetry of the period subsequent to the rise and development of sufisim, what do we find? no lack of poets, certainly, though few of them reach the first rank and their output is scanty compared with the opulent genius of their persian contemporaries. but from mutanabbi and maarri down to the bards unknown in europe who flourished long after the baghdad caliphate had fallen, it is remarkable how seldom they possess the note ( as newman would say ) of mysticism. the main reason, i think, lies in racial endowment. the arab has no such passion for an ultimate principle of unity as has always distinguished the persians and indians 1. he shares with other semitic peoples an incapacity for harmonising and unifying the particular facts of experience : he discerns the trees very clearly, but not the wood. like his art, in which \" we everywhere find a delicate sense for detail, but nowhere large apprehension of a great and united whole 2, \" his poetry, intensely subjective in feeling and therefore lyrical in form, presents only a series of brilliant impressions, full of life and colour, yet essentially fragments and moments of life, not fused into the substance of universal thought by an imagination soaring above place and time. while nature keeps arabian poetry within definite bounds, convention deprives the arabic - writing poet, who is not necessarily an arab, of the verse - form that is most suitable for continuous narrative or expositionthe allegorical, romantic, or didactic mathnawiand leaves him no choice but to fall back upon prose if he cannot make the qasida or the ghazal answer his purpose. both these types of verse are associated with love : the ghazal is a love - lyric, and the qasida, though its proper motive is praise, usually begins \" with the mention of women and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4935478737453369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.218066"} {"text": "ghazal answer his purpose. both these types of verse are associated with love : the ghazal is a love - lyric, and the qasida, though its proper motive is praise, usually begins \" with the mention of women and the constantly shifted habitations of the wandering tribesmen seeking pasture throughout the winter and spring ; the poet must tell of his love and its troubles, and, if he likes, may describe the beauty of his mistress 3. \" thus the models of arabic mystical poetry are the secular odes and songs of which this passion is the theme ; and the imitation is often so close that unless we have some clue to the writer ' s intention, it may not be possible to know whether his beloved is human or divineindeed, the question whether he himself always knows is one which students of oriental mysticism cannot regard as impertinent. ibnu l - arabi, a great theosophist rather than a great poet, deserves to be mentioned amongst the few arabs who have excelled in this ambiguous style 1 ; but its supreme master is sharafuddin umar ibnu l - farid, a native of cairo, who was born seventeen years after ibnu l - arabi and died five years before him ( a. d. 1182 - 1235 ) 2. the two seem never to have met. the description of ibnu l - arabi as ibnu l - farid ' s teacher ( ustadh ) rests upon a far - fetched interpretation of the verse, [ paragraph continues ] here n. detects an allusion to ibnu l - arabi, who belonged to the tayyi tribe 3. it rarely happens that the outward lives of mystics are eventful. the poet ' s chief biographerhis grandson, alihas much to say about his personal beauty, his ecstatic temperament, his generosity and unselfishness, his seclusion from the world, and the veneration in which he was held by all 4. as his name declares, he was the son of a notary ( farid ). in his youth he practised religious austerities on mt muqattam near cairo, returning at intervals to attend the law - courts with his father and study theology. one day he encountered a saint in the guise of an old greengrocer, who told him that the hour of his illumination was at hand, but that he must go to the hijaz to receive it. accordingly ibnu l - farid set out for mecca,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47312284248145775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.219186"} {"text": "in the guise of an old greengrocer, who told him that the hour of his illumination was at hand, but that he must go to the hijaz to receive it. accordingly ibnu l - farid set out for mecca, where the promise was fulfilled. many of his odes celebrate the hills and valleys in the neighbourhood of the [ paragraph continues ] holy city, scenes endeared by the visions and ecstasies which they recalled to his mind. after fifteen years absence from egypt he heard the voice of the saint, who was then on his deathbed, bidding him return to cairo, in order to pray over him and bury him. ibnu l - farid obeyed, and having performed this pious duty settled in cairo for the rest of his life, lodging ( it is said ) in the mosque al - azhar, as his father had done. the biographer ali, whose mother was a daughter of ibnu l - farid, mentions two sons of the poet, kamaluddin muhammad and abdu l - rahman, who were invested with the khirqa 1 by the famous sufi, shihabuddin abu hafs umar al - suhrawardi on the occasion of his meeting with ibnu l - farid at mecca in a. d. 1231. the diwan, first edited by the aforesaid ali from a manuscript in the author ' s handwriting, is a thin volume comprising about twenty qasidas and qitas together with some quatrains ( rubaiyyat ) and enigmas ( alghaz ). the longest ode, the nazmu l - suluk or \" the mystic ' s progress, \" generally known as the taiyyatu l - kubra 2, has been omitted from the marseilles edition, which is otherwise complete. owing to its expository and descriptive character this poem stands apart from the purely lyrical odes, and i have treated it as an independent work. the wine ode ( khamriyya ) and several other pieces have been published with a french prose translation in the anthologie arabe of grangeret de lagrange ( paris, 1828 ), and a few more will be found in de sacy ' s chrestomathie arabe. italy possesses a prose rendering of the minor poems by p. valerga ( firenze, 1874 ). there is nothing in english except some fragments which hardly amount to a hundred lines in all 3. i hope to persuade my readers that the diwan of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.447927276350755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.220117"} {"text": "a prose rendering of the minor poems by p. valerga ( firenze, 1874 ). there is nothing in english except some fragments which hardly amount to a hundred lines in all 3. i hope to persuade my readers that the diwan of ibnu l - farid, though it will not please every taste, is too curious and exquisite to be left on one side by those who take an interest in oriental poetry. concerning the subtle quality of his thought no less than of his style, it would be hard to better what a french critic wrote ninety years ago : lintelligence parfaite de ses productions ne peut etre que le fruit dune etude longue et approfondie de la poesie arabe. deux causes principales les rendent dun difficile acces. la premiere, cest quil arrive souvent a ce poete de quintessencier le sentiment ; et alors ses idees sont si subtiles, si deliees, et, pour ainsi dire, si impalpables, quelles echappent presque aux poursuites du lecteur le plus attentif : souvent meme elles disparoissent des quon les touche pour les transporter dans une autre langue. on voit quil a pris plaisir, par un choix de pensees extraordinaires, et par la singularite des tours, a mettre a lepreuve la sagacite de ceux qui etudient ses ouvrages. au reste, les lettres de lorient pensent quun poete est sans genie et sans invention, ou bien quil compte peu sur leur intelligence, quand il na pas soin de leur menager des occasions frequentes de faire briller cette penetration qui sait decouvrir les sens les plus caches. il faut donc que le poete arabe, sil veut obtenir les suffrages et ladmiration des connoisseurs, noublie pas de porter quelquefois a lexces le raffinement et la subtilite dans ses compositions, daiguiser ses pensees, et de les envelopper de telle sorte dans les expressions, quelles se presentent au lecteur comme des enigmes, quelles reveillent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4778293392372296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.220973"} {"text": "dans ses compositions, daiguiser ses pensees, et de les envelopper de telle sorte dans les expressions, quelles se presentent au lecteur comme des enigmes, quelles reveillent son attention, piquent sa curiosite, et mettent en jeu toutes les facultes de son esprit. or, il faut convenir qu omar ben - faredh na point manque a ce devoir prescrit aux poetes arabes, et quil na point voulu que ses lecteurs lui reprochassent de leur avoir enleve les occasions de montrer leur sagacite 1. this describes very well a general and obvious feature of ibnu l - farid ' s style, a feature which is entirely absent both from pre - islamic and early islamic poetry, although since the time of mutanabbi, who first brought it into prominence, it has maintained itself, not merely as a local or temporary fashion but with all the force of a fixed and almost universally accepted tradition. while ibnu l - farid has nothing in common with the imitatorum seruum pecus, he neither attempted nor desired to swim against the stream ; and it is probable that only his mysticism saved him from the worst excesses of metaphysical wit. in him, as in meleager and petrarch, \" the religion of love is reduced to a theology ; no subtlety, no fluctuation of fancy or passion is left unregistered 1. \" if his verse abounds in fantastic conceits, if much of it is enigmatic to the last degree, the conceits and enigmas are not, as a rule, rhetorical ornaments or intellectual conjuring tricks, but like tendrils springing from a hidden root are vitally connected with the moods of feeling which they delineate. it may be difficult to believe, what is related on the testimony of his most intimate friends, that he used to dictate his poems at the moment when he came out of a deep ecstatic trance, during which \" he would now stand, now sit, now repose on his side, now lie on his hack, wrapped like a dead man ; and thus would he pass ten consecutive days, more or less, neither eating nor drinking nor speaking nor stirring. \" his style and diction resemble the choicest and finest jewel -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47255696673950065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.223067"} {"text": "side, now lie on his hack, wrapped like a dead man ; and thus would he pass ten consecutive days, more or less, neither eating nor drinking nor speaking nor stirring. \" his style and diction resemble the choicest and finest jewel - work of a fastidious artist rather than the first - fruits of divine inspiration. yet i am not inclined to doubt the statement that his poetry was composed in an abnormal manner 2. the history of mysticism records numerous instances of the kind. blake said that he was drunk with intellectual vision whenever he took a pencil or graver in his hand. \" st catherine of siena, \" we are told, \" dictated her great dialogue to her secretaries whilst in the state of ecstasy 3. \" \" when jalaluddin rumi was drowned in the ocean of love he used to take hold of a pillar in his house and set himself turning round it. meanwhile he versified and dictated, and people wrote down the verses 4. \" since the form of such automatic composition will largely depend on materials stored within the mystic ' s brain, and on the literary models with which he is familiar, we need not be surprised if his visions and revelations sometimes find spontaneous utterance in an elaborately artificial style. the intense passion and glowing rapture of ibnu l - farid ' s poetry are in keeping with this account of the way in which it was produced 1. that he may have written it while not under the influence of ecstasy, i can conceive 2 ; but that he wrote it in cold blood, for the sake of those who might enjoy sharpening their wits upon it, seems to me incredible. the double character of islamic mystical poetry makes it attractive to many who are out of touch with pure mysticism. ibnu l - farid would not be so popular in the east if he were understood entirely in a spiritual sense. the fact that parts of the diwan cannot be reasonably understood in any other sense would not, perhaps, compel us to regard the whole as spiritual, unless that view of its meaning were supported by the poet ' s life, the verdict of his biographers and commentators, and the agreement of moslem critical opinion ; but as things are, we can declare, with nabulusi, that \" in every erotic description, whether the subject thereof be male or female, and in all imagery of gardens, flowers, rivers, birds and the like he refers to the divine reality manifested in phenomena, and not to those phenomena themselves 3. \" this reality,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5114071919176804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.224025"} {"text": "every erotic description, whether the subject thereof be male or female, and in all imagery of gardens, flowers, rivers, birds and the like he refers to the divine reality manifested in phenomena, and not to those phenomena themselves 3. \" this reality, i. e. god ( or, in some places, mohammed conceived as the logos ) is the beloved whom the poet addresses and celebrates under many namesnow as one of the heroines of arabian minnesong, now as a gazelle or a driver of camels or an archer shooting deadly glances from his eye ; most frequently as plain he or she. the odes retain the form, conventions, topics, and images of ordinary love - poetry : their inner meaning hardly ever obtrudes itself, although its presence is everywhere suggested by a strange exaltation of feeling, fine - drawn phantasies in which ( as the same french critic remarks ) the poet is rapt \" au - dela des bornes de la droite raison, \" mysterious obscurities of diction and subtle harmonies of sound. if ibnu l - farid had followed the example of ibnu l - arabi and written a commentary on his own poems, it might have added considerably to our knowledge of his mystical beliefs, but i am not sure that it would have had much greater interpretative value than the work of his commentators, who profess to explain the esoteric meaning of every verse in the odes. while such analysis may be useful within certain limits, we should recognise how little it is capable of revealing. an eminent scholar came to ibnu l - farid and asked permission to write a commentary on his masterpiece, the nazmu l - suluk. \" in how many volumes? \" \" two. \" the poet smiled. \" had i wished, \" said he, \" i could have written two volumes of commentary on every verse of it 1. \" the more interpreters, the more interpretations, as those who have given time and labour to the study of mysticism well know. poetry of this kind suggests more than it says, and means all that it may suggest. we cannot do without the commentators, however, and they will help us a good deal if we learn to use them discreetly. when they handle their text like philologists and try to fasten precise mystical significations upon individual words and phrases, the process is as fatal to poetry as the result is likely to be far from truth. against this, they have the immense advantage of being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5302212092222085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.224980"} {"text": "handle their text like philologists and try to fasten precise mystical significations upon individual words and phrases, the process is as fatal to poetry as the result is likely to be far from truth. against this, they have the immense advantage of being sufis, that is to say, of knowing through tradition and their own experience what europeans can only acquire by study and perceive by sympathy. they are the poet ' s fellow - citizens in the ideal world from which he drew his inspiration ; they have dreamed his dreams and travelled on his path towards his goal ; they do not miss the main drift of his allegory even though they err in some of the details. any one who has read the diwan of ibnu l - farid in [ paragraph continues ] arabic will admit that while a complete rendering into english verse would be a quixotic enterprise, some entire odes and not a few passages in others are suitable for that form of translation. therefore, instead of confining myself to prose, i have sought here and there to capture the shadows at least of things that no prose version can reproduce. the following ode, though characteristically subtle, presents no special difficulties : after reading a little of ibnu l - farid ' s poetry, one can take a general view of the whole. all his odes are variations on a single theme, and the variations themselves have a certain interior uniformity. not only do the same \" leitmotifs \" recur again and again, but the same metaphors, conceits and paradoxes are continually reappearing in new dress. although translators must regret this monotony, which they cannot make other than tedious, i think most of them would agree that the poet has triumphed over it by means of the delicacy of his art, the beauty of his diction, and the \" linked sweetness \" of his versificationpowerful spells to enchant those who read him in his own language. the diwan is a miracle of literary accomplishment, yet the form would be cold and empty without the spirit which it enshrines. like sidney, ibnu l - farid looked into his heart before he wrote. his verse is charged with the fire and energy of his inmost feelings. in exquisite contrast with this high - wrought prelude is another passage of the same ode, describing the mystic ' s vision of the divine beauty revealing itself in all things beautiful. here the moslem commentator, startled for a moment out of his luc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46795559511874407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.226021"} {"text": ". in exquisite contrast with this high - wrought prelude is another passage of the same ode, describing the mystic ' s vision of the divine beauty revealing itself in all things beautiful. here the moslem commentator, startled for a moment out of his lucubrations on syntax and rhetoric, pauses to pay a tribute of admiration to the poet, a tribute which is the more noteworthy because in these six verses ibnu l - farid comes as near as he ever does to the modern european conception of what poetry should be. unadorned simplicity is the antithesis of his style. for our taste, he has far too much of the gift of [ paragraph continues ] holofernes : he plays with sound and sense alike, though in the daintiest and subtlest fashion imaginable. concerning his verbal euphuism a treatise might be written. one versean extreme instance, no doubtwill serve as a sample of many : his extravagant flights of fancy are generally accompanied by an equal exaltation of feeling and sustained by the fiery element in which they move ; at times, however, they sink into something very like the \" sweet smoke of rhetoric, \" e. g., they said, \" thy tears flowed red. \" i answered, \" they flowed from causes which are small in comparison with the greatness of my desire : i slaughtered sleep on my eyelids to entertain my phantom - guest and therefore my tears flowed bloody over my cheek 3. \" the following examples are more typical : o thou who didst treacherously take my heart away, how didst not thou let follow it the rest of me that thou sparedst? part of me is made jealous of thee by part of me, and my outward envies my inward because thou art there 5. to affirm that lovers and mystics delight in paradox is only to acknowledge that in states of spiritual enthusiasm we enter a region where the logic of common experience is perceived to be false. this alta fantasia moulds the language of the odes, imposing its own laws and revelling in its power to transcend contradictions which, for the intellect, are final. tis love! keep thy heart safe. passion is no light thing, and he that is wasted thereby chose it not when he was sane. and live fancy - free, for love ' s joy is sorrow : its beginning a sickness and its end a slaying ; yet, methinks, death owing to love - desire is a life that my loved one bestows upon me as a boon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4948517433104783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.226988"} {"text": "fancy - free, for love ' s joy is sorrow : its beginning a sickness and its end a slaying ; yet, methinks, death owing to love - desire is a life that my loved one bestows upon me as a boon 3. if separation be my guerdon from you, and if there be no ( real ) distance between us, i regard that separation as union. repulse is nothing but love, so long as it is not hate ; and the hardest thing, excepting only your aversion, is easy to bear. delicious to me is the torment which ye inflict ; and the injustice which love ordains that ye do unto me is justice. and my patience, a patience both without you and with you 4its bitterness seems to me everlastingly sweet 5. besides the two protagonists, arabian love - poetry introduces several minor figures, who play a helping or hindering part in the idyll. ibnu l - farid, of course, uses them allegorically. one of them is the \" watcher \" ( raqib ), who prevents the lover from approaching. the \" slanderer \" ( washi ) represents the logical and intellectual faculty, which cannot pierce beyond the outward forms of things. more important than either of these ( to judge by the frequent passages of description and dialogue in which he appears ), and more dangerous, because of his greater plausibility, is the \" blamer \" ( laim ) or \" railer \" ( lahi ), a type of the devil, suggesting evil and inspiring doubt, of sensual passion, and of all that lures the soul away from divine contemplation. it is a favourite paradox of ibnu l - farid that reproof bears a message of love, and that the \" railer \" deserves to be thanked and praised. but i found thee in one way my benefactor, albeit thou wouldst have hurt me by the scorch of thy rebuke, had i obeyed thee. thou didst me a kindness unawares, and if thou wroughtest ill, yet art thou the most righteous of wrong - doers. the phantom that visits me in the hour of blame 2 brings the beloved, though he dwell afar, close to the eye of my waking ear. and thy reproof is, as it were, my loved one ' s camels which came to me when my hearing was my sight 3. thou tiredst thyself and i was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5029251634657408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.227889"} {"text": "afar, close to the eye of my waking ear. and thy reproof is, as it were, my loved one ' s camels which came to me when my hearing was my sight 3. thou tiredst thyself and i was refreshed by thy mention of him, so that i regarded thee as excusing me for my passion. marvel, then, at a satirist lauding with the tongue of a thankful complainant those who blame him for his love 4! the hyperfantastic strain in ibnu l - farid ' s poetry is surprisingly relieved by a poignant realism, of which there is no trace in the work of his persian rivals. they have, what he reserves for his great taiyya, the power of lifting themselves and their readers with them into the sphere of the infinite and eternal, the arabic odes, on the contrary, are full of local colour and redolent of the desert ; and the whole treatment of the subject is intimately personal. jalaluddin rumi writes as a god - intoxicated soul, ibnu l - farid as a lover absorbed in his own feelings. while the persian sees a pantheistic vision of one reality in which the individual disappears, the arab dwells on particular aspects of the relation of that reality to himself. some of the finest passages are inspired by the author ' s recollection of the years which he spent in the hijaz, where ( he says ) he left his heart behind when his body returned to egypt 1. from many such passages i select one that is characteristic, because it illustrates ibnu l - farid ' s habit of seeking his imagery in nature, as seen by bedouins 3, and also his sense of the poetic value of proper names. it needs but a slight acquaintance with ibnu l - farid to discover that he fully possesses a gift which the arabs have always prized in their rulers no less than in their poets and oratorsthe power of terse, striking, and energetic expression. he depicts the lover wasted by suffering, an exceeding great love hath hewn my bones, and my body is vanished, all but the two least parts of me 3. i felt such passion for you that if the strengths of all who love had borne half the burden thereof, they would have tired. my bones were hewn by a desire twice as great as that of my eyelids for my sleep or of my weakness for my strength 4. any one of the odes will furnish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4927466023407826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.228828"} {"text": "love had borne half the burden thereof, they would have tired. my bones were hewn by a desire twice as great as that of my eyelids for my sleep or of my weakness for my strength 4. any one of the odes will furnish examples of this arabian eloquence which has its roots deep in the structure of the language and defies all attempts to transplant it. in his famous wine ode ( khamriyya ) ibnu l - farid develops a symbolism which elsewhere he only uses incidentally. his sparing use of it may perhaps be attributed to his respect for the mohammedan religious law, just as the antinomian bias of some persian mystics seems to express itself in the freedom of their bacchanalian imagery. according to ibnu l - farid ' s custom, the symbolism is precise and circumstantial, so that its interpretation is far more baffling than in persian odes of the same kind, where large and simple ideas carry the reader easily along. i hope that the literal translation given below, together with the notes accompanying it, will make the meaning tolerably clear, though we may doubt whether the poet would always have accepted the interpretation given by his commentator, abdu l - ghani al - nabulusi, who not only explains too much but brings in philosophical theories that belong to ibnu l - arabi rather than to ibnu l - farid. into this question, however, i need not enter now. ( 1 ) in memory of the beloved we quaffed a vintage that made us drunk before the creation of the vine 2. ( 2 ) its cup the full - moon ; itself a sun which a new moon causes to circle. when it is mingled ( with water ), how many stars appear 3! ( 3 ) but for its perfume, i should not have found the way to its taverns ; and but for its resplendence, the imagination would not have pictured it 4. ( 4 ) time hath preserved of it but a breath : it is unseen as a thing hidden in the bosom of the mind 1. ( 5 ) if it be mentioned amongst the tribe, the tribesmen become intoxicated without incurring disgrace or committing sin 2. ( 6 ) it oozed up from the inmost depths of the jars ( and vanished ), and in reality nothing was left of it but a name 3. ( 7 ) if it ever come into the mind of a man, joy will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5215586214536344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.230485"} {"text": "( 6 ) it oozed up from the inmost depths of the jars ( and vanished ), and in reality nothing was left of it but a name 3. ( 7 ) if it ever come into the mind of a man, joy will abide with him and grief will journey away. ( 8 ) and had the boon - companions beheld the sealing of its vessel, that sealing would have inebriated them without ( their having tasted ) the wine 4 ; ( 9 ) and had they sprinkled with it the earth of a dead man ' s grave, his spirit would have returned to him, and his body would have risen ; ( 10 ) and had they laid down in the shadow of the wall where its vine grows a man sick unto death, his malady would have departed from him ; ( 11 ) and had they brought to its taverns one palsied, he would have walked ; and at the mention of its flavour the dumb would speak ; ( 12 ) and had the breath of its aroma floated through the east, and were there in the west one that had lost the sense of smell, he would have regained it ; ( 13 ) and had the palm of one touching its cup been stained red thereby, he would not have gone astray at night, the lodestar being in his hand ; ( 14 ) and had it been unveiled in secret ( as a bride ) to one blind from birth, he would have become seeing ; and at the sound of its ( decanting into the ) strainer the deaf would hear ; ( 15 ) and had a party of camel - riders set out for the soil that bore it, and were there amongst them one bitten by a snake, the venom would not have harmed him ; ( 16 ) and had the sorcerer inscribed the letters of its name on the brow of one smitten with madness, the writing would have cured him ; ( 17 ) and had its name been blazoned on the banner of the host, that blazon would have intoxicated those beneath the banner. ( 18 ) it corrects the natures of the boon - companions, so that those who lack resolution are led by it to the path of resolution, ( 19 ) and he whose hand was a stranger to munificence shows himself generous, and he who had no forbearance forbears in the hour of wrath. ( 20 ) had the dullest - witted man in the tribe kissed its fidam, his kissing it would have end", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4667471069950568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.231431"} {"text": "the lover of num when her name is spoken. ( 33 ) they said, \" thou hast drunk the draught of sin. \" nay, i have only drunk what, in my judgment, twere the greatest sin to renounce. ( 34 ) health to the people of the christian monastery! how often were they intoxicated by it without hawing drunk thereof! still, they aspired 4. ( 35 ) in me, ere i was born, it stirred a transport that abides with me for ever, though my bones decay. ( 36 ) take it pure! but if thou wish to temper it, the worst wrong is thy turning aside from the water of the beloved ' s teeth 1. ( 37 ) seek it in the tavern, and there to the accompaniment of tuneful notes bid it display itself, for by means of music it is made a prize 2. ( 38 ) wine never dwelt with care in any place, even as sorrow never dwelt with song ; ( 39 ) and, though thy intoxication with it have but the life of a moment, thou wilt regard time as a slave obedient to thy command. ( 40 ) joyless in this world is he that lives sober, and he that dies not drunk will miss the path of wisdom. ( 41 ) let him weep for himselfhe whose life is wasted without part or lot in wine! the khamriyya forms a link between the love - lyrics and the great ode in which ibnu l - farid describes his own mystical experience and puts it forth ( excepting, however, the highest stage of all ) as a doctrine for others. this ode, the author ' s masterpiece, bears a plain and appropriate title, nazmu l - suluk, \" the poem of the mystic ' s progress \" ; the meaning of the name al - taiyyatu l - kubra, by which it is commonly known, has been explained above 3. the taiyya, with its 760 verses, is nearly as long as all the minor poems together, if we leave the quatrains and enigmas out of reckoning. it was edited in 1854 by joseph von hammer and may be studied in the fully vocalised text which he copied from an excellent manuscript in his possession. to transcribe is one thing, to translate is another ; and as \" translation \" of a literary work usually implies that some attempt has been made to understand it, i prefer to say that von hammer rendered the poem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48370546638239664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.233484"} {"text": "excellent manuscript in his possession. to transcribe is one thing, to translate is another ; and as \" translation \" of a literary work usually implies that some attempt has been made to understand it, i prefer to say that von hammer rendered the poem into german rhymed verse by a method peculiar to himself, which appears to have consisted in picking out two or three words in each couplet and filling the void with any ideas that might strike his fancy. perhaps, in a sense, the taiyya is untranslatable, and certainly it offers very slight encouragement to the translator whose aim may be defined as \" artistic reproduction. \" on the other hand, it seemed to me that a literal prose version with explanatory notes would at least enable the reader to follow the course of the poem and become acquainted with its meaning, while any one who ventured on the arabic text would profit by the labours of a fellow - student and would not be so likely to lose heart, [ paragraph continues ] though formally an ode ( qasida ), the taiyya is addressed to a disciple, so that its prevailing tone is didactic and descriptive, the exposition being only now and then interrupted by strains of pure lyric enthusiasm. not that the poem is deficient either in beauty or in power ; much, if not most of it, combines these qualities, and in the following version i have tried to preserve some traces of them. ibnu l - farid is here illustrating the doctrine that phenomena are merely the illusory medium through which the soul acts in the world. for this purpose he compares the soul to the showman of the shadow - lantern who throws his puppets on a screen, keeping himself out of sight while he manipulates them 1. the passage beginning describes the various scenes and incidents of the shadow - play and the emotions aroused in the spectators. regard now what is this that lingers not before thine eye and in a moment fades. all thou beholdest is the act of one in solitude, but closely veiled is he. let him but lift the screen, no doubt remains : the forms are vanished, he alone is all ; and thou, illumined, knowest that by his light thou findst his actions in the senses night 1. ibnu l - farid more often reminds us of dante than of lucretius, but these verses may be compared with a passage in the de rerum natura ( 2, 323 foll. ) where the author illustrates \" the perpetual motion of the atoms going", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48856413492687156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.234498"} {"text": "farid more often reminds us of dante than of lucretius, but these verses may be compared with a passage in the de rerum natura ( 2, 323 foll. ) where the author illustrates \" the perpetual motion of the atoms going on beneath an appearance of absolute rest \" by a picture \" taken from the pomp of human affairs and the gay pageantry of armies \" : \" the truth and fulness of life in this passage are immediately perceived, but the element of sublimity is added by the thought in the two lines with which the passage concludes, which reduces the whole of this moving and sounding pageant to stillness and silence a similar and perhaps even more striking effect is produced when ibnu l - farid, after having brought before his readers the spectacle of restless life and strife which fills the world, at once transforms it into a vision of eternal order and harmony all thou beholdest is the act of one. in reading the taiyya it is a rare pleasure to meet with. even ten or twenty consecutive lines like these, which require no commentary to interpret them. yet the poem, as a whole, is not unduly cryptic in expression. those who blame a writer for obscurity ought to ask themselves whether his meaning could have been given more clearly ; and if so, whether he can allege good and sufficient reasons for his default. on these counts i think ibnu l - farid will secure an acquittal, if we remember that he was bound by the poetic forms and fashions of his day. the obscurity does not lie in his style so much as in the nature of his subject. while his symbolism may have served him at times as a mask when plain speaking would have been dangerous 1, he generally uses it as the only possible means of imparting mystical truth ; and in his own circle, no doubt, it was understood readily enough. we, on the other hand, must begin by learning it and end with recognising that no intellectual effort will bring us to the stage whence an initiated mohammedan sets out. what makes the interpretation of the poem especially uncertain is that the author ' s account of his religious and mystical experience is psychological in character and throws but a faint light on his theological position. was he really a pantheist, or was he an orthodox mystic whose feeling of oneness with god expressed itself in the language of pantheism? does the taiyya reflect the doctrines of ibnu l - arabi, as its commentators believe? although", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5292423186697464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.235636"} {"text": "really a pantheist, or was he an orthodox mystic whose feeling of oneness with god expressed itself in the language of pantheism? does the taiyya reflect the doctrines of ibnu l - arabi, as its commentators believe? although such questions cannot be ignored by any one who attempts to translate or explain the poem, they are not easy to answer definitely. i have followed kashani in the main ; nevertheless i regard his interpretation as representing a point of view which is alien to ibnu l - farid. logically, the mystical doctrine of ittihad ( einswerden ) leads to the pantheistic monism of ibnu l - arabi ; but those who find in the taiyya a poetical version of that system are confusing mysticism with philosophy. in some passages, however, we meet with philosophical ideas 2 and may draw inferences from them. while they do not appear to me to support the view that ibnu l - farid was a follower of ibnu l - arabi, they imply pantheism and monism on the plane of speculative thought, where commentators and theologians [ paragraph continues ] ( not poets and mystics ) are accustomed to dwell. i consider, therefore, that k. ' s interpretation, false as it is to the spirit of the poem, places it in a medium intelligible to us and conveys its meaning in a relatively adequate form. and my readers will see at once how the mystical content of the taiyya as well as its philosophical implications are illustrated by the foregoing essay on the insanu l - kamil. was ibnu l - farid consciously a pantheist? i do not think so. but in the permanent unitive state which he describes himself as having attained, he cannot speak otherwise than pantheistically : he is so merged in the oneness that he identifies himself now with mohammed ( the islamic logos ), now with god, whose attributes he assumes and makes his own. many of these passages are such as no medieval religion but islam would have tolerated, and we cannot wonder that he was charged with heresy. his opponents accused him of holding the doctrine of incarnation ( hulul ) and of pretending to be the qutb. he disavows hula l and shows how it differs from his own doctrine ( vv. 277 foll. ). as regards the qutb, the most explicit reference occurs in vv. 500 - 1 : here is another suspected verse ( 313 ) :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5075527631488348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.236589"} {"text": "kashfu l - wujuhi l - ghurr li - maani nazmi l - durr ( cairo, a. h. 1319 ). ( c ) the taiyyatu l - kubra, with the commentary of al - nabulusi entitled kashfu l - sirri l - ghamid fi sharhi diwan ibni l - farid ( ms. in the british museum, add. 7564 - 5 rich. ). the commentary on the taiyya begins at f. 176 of the first volume. ( d ) the taiyyatu l - kubra, ed. with a german verse - translation by hammer - purgstall ( vienna, 1854 ). concerning the italian translation of the taiyyatu l - kubra by sac. ignazio di matteo ( rome, 1917 ) and the valuable notice of it by prof. nallino which appeared in rivista degli studi orientali, vol. viii ( rome, 1919 ), some remarks will be found in the preface to this volume. the abbreviations diwan, k. and n. refer to ( a ), ( b ) and ( c ) respectively. 163 : 1 even zoroastrianism does not exclude the monistic principle. it seems to be uncertain whether ormuzd and ahriman stood in direct and equal antagonism to each other, or whether anra mainyu ( ahriman ), the evil spirit, and spenta mainyu, the good spirit, were conceived as opposite emanations of one ( ormuzd ) who is above them both. in any case, the struggle between ormuzd and ahriman ends with the complete destruction of the latter. 163 : 2 noldeke, sketches from eastern history, tr. by j. s. black, p. 20. 163 : 3 sir charles lyall, ancient arabian poetry, p. xix. 164 : 1 the present writer has edited and translated a collection of mystical odes by ibnu l - arabi, entitled tarjuman al - ashwaq, in the oriental translation fund, new series, vol. xx ( london, 1911 ). 164 : 2 the date of his birth is usually given as a. d. 1181, but see nallino, op. cit., p. i, note 3. 164 : 3 diwan, p. 4, 1. 13 foll. and p. 75,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47377909638260113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.239462"} {"text": "usually given as a. d. 1181, but see nallino, op. cit., p. i, note 3. 164 : 3 diwan, p. 4, 1. 13 foll. and p. 75, 1. i foll. 164 : 4 the life of ibnu l - farid by his grandson has been printed as an introduction to the diwan ( pp. 3 - 24 ). a shorter notice, extracted from my ms. of the shadharatu l - dhahab, was published in the jras. for 1906, pp. 800 - 806. see also ibn khallikan, no. 511 ( de slane ' s translation, vol. n, p. 388 foll. ). 165 : 1 see p. 22 supra. 165 : 2 i. e. the greater ode rhyming in t. it is so named in order to distinguish it from the taiyyatu l - sughra, i. e. the lesser ode rhyming in t ( diwan, p. 142 foll. ). 165 : 3 see professor browne ' s literary history of persia, vol. 11, p. 504 ; my literary history of the arabs, p. 397 fol., and the don and the dervish, pp. 105 - 9. a latin version of one entire ode ( diwan, p. 306 foll. ) is given by sir william jones in his poeseos asiaticae commentarii ( works, ed. by lord teignmouth, vol. vi, p. 74 ). 166 : 1 grangeret de lagrange, anthologie arabe, p. 128. 167 : 1 j. w. mackail, select epigrams from the greek anthology, p. 34. 167 : 2 preface to the diwan, p. ii, 1. 20. 167 : 3 evelyn underhill, mysticism, p. 352. 167 : 4 introd. to selected poems from the divani shamsi tabriz, p. xl. 168 : 1 of course these remarks do not apply to many passages in the taiyyatu l - kubra, which in respect of its didactic purpose bears the same relation to the minor odes as the masnavi of jalaluddin rumi to his diwan. 168 : 2 prof. nallino ( op. cit. p. 17 ) points out that at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43780955805952526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.241684"} {"text": "didactic purpose bears the same relation to the minor odes as the masnavi of jalaluddin rumi to his diwan. 168 : 2 prof. nallino ( op. cit. p. 17 ) points out that at a later period the odes were often chanted in the musical concerts of the sufis and suggests that they were composed for this purpose. 168 : 3 diwan, p. 52, l. 8 foll. burini ( ibid. p. 202, 12 foll. ) asserts that ibnu l - farid ' s poetry is not invariably mystical. the two verses which he cites might bear an allegorical sense as easily as many of a similar kind in the song of solomon ; and, in any case, they are extracted from rubais. the fact that ibnu l - farid is known to have written one amatorious epigram ( diwan, p. 549, 9 fol. ibn khallikan, de slane ' s translation, vol. ii, p. 389 ), and that he may have written others, proves nothing against those who find mysticism in every line of the odes. 169 : 1 preface to the diwan, p. 11, l. 1 foll. 170 : 1 diwan, p. 263 foll. prof. browne has given a translation of this ode in his literary history of persia, vol. ii, p. 504. 170 : 2 a valley with fountains and date - palms in the neighbourhood of medina. 170 : 3 the dream - form ( khayal ) of the beloved in the poet ' s fancy ( khayal ). 171 : 1 diwan, p. 230 foll. 172 : 1 literally, \" if thy everlastingness ( baqa ) demands my passing - away ( fana ). \" 172 : 2 according to n. the words \" those who beheld thee \" refer to the light of mohammed, which emanated from the light of god. 173 : 1 a veil covering the lower part of the face. 173 : 2 \" within thy borders \" : literally \" within thy preserve ( hima ). \" the divine essence is preserved ( made inaccessible ) by the spiritual and sensible forms in which it veils itself. as the bedouin poet brags about himself in order to assert the dignity of his tribe, so when the mohammedan saints boast of the unique endowments which god has bestowed upon them,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4886483894265563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.242669"} {"text": "spiritual and sensible forms in which it veils itself. as the bedouin poet brags about himself in order to assert the dignity of his tribe, so when the mohammedan saints boast of the unique endowments which god has bestowed upon them, it is not self - glorification, but thanksgiving to him \" from whom all blessings flow. \" 173 : 3 real being is manifested in phenomena, just as the light of the sun is reflected by the moon. 173 : 4 see kor. 6, 76 foll. \" and when the night overshadowed him, he saw a p. 174 star, and he said, this is my lord ; but when it set, he said, i like not gods which set. and when he saw the moon rising, he said, this is my lord ; but when he saw it set, he said, verily, if my lord direct me not, i shall become one of the people who go astray \" ( sale ' s translation ). 174 : 1 in this verse there is an untranslatable play on the double meaning of badr, which signifies ( i ) a place between mecca and medina where the prophet won his memorable victory over the meccan idolaters in a. d. 624 ; ( 2 ) a full moon. thus the ahlu badr are to moslems more than what of \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9 were to the greeks of plato ' s time, while the phrase also suggests the perfect illumination reserved for adepts in mysticism. irish politics of forty years ago would provide an exact parallel, if the moonlighters were regarded as national heroes and saints. the poet says that the men of badr, i. e., the noble company of mystics, journey not so much in the light which phenomena derive from reality as in the light of reality itself. 174 : 2 material beauty is not worthy to be loved except in so far as it is one of the ideas ( attributes and manifestations ) of absolute beauty. 174 : 3 when god withdraws himself ( from the inward eye of the mystic ), he still lays his commands on the soul, so that it performs its predestined good and evil works. 174 : 4 divine love sweeps away the conventional standards of truth and right and honour. 176 : 1 diwan, p. 331 foll. 176 : 2 ibid. p. 347, 1. 6 foll. cf. shelley, epip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.565841945459508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.243707"} {"text": "4 divine love sweeps away the conventional standards of truth and right and honour. 176 : 1 diwan, p. 331 foll. 176 : 2 ibid. p. 347, 1. 6 foll. cf. shelley, epipsychidion : 177 : 1 ibid. p. 173. it is true, as prof. nallino has observed ( op. cit. p. 16 ), that some odes are less artificial in style than others. 177 : 2 ibid. p. 467. 177 : 3 ibid. p. 165. 177 : 4 ibid. p. 108. 177 : 5 ibid. p. 278. 178 : 1 diwan, p. 410. 178 : 2 ibid. p. 384. 178 : 3 ibid. p. 391 foll. 178 : 4 \" patience without you, \" i. e. in bearing your separation from me ; \" patience with you, \" i. e. in bearing the pain which you, as the object of my love, cause me to suffer. 178 : 5 diwan, p. 402. 179 : 1 the poet was rapt in contemplation of the beloved and could not bandy words with his critic. 179 : 2 i. e. by convincing my \" blamer \" of the error of his ways i acquired as much religious merit as by making the pilgrimage to mecca. it is meritorious to combine the greater pilgrimage ( hajj ) with the lesser pilgrimage ( umra ). 179 : 3 rajab is the seventh and al - muharram the first month of the mohammedan year. 179 : 4 i. e. inconstancy. 179 : 5 diwan, p. 179 foll. the last verse alludes to the manna and quails which dropped from heaven upon the israelites ( kor. 2, 54 ). in the original there is a double word - play : mann ( separation ), mann ( manna ), salwat ( forgetfulness ), salwa ( quails ). 180 : 1 diwan, p. 443 foll. 180 : 2 i. e. the image or vision of the beloved which appears when his name is pronounced by the \" blamer. \" 180 : 3 as camels bring the beloved to the lover ' s eye, so reproof brings him to the lover ' s ear. 180 : 4 diwan, p. 275 foll. cf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49941466434266535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.244799"} {"text": "pronounced by the \" blamer. \" 180 : 3 as camels bring the beloved to the lover ' s eye, so reproof brings him to the lover ' s ear. 180 : 4 diwan, p. 275 foll. cf. p. 346, l. 5, and p. 429, l. 27p. 420, l. 6. 181 : 1 ibid. p. 370, 1. 22. 181 : 2 the arabic word for rocks ( safa ) is also the name of a peak near mecca, and this may be its meaning here. 182 : 1 reading with the commentator haya instead of hiba. 182 : 2 diwan, p. 297 foll. 182 : 3 this is quite different, of course, from the pictorial treatment of desert life and scenery which we find in the pre - islamic odes. 182 : 4 reading. 183 : 1 diwan, pp. 429 - 441. 183 : 2 ibid. p. 6. 183 : 3 ibid. p. 70. \" the two least parts \" are the heart and the tongue. 183 : 4 ibid. p. 160, l. 24 foll. 184 : 1 diwan, p. 472 foll. 184 : 2. the soul was intoxicated with the wine of divine love ( i. e. was rapt in contemplation of god ) during its pre - existence in the eternal knowledge of god before the body was created. 184 : 3 the full - moon is the perfect man, i. e. the gnostic or saint in whom god reveals himself completely and who is, as it were, filled with divine love. the new moon is the gnostic veiled by his individuality, so that he manifests only a part of the divine light, not the whole ; he causes the wine of love to circle, i. e. he displays and makes known to others the names and attributes of god. when the wine is watered, i. e. when pure contemplation is blended with the element of religion, the seeker of god obtains spiritual direction and is like a traveller guided by the stars in his night - journey. 184 : 4 n. ' s commentary on this verse is characteristically recondite. he interprets \" its perfume \" as the sphere of the primal intelligence, whence emanate all created things ; \" its taverns \" as the divine names and attributes ; \" its resplendence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5072891268106638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.245687"} {"text": "verse is characteristically recondite. he interprets \" its perfume \" as the sphere of the primal intelligence, whence emanate all created things ; \" its taverns \" as the divine names and attributes ; \" its resplendence \" as the human intellect, which is a flash of the primal intelligence. divine love, being of the essence of god, has no form except in the imagination. 185 : 1 \" time, \" i. e. the world of change. the second hemistich may be rendered literally : \" tis as though its occultation were a concealment in the breasts of ( human ) minds. \" 185 : 2 \" the tribesmen, \" i. e. mystics capable of receiving illumination. 185 : 3 this verse describes the gradual fading of ecstasy from the heart of the mystic. 185 : 4 i need not trouble my readers with the detailed allegorical analysis to which the commentator subjects this and the next nine verses. they explain themselves, if taken as a fanciful description of the miracles wrought by divine love. 186 : 1 the fidam is a strainer placed over the mouth of the bottle, so that the wine may run clear. 186 : 2 vv. 23 - 30 are wanting in the commentary of burini and may have been inserted in the poem by a copyist. see nallino, op. cit. p. 31, note i. divine love, as the eternal source of all created things, is logically prior to them, although it does not precede them in time, which itself is created. 186 : 3 inasmuch as real being belongs to god alone, mystical union cannot be likened to the permeation of one body by another, as when water is absorbed by a sponge. 186 : 4 this enigmatic verse refers to being under its two aspects. wine signifies pure being, vine phenomenal being. in so far as man is related to the divine spirit ( here identified with adam, whom god \" created in his own p. 187 image \" ), he is pure reality ; but in so far as he belongs to nature, he is unreal. \" its mother \" is the mother of wine, i. e. the vine, which is a symbol for the material world. 187 : 1 the \" vessels \" are the phenomenal forms by which real being is manifested. they are \" subtle, \" i. e. spiritual, because every such form is the veil of a reality. these realities \" increase, \" i.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5353811173037833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.246665"} {"text": "187 : 1 the \" vessels \" are the phenomenal forms by which real being is manifested. they are \" subtle, \" i. e. spiritual, because every such form is the veil of a reality. these realities \" increase, \" i. e. appear as the many, by means of the forms which our senses perceive. 187 : 2 absolute being or god or divine loveall these terms are the same in essenceis not conditioned by time. 187 : 3 i. e. it was an orphan before the beginning of fatherhood. this, i think, is merely a paradox indicating the timeless nature of reality. the word \" orphanhood \" ( yutm ) may allude to mohammed ( cf. note on the taiyya, vv. 288 - 9 ). in this case the meaning will be that mohammed ( as the logos ) existed before the creation of adam. according to n., absolute being is made an \" orphan \" by the passing - away ( fana ) of the spirit in man. universal spirit or reason, the first emanation, may be said to \" die \" when its essence ( the human spirit ) is mystically re - united with the absolute ; and its \" death \" leaves the absolute, i. e. the phenomenal world regarded as the other self of the absolute, \" an orphan in the bosom of its mother nature. \" 187 : 4 moslems associate with christianity the beverage forbidden by their own religion. when their poets describe a wine - party, the scene is often laid in the neighbourhood of a christian monastery ( dayr ). ibnu l - farid says that the christians became intoxicated without having drunk, i. e. their doctrine that god reveals himself in christ is only a glimpse of the truth, p. 188 which is fully realised by moslem saints, that god reveals himself in every atom of existence. cf. the taiyya, v. 730 foll. and p. 140 supra. 188 : 1 i. e. seek to contemplate the divine essence alone, or if you must seek anything besides, let it be the first and highest manifestation of that essence, namely, the spirit or light of mohammed, which is figuratively called \" the water of the beloved ' s teeth. \" 188 : 2 the sufis have always known the value of music as a means of inducing ecstasy. cf. the mystics of islam, p. 63 foll. ; d. b. macdonald, emotional religion in islam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5861341596234075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.247592"} {"text": "' s teeth. \" 188 : 2 the sufis have always known the value of music as a means of inducing ecstasy. cf. the mystics of islam, p. 63 foll. ; d. b. macdonald, emotional religion in islam as affected by music and singing in the journal of the royal asiatic society, 1901, pp. 195 foll. and 748 foll., and 1902, p. 1 foll. 188 : 3 p. 165, note 2. 189 : 1 see v. 679 of the prose translation infra. 190 : 1 \" the forms of things, \" i. e. the puppets, typify phenomena, which in themselves are lifeless and passive : all their life and activity is the effect of the manifestation in them of the actions and attributes of reality. 190 : 2 the greek fire to which von hammer finds an allusion here is, i think, an ignis fatuus. 190 : 3 the genies ( jinn ) are described as ethereal creatures, endowed with speech, transparent ( so that they are normally invisible ), and capable of assuming various shapes. 191 : 1 taiyya, vv. 680 - 706. 192 : 1 w. y. sellar, the roman poets of the republic, p. 403. i give munro ' s translation : \" again when mighty legions fill with their movements all parts of the plains, waging the mimicry of war, the glitter then lifts itself up to the sky, and the whole earth round gleams with brass, and beneath a noise is raised by the mighty trampling of men, and the mountains stricken by the shouting re - echo the voices to the stars of heaven, and horsemen fly about and suddenly wheeling scour across the middle of the plains, shaking them with the vehemence of their charge. and yet there is some place on the high hills, seen from which they appear to stand still and to rest on the plains as a bright spot. \" 192 : 2 taiyya, v. 489. 193 : 1 taiyya, vv. 395 - 6. 193 : 2 e. g. emanation ( fayd ) in vv. 403 - 5. the spiritual and sensible worlds derive their life from universal spirit and universal soul ( v. 405 ; cf. v. 492 ). in v. 455 the hallajian terms, lahut ( divinity ) and nasut ( humanity ) are used in the same way as by ibnu l", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5486730789641168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.248575"} {"text": "at the end of september 2007, my husband, evans starzinger, and i were in the iles gambier, at the southeastern edge of french polynesia, aboard our 47 - foot aluminum van de stadt samoa, hawk. we were about to embark upon a 3, 400 - nautical - mile passage to canal de chacao, the narrow channel that leads to puerto montt, at the north end of the channels in chile. the passage would take us across three of the global wind systems : the southeast trades, the variables, and the westerlies of the roaring 40s. during what turned out to be a 24 - day ( and 3, 800 - nautical - miles - sailed ) passage, we relied upon the weather information derived from gridded binary files to help us pick our way through the complex weather systems we encountered. by sharing the exact information we had at our disposal, we hope to help others understand these valuable forecasting tools and how we make use of them to benefit from or avoid weather systems. the iles gambier are located in the belt of southeast trade winds that extends to around 30 degrees s. to avoid beating dead into the trade winds for several hundred miles, the traditional sailing route between french polynesia and the chilean coast calls for vessels to sail as close to due south as they can manage through the southeast trades and the variables until reaching the westerlies of the roaring 40s. here, voyagers turn east and run to chile. to avoid being becalmed in the southern hemisphere summer ( december through february ), vessels may need to drop below 45 degrees s to remain in the westerly flow of winds under the semi - permanent high - pressure system centered around 30 degrees s, in the vicinity of easter island. in the early southern hemisphere spring, when we were about to embark, the south pacific high would be expected to be north of its summer position and not yet fully established. low - pressure systems with strong westerly flows would be tracking as far north as 30 degrees s, which we hoped would allow us to sail more directly to our destination. when departing on a long passage, we start with the assumption that we will follow the conventional sailing directions, but two weeks before our departure we start watching how systems are actually tracking and whether we should modify our route. because we were coming to the end of the trade - wind season, low - pressure systems had begun tracking across the gambiers from the north and west, out of the subtropics, pushing easterly winds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4869863095760319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.252274"} {"text": "we should modify our route. because we were coming to the end of the trade - wind season, low - pressure systems had begun tracking across the gambiers from the north and west, out of the subtropics, pushing easterly winds ahead of them. since the south pacific high wasn \u2019 t yet established, both lows and highs from the roaring 40s regularly rolled northward into the variables ; these, too, brought easterly winds well above 35 s. taking the traditional route with these weather patterns would mean many days of beating into easterlies and the likelihood of several easterly gales or even storms. by mid - september and our departure, it was becoming increasingly apparent that we \u2019 d have to modify the traditional route to avoid a significant percentage of strong headwinds. during this passage, we \u2019 d download gribs once a day. when determining where we \u2019 d be on each successive time period in the gribs, we assumed an average of 150 nautical miles per day. here \u2019 s a look at four 120 - hour grib files we downloaded during our trip, how we interpreted them, and how the actual weather systems played out. for much of this passage, we felt like a pinball ricocheting between the various low - pressure and high - pressure systems, but by using the gribs, we never experienced sustained winds of more than 40 knots or headwinds of more than 20 knots true. few passages are this complicated, and those that are rarely work out so well. but in this case, the gribs made for a much easier passage than we would \u2019 ve had if we \u2019 d followed the conventional sailing route.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4401299919801503, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.252899"} {"text": "print version issn 0256 - 9574 samj, s. afr. med. j. vol. 100 no. 3 cape town mar. 2010 indoor and outdoor allergens our knowledge of disease is often added to incrementally. in his editorial, potter1 notes that two papers published in this issue of samj2, 3 add to the growing body of published information on allergens and allergies in southern africa. seedat et al. 2 studied indoor and outdoor allergen sensitisation in the free state. they identified sensitisation to a previously unrecognised outdoor allergen ( the spider mite, tetranychus urticae ) in the region and also found that the sensitisation rate to house - dust mites in patients with allergic rhinitis is a significant 46 % for dermatophygoides pteronyssinus and 44 % for d. farinae. high levels of sensitisation to the spider mite have also been reported from the hex river valley. since many subjects sensitised to spider mite are simultaneously polysensitised to other outdoor and indoor allergens, the clinical significance of this finding has yet to be studied, and there are no vaccines available to desensitise patients to spider mites. allergic subjects in the free state who had previously lived at the coast were significantly more likely to be sensitised to mites than those who had not. sinclair et al. 3 studied house - dust mite species in bloemfontein and unexpectedly found mites in 50 % of the homes investigated. they found that in some homes high levels of mites are attained as a result of indoor microclimate factors that raise indoor humidity, such as en - suite bathrooms. these studies suggest that the relationship between exposure, sensitisation and the expression of clinical allergic disease to house - dust mites is not a simple one and may depend not only on level of exposure but age of exposure and context of exposure. danger of air in the wrong places two short contributions graphically illustrate the potential danger of pneumopericardium and tension pneumothorax. sun and colleagues4 describe the successful outcome of a case of pneumopericardium resulting from a stabbed chest. cardiac tamponade secondary to air is rare, and in adults blunt trauma is the main cause of pneumopericardium. the primary management of tension pneumopericardi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4699170648221421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.259305"} {"text": "positive patients compared with the general population suggests that hiv is the most common cause of vzv re - activation in the population at risk. their findings confirmed that a positive hutchinson ' s sign in an hiv - positive patient with hzo is a specific predictor of intra - ocular involvement and that hzo in young patients may be the presenting sign of hiv positivity. the cd4 count was not found to be a significant predictor of ocular involvement. they recommend that all patients with hzo should be seen by an ophthalmologist. factors associated with smoking cessation reductions in the prevalence of smoking in south africa have been mainly attributed to higher cigarette prices. ayo - yusuf and szymanski report on data concerning smoking from the 1998 south african demographic and health survey. 7 of those who attempted to quit smoking, only 14. 1 % succeeded. they recommend clinical interventions, targeting alcohol - dependent smokers, and policies that boost smoke - free homes and increase knowledge of harmful effects of smoking. 1. potter pc. indoor and outdoor allergens in bloemfontein. s afr med j 2010 ; 100 : 155. [ links ] 2. seedat ry, claasen j, claasen aj, joubert g. mite and cockroach sensitisation in patients with allergic rhinitis in the free state. s afr med j 2010 ; 100 : 160 - 163. [ links ] 3. sinclair w, coetzee l, joubert g. house - dust mite species in bloemfontein, south africa. s afr med j 2010 ; 100 : 164 - 167. [ links ] 4. sun gr, goosen j, florizoone m. cardiac tamponade secondary to tension pneumopericardium from penetrating chest trauma. s afr med j 2010 ; 100 : 150. [ links ] 5. tiemensma m, buys p, wadee sa. sudden death on an aeroplane. s afr med j 2010 ; 100 : 148 - 149. [ links ] 6. van dyk m, meyer d. hutchinson ' s sign as a marker of ocular involvement in hiv - positive patients with herpes zoster ophthalmicus. s afr med j 2010 ; 100 : 172 - 174. [ links ] 7. ayo - yusuf oa, szymanski b. factors associated with smoking cessation in south africa. s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48033417141312845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.261396"} {"text": "june 8, 2007 concerned that current methods for making computer chips might become stymied as components keep shrinking, many engineers are looking for circuit building blocks with improved electrical properties. among the most promising are stringy carbon nanotubes that capably form transistors to switch current on and off. but the nanotubes tend to grow with unpredictable kinks and bends that could cause bad wiring connections. this week at the design automation conference in san diego, a group of stanford engineers will present a way to design circuits that should work even when many of the nanotubes in them are twisted and misaligned. \" the question is what ' s next in chip technologies, \" says subhasish mitra, an assistant professor of electrical engineering and computer science. \" that ' s why nanotechnology is important. but you want to make sure that you are not in a lab making something that chip designers cannot actually use. \" to prevent that, he and electrical engineering professor h. - s. philip wong, working with chemistry professor chongwu zhou at the university of southern california, have been looking closely at how nanotubes end up resting on the surfaces of experimental chips. \" it ' s not as bad as a plate of noodles, \" mitra says. \" you want to create transistors out of these things, and hook up these transistors and make them turn on and off independently. but if twisted carbon nanotubes, for example, short out the circuit, you lose the opportunity to do that. \" making messy workable what mitra, wong and graduate students nishant patil and jie deng have realized is that if nanotubes are always going to be somewhat askew, engineers will have to design circuits that can work regardless of where and how the tubes lie. they started by coming up with a single circuit element, a nand gate, that was immune from the vagaries of its underlying nanotube layout. from that single element that could function despite misalignments, they abstracted and generalized the math to come up with an algorithm that can guarantee a working design for any circuit element, mitra says, even when a large number of nanotubes are misaligned. using simulations developed by wong and deng, the group has been able to show that not only do the algorithm ' s designs work, but they also don ' t appear to exact a significant financial, speed or energy price compared to traditional designs, mitra says. the key to determining whether a circuit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5942968089022702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.265348"} {"text": "group has been able to show that not only do the algorithm ' s designs work, but they also don ' t appear to exact a significant financial, speed or energy price compared to traditional designs, mitra says. the key to determining whether a circuit element is immune to nanotube misalignment is breaking up each circuit element into a fine grid that can be analyzed mathematically. doing this in the abstract with models allows engineers to determine which grid squares nanotubes must pass through and which they shouldn ' t traverse to make a design work correctly. to eliminate unwanted connections, nanotubes in so - called \" illegal \" regions can then be either chemically etched away or rendered electrically irrelevant in other ways. the stanford algorithm takes this all several steps further, applying sophisticated mathematics to automatically determine where the legal and illegal regions should be in the design of a circuit element with a particular function. \" you not only determine whether something is immune or not, but can automatically generate circuit designs that are guaranteed to be immune, \" mitra says. while the algorithm can overcome all the bad connections that errant nanotubes make, it cannot guarantee that a nanotube will always make a desired connection. nanotubes also have other problems that remain unsolved, mitra points out. some, for example, always conduct electricity instead of switching on and off like a semiconductor should. the group ' s next step is to move beyond simulation to build and test real circuit elements according to the algorithm ' s output. while more work is necessary to deliver the promise of nanotube technology, solving the misalignment problem would be a significant step. \" carbon nanotube transistors show great promise as extensions to silicon transistors due to their fast speed, small size and lower energy consumption, \" patil says. \" using this technique, we can make larger and more complex circuit blocks with them. \" wong speculates that the advance could eventually spill over from chips to assist engineers facing analogous challenges. \" a similar methodology can be applied to many emerging technologies, \" he says. \" the concept of not having to define everything with high precision is germane to engineering robust systems. \" the microelectronics advanced research corporation supported the research. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by stanford university. the original article was written by david orenstein, communications and public relations manager at the stanford school of engineering.. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5909228142550511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.267374"} {"text": "june 10, 2008 researchers in sweden and japan report development of a new type of paper that resists breaking when pulled almost as well as cast iron. the new material, called \" cellulose nanopaper, \" is made of sub - microscopic particles of cellulose and may open the way for expanded use of paper as a construction material and in other applications, they suggest. in the new study, lars a. berglund and colleagues note that cellulose - - a tough, widely available substance obtained from plants - - has potential as a strong, lightweight ingredient in composites and other materials in a wide range of products. although cellulose - based composites have high strength, existing materials are brittle and snap easily when pulled. the study described a solution to this problem. it involves exposing wood pulp to certain chemicals to produce cellulose nanopaper. their study found that its tensile strength - - a material ' s ability to resist pull before snapping - - exceeded that of cast iron. they also were able to adjust the paper ' s strength by changing its internal structure. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - henriksson et al. cellulose nanopaper structures of high toughness. biomacromolecules, 2008 ; 9 ( 6 ) : 1579 doi : 10. 1021 / bm800038n note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5606125203983557, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.268931"} {"text": "aug. 14, 2009 edith hessel and colleagues, at dynavax technologies corporation, berkeley, have identified the reason that humans and rodents respond differently to a molecule that is being developed to treat allergic diseases. molecules that trigger the protein tlr9 are being developed as a potential therapeutic for allergic diseases. while they have been shown to be safe and well - tolerated when inhaled by people, they cause severe lung inflammation and toxicity when inhaled by rodents. in the study, the toxicity of one of the molecules under development was found to depend on tlr9 and the soluble immune molecule tnf - alpha in mice. importantly, tlr9 is expressed on many immune cell types in the mouse ( monocyte / macrophage cells, b cells, and pdcs ) and only on b cells and pdcs in humans. the toxicity in mice was found to be independent of b cells and pdcs, meaning that other immune cells expressing tlr9 were responsible for tnf - alpha production. as human tlr9 - expressing cells did not produce tnf - alpha in response to stimulation by the molecules under development, the authors conclude that the differential pattern of tlr9 expression is important in determining the nontoxicity of molecules that target tlr9 in humans and that toxicity in rodents is a result of tnf - alpha production. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - hessel et al. cpg - containing immunostimulatory dna sequences elicit tnf - alpha % u2013dependent toxicology in rodents but not in humans. journal of clinical investigation, 2009 ; note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4769041590577924, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.270689"} {"text": "june 9, 2010 three - dimensional imaging is dramatically expanding the ability of researchers to examine biological specimens, enabling a peek into their internal structures. and recent advances in x - ray diffraction methods have helped extend the limit of this approach. while significant progress has been made in optical microscopy to break the diffraction barrier, such techniques rely on fluorescent labeling technologies, which prohibit the quantitative 3 - d imaging of the entire contents of cells. cryo - electron microscopy can image structures at a resolution of 3 to 5 nanometers, but this only works with thin or sectioned specimens. and although x - ray protein crystallography is currently the primary method used for determining the 3 - d structure of protein molecules, many biological specimens - - such as whole cells, cellular organelles, some viruses and many important protein molecules - - are difficult or impossible to crystallize, making their structures inaccessible. overcoming these limitations requires the employment of different techniques. now, in a paper published may 31 in proceedings of national academy of sciences, ucla researchers and their collaborators demonstrate the use of a unique x - ray diffraction microscope that enabled them to reveal the internal structure of yeast spores. the team reports the quantitative 3 - d imaging of a whole, unstained cell at a resolution of 50 to 60 nanometers using x - ray diffraction microscopy, also known as lensless imaging. researchers identified the 3 - d morphology and structure of cellular organelles, including the cell wall, vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, mitrochondria, granules and nucleolus. the work may open a door to identifying the individual protein molecules inside whole cells using labeling technologies. the lead authors on the paper are huaidong jiang, a ucla assistant researcher in physics and astronomy, and john miao, a ucla professor of physics and astronomy. the work is a culmination of a collaboration started three years ago with fuyu tamanoi, ucla professor of microbiology, immunology and molecular genetics. miao and tamanoi are both researchers at ucla ' s california nanosystems institute. other collaborators include teams at riken spring 8 in japan and the institute of physics, academia sinica, in taiwan. \" this is the first time that people have been able to peek into the 3 - d internal structure of a biological specimen, without cutting it into sections, using x - ray diffraction microscopy, \" miao said. \" by avoiding use of x - ray lenses, the resolution of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5901992511489347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.276777"} {"text": "have been able to peek into the 3 - d internal structure of a biological specimen, without cutting it into sections, using x - ray diffraction microscopy, \" miao said. \" by avoiding use of x - ray lenses, the resolution of x - ray diffraction microscopy is ultimately limited by radiation damage to biological specimens. using cryogenic technologies, 3 - d imaging of whole biological cells at a resolution of 5 to 10 nanometers should be achievable, \" miao said. \" our work hence paves a way for quantitative 3 - d imaging of a wide range of biological specimens at nanometer - scale resolutions that are too thick for electron microscopy. \" tamanoi prepared the yeast spore samples analyzed in this study. spores are specialized cells that are formed when they are placed under nutrient - starved conditions. cells use this survival strategy to cope with harsh conditions. \" biologists wanted to examine internal structures of the spore, but previous microscopic studies provided information on only the surface features. we are very excited to be able to view the spore in 3 - d, \" tamanoi said. \" we can now look into the structure of other spores, such as anthrax spores and many other fungal spores. it is also important to point out that yeast spores are of similar size to many intracellular organelles in human cells. these can be examined in the future. \" since its first experimental demonstration by miao and collaborators in 1999, coherent diffraction microscopy has been applied to imaging a wide range of materials science and biological specimens, such as nanoparticles, nanocrystals, biomaterials, cells, cellular organelles, viruses and carbon nanotubes using x - ray, electron and laser facilities worldwide. until now, however, the radiation - damage problem and the difficulty of acquiring high - quality 3 - d diffraction patterns from individual whole cells have prevented the successful high - resolution 3 - d imaging of biological cells by x - ray diffraction. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - h. jiang, c. song, c. - c. chen, r. xu, k. s. raines, b. p. fahimian, c. - h. lu, t. - k. lee, a. nakashima, j. urano, t. ishikawa, f. tamanoi, j. miao. quantitative 3d imaging of whole, unstained cells by using x - ray diff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5684876237861123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.277739"} {"text": "jan. 7, 2013 cleaning up mercury pollution and reducing prenatal exposure to the neurotoxin methylmercury ( mehg ) could save the european union \u20ac10, 000 million per year, finds a new study published in biomed central ' s open access journal environmental health. new estimates suggest that between 1. 5 and 2 million children in the eu are born each year with mehg exposures above the safe limit of 0. 58\u00b5g / g and 200, 000 above the who recommended maximum of 2. 5\u00b5g / g. while some mercury occurs naturally in the environment for example from volcanic eruptions or forest fires, most is generated by burning fossil fuels. marine and fresh water species bioconcentrate mehg ; consequently the main source of exposure for humans is from eating fish. a team of researchers from across europe used the democophes study of exposure to environmental chemicals to assess the impact of mehg on humans. hair samples of child - mother pairs, collected from 17 european countries, demonstrated that, as a lower estimate, 1, 866, 000 children are born in europe exposed to toxic levels of mehg. 232, 000 of these are exposed to hazardous levels, five times higher. but not every child in europe is equally at risk. when analysed per country, children born in portugal and spain were the most exposed to mehg, and hungary the least. exposure to mehg in humans affects brain development, resulting in a lower iq, and consequently a lower earning potential. the long term cost to society can be calculated as lifetime earning loss per person, although this estimate does not take into account other aspects of brain toxicity or risks of cardiovascular disease in adults. prof philippe grandjean explained, \" if we convert the effects of mehg on developing brains into iq points then the benefits of controlling mehg pollution equates to 700, 000 iq points per year and monetary benefits of \u20ac8, 000 to \u20ac9, 000 million per year for the whole of the eu. exposure abatement would mainly benefit southern europe. \" once mehg is formed, it cycles though the environment for thousands of years, exposing humans and other species to potentially toxic levels for generations. commenting on the research dr elsie sunderland said, \" mitigating the harm caused by methylmercury requires global - scale cooperation on policies and source reductions. negotiations by the united nations environment program are currently underway to address mercury emission levels. \" other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - martine bellanger, celine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49603983484769826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.280996"} {"text": "caused by methylmercury requires global - scale cooperation on policies and source reductions. negotiations by the united nations environment program are currently underway to address mercury emission levels. \" other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - martine bellanger, celine pichery, dominique aerts, marika berglund, argelia castano, maja cejchanova, pierre crettaz, fred davidson, marta esteban, karen exley, marc e fischer, anca elena gurzau, katarina halzlova, andromachi katsonouri, lisbeth e knudsen, marike kolossa - gehring, gudrun koppen, danuta ligocka, ana miklavcic, m fatima reis, peter rudnai, janja snoj tratnik, pal weihe, esben budtz - j\u00f8rgensen, philippe grandjean. economic benefits of methylmercury exposure control in europe : monetary value of neurotoxicity prevention. environmental health, 2013 ; 12 ( 1 ) : 3 doi : 10. 1186 / 1476 - 069x - 12 - 3 - elsie m sunderland, noelle e selin. future trends in environmental mercury concentrations : implications for prevention strategies. environmental health, 2013 ; 12 ( 1 ) : 2 doi : 10. 1186 / 1476 - 069x - 12 - 2 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5219474615991919, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.281499"} {"text": "web edition : june 20, 2012 animal herders living in what was a grassy part of north africa \u2019 s sahara desert around 7, 000 years ago had a taste for cattle milk, or perhaps milk products such as butter. researchers have identified a chemical signature of dairy fats on the inside surfaces of pottery from that time. dairy products played a big part in the diets of these ancient africans, even though they did not live in farming villages as the earliest european milk users did, reports a team led by biogeochemists julie dunne and richard evershed, both of the university of bristol in england. dairying may have spread from the middle east and nearby areas \u2014 where farming emerged around 10, 000 years ago \u2014 to africa and europe within a couple thousand years, the scientists propose in the june 21 nature. chemical evidence shows that cattle milked in the ancient sahara ate plants from both cool, wet areas and hot, dry expanses. \u201c animals were being moved around the landscape between different ecosystems containing different plants, possibly as a result of seasonal variations in available pastures, \u201d evershed says. researchers generally assume that north africans domesticated cattle, sheep and goats before growing crops. previously excavated bones of domesticated animals date to roughly 8, 000 years ago in north africa. rock paintings in the region depict cattle herding and a few instances of milking, but no reliable dates exist for these artworks. an early date for dairying in north africa \u201c implies that one of the reasons local african peoples adopted cattle was for their milk products, \u201d says anthropologist diane gifford - gonzalez of the university of california, santa cruz. a 2008 pottery study led by evershed placed the origins of cattle milking in what \u2019 s now northwestern turkey at about 9, 000 years ago. farming, raising animals, dairying and making pottery all apparently spread across europe at the same time, says anthropologist kevin gibbs of the university of aberdeen, scotland. in contrast, the new study shows that saharan herders adopted cattle and dairying into a nomadic lifestyle after having made pottery for several thousand years. some african groups possess genetic mutations that enable milk drinking without nausea and other unpleasant reactions to lactose, a sugar found in milk. these mutations commonly appear in europeans, whose farming ancestors used milk at least 6, 000 years ago ( sn : 2 / 1 / 03, p. 67 ). \u201c we could be looking at multiple origins for dairying, \u201d remarks bioarchaeologist oliver craig of the university of york, england. dunne and evershed \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4614674448387416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.285421"} {"text": "ago ( sn : 2 / 1 / 03, p. 67 ). \u201c we could be looking at multiple origins for dairying, \u201d remarks bioarchaeologist oliver craig of the university of york, england. dunne and evershed \u2019 s group identified different forms of carbon in small, ground - up samples taken from 81 pottery fragments previously found at a libyan rock shelter and mostly dating to between 7, 200 and 5, 800 years ago. each specimen contained carbon with a distinctive signature found in milk fats. further chemical comparisons to milk fats from grazing animals now living in africa showed that ancient saharans milked cattle, but not goats or sheep. large amounts of dairy fat on the african pottery reflect either good preservation in arid conditions or the use of fat - rich products such as butter that store well and can be digested by lactose - intolerant individuals, craig says. j. dunne et al. first dairying in green saharan africa in the fifth millennium bc. nature, vol. 486, june 21, 2012, p. 390. doi : 10. 1038 / nature11186. [ go to ] b. bower. dairying pioneers : milk ran deep in prehistoric england. science news, vol. 163, february 1, 2003, p. 67. available online to subscribers : [ go to ] r. evershed et al. earliest date for milk use in the near east and southeastern europe linked to cattle herding. nature, vol. 455, september 25, 2008, p. 528. doi : 10. 1038 / nature. 07180. abstract available : [ go to ] d. gifford - gonzalez and o. hanotte. domesticating animals in africa : implications of genetic and archaeological findings. journal of world prehistory, vol. 24, march 2011, p. 1. doi : 10. 1007 / s10963 - 010 - 9042 - 2. abstract available : [ go to ] more on archaeological chemistry : [ go to ] richard evershed \u2019 s website : [ go to ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48896567445796124, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.286264"} {"text": "web edition : may 27, 2011 it took no time in december for critics to cast doubt on the remarkable claim that a bacterium force - fed with arsenic incorporated some of the poison into its cells and even its dna. as soon as the science paper by felisa wolfe - simon and colleagues was published, critics took to the airwaves and the blogosphere ; there was even coverage of the coverage. the debate over whether an organism could substitute a normally toxic substance, arsenic, for phosphorus, one of life \u2019 s six elemental building blocks \u2014 and whether wolfe - simon and her colleagues demonstrated an instance that substitution \u2014 continues with a formal octet of criticisms published online today in science. and you can take a look for yourself at the whole thing, because the journal has made the papers freely available. some of the objections are with the science done ( or not done ) by the research team. the growth medium for example, in which the microbes known as strain gfaj - 1 were cultured, contained some phosphorous, one researcher notes. others take issue with the math with which the data was analyzed. other scientists cast doubt on the claims not because of the nitty - gritty of the lab work, but because the report challenges a lot of known science, such as the chemical reactions that go into building a dna molecule and how that might work \u2014 or not work \u2014 if arsenic were swapped for phosphorous. science also published a response by wolfe - simon and her colleagues, in which they address the presented critiques. and so this scientific version of clue continues : was it gfaj - 1, in the lab, with the arsenic? that still isn \u2019 t clear, but as science notes in its introduction to the debate, science is proceeding as it should.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5422617715917886, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.289214"} {"text": "though ancient egyptians are famous for their mummies, americans \u2014 south americans \u2014 practiced the preservation method first. in a desert coastal region of what is now northern chile and southern peru, the chinchorro people began mummifying their dead about 7, 000 years ago. now scientists have proposed an explanation for how this practice got its start : the chinchorro were just copying nature. the ancient south americans buried corpses in shallow graves in the desert. there, the arid climate would have dried out the dead bodies, preventing their decay. when the chinchorro population grew, more villagers probably started to see these bodies in the desert. they were inspired to mimic the natural process and start mummifying the dead, scientists report in a new study published in august. seven millennia ago, the chinchorro population was booming. the growth was probably fueled by readily available water and food. according to climate records, rainfall had been increasing, giving more people access to freshwater. scientists have also unearthed fishing tools, including hooks and harpoons, from the same time period. those suggest the chinchorro were eating plenty of fish and seafood then. in the new study, scientists propose that this population boom led the ancient people to develop complicated customs, such as mummification. more people would have meant more permanent settlements and more corpses \u2014 and more frequent sightings of naturally preserved bodies sticking out of shallow graves. at some point, a light bulb went off and a new tradition of preserving the dead began. \u201c environmental changes are usually associated with the collapse of complex societies, \u201d pablo marquet told science news. \u201c but if resources are abundant, environmental change can provide fertile ground for cultural evolution, \u201d or change. marquet, the study \u2019 s leader, is an ecologist at pontificia universidad catolica de chile in santiago. he studies the interaction between societies and their environments. the chinchorro may have viewed mummification as a religious practice. other researchers have found that some ancient tribes believed that if a body were not fully decomposed, then the person would never completely disappear. so mummification may have been seen as a way to keep the dead among the living. the chinchorro mummified their dead for about 2, 600 years. the practice appears to have stopped after rainfalls diminished greatly and the tribe \u2019 s population dropped. although marquet \u2019 s team \u2019 s explanation for mummification might be accurate, scientists will need to find more supporting evidence for the idea, says anthropologist daniel sandweiss of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4420079579274889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.292543"} {"text": "what is scientology? scientology definiton : scio ( latin ) \u201c knowing, in the fullest sense of the word, \u201d logos ( greek ) \u201c study of. \u201d thus scientology means \u201c knowing how to know. \u201d developed by l. ron hubbard, scientology is a religion that offers a precise path leading to a complete and certain understanding of one \u2019 s true spiritual nature and one \u2019 s relationship to self, family, groups, mankind, all life forms, the material universe, the spiritual universe and the supreme being. scientology addresses the spirit \u2014 not the body or mind \u2014 and believes that man is far more than a product of his environment, or his genes. scientology comprises a body of knowledge which extends from certain fundamental truths. prime among these are : man is an immortal spiritual being. his experience extends well beyond a single lifetime. his capabilities are unlimited, even if not presently realized. the creed of the church of scientology the creed of the church of scientology was written by l. ron hubbard shortly after the church was formed in los angeles on february 18, 1954. after mr. hubbard issued this creed from his office in phoenix, arizona, the church of scientology adopted it as its creed because it succinctly states what scientologists believe. within the vast amount of data which makes up scientology \u2019 s religious beliefs and practices there are many principles which, when learned, give one a new and broader view of life. knowing the tone scale, for instance, a person can see how best to deal with a grumpy child, mollify an upset friend or get an idea across to a staid employer. these principles amount to a huge area of observation in the humanities. it is a body of knowledge there for the learning. there is nothing authoritarian in it. it is valuable purely as a body of knowledge. who was l. ron hubbard? l. ron hubbard was an author, philosopher, humanitarian and founder of the scientology religion. he was born march 13, 1911, in tilden, nebraska, and passed away january 24, 1986. his long and adventurous road to discovery began at an early age. under the tutelage of his mother, a thoroughly educated woman, he was reading well beyond his years : shakespeare, greek philosophy and an array of later classics. yet his early years were far from bookish and with his family \u2019 s move to helena, montana, he was soon breaking broncos with the best of the local wranglers. as an inquisitive youth in what was then still a rough", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5307175425282504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.295522"} {"text": "the gorgeous looking earth is home to a diverse range of birds and animals. this indeed adds to the majesty and magnificence of this planet. the diversity that this planet has makes it brilliant and facilitates the ecosystem to function in the positive manner. as the world speeds towards rapid development, the desires to accomplish numerous goals of human beings also increase proportionately. this leads to various disturbances in the natural cycle and environmental conditions. this has also resulted into destroying the natural habitats of various species of birds and animals. some of them include tigers, elephants and dolphins. the reckless, irresponsible and inattentive behavior of mankind has affected the natural functioning of the ecosystem greatly. with that and disturbance to the territories of various creatures, many species have become rare and for that matter even extinct. elephant protection in india has recently started with the objective of protecting the rare species. elephant protection is very important and significant for the healthy and wholesome operation of nature and natural cycle. with this objective, there are numerous governments as well as non government organizations that strive to work effectively towards elephant protection in india. through laws, acts, campaigns and movements, various groups and organizations have been working towards spreading awareness in this direction. elephant protection in india is now carried out on a serious basis. with the purpose of maintaining an eco - friendly nature, various movements have been initiated. regulated trade in wildlife is one of the very important projects in this direction. with the objective of safeguarding creatures and maintaining harmony with nature, such steps are taken by groups, big and small. elephant protection in india is also carried out by setting up numerous national parks and sanctuaries. some of them include ranthambore national park, kaziranga national park, chandaka wildlife elephant sanctuary, mudumalai wildlife sanctuary and others. other initiatives taken by the government and various non government agencies include project tiger and project elephant. these projects safeguard nature by conserving various endangered species. this results in maintaining an ecological balance. elephant protection is a significant step in this direction. some of the other projects include asiatic lion conservation, dolphin conservation and lion protection. working in an efficient manner, these programmes significantly help in the smooth working of nature. the flora and fauna also affects the climate change and environment of a place. such conservation practices help to maintain proper flourishing environmental and climatic conditions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43642162566047316, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.299990"} {"text": "fighting a war isn ' t all about big, strong men in uniform. it ' s about training, training and more training to do the job you ' re assigned. it ' s about making correct on - the - spot decisions, including while in combat. women have been warriors across the ages and are now in nations from canada to new zealand. american women already have fought and died in combat in iraq and afghanistan, just as they have since the revolutionary war. women in the five u. s. military services work as hard as men, but the absence of battlefield experience often hinders their ability to rise in rank and pay. but now that top leaders have deemed them fit for fighting if they prove themselves so, doors will open for women to advance just as men do now. it ' s a huge leap forward. but, sadly, it ' s not surprising that, for many americans, the thought of a woman in full battle rattle fighting alongside men is anathema. the naysayers talk about men ' s need to protect women, about possible sexual relations or sexual violence and about how soldiers relieve themselves in the field. and these things aren ' t happening now? such arguments don ' t sway former utah congressional candidate donna mcaleer, a west point graduate who served as a platoon leader and military policewoman, among other assignments, in the u. s. army. \" what this is about is readiness, retention and recruitment, \" she says. \" women are not going to flood infantry and armor [ divisions ]. \" they, like their male colleagues, must meet physical and mental standards, she says. \" it should be [ about ] the job, not the gender. \" you train, just as anyone in any job does, to become the best you can be, no matter your sex. this change is also about choice ; women now will be able to compete with men and one another for the jobs they want. that ' s what defense secretary leon panetta and army gen. martin e. dempsey, chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, concluded after seeing women in action in iraq and afghanistan. dempsey told the new york times his story about boarding a humvee in baghdad and slapping the leg of the turret gunner. \" who are you? \" he asked. \" i ' m amanda, \" the soldier replied. it was then that dempsey decided things had to change, and he and panetta who also had talked with women warriors recently announced the policy shift. predictably, you could hear howls from some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3826518235763685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.310003"} {"text": "\" i ' m amanda, \" the soldier replied. it was then that dempsey decided things had to change, and he and panetta who also had talked with women warriors recently announced the policy shift. predictably, you could hear howls from some men and some women who think all women are too weak to endure a long march, a mortar barrage or a firefight. to mcaleer, that ' s a specious argument and a nonissue. no one, she says, is suggesting a lower physical standard. man or woman, a soldier must, for example, be able to throw a grenade 30 meters. it ' s about setting a standard and ensuring the model is consistent for everyone. that may exclude women from the navy seals or the army ' s delta force, rangers and green berets, but few men make it into those ranks either. the bottom line is women already are fighting and dying in combat. one day, a woman will be secretary of defense or chair of the joint chiefs. either one, or both, would be an epic victory for all of us. even better : a woman as commander in chief. peg mcentee is a news columnist. reach her at firstname. lastname @ example. org, facebook. com / pegmcentee and twitter, @ pegmcentee.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4153963204114314, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.311105"} {"text": "all fuel - burning equipment and appliances create the risk for carbon monoxide, including water heaters, gas furnaces, wood and gas fireplaces, generators and automobile engines. but at its worst, exposure to carbon monoxide can be fatal. in 2008, exposure to carbon monoxide resulted in at least 47 u. s. deaths, according to data from the american association of poison control centers ' national poison data system. those deaths only account for those reported to or managed by a poison center. the american association of poison control centers offers these tips for combating carbon monoxide during cold times : never use a charcoal or gas grill inside a house, garage, closed - in porch or tent. have your furnace inspected and adjusted before every heating season. never use a generator inside your home - - not even in the garage or porch. keep it outside, far from the house. never use a gas stove or oven to heat the house. never leave a car running inside a garage, even if the garage door is open. never sleep in a parked car while the engine is running. if you have a working fireplace, make sure the flue is open and the chimney is not blocked when burning wood or gas logs. have your chimney, fireplace, and wood stoves, and flues inspected before every heating season. never use charcoal in the fireplace. get a carbon monoxide detector, with a battery back - up system, for your home. if you have a big house, get more than one detector. if your carbon monoxide detector sounds, take your cell or cordless phone and leave the house immediately. call 911 or the fire department from outside the home. remember you can ' t smell or see carbon monoxide, so an alarm may be your only warning. source : american association of poison control centers the american association of poison control centers supports the nation ' s 60 poison control centers in their efforts to prevent poisoning. poison centers offer free and confidential services 24 hours a day, seven days a week. if you believe you ' ve been exposed to a poison or have questions about whether a substance is poisonous, call your local poison control center at 800 - 222 - 1222.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4652257589055885, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.316271"} {"text": "latest news about stars and galaxies stars are giant, luminous spheres of plasma. galaxies consist of stars, stellar remnants, dust, gas, and dark matter, bound together by gravity. learn more about stars and galaxies. nasa ' s nustar mission will peer through the dust and gas to see what what lies in the centers of other galaxies. nasa ' s kepler mission, a space - based telescopic camera, has discovered planets orbiting stars beyond our sun. though an earth - like planet in the \" goldilocks zone \" hasn ' t yet been positively identified, astronomers believe it ' s just a matter of time. the new photo captures perhaps 1 percent of our galaxy ' s stars. nasa ' s spitzer space telescope is designed to study objects in infrared light. the new image shows more than 200, 000 galaxies that each contains billions of stars. the globular cluster at the center of our galaxy contains stars twice as old as the sun. new observations support the idea that galaxies expel gas and then suck it back in to create baby stars. a new survey of distant galaxies provides new clues about how these cosmic objects evolved. this cool space wallpaper shows a massive, young stellar grouping, called r136, is only a few million years old and resides in the 30 doradus nebula, a turbulent star - birth region in the large magellanic cloud, a satellite galaxy of the milky way. the hercules cluster is unlike many other neighboring galaxy groups. this stunning space wallpaper reveals the natural - color image of the galaxies was taken with nasa ' s hubble space telescope and with the canada - france - hawaii telescope in hawaii. infrared observations of the orion nebula show young stars as they mature into adulthood. these outflows could shape the growth of black holes and dictate star formation in their host galaxies. this mind - bending look at our day and night sky \u2013 including some auroras \u2013 was cut together by randy halverson ( dakotalapse. com ). the score was composed by bear mccreary ( battlestar galactica, the walking dead, eureka, etc. ). the galaxies are said to be in a smooth, curved line making them appear to be connected in a chain. the extremely bright x - ray source in the andromeda galaxy was first detected in late 2009. the carina nebula is home to several of the brightest and most massive known stars.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5465638783894098, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.322175"} {"text": "full title \u00b7 ender ' s game author \u00b7 orson scott card type of work \u00b7 novel genre \u00b7 science fiction language \u00b7 english time and place written \u00b7 begun in 1975 in salt lake city, utah, the story was published in 1977 as a short story and completed in novel form in 1985. date of first publication \u00b7 1977 ( as a short story ) ; 1985 ( as a book ) publisher \u00b7 tom doherty narrator \u00b7 omniscient narrator climax \u00b7 the climax of the novel occurs when ender fights what he thinks is his final test in command school but what is actually the last battle of the third invasion. protagonist \u00b7 ender wiggin antagonist \u00b7 mostly peter wiggin, but also the adults in the book setting ( time ) \u00b7 the future setting ( place ) \u00b7 the book starts on earth, and quickly moves into space, although earth plays a prominent role until the end. point of view \u00b7 most of the book is presented from ender ' s point of view, although we are occasionally allowed inside the head of a few other characters. falling action \u00b7 ender finds the landscape that the buggers created for him and follows it to the message they left him \u2014 the last remaining bugger queen, still a mere pupa. tense \u00b7 immediate past foreshadowing \u00b7 each chapter starts with a conversation between two adults, usually members of the i. f. high command, and their discussion foreshadows the events of the chapter. tone \u00b7 the tone is increasingly urgent as the book progresses. symbols \u00b7 ender as good ; peter as evil themes \u00b7 games ; the role of children ; compassion ; ruthlessness motifs \u00b7 friend / enemy ; humanity readers ' notes allow users to add their own analysis and insights to our sparknotes \u2014 and to discuss those ideas with one another. have a novel take or think we left something out? add a readers ' note!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47781801346454034, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.328304"} {"text": "niskayuna supervisor joe landry surveys the area surround the berm constructed at the town \u2019 s water plant on friday, sept. 2. photo by john purcell. niskayuna \u2019 s water plant was in danger as the mohawk river rose during tropical storm irene, but town employees devised a plan to prevent damage. town officials started mobilizing town employees around 6 p. m. on sunday, aug. 28, after initial reports came in on possible flood levels following heavy rain. there were six dump trucks, front - end loaders, excavator and bulldozers at the town \u2019 s water plant working into the night. there was another crew stationed north of plant at the town landfill with an excavator and a front - end loader to gather dirt for the circular barrier. \u201c initial reports we were getting was it was going to be 7 to 8 feet above the 100 - year flood, which was over those windows ( four inches above ), \u201d said supervisor joe landry. \u201c there is no way we could have built a berm as high as that building \u2026 we were able to accommodate the modified numbers. \u201d the 100 - year flood is a way to rate the probability of a flood reaching a certain level, which is once every 100 years. although, this doesn \u2019 t mean the flood level can \u2019 t be reached more than once in 100 years. town employees worked long hours, maxing out at 18 hours, said matt yetto, a civil engineer for the town. highway department employees teamed up with water and sewer department employees to prevent flood damage. \u201c at one point we had everyone in the water and sewer department working either at ( the water plant ) or preventing flooding in the sewer system, \u201d said yetto. the berm around the plant took around 15 hours to build after superintendent of the water and sewer department richard pollock designed the plans. \u201c at one point when we were doing the sandbags you looked and you just saw a sea of green, everyone was wearing a green shirt, \u201d said yetto. \u201c everything seemed to go very smoothly and well organized. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3776759606958271, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.339525"} {"text": "last weekend, we traveled to johannesburg as our bing cultural excursion and visited the south african constitutional court, among other sites of memory. our johannesburg visit made me feel surprisingly heavy \u2013 i \u2019 d thought i \u2019 d been fortified by what we \u2019 d already seen in cape town the prior five weeks. walking through the women \u2019 s jail and building number 4 was an experience like no other i \u2019 ve had. while i understand american mass incarceration as our greatest current civil rights issue, the history of political imprisonment and mistreatment in south africa was a phenomenon completely new to me. it was remarkable to me that a country could memorialize and reincorporate its oppressive past by building the foundation of its constitutional court and constitutional hall upon the bricks and walls of its old prisons. even though the constitutional court is the equivalent of the united states supreme court, its design and presentation could not be more different than our hallowed american building of marble and looming columns. the court sits on the site of an old high - security prison that housed thousands of political dissidents and prisoners of all races \u2013 including gandhi. half of the walls of the chamber itself were built from the bricks of the old prison walls. inside, the public sits elevated, looking down on the justices and lawyers. and outside the chambers, built upon the old prison bricks is a display in neon letters that reads : \u201c a luta continua \u201d or \u201c the struggle continues. \u201d on the entrance to the building, each of the 27 basic rights and principles of the south african constitution is carved into a wood panel in each of the country \u2019 s 11 official languages and sign language. one of the most interesting things about studying in south africa has been encountering how the state addresses the history and legacy of apartheid. this experience has been especially interesting in contrast to my perceptions of the united states and its treatment of indigenous and black populations, among other historically oppressed groups. watching south africa \u2013 the most unequal country in the world \u2013 confront its social issues, i have grown interested in the notion of refounding a country. our visit to the court inspired me to read through south africa \u2019 s constitution to get a better sense of those 27 principles. the preambles of the constitution begins with an acknowledgment of past suffering : \u201c we, the people of south africa, recognise the injustices of our past ; honour those who suffered for justice and freedom in our land ; respect those who have worked to build and develop our country ; and believe that south africa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4829946915893004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.350518"} {"text": "of past suffering : \u201c we, the people of south africa, recognise the injustices of our past ; honour those who suffered for justice and freedom in our land ; respect those who have worked to build and develop our country ; and believe that south africa belongs to all who live in it, united in our diversity. \u201c in its founding provisions, the constitution establishes that the state is founded on the following values : \u201c a human dignity, the achievement of equality and the advancement of human rights and freedoms. b non - racialism and non - sexism. c supremacy of the constitution and the rule of law. d universal adult suffrage, a national common voters roll, regular elections and a multi - party system of democratic government, to ensure accountability, responsiveness and openness. \u201c the combination of these clauses stands in stark contrast to the \u201c all men are created equal \u201d and \u201c we the people of the united states \u201d that so glaringly excluded the majority of those living on \u201c american \u201d land. yet, as we discussed in class this week, what does it mean to those south africans who are in the worst material conditions, those who suffer from racism or sexism, those who do not have adequate housing, etc. that their constitution guarantees them the opposite of what they experience? is that any better or worse than living in the united states ( for example ) where such promises are not explicit? i \u2019 m of the mind that being unambiguous about past injustices and present ( and future ) goals gives the people more to demand of their government, and the government more to be accountable to. the united states should acknowledge that ( to use obama \u2019 s words from this year \u2019 s state of the union address ), \u201c the basic bargain that built america \u201d was one of structural inequality and injustice towards indigenous americans, blacks, women and unpropertied men. beyond this fundamental recognition, we also need to admit that those injustices and inequalities continue through today, that our ideals of liberty, justice and freedom are yet unachieved, and that we as a nation need to commit ourselves to the lifelong pursuit of realizing these goals. as it stands, our veneration of the founding figures, documents, institutions, and values as holy blinds us to the structural injustice all around us. just as monuments to cecil rhodes ( the great exploiter of africa ) and jan smuts ( the architect of apartheid ) stand tall and plentifully around south africa, so too do these american institutions remain unabashed and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48637861005350647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.352891"} {"text": "all around us. just as monuments to cecil rhodes ( the great exploiter of africa ) and jan smuts ( the architect of apartheid ) stand tall and plentifully around south africa, so too do these american institutions remain unabashed and taunt us of past and present oppression. while my instinct has often been \u201c we need to tear this stuff down, \u201d watching south africa change through its transition and reconciliation process has shown me that we cannot hide our troubled pasts, but must commemorate how we have failed and use that memory to inspire future action. instead of demolishing the statue of cecil rhodes in the university of cape town \u2019 s upper campus, a plaque noting his role in crafting the mining labor and land exploitation that haunts south africa even today would provide a more nuanced and educational experience than leaving the monument as is or than having nothing present at all. a luta continua instead of leaving the white house, the capitol, the supreme court, department of justice, department of education, liberty bell, national constitution center, etc. etc. standing as they are in their pristine, ( white ) marble glory \u2013 some commemoration of the role of all of these institutions in nearly every internal injustice of the last 200 + years would be a step in the right direction. a luta continua without changing our perspective, we will continue to perpetrate and perpetuate crimes against women, against ethnic minorities, against the poor \u2013 not only in south africa or america, but around the world. a luta continua.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4483505699287773, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.354358"} {"text": "there are literally thousands of books on ww2, ranging from d - day to the hiroshima bombing to the nazis and the airbourne forces. they all give the reader an extensive knowledge of what happened. literature was never a bad thing and never will be. it ' s safe to say that because of ww2, there has been a very valuable and interesting addition to the world of books. there are not as many movies and t. v. shows on ww2 then books but nonetheless, a lot. t. v. shows like band of brothers are about ww2. movies like saving private ryan are about ww2. they may not have been historically accurate but they portray ww2 wonderfully and give insight into the horrors of the great war. in the gaming picture, ww2 was an important part of it. there have been numerous board games and war games about ww2. even more is video games. one of the earliest fps games was around ww2. there are so many games about it to try and capture the emotions and feelings of what it felt like to be fighting in ww2. to conclude, ww2 did have a big impact in these areas and they were all positive, helping the economy. [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2011, 04 ). history ww2. studymode. com. retrieved 04, 2011, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / history - ww2 - 653848. html \" history ww2 \" studymode. com. 04 2011. 04 2011 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / history - ww2 - 653848. html >. \" history ww2. \" studymode. com. 04, 2011. accessed 04, 2011. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / history - ww2 - 653848. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44692743342490915, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.362830"} {"text": "hope for spinal - injury victims canterbury university research is aimed at giving people with spinal - cord injuries improved movement and stability. phd student cindy allison plans to draw on the work of israeli physicist moshe feldenkrais to develop a group programme for disabled people that would be accessible and affordable. the feldenkrais method aims to restore the sensory system through specific movements and attention to sensory feedback, with research showing it could reduce pain, fatigue, stress and medical costs, while improving mobility, stability, co - ordination and breathing. allison said kevin hitchcock, a former director of news at channel ten in sydney, was told he would be paralysed from the neck down for the rest of his life after a diving accident, but had made an almost full recovery using the feldenkrais method. american molly hale broke her neck in 1995 and was told she would be paralysed from the shoulders down, but this year was able to walk unassisted for the first time since her accident. irene lober, of germany, was able to ski, despite being told she would need a wheelchair for the rest of her life. most disabled people who used the method did so individually. \" working in a group setting, you get the added benefit of inspiration and frequent humour from others in the group, she said. \" they also get a bit of an understanding of the method so they can do things on their own during the week. \" - \u00a9 fairfax nz news would you like to see a bike - share scheme in christchurch? related story : free bikes plan for christchurch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5136137293233941, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.372508"} {"text": "john langley howard was a revolutionary regionalist painter known for depicting labor and industry in california as well as his reverence for the natural world. howard took a strong stance on social and environmental issues and used his art to communicate his strong emotional response toward each of his subjects. table of contents john langley howard was born in 1902 into a respected family of artists and architects. his father, john galen howard relocated the family to california in 1904 to become campus architect of the university of california, berkeley. it was only after attending the very same campus his father helped to create, that howard suddenly decided he wanted to pursue a career as an artist and not an engineer as previously planned. following this decision, howard enrolled in the california guild of arts and crafts in oakland and then transferred to the arts students \u2019 league in new york city. at the school, he met kenneth hayes miller who supported howard \u2019 s attitude because the \u201c taught the bare rudiments of painting and composition, and stressed the cultivation of the ultra - sensitive, intuitive approach \u201d ( hailey 56 ). after saving his money, howard travelled to paris for six months to seek out his own artistic philosophy. however, it quickly became apparent to howard that he placed more value on pure talent than professional training. in 1924, howard left art school to pursue his career and marry his first wife, adeline day. he had his first one - person exhibition at the modern gallery in san francisco in 1927. shortly after, he attempted portraiture. following the start of the depression, howard found himself appalled by the social conditions and began to follow \u201c his own brand of marxism. \u201d howard and his wife began to attend meetings of the monterey john reed club, discussing politics and social concerns. soon, the artist became determined to communicate society \u2019 s needs for the betterment of the future. his landscapes began to include industry and its effects to the surrounding region. in 1934, howard was hired through the new deal public works art project to create a mural for the inside of coit tower on telegraph hill in san francisco depicting california industry. the project called for twenty - seven artists to be hired to paint frescos inside the newly erected monument funded by philanthropist lillie hitchcock coit. each artist was to depict a scene central to california living, including industry, agriculture, law, and street scenes of san francisco. howard \u2019 s completed fresco drew notorious attention for showing an unemployed worker reading marxist materials, a gathered group of unemployed workers, and a man panning for gold while watching a wealthy couple outside of their limousine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4247428027830854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.395040"} {"text": "law, and street scenes of san francisco. howard \u2019 s completed fresco drew notorious attention for showing an unemployed worker reading marxist materials, a gathered group of unemployed workers, and a man panning for gold while watching a wealthy couple outside of their limousine. in a nearby mural by bernard zakheim ( 1896 - 1985 ), howard himself was used as a model. he is shown crumpling a newspaper and grabbing a marxist book from a library shelf. this soon led to the artists being linked to a local group of striking dock workers. they were accused of attempting to lead a communist revolution. howard \u2019 s murals as well as the work of clifford wight ( 1900 - 1960 ) and zakheim became highly scrutinized, and the uproar over the works led to a delay in opening coit tower. in order to protect their work from being defaced or completely destroyed, the muralists chose to sleep outside the tower. the sf art commission ultimately cancelled the opening of coit tower as a result of the controversy and did not open it until months later. during this time, howard relocated his family to santa fe, new mexico citing his son \u2019 s health concerns for almost two years before returning to monterey in 1940. following the onset of world war ii, he had a renewed interest in landscape and soon ceased to include social commentary within his work, thus removing the human figure from his paintings. the artist divorced his first wife in 1949. in 1951, howard \u2019 s art took another turn when the artist painted the rape of the earth which rallied against the destruction of nature by technology, making howard one of the first \u201c eco - artists. \u201d during the same year he also married sculptor blanche phillips ( 1908 - 1976 ). he began illustrating for scientific american magazine and used this medium to refine his technique. howard \u2019 s landscapes began turning to \u201c magic realism \u201d or \u201c poetic realism \u201d as howard preferred to call it. this method is described as the use of naturalistic images and forms \u201c to suggest relationships that cannot always be directly described in words \u201d ( aldrich 184 ). his aim was to communicate a poetic and spiritual connection with the landscape depicted. overall, howard lived in more than 20 different locations during his career. in 1997, howard attended the dedication of pioneer park at coit tower and was the only surviving member of the twenty - seven muralists included in the original project. the murals were restored by the city of san francisco in 1990 after water damage and age dictated the need for restoration. howard died at the age", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47533114593316805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.396254"} {"text": "coit tower and was the only surviving member of the twenty - seven muralists included in the original project. the murals were restored by the city of san francisco in 1990 after water damage and age dictated the need for restoration. howard died at the age of 97 in his sleep at his potrero hill home in 1999. ii. an analysis of the artist ' s work \u201c i think of painting as poetry and i think of myself as a representational poet. i want to describe my subject minutely, but i also way to describe my emotional response to it \u2026 what i \u2019 m doing is making a self - portrait in a peculiar kind of way. \u201d \u2013 john langley howard john langley howard was widely considered a wanderer and a free spirit. while howard did receive academic training from the california guild of arts and crafts in oakland and the arts students \u2019 league in new york city, he chose to align himself with instructors whose opinions of art education matched his predetermined beliefs. these teachers included kenneth hayes miller ( 1876 - 1952 ) who valued an analytical, bare bones approach to art instruction and supported greater personal development of intuitive talent. howard expressed this viewpoint stating that : \u201c i want everything to be meaningful in a descriptive way. i want expression and at the same time i want to control it down to a gnat \u2019 s eyebrow. i identify with my subject. i empathize with my subject \u201d ( moss 62 ). in the 1920s, howard became known as a cezanne - influenced landscape artist and portraitist. tempera, oil, and etching became his primary media while his subject matter turned to poetic and often spiritually infused imagery which would resurface later in his career. earth tones and very small brushstrokes were utilized, allowing howard to refine his images. howard exhibited frequently with his brothers charles howard ( 1899 - 1978 ) and robert howard ( 1896 - 1983 ). critic jehanne bietry wrote of their joint galerie beaux arts show that : \u201c of ( the howard brothers ), john langley is the poet, the mystic and the most complex \u2026 there predominates in his work a certain quality, an element of sentiment that escapes definition but is the unmistakable trait by which one recognizes deeper art \u201d ( hailey 60 ). it is significant that a critic would accurately take note of howard artistic aims at such an early stage because what bietry describes ultimately became the primary focus of howard \u2019 s career. howard experienced a dramatic change in medium when he was commissioned to paint a mural for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4668765068301734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.397356"} {"text": "that a critic would accurately take note of howard artistic aims at such an early stage because what bietry describes ultimately became the primary focus of howard \u2019 s career. howard experienced a dramatic change in medium when he was commissioned to paint a mural for the coit tower wpa project in 1934. the project was howard \u2019 s first and only mural and provided the artist with an outlet for his newly discovered marxist social beliefs. while howard supported a political agenda rather explicitly in his image, his focus on deeper subject matter permeates throughout the work. most important to howard is \u201c the idea of human conflict that [ he ] pictorializes and deplores \u2013 man \u2019 s tragic flaw manifest again in this particular situation \u201d ( nash 79 ). howard \u2019 s work had progressed steadily into the realm of social realism until the backlash against the coit tower murals led him in a new direction. howard abandoned explicit statements of social commentary and returned to his roots as a landscape painter. however, this did not prevent the artist from illustrating important issues because he then became one of the first \u201c eco - artists. \u201d through his painting, howard investigated the role of technology on the environment and used the san francisco bay area as well as monterey to demonstrate his point of view. he continued following his original artistic tendencies by delving into \u201c magic realism \u201d or \u201c poetic realism \u201d which utilized the spiritual connection that howard sought to find within his work. art critic henrietta shore recognized the balance that howard achieved within his work, stating that he \u201c is modern in that he is progressive, yet his work proves that he does not discard the traditions from which all fine art has grown \u201d ( hailey 65 ). overall, howard \u2019 s career presents a unique portrait of individual expression and spiritual exploration. 1902 born in montclair, new jersey 1920 enrolls as an engineering major at uc berkeley 1922 realizes he wants to be an artist 1923 - 24 attends art students \u2019 league in new york 1924 leaves art school 1924 marries first wife, adeline day 1927 first one - person exhibition held at the modern gallery, san francisco 1928 first child, samuel born 1930 daughter anne born 1934 commissioned to paint coit tower mural, san francisco 1940 studies ship drafting and worked as a ship drafter during world war ii 1942 serves as air raid warden in mill valley, ca 1949 divorces his first wife 1950 teaches at california school of fine arts, san francisco 1951 marries second wife, sculptor blanche phillips 1951 moves to mexico 1951 paints the rape of the earth communicating his eco - friendly stance 1953 - 1965 illustrates for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4546550063499889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.398465"} {"text": "valley, ca 1949 divorces his first wife 1950 teaches at california school of fine arts, san francisco 1951 marries second wife, sculptor blanche phillips 1951 moves to mexico 1951 paints the rape of the earth communicating his eco - friendly stance 1953 - 1965 illustrates for scientific american magazine 1958 teaches at pratt institute art school, brooklyn, ny 1965 moves to hydra, greece 1967 moves to london 1970 returns to california 1979 blanche phillips dies 1980 marries mary mcmahon williams 1999 died in his sleep at home san francisco, california california palace of the legion of honor, ca city of san francisco, ca ibm building, new york, ny the oakland museum, ca the phillips collection, washington d. c. san francisco museum of modern art, ca security pacific national bank headquarters, los angeles, ca springfield museum of fine arts university of utah, ut 1927 modern gallery, san francisco, ca 1928 beaux arts gallery, san francisco, ca 1928 east - west gallery, san francisco, ca 1928 - 51 san franciso art association, ca 1935 paul elder gallery, san francisco, ca 1936 cincinnati art museum, oh 1936 museum of modern art, san francisco, ca 1939 golden gate international exposition, department of fine arts, treasure island, ca 1939 museum of modern art, san francisco, ca 1941 carnegie institute, pittsburgh, pa 1943 corcoran gallery, washington d. c. 1943 m. h. de young memorial museum, san francisco, ca 1946 - 47 whitney museum, ny 1947 rotunda gallery, city of paris, san francisco, ca 1952 carnegie institute, pittsburgh, pa 1956 santa barbara museum of art, ca 1973 capricorn asunder gallery, san francisco, ca 1974 lawson galleries, san francisco, ca 1976 de saisset art gallery and museum, ca 1982 san francisco museum of modern art rental gallery, san francisco, ca 1983 california academy of sciences, ca 1983 monterey museum of art, ca 1986 charles campbell gallery, san francisco, ca 1987 martina hamilton gallery, ny 1988 oakland museum, ca 1989 tobey c. moss gallery, ca 1991 m. h. de young memorial museum, san francisco, ca 1992 tobey c. moss gallery, ca 1993 tobey c. moss gallery, ca california society of mural painters \u2019 and writers \u2019 and artists \u2019 union carmel art association club beaux arts san francisco art association society of mural painters marin society of artists monterey john reed club anne bremer memorial award for painting, san francisco art association first prize, pepsi - cola annual \u201c portrait of america \u201d first prize, san francisco art association award, city of san francisco art festival citation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3981530905496218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.400323"} {"text": "insects and fumigation \" the best way to avoid both is to make sure seeds are cooled down before they can heat up \" no one enjoys a pleasant 75 - or 80 - degree fall harvest season more than a producer bringing in a bountiful crop - no one, that is, except those species of insects which infest stored grain. warm grain temperatures provide ideal conditions for insects that feed on stored grain, notes north dakota state university extension entomologist phil glogoza. some grain insect pests, like the lesser grain borer, red flour beetle, flat grain beetles and indian meal moths, are common across the upper midwest, he notes, and will fly from storage site to storage site. other insects, such as granary weevils, the saw - toothed grain beetle, mealworm beetle and spider beetle, pose the biggest threat when new grain is stored in bins that were previously infested and then not adequately cleaned. glogoza and ndsu ag engineer ken hellevang encourage close monitoring of grain conditions to prevent insect problems. \" check the surface of the grain ; then use a probe to check the moisture and temperature at a variety of locations. pay attention to the look, smell and feel of the grain. your senses can tell you a lot about its condition, \" hellevang remarks. frost or condensation on the inside of bin roofs is a clear indication of excess moisture in the grain, hellevang notes. he suggests examining samples under good light ( perhaps on a light - colored cloth ) to make insect identification easier. bringing cold samples into a heated area will increase insect activity and thus facilitate temperature is the key to controlling insects in stored sunflower and other grains, hellevang emphasizes. as noted in the accompanying article, insect reproduction slows once the interior bin temperature drops below 70 degrees f. by 60 degrees, reproduction has ceased ; at 50 degrees the insects become dormant - and most will die if the bin temperature falls to freezing and remains there for an extended period. contributing to the threat of insect infestation is grain ' s proficiency as an insulator. cereal grains have an r - value of one per inch, meaning \" grain at the center of an 18 - foot bin is insulated in excess of r - 100, \" hellevang notes. that compares to an r - 20 insulation rating for a typical north dakota home. while sunflower ' s insulation rating is less than that of cereal grains, it is still substantial. fumigation - traditionally touted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4842991062099631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.405347"} {"text": ", \" hellevang notes. that compares to an r - 20 insulation rating for a typical north dakota home. while sunflower ' s insulation rating is less than that of cereal grains, it is still substantial. fumigation - traditionally touted as the standard method of eliminating insect infestations in stored grain - is not effective or economical in many instances, glogoza and hellevang advise. here ' s why : * fumigants do not work well once grain temperatures drop below 60 degrees f. for a fumigant to work, it must volatilize and spread throughout the storage structure ; and temperatures must be above 60 degrees for that to occur. also, the entire bin must be at or above that temperature, hellevang adds. \" if you have a pocket that ' s at 80 or 90 degrees and the rest of the bin is at 40, the fumigant will volatilize in that pocket, \" he explains, \" but insects in cooler areas of the bin won ' t be hit nearly as hard. \" an important related point : having the warm temperatures required for effective fumigation runs counter to other basic management strategy, i. e., cooling the grain to avoid insect and mold problems. * fumigants are expensive, a hassle - and product options are very limited. ( phostoxin is essentially the only alternative left, hellevang says. ) for a fumigant to work properly, the bin must be tightly sealed to avoid leaks. * if temperatures are too cold during fumigation, remnants of the fumigant could remain in the grain. along with making the grain dangerous to handle later on, detectable amounts of fumigant could result in rejection of the grain at the elevator. the best strategy, glogoza and hellevang emphasize, is to avoid situations under which insect populations can develop. even if the binned crop is cooled over winter, a large population of dormant insects will be prepared to \" explode \" upon the arrival of warmer spring temperatures. cooling the binned grain down as quickly as possible after being placed into storage is the most effective way to keep the troublesome bugs at bay. back to harvest / storage stories back to archive categories", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4911434789837876, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.408048"} {"text": "short - chain fructo - oligosaccharides are obtained from sugar beet, by means of an enzyme produced by aspergillus niger, a microscopic fungus widely used in the food industry. the effects of short - chain oligosaccharides have been demonstrated in over 150 scientific and medical studies, which have investigated the effects of daily consumption of 2. 5 g. \u00a4 fructo - oligosaccharides selectively nourish the bifidobacteria that benefit intestinal flora. a notable positive effect on the proliferation of these bacteria was observed at a dose of 2. 5 g fructo - oligosaccharides a day, an effect which increased with doses up to 10 g a day. the bifidogenic effect is apparent after only four days of taking fructo - oligosaccharides. \u00a4 fructo - oligosaccharides : - improve digestive health : - promote a healthy colon and digestive system. taking fructo - oligosaccharides stimulates production of short - chain fatty acids, particularly butyrate, the fuel ' of the colon. by increasing butyrate levels from intestinal fermentation, fructo - oligosaccharides help maintain a healthy intestinal mucous membrane. they also have a tendency to reduce the colon ' s ph, linked to the production of short chain fatty acids. this decrease in ph helps maintain the colon in a healthy state ; - after 6 weeks ' consumption, abdominal pain was reported to have decreased significantly. 96 % of subjects observed a noticeable improvement in their digestion and 83 % reported an improvement in their general well - being, - taking 5 g fructo - oligosaccharides a day over six week reduced the intensity and occurrence of digestive problems, improving the digestion and quality of life of 105 volunteers with mild intestinal problems ; - a dose of 8 g a day has a beneficial effect on the lipid profile ; - 10 g a day boosts magnesium and calcium absorption ; several studies have shown that it increases the absorption of isoflavones in food and improves bone mineral density. \u00a4 a number of studies have demonstrated a beneficial effect on the immune system, with a strengthening effect on the intestinal barrier and a reduction in potentially pathogenic bacteria in the intestinal system. by modulating intestinal flora and fermentation, they have a major effect on resistance to diseases such as cancer or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5031572941982683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.411026"} {"text": "today \u2019 s market demands require the balancing of many competing priorities. specifically, in dealing with the interior furnishings of both residential and commercial projects, there are many factors to consider when selecting the most appropriate decorative panel, including price - point, durability, cutting edge design and overall sustainability. the selection of surface materials is one key to making all of this happen. this continuing education course will guide you through the evolution of decorative surface materials to help you navigate and select the best engineered overlay for any commercial and residential application. part 1 : a revolutionary evolution no introduction to decorative surface materials would be complete without paying homage to the technological history of plastic laminates and the stage that has been set for future advances. the machine age [ roughly 1905 - 1945 ] during the machine age scientists around the world were working to develop synthetic plastics. they came to understand that plastic is an amorphous solid consisting of long - chain molecules known as polymers, which do not break apart when flexed and are usually made from artificial resins. plastics were defined as thermosets and thermoplastics, and both would be used to engineer decorative surface materials. in the early 1900 \u2019 s the first plastic laminate material was made by impregnating kraft paper ( similar to brown bag paper ) with phenolic resin and compressing it under high temperatures and pressure in a process called thermosetting that irreversibly cured the resin. the resulting material was resistant to heat, water, chemicals and electrical current. originally it was used as an insulator for industrial products, but designers soon recognized the material \u2019 s uniform character and durability and started using it for other applications such as radio exteriors. the machine age also saw the emergence of high - speed printing presses and large - scale roduction machinery. in the 1920 \u2019 s, decor papers ( printed with solid colors, woodgrains, natural and abstract designs ) were added on top of kraft paper before thermosetting to give the finished plastic laminate product different visual effects. phenolic resins are known for their hardness, durability and resistance to moisture, but they are also dark in color. so in the 1930 \u2019 s a resin called melamine, which produces a clear surface, was developed. in contemporary manufacturing of plastic laminate ( commonly referred to as high - pressure laminate or hpl ), the top two layers, typically a transparent wear layer and decor paper design, are impregnated with melamine resin, and the bottom kraft layers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.503799753331321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.420941"} {"text": "manufacturing of plastic laminate ( commonly referred to as high - pressure laminate or hpl ), the top two layers, typically a transparent wear layer and decor paper design, are impregnated with melamine resin, and the bottom kraft layers use phenolic resins. during this same period industrial chemists were also developing thermoplastic plastics. these turn into a liquid when heated, and solidify when sufficiently cooled. they include polyethylene polymers such as vinyl ( pvc ), which is flame, water and corrosion resistant \u2013 characteristics that made it an excellent insulating material for the wires on u. s. military ships. despite vinyl \u2019 s practical beginnings, one of its most remarkable characteristics has proven to be its versatility, making it the second largest selling plastic in the world today. for the production of thermoplastic decorative surface materials, a thin sheetof pvc film is membrane vacuum pressed or profi le wrapped to a substrate. pvc films can be solid color or carry printed designs such as wood grains and abstracts. the atomic age [ roughly 1945 - 1985 ] from their inception, decorative surface materials derived from plastics offered designers excellent performance. as the visual design offerings improved so did the markets for these materials. by the 1950 \u2019 s, hpl plastic laminate was a popular decorative surface material for everything from cruise ships and soda fountains to high - end kitchens and furniture. vinyl products, with their characteristic low - cost versatility, were specified for tabletops, seating upholstery and wall coverings, as well as carpets, textiles, plastic wrap and pipes. the early part of this period reflects the end of wartime and the promise of a brighter future built on mankind \u2019 s ingenuity and collective work. this philosophy, combined with the ever - evolving palette of available building materials and decorative surfaces, gave architects and designers more room to dream. one result of this was googie architecture. though the space age motifs and giant tiki \u2019 s of googie faded away by the mid - 1960 \u2019 s, the movement itself stretched the imagination of design professionals and consumers alike. around the same time that googie lost its luster, advances in printing technology brought a new standard of consistency and realism to decor printing. rotogravure printing is the historical printing process of choice for fine art and photography reproduction due to its remarkable color density light to dark gradient. it is also the industry standard for decor printing. one of the advantages of using decorative surface materials is the infinite design possibilities of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5193438902964216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.423438"} {"text": "printing is the historical printing process of choice for fine art and photography reproduction due to its remarkable color density light to dark gradient. it is also the industry standard for decor printing. one of the advantages of using decorative surface materials is the infinite design possibilities of decor printing, which can be done on paper of varying thickness ( typically with water - based pigments ) or on plastic films ( typically with solvent - based inks ). the photorealistic quality of gravure printing allows designers to replicate natural designs with great fidelity. at the same time, the process makes it possible to create decor papers and films with patterns and dimensionality that do not exist in nature. rotogravure printing involves engraving the design image onto an image carrier, which in the case of rotary printing is a cylinder. the development of electro - mechanical cylinder engraving in 1968 greatly increased the fidelity of the engraved designs. during the gravure process, the engraved cylinder is partially submerged into an ink fountain, which then fills the recessed cells with ink. the rotational motion of the cylinder draws the ink out of the fountain, and a doctor blade scrapes the excess color from the non - printing areas of the cylinder before it makes contact with the paper, which is generally fed through the press from large rolls rather than sheets. the paper ( or plastic film ) is sandwiched between the gravure cylinder and an impression roller, which applies the force that transfers the ink to the paper. this method ensures maximum saturation of ink. each color in a design requires its own printing unit ( engraved cylinder ). the paper goes through a dryer to make sure it is completely dry between color units. in addition to its aesthetic appeal, the performance of laminated surfaces was getting more attention during this period. hpl countertops offered consumers a viable option to solid wood ( which was said to crack, warp and hold bacteria ) and stone ( which was said to be heavy, costly and porous ). kitchens decked out in hpl and vinyl furniture, cabinets and counter tops were the height of fashion. often these materials were intended to look like what they were, which is to say plastic. while this was initially considered futuristic and cutting edge, it soon would appear dated. the information age [ roughly 1985 until early 2000 \u2019 s ] this early part of this time frame might be characterized as the pre - pubescence of laminated decorative surface materials. it was a time of great growth and opportunity, as well as some awkwardness and misunderstanding. new techniques were developed to expand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5070284431191092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.424727"} {"text": "s ] this early part of this time frame might be characterized as the pre - pubescence of laminated decorative surface materials. it was a time of great growth and opportunity, as well as some awkwardness and misunderstanding. new techniques were developed to expand the usage of decorative surface materials. some of them improved the performance of plastic laminates, such as the 20 - fold increase of durability that evolved with the introduction of laminate flooring products. a classic example is vertical surfaces. hpl is an extremely high performance product. it is perfect for usage in horizontal work surface and high - traffic areas. \u201c value - engineered \u201d new products were designed and introduced to meet the needs of similar applications with lower manufacturing costs. a good example of this is thermally fused melamine ( tfm ), which is essentially the top layers of hpl ( decor paper impregnated with melamine resins ), thermally fused to particleboard or mdf forming a stand - alone decorative panel. as these derivative products emerged they were not always specified based on the value of their performance, but often purely on cost. this had a negative effect on the perception of laminated decorative surfaces and the term \u201c laminate \u201d took on the connotation of a low quality imitation product, an unfortunate misconception. in a sense, engineered products were victims of their own genius, particularly considering how quickly technology advanced in the information age. but all was not lost, and savvy professionals knew that to maximize the use of any material it was important to understand its strengths and limitations. this explains the resurgence of design interest in the potential of laminated decorative surface materials. in addition to specialized performance, decorative surfaces were undergoing a paradigm shift in visual realism during this period. computers and digital scanning technology now allow decor designers to replicate any material with unprecedented fidelity and dimensionality. imaging software has made it possible to bring any design that can be imagined into being. laser engraving of rotogravure cylinders enables sharper contrast and more subtle tonal gradients than was previously possible. it has also expedited the process of decor development and sampling. new digital ink - jet printing technologies are driving decor development to move beyond commodity designs and into experimental boutique fashions and customized surfaces such as logos and murals. advanced surface treatments and overlay technologies also play important roles in the development of decorative surface materials, enhancing both the visual and tactile qualities of the products. one technique uses engineered press plates to create embossed texture \u201c in register \u201d with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5754680910867532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.425888"} {"text": "advanced surface treatments and overlay technologies also play important roles in the development of decorative surface materials, enhancing both the visual and tactile qualities of the products. one technique uses engineered press plates to create embossed texture \u201c in register \u201d with the decor paper design. this can include ticking that matches wood grain, or variations in gloss levels to enhance geometric or stone designs. another method for adding interest to decorative surfaces is the addition of a transparent overlay called an \u201c inclusion \u201d that is embedded with fibers or particles. inclusions of metal filings, organic materials ( such as banana fibers and coffee beans ) and textiles are all used to add an extra layer of interest on top of solid or printed decor papers. the connected age [ early 2000 \u2019 s to present ] according to web technologist anna zelenka, \u201c the defining characteristic of the information age is the creation and management of information to produce knowledge goods. the subtle shift into the connected age is the use of web - based communication tools to create and manage relationships across knowledge goods, hardware and people. \u201d this seemingly subtle shift in technology is manifested in one of the most important developments in decorative surface material manufacturing : cross product matching programs. after a quick and revolutionary history over the past 100 years, we \u2019 re now seeing decorative designs available across a broad range of surface materials and manufacturers thanks to these matching programs. this allows designers to value - engineer end products based on the specific performance demands of each component, ensuring the highest quality in design, value and durability. for example, matched materials can be used to construct a desk that incorporates printed papers in drawer and cabinet interiors, tfm or printed paper for the vertical exterior panels, hpl on the high - wear horizontal work surface and 3dl for contoured drawer fronts. despite each of these materials \u2019 unique performance characteristics, they share the same visual. matching programs make it easier for design professionals to maximize performance and cost without sacrificing design integrity. the next age is hard to predict, but it starts with a better understanding of the basic materials in use today. complete a questionnaire to receive a complimentary 1 - year subscription to surface & panel, the only magazine focused exclusively on the design, manufacture and marketing of panel - based furniture and casegoods. fill out the questionnaire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.518304733746191, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.426911"} {"text": "observing the rock 2012 da14 flying past the earth on 16 february 2013 the path of asteroid 2012 da14 across the south - west sky as seen from sydney on the morning of saturday 16 february 2013. the times indicated are in aedt while the positions with relation to the horizon are calculated for 5 : 00 am. diagram nick lomb on the morning of 16 february 2013 ( australian time ) 2012 da14, a piece of space rock the size of a large city building, will hurtle past the earth at a speed of about 28, 000 km per hour. its closest distance to the surface of the earth will be about 27, 700 km, which is closer than any other similar object in modern times. that closest approach is within the paths of the geosynchronous communication satellites that circle at 35, 800 km above the equator. however, there is no likelihood of 2012 da14 hitting the earth and little chance of a collision with a satellite. an illustration showing how 2012 da14 will pass by the earth and its system of artificial satellites. courtesy nasa it will be possible to see and photograph this rare close approach, but from sydney it will be a little tricky. as the rock is heading for its closest approach rendezvous at 6 : 26 am aedt and brightening as it comes closer, the sydney sky is also brightening with the coming of dawn and sunrise. any view of the space rock or asteroid is likely to be lost after nautical twilight at 5 : 34 am when the object \u2019 s predicted brightness is 8. 2 mag ( see discussion on magnitudes below ). at closest approach, which almost coincides with sunrise in sydney, the prediction is for a relatively bright 6. 9 mag. those who fancy a trip to adelaide or even to perth will have a better opportunity to see the flypast at its closest for the sun rises later there. of course, as usual with astronomical events the best viewing is from a dark sky site, away from city lights. for those not familiar with the magnitude scale used by astronomers, it is a measure of the brightness of stars and other objects in the sky. it works in reverse to what you may expect in that the fainter a star the greater its magnitude. venus, for example, can be magnitude - 4, the brightest star has a magnitude of about - 1, the faintest star visible from a suburban location maybe magnitude 4, the faintest star visible from a dark location maybe magnitude 6 and with binoculars from a dark sky magnitude 9 maybe visible. those in a dark sky should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4587112613989147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.431782"} {"text": "a magnitude of about - 1, the faintest star visible from a suburban location maybe magnitude 4, the faintest star visible from a dark location maybe magnitude 6 and with binoculars from a dark sky magnitude 9 maybe visible. those in a dark sky should be able to see 2012 da14 with a pair of binoculars just before dawn. from sydney suburbs a go to telescope could be sent to the exact celestial coordinates of the object courtesy of jpl \u2019 s horizons service : 4 : 00 am aest ra 10 08 34. 75 dec - 76 18 35. 2 4 : 30 am aest ra 10 29 03. 10 dec - 69 26 18. 5 5 : 00 am aest ra 10 43 14. 02 dec - 59 11 15. 1 5 : 30 am aest ra 10 53 41. 53 dec - 43 38 41. 4 6 : 00 am aest ra 11 01 43. 36 dec - 21 21 32. 2 for most people though the best way to attempt observation is to set up a camera on a tripod, or better still, a tracking mount pointing in the region of the sky below the southern cross and take time exposures during the period between 5 : 00 and 5 : 30 am from sydney ( or until local nautical twilight at places to the west of sydney ). if the exposures are long enough the space rock may appear as a faint streak longer than the shorter streaks from stars. the observations and imaging may not work, but it is still worth trying if the sky is clear. it is a long wait until the next such close pass that we know about, which is that of the asteroid apophis on 14 april 2029, again in the morning sky. what have you to lose? only a little bit of sleep! update 12 february 2013 : the time of closest approach to sydney is at 6 : 14 am aedt when the asteroid is 30, 678 km away from the city.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4542131173199634, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.432509"} {"text": "chemical engineers who changed the world handheld electronics and gadgets \u2013 from mobile phones to laptops \u2013 have transformed the way we live over the past decade or so. but the revolution led by steve jobs and his slightly less famous compatriot, adam osborne ( the inventor of the laptop ), would not have been possible without high - power rechargeable batteries, and they were brought to market thanks to a chemical engineer. like many engineers, yoshio nishi is not a household name but frankly he should be, for he led the team that turned the lithium ion battery from a research concept into practical, commercially viable reality. nishi, who studied solid physical chemistry at the engineering department of keio university in tokyo, spent a lifetime working for sony. in the mid - 1980s he was appointed general manager of the lithium ion battery development team. lithium ion batteries promised to overcome the environmental problems associated with nickel - cadmium batteries, and also had a much greater energy density. even so in the early stages of development many thought that lithium was too dangerous, the technology too risky and the whole concept premature. one of the biggest challenges was making the battery safe even when subjected to serious abuse. the team devised vents to prevent overpressure, introduced a porous membrane separating anode and cathode that would become impermeable in the event of a temperature spike, added elements with a positive temperature coefficient to prevent thermal runaway, and designed a mechanical link that would disconnect the cathode lead if pressure built up inside the battery. even so, lithium ion batteries have caused many phones and laptops to spontaneously combust over the years, triggering huge product recalls. nishi blames price competition putting pressure on engineers to use cheaper materials and other shortcuts, and device designers ignoring the battery \u2019 s usage specifications. his advice : engineers have a duty to ensure management understands the safety implications of cost cuts, and not to compromise easily on what they believe is important. the secret of soda not all chemical engineers would have called themselves by that name. indeed, for some that term did not exist. no that that changes the nature of their work. take nicholas leblanc, for example. born in 1742 near orleans, during the reign of louis xvi, leblanc \u2019 s official profession was that of a surgeon to the duke of orleans. that afforded him a laboratory, some spare time, and a reasonable supply of money \u2013 enough to indulge his interest in chemistry and crystallisation. when the french academy of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.480455093647885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.466612"} {"text": "s official profession was that of a surgeon to the duke of orleans. that afforded him a laboratory, some spare time, and a reasonable supply of money \u2013 enough to indulge his interest in chemistry and crystallisation. when the french academy of sciences in 1783 offered a prize of 2400 livres to whoever might develop an economically viable process for the production of soda ash ( sodium carbonate ) from sea salt, leblanc could not resist. leblanc, like other researchers looking to solve the challenge, began by heating sea salt in the presence of a source of sulpur ( in this case, sulphuric acid ) to produce sodium sulphate. his breakthrough was mixing the sodium sulphate with charcoal and adding calcium carbonate, at a temperature of 1000\u00b0c. this reaction yields sodium carbonate and sodium sulphate, which are fairly easy to separate. the king was delighted. the neighbours less so : leblanc had not just created one of the earliest industrial chemical processes but also one of the first major pollution problems. per ton of soda ash, the process produces 7 t of calcium sulphate waste and 5. 5 t of hydrogen chloride, which was released straight to the atmosphere, killing trees and blighting the landscape for miles around. in the uk, where leblanc \u2019 s process saw widespread use, this resulted in one of the earliest pieces of air pollution regulation \u2013 the alkali act of 1863. leblanc, alas, did not get to enjoy the fruits of his labour. the french revolution intervened, and leblanc had to reveal the details of his process, which was used to set up competing factories. his own sole soda factory was seized, his paymaster, the duke of orleans, executed, and leblanc and his family evicted from their home. of the 2400 livres for developing the process he only ever saw 60. leblanc eventually committed suicide in 1806. his legacy lives on though : leblanc soda plants laid the foundation to chemical sites near glasgow and liverpool, and the production of soda ash was the key driver of the nascent chemical industry in the mid - 19th century. getting to the bottom of it what do you do when your employer, a big consumer goods company, has just acquired several paper mills and now has more paper than it knows what to do with? well, obviously, you dream up a new and revolutionary product that just so happens to use huge quantities of paper. for victor mills, head of the exploratory products division of procter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5011675572339456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.467724"} {"text": "has more paper than it knows what to do with? well, obviously, you dream up a new and revolutionary product that just so happens to use huge quantities of paper. for victor mills, head of the exploratory products division of procter & gamble, the brainwave came courtesy of his family. mills had just become a grandfather, and was painfully reminded of just how much he detested washing nappies. the idea was born : what if you could create a nappy consisting mostly of shredded absorbent paper which could simply be thrown away after use? many hours of experimenting with different types of paper and nappy designs, all with the help of a trusted \u2018 team \u2019 of betsy wetsy toys ( a brand of \u2018 realistic \u2019 urinating doll popular in the 1950s ) followed. further product testing followed on a family holiday, where mills took his by now three grandchildren on many long drives. the nappies proved to be a full success, now all they needed was a name : tads? solos? how about larks? none seemed right. eventually, p & g settled on pampers. and the world \u2019 s best - known disposable nappy was born. despite questions of the sustainability of the throw - away nappy, the reality is that some 90 % of babies in the industrial world wear them. globally, the market is worth some us $ 29b / y. of course today the paper filling of the early nappies has long since been replaced by superabsorbers, making the nappies much thinner while increasingly leak - proof. and victor mills, rather than sinking into the obscurity afforded to most chemical engineers, remains one of p & g \u2019 s best - remembered innovators. to this date, the company runs the \u2018 victor mills society \u2019, an elite club reserved for its most accomplished scientists and innovators. full article published in : tce 839, may 2011 the great outdoor revolution wilbert and robert gore as everyone knows, polymers are flexible. so much so that in one case, what started out as plumbers \u2019 joint - sealing tape has revolutionsed the world of camping, fishing, hiking and other outdoor pursuits. the material in question of course is gore - tex, developed by a family of chemical engineers - cum - innovators \u2013 specifically, the father - and - son team bill and bob gore. wilbert \u2018 bill \u2019 gore had spent 16 years working for dupont, during which time he \u2019 d become involved with the company \u2019 s fluorochemicals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4622241388334002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.471079"} {"text": "- innovators \u2013 specifically, the father - and - son team bill and bob gore. wilbert \u2018 bill \u2019 gore had spent 16 years working for dupont, during which time he \u2019 d become involved with the company \u2019 s fluorochemicals business, where he was working on ptfe \u2013 commonly known as teflon. bill was convinced that teflon had potential beyond non - stick frying pans. ptfe has outstanding electrical properties and can withstand extreme temperatures without getting brittle, so bill, working after hours in his basement, developed it as an electrical wire insulator. the product worked, bill quit his job, and the resulting multi - tet cable was so useful in the early computer industry it even made it to the moon landings. ptfe \u2019 s transformation from spacefaring insulator to fisherman \u2019 s friend came courtesy of bill \u2019 s son bob, who was trying to stretch extruded polymer to create a material fit for the aforementioned plumbing tape. the material refused to cooperate, no matter how carefully bob tried to stretch it. the breakthrough came when bob gave it a fast, hard yank \u2013 perhaps out of frustration \u2013 and much to his surprise found it had stretched by a factor of 1, 000. quite accidentally, he had created microporous ptfe, a honeycomb - like material which, because it contains 70 % air, is a first - rate insulator. not only that but its fine pores created a fabric that was wind - and waterproof and yet remained breathable. once the inevitable teething troubles were straightened out, gore - tex was set to become the ubitquitous outdoor material it is today, found in everything from all - weather clothing for skiing, golfing or dogwalking to surgical implants and even dental floss and guitar strings. full article published in : tce 840, june 2011 driving units and progress arthur d little if chemical engineering is the application of science to industry, then one of its most influential pioneers was arthur d little. founder of the international consultancy that bears his name, little \u2019 s achievements stretch much further : he developed the concept of unit operations \u2013 still a cornerstone of the profession \u2013 and used it to define the role of chemical engineering in industrial chemistry. he was also one of six founding members of the american institute of chemical engineers and the driving force behind the creation of the chemical engineering practice school at the massachusetts institute of technology in 1920. little was far ahead of his time in recognising the importance of long - term industrial research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5077745733278246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.473720"} {"text": "members of the american institute of chemical engineers and the driving force behind the creation of the chemical engineering practice school at the massachusetts institute of technology in 1920. little was far ahead of his time in recognising the importance of long - term industrial research. the turn of the century saw rapid industrial development and process design, but corporate r & d remained an intermittent and hap - hazard affair, stopping and starting on a project - by - project basis. little was an early and vociferous proponent of organised, longterm r & d, both within companies and at universities, which he lambasted for failing to provide adequate equipment for industrial research. the consultancy he set up was one way of filling this gap. little and the people he hired applied themselves tirelessly to improving processes and perfecting products. their tenacity paid off : within five years of its foundation in 1905, the arthur d little consultancy had made a name for itself and ran specialised departments covering fuel engineering, forest products, textiles and more. to the profession, his most lasting legacy is the concept of unit operations. he explained : \u201c any chemical process, on whatever scale conducted, may be resolved into a coordinate series of what may be termed \u2018 unit operations \u2019, as pulverising, dyeing, roasting, crystallising, filtering, evaporation, electrolysing and so on. \u201d he added that the number of different unit operations is quite finite \u2013 the great complexity of chemical engineering is the result of the variety of conditions under which these unit operations are carried out. almost 100 years later, his analysis remains as accurate as ever. charles edward howard and norbert rillieux the background of charles edward howard and norbert rillieux could have scarcely been more different \u2013 howard the younger brother of the duke of norfolk, and rillieux the son of a slave. yet both in the early 19th century made crucial improvements to the important process of sugar refining, making important contributions to the pre - history of chemical engineering. the sugar plantations in north and south america and the caribbean were a major business at the time, and one that could only be operated with a significant investment in slave labour. harvested cane had to be processed within two days in a process that was so backbreaking and dangerous that on average it cost one slave life per two tons of sugar. juice was extracted from the cut cane by crushing it in a three - roller mill, initially driven by mules and later by steam engines. a wooden gutter would transport the juice into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4978764508218504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.475318"} {"text": "on average it cost one slave life per two tons of sugar. juice was extracted from the cut cane by crushing it in a three - roller mill, initially driven by mules and later by steam engines. a wooden gutter would transport the juice into the boiling house, where it entered a series of flat - bottomed copper kettles of decreasing size ( the so - called jamaica train ), in which the juice was repeatedly boiled to produce a thick syrup. milk of lime and ox blood were added to clarify the solution, and slaves would skim off the impurities, before the syrup was poured into pots to set into semi - refined sugar. howard \u2019 s contribution was to replace the open jamaica train with a vacuum pan and filter units. reducing the pressure meant that the sugar juice could be boiled at much lower temperatures, cutting the risk of burns and reducing caramelisation and allowing the evaporation step to continue till the sugar crystallised, resulting in much better, purer sugar. rillieux improved howard \u2019 s vacuum pans further by using the hot steam from the first evaporator to heat the second and so on. this improved the energy of the process so drastically that the installation of rillieux \u2019 improved multi - effect evaporator paid for itself within a year. both howard and rillieux saw the success of their innovations during their lifetime though rillieux, because of his colour ( he was one quarter black ), occasionally found it difficult to enjoy the fruits of his labour. as for slaves, the improvement in their lot was only temporary : while the improved evaporators made processing sugar safer and less arduous, the increased capacity of the processing plants meant that ever - more sugar had to be planted and harvested \u2013 equally backbreaking and dangerous work. but vacuum evaporation and multiple - effect evaporators are still very much with us today. from calculator to flat - screen tv we owe a greater debt to pocket calculators than we might think \u2013 for every flat - screen lcd ( liquid crystal display ), be it the tv at home, the mobile phone in your pocket or the computer monitor in the office, is essentially the grandchild of a pocket calculator launched by japan \u2019 s sharp corporation in 1973. the el - 805 calculator ( no prizes for a catchy name ) was the first commercial electronic device to use an lcd screen. the 1960s and 70s saw the so - called \u2018 calculator wars \u2019 \u2013 a period of fierce price competition between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5193776707824111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.476381"} {"text": "- 805 calculator ( no prizes for a catchy name ) was the first commercial electronic device to use an lcd screen. the 1960s and 70s saw the so - called \u2018 calculator wars \u2019 \u2013 a period of fierce price competition between manufacturers of early pocket calculators. one of the main problems of early pocket calculators was their power consumption \u2013 the fluorescent display tubes or light - emitting diodes they used required a lot of battery power, resulting in a very heavy calculator that worked for little more than an hour before it needed new batteries. by chance, the japanese tv channel nhk broadcasted a science documentary featuring an experimental lcd display developed by george heilmeier at princeton university. among those watching it was tomio wada, a chemical engineer working for sharp. wada instantly realised that lcd displays could be the solution he \u2019 d been looking for. but liquid crystals were a scientific curiosity that had seen very little use outside the science lab. nobody at sharp knew anything about them, the scientific literature was sparse to say the least, and it was not even known which compound heilmeier had used in his display. despite this, sharp decided that lcd screens were the way to go. a 20 - strong team was assembled under wada \u2019 s leadership and given the hugely ambitious goal to have a calculator with a working lcd screen on the market within 18 months. the team tested 3, 000 different liquid crystals and 500 mixtures ; overcame regulatory hurdles, developed a new photolithographic etching process from scratch, to name but a few of the challenges. the team succeeded : within 17 months, the el - 805 was ready for launch. weighing in at 200 g and only 2. 1 cm thick it would fit in any shirt pocket \u2013 unlike the competition \u2019 s 25 cm alternative, weighing in at a full 25 kg. upping the octane to many an engineer the phrase \u201c it cannot be done \u201d is like a red rag to a bull. vladimir haensel, process research coordinator with uop, was no exception. haensel was working on petroleum cracking and looking for ways of increasing the octane rating of the resulting fuels \u2013 at the time, in 1941, an octane rating of 65 ron was the norm. such a low octane rating makes a fuel very likely to combust prematurely, causing serious engine knock \u2013 which in turn makes it impossible to use efficient high - compression engines. haensel was looking for a suitable catalyst for the cracking process", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48763638011009036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.477364"} {"text": "norm. such a low octane rating makes a fuel very likely to combust prematurely, causing serious engine knock \u2013 which in turn makes it impossible to use efficient high - compression engines. haensel was looking for a suitable catalyst for the cracking process and was convinced that platinum would be perfect for the job. except, of course, that platinum was extremely rare and prohibitively expensive \u2013 \u201c it cannot be done \u201d was the received wisdom. but what, thought haensel, if he could make do with a vanishingly small quantity of platinum? what if on top of that he could regenerate any fouled catalyst in situ, allowing him to \u2013 in theory at least \u2013 run the process indefinitely? his refusal to accept conventional wisdom led to the creation of a heterogeneous alumina - supported platinum catalyst that would very effectively dehydrogenate the hydrocarbons in the c6 \u2013 c10 paraffins and transform the resulting unsaturated hydrocarbons into nice aromatic rings. by working with a highly - dispersed catalyst with extremely small platinum particles, haensel managed to reduce the platinum content in the catalyst to as little as 0. 01 %. the so - called \u2018 platforming \u2019 ( platinum reforming ) process was born. the first platforming unit started up in 1949 and is still very much with us \u2013 some minor improvements aside. today the vast majority of our fuels are produced through a platforming process. without haensel \u2019 s determination, we could say goodbye to today \u2019 s supercars and hello to the backfiring smoke - belching cars of the 1930s. reginald gibson, eric fawcett, michael perrin and dermot manning polyethylene ( pe ) is everywhere. from shopping bags to tupperware boxes, from plastic toys to water pipes and even hip replacements, it \u2019 s pe \u2019 s versatility that makes it the world \u2019 s most common plastic. its commercial success came courtesy of two ici chemists, reginald gibson and eric fawcett, who in 1933 experimented with ethylene and benzaldehyde at high pressure. the reaction yielded a mysterious waxy solid but the reaction was fickle \u2013 attempts to reproduce it would as often as not result in a very loud bang and a mixture of hydrogen and carbon. nobody could work out initially why the experiment would result in these quite spectacular failures, and ici eventually decided to stop the research before someone came to serious grief. it later transpired that the key to making the experiment work was oxygen : if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5060603005202005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.479255"} {"text": "carbon. nobody could work out initially why the experiment would result in these quite spectacular failures, and ici eventually decided to stop the research before someone came to serious grief. it later transpired that the key to making the experiment work was oxygen : if there \u2019 s too little, nothing happens, too much and the mixture explodes. it had been pure luck that some of the ethylene bottles used in the early experiments had been contaminated with just the right amount of oxygen. with high - pressure chemistry still in its infancy, there was little off - the - shelf equipment, and it fell to the team \u2019 s resident engineer, dermot manning, to design and build most of the reaction vessels. a key problem was sealing the vessels, as the standard lens ring would not hold gas at pressures above 300 atm \u2013 and ici wase working at well over 1, 000 atm here. manning devised a self - sealing wave ring, which used the rising internal pressure to seal the wavy circumference of the ring into its seat, which overcame the problem. full - scale production of pe started the very day germany invaded poland, and a polymer that had been destined for telecommunications cable was used to insulate airborne radar instead. this proved to be an important advantage, as it enabled the british forces to create a radar system that was light enough to place on fighter planes, which helped their supply ships avoid german submarines. vote now for your favourite on https : / / www. surveymonkey. com / s / changedtheworld2011. votes close 9 january 2012. pfizer \u2019 s penicillin pioneers jasper kane and john mckeen sometimes it \u2019 s not the innovation itself that matters \u2013 it \u2019 s making it available in quantity and at the right time. scale - up, in other words. ensuring that there was sufficient penicillin to treat the hundreds of thousands of soldiers that took part in the d - day landings during world war ii was not the work of alexander fleming ; it was chemical engineers who made that happen. while many worked on scaling up production of penicillin, it was pfizer chemist jasper kane and chemical engineer john mckeen who arguably made the biggest contribution. the two cracked the problem of production via deep - tank fermentation. since penicillin requires air to grow, the biggest problem was designing an aerated, stirred tank that would reliably and efficiently produce quantities of the notoriously fickle drug. war - time materials shortages forced pfizer to take a huge commercial gamble", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5210716811787928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.480694"} {"text": "breaking the remarkably stable triple bonds of atmospheric nitrogen in order to make it available for ammonia production was haber \u2019 s work, who developed a high - temperature high - pressure process for the task. it fell to bosch, chemical engineer at basf, to scale up the process. not only did bosch have to find a cheaper way of producing hydrogen, he also needed t find a practical new catalyst ( a task his assistant, alwin mittasch, is still fondly remembered for ) and he had to develop a reactor that would withstand both the high temperatures and high pressures of the reaction, at a time when high - pressure chemistry was still in its infancy and suitable equipment ( reactor vessels, pipes, instrumentation etc ) was not readily available. it is testament to bosch \u2019 s work that over 100 years later, his process is still in use everywhere around the world, and practically unchanged. full article published in tce 825, march 2010 fuelling a way of life donald campbell, homer martin, eger murphree and charles tyson modern life runs \u2013 quite literally \u2013 on the products of a fluid catalytic cracking unit. our cars run on petrol, the planes on jet fuel, we pick up our food from the supermarket ( or bring it from home ) wrapped in polyethylene film and wash it down with drinks from a polycarbonate bottle, while standing on a polypropylene carpet. yet this ubiquitous feedstock of modern life in all its aspects would be a lot rarer \u2013 not to mention a great deal more expensive \u2013 if it wasn \u2019 t for the workhorse of the refining industry, the fluid catalytic cracking ( fcc ) unit. some 400 fcc units are in operation around the world today. and each and every one of them can trace its ancestry back to one such unit, the model i fcc, which started up in baton rouge, louisiana, on 25 may 1942. the 17, 000 bbl / d unit was largely the brainchild of four chemical engineers, known as \u201c the four horsemen \u201d, working for the new jersey company standard oil. they were donald campbell, homer martin, eger murphree and charles tyson. the four developed today \u2019 s modern fcc process largely because their employer ( and several other companies ) did not want to pay the hefty $ 50m licensing fee for another early catalytic cracking process, developed by the french engineer eugene houdry and the pharmacist ea prudhomme. but while the houdry process was a semi - batch process using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49878279300132217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.482835"} {"text": "hefty $ 50m licensing fee for another early catalytic cracking process, developed by the french engineer eugene houdry and the pharmacist ea prudhomme. but while the houdry process was a semi - batch process using a fixed - bed catalyst, the real breakthrough for the \u201c four horsemen \u201d ( and their advisors at mit ) was to realise that under certain circumstances, a powdered catalyst could behave like a liquid. this paved the way for the continuous process that was so efficient that it not only rapidly outcompeted the houdry process, but remains in continuous use 60 years on. full article published in tce 826, april 2010 rubber, pvc and bubblegum like so many innovations, the success of pvc \u2013 the world \u2019 s second most - used plastic, after polyethylene \u2013 is down to an accidental discovery. waldo semon, a young chemical engineer a few months into his first proper job with rubber producer bf goodrich, had meant to find an adhesive that would bond rubber to metal. semon decided to work with polyvinyl chloride, a brittle polymer universally thought to be totally useless. in an attempt to remove the chlorine, semon solvated the pvc with a high - boiling solvent before treating it with zinc or a strong organic amine. \u201c imagine my surprise when i found that the solvated pvc was flexible, resilient and would bounce!, \u201d he later said. \u201c when i later found that the plasticised pvc would resist alkaline, strong acids and most solvents it seemed to me that it would have quite a range of commercial possibility. \u201d convincing the management of this potential would prove a challenge in its own right, solved through a canny combination of pvc - coated ( and therefore waterproofed ) curtains, a vice president fond of camping ( but tired of leaking tents ) and an ad - hoc demonstration involving a bulging in - try and a decanter of water. today, pvc is the material of choice for two out of three water pipes and three quarters of the world \u2019 s sanitary sewers, with other applications ranging all the way from credit cards and window frames to electrical insulation tape. semon, meanwhile, didn \u2019 t rest on his laurels : he went on to develop a process and formula for synthetic rubber \u2013 a highly sought - after commodity during world war ii, considering that the war had cut off supplies of natural rubber from asia and germany would not reveal the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4826714254225067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.483936"} {"text": "t rest on his laurels : he went on to develop a process and formula for synthetic rubber \u2013 a highly sought - after commodity during world war ii, considering that the war had cut off supplies of natural rubber from asia and germany would not reveal the secret of producing \u201c buna - s \u201d, the only other known synthetic rubber at the time. through hard work and determination, semon and his team developed the ameripol rubber process, which by 1944 saw the us produce twice as much synthetic rubber as the world \u2019 s production of natural rubber had totaled before the war. full article published in tce 827, may 2010 engineering the sexual revolution george rosenkranz, luis miramontes and carl djerassi not all of chemical engineering \u2019 s contributions revolve around heavy industry, chemicals and refining. in pharmaceuticals, too, they have made their mark \u2013 and one of their contributions to the pharma industry has had social consequences that could hardly have been more profound. if you \u2019 re a modern woman, who takes it for granted that women can expect the same sort of career path as men and who revels in the liberty of being able to choose if and when to have children, then you, too, owe a debt to george rosenkranz, luis miramontes and carl djerassi. the three \u2013 two chemical engineers and one chemist, two jewish refugees from europe and one local mexican \u2013 were responsible for synthesising the first synthetic progesterone, which would go on to be used in the contraceptive pill. building on a process discovered by the maverick chemist russel marker, who synthesised progesterone from sapogenins, natural steroids found in mexican yams, rosenkranz, miramontes and djerassi created a synthetic variant that not only was a lot more active, but would also survive absorption through the digestive tract. not that anyone thought of using it as a contraceptive, at least to begin with ; initial target indications were menstrual disorders and, ironically, infertility. even once its contraceptive effect became known, fear of religiously - motivated boycotts caused companies to veer away from the drug. rosenkranz says : \u201c i went around europe and the world offering the contraceptive, but nobody wanted it. \u201d a sustained campaign by women \u2019 s rights campaigners margaret sanger and katharine dexter mccormick, backed up by deep pockets and research funding, changed all that. today, the pill is used by over 100m women ever day.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46428008620135486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.484964"} {"text": "nobody wanted it. \u201d a sustained campaign by women \u2019 s rights campaigners margaret sanger and katharine dexter mccormick, backed up by deep pockets and research funding, changed all that. today, the pill is used by over 100m women ever day. the freedom to choose and time when to have children has allowed women to claim equality in the workplace, and the sharp drop in birth rates in countries wherever the pill is easy to obtain is arguably chemical engineering \u2019 s greatest - ever contribution to sustainability. full article published in tce 828, june 2010 from fuel hero to climate zero not everyone who changed the world did so in a way we \u2019 d celebrate. and sometimes, it takes the benefit of hindsight to realise the true impact of an apparently beneficial innovation. that certainly is the case for thomas midgley \u2013 mechanical engineer, chemist and chemical engineer \u2013 who during his lifetime was celebrated as a prolific inventor with a can - do attitude who had solved the longstanding and damaging problem of engine knock and gifted the world affordable and safe coolants for refrigerators and air conditioning units, as well as a universal safe propellant for aerosols. today, he is described, in a much less reverential tones, as the man who \u201c had more impact on the atmosphere than any other single organism in earth \u2019 s history. \u201d midgley \u2019 s innovations? tetraethyl lead and chlorofluorocarbons ( cfcs ). midgley had, by all accounts, a brilliantly inventive mind, untroubled by received wisdom and undaunted by even the most complex tasks. when his scientific reasoning sent him in the wrong direction, strokes of sheer luck would deliver the unexpected breakthrough, such as in the discovery of tel. though his hands - on pragmatic attitude makes for chilling reading for today \u2019 s engineers, especially when it comes to the conditions found in the early tel production plants and midgley \u2019 s cheerful dismissal of the warnings he received about tel \u2019 s poisonous side - effects. while there were some early indications of the dangers of tel ( even if they were downplayed and dismissed at the time ), it would take much longer for the side effects of midley \u2019 s second innovation to become known. for thirty years, cfcs \u2013 particularly midgley \u2019 s innovation, freon \u2013 were the workhorse of the refrigeration industry and the propellant of choice in just about any hairspray, deodorant or insecticide spray. unlike the available alternatives, freon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4745108055469571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.486161"} {"text": "midgley \u2019 s innovation, freon \u2013 were the workhorse of the refrigeration industry and the propellant of choice in just about any hairspray, deodorant or insecticide spray. unlike the available alternatives, freon was neither toxic, flammable nor explosive. at the time of midgley \u2019 s untimely death at the age of 55, he was highly celebrated and decorated, holder of numerous awards and prestigious offices. his legacy stayed with us for many years more, though perhaps not in the way he and his contemporaries might have anticipated. full article published in tce 829 / 30, july / august 2010 carl von linde and william hampson the liquefaction and separation of air is one of those processes that many engineers worked on over the years, but only one \u2013 or rather two \u2013 would succeed at. two very similar processes for the liquefaction of air were independently developed in germany and the uk and patented within weeks of each other ; the first by the mechanical engineer carl von linde, the second by a hitherto unknown, classics graduate and barrister william hampson. both used air itself as a refrigerant, exploiting the joule thompson effect, which describes how gas gets colder as it expands. the effect is even more pronounced if the gas was previously compressed and chilled. harnessing the effect in a virtuous cycle, by allowing compressed cooled air to expand in a counter - current heat exchanger so it cools the incoming compressed air to ever - lower temperatures, both inventors eventually cooled the air to - 190\u00bac : the point at which it turns liquid. it might have taken von linde three days of running increasingly cold air through an incredibly long steel tube which he \u2019 d packed in wool for insulation, but on 29 may 1895, he eventually got there : \u201c with clouds rising all around it, the pretty bluish liquid was poured into a large metal bucket, \u201d he writes in his autobiography. \u201c the hourly yield was about three litres. for the first time on such a scale air had been liquefied, and using tools of amazing simplicity compared to what had been used before. \u201d where von linde was an engineer, industrialist and already an expert in refrigeration before he started, hampson was a complete unknown, with no relevant training and no record of what might have perked his interest in sciences and engineering. nevertheless, his process was both simpler and more efficient than von linde \u2019 s, liquefying air in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5711675657080786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.492518"} {"text": "started, hampson was a complete unknown, with no relevant training and no record of what might have perked his interest in sciences and engineering. nevertheless, his process was both simpler and more efficient than von linde \u2019 s, liquefying air in a mere 20 minutes compared with the three days of von linde \u2019 s early attempts. the hampson - linde cycle gave rise to the modern industrial gases industry, provided pure gases for countless industrial processes and paved the way for the discovery of several rare gases. full article published in tce 831, september 2010 degrees of separation there are those who have hailed chromatography as one of the most significant developments of the 20th century, and yet few people outside a chemistry lab would have any understanding of what chromatography is, or what it is used for. a classic \u2018 behind the scenes \u2019 technology, chromatography is the workhorse of analytical chemistry, and finds extensive use in healthcare, quality control, and drug discovery to name but a few fields. pharmaceutical companies use it to isolate active ingredients and ensure accurate dosing, hospitals use it to identify poisons or drugs in patients \u2019 blood ; environmental laboratories rely on it to check for contaminants ; forensic scientists apply it to analyse samples from a crime scene ; industrial chemists rely on it to determine the composition of petroleum oil, check the level of additives in foods, monitor pesticide contamination, and so on. key to making the process widely applicable was the adaptation of gas chromatography to liquids. this opened up its use for the separation of organic and biological molecules, many of which are involatile and too fragile for vaporization. that achievement goes to the hungarian born chemical engineer, csaba horvath, the father of modern high performance liquid chromatography. horwath took an early interest in separation sciences and \u2013 unusually for a chemical engineer during the 1960s \u2013 in biochemical engineering. adapting recent advances in gas chromatography to the nascent science of liquid chromatography, horvath dramatically speeded up throughput and ramped up sensitivity while reducing the size of the equipment. today, hplc is so sensitive that the characteristic patterns of peaks not only identify different molecules in a sample, but \u2013 thanks to very subtle differences in production processes and batch chemistry that give chemicals a very unique \u201c fingerprint \u201d also the production plant they came from. csaba horvath may not be a household name, but without him, the world would be a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5541394033831176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.494176"} {"text": "thanks to very subtle differences in production processes and batch chemistry that give chemicals a very unique \u201c fingerprint \u201d also the production plant they came from. csaba horvath may not be a household name, but without him, the world would be a much scarier place. full article published in tce 832, october 2010 man of steel if the industrial revolution was built on steel, then the father of the industrial revolution was henry bessemer. it was the bessemer process that made steel available in industrial quantities at an affordable price. patented in 1855, the bessemer process reduced the cost of steel from \u00a350 \u2013 60 / t to \u00a36 \u2013 7 / t and was accompanied by vast increases in scale and speed of steel production. steel girders for bridges, buildings, railroads, skyscrapers \u2013 all were unimaginable before bessemer. the same goes for modern steel ships, steel wire, high - pressure boilers ( and with them, the steam engine ), not to mention turbines for power generation. bessemer was a prolific inventor. despite no university education, he patented innovations in fields as diverse as pigment production and ship building. during his experiments with steelmaking, he discovered that contact with hot air would turn pig iron into steel, prompting bessemer to take the \u2013 at the time highly counter - intuitive \u2013 step of forcing air directly through the molten iron. he was lucky that the resulting reaction, which was extremely violent, did not permanently damage to his workshop. but at least after just 20 minutes of mild explosions, violent eruptions and showes of red - hot slag, bessemer was left with a converter full of steel. once he had convinced himself that there was no way of toning down the violence of the reaction, bessemer channelled his efforts into developing a reactor vessel designed to contain the violent inferno with some degree of reliability and safety. the result : the bessemer converter. this in turn prompted the rise of steel as a ubiquitous construction material, driving the second industrial revolution, and made henry bessemer a very, very wealthy man indeed. full article published in tce 833, november 2010", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48529663628801667, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.495430"} {"text": "photographs by ken richardson diagnostics for all, a nonprofit in cambridge, massachusetts, is making a test for liver damage that could cost just pennies. it consists, remarkably, of a stamp - size square of paper with wells that change color when a drop of blood is applied. the test could provide an enormous benefit in poor countries, where liver damage is widespread as a side effect of drugs administered to hiv and tuberculosis patients. ( as many as one - fourth of people taking antiretroviral drugs in the poor world develop liver problems \u2014 five times the rate elsewhere. ) the liver function tests administered regularly in the developed world require tubes of blood, lab equipment, and electricity. the paper chip from diagnostics for all needs none of that. the test uses patterned channels and wells to allow for filtering and multistep reactions ; the technology originated in the lab of harvard chemist george whitesides, who pioneered this method, and was licensed from harvard ( see \u201c paper diagnostics \u201d ). the paper absorbs sample fluids and uses capillary action to convey them to the test wells imprinted on it. these wells are spotted with chemicals that change color when they react with certain markers in a liquid. the chip is meant to work simply with little additional equipment, making it suitable for the poorest regions. \u201c this is a world in which there are very few resources \u2014 that is to say, almost no money, very few doctors, no electricity in many places, no refrigeration, \u201d whitesides says. \u201c the conditions are such that it \u2019 s very difficult to imagine how you deliver even pretty straightforward health care. \u201d five years after the company was formed, diagnostics for all, which is led by biotech executive una ryan and sustained by grants from the gates foundation and others, is moving toward a viable product. the first trial of the liver test is in progress on hiv patients at a hospital in vietnam. funding, manufacturing, and distribution models are still being worked out, but the company can make between 500 and 1, 000 tests per day at its cambridge facility and hopes to obtain regulatory approvals so that the liver test can reach patients by 2014, says jason rolland, who leads engineering efforts as the company \u2019 s senior director of research. dfa ( as the company is known ) is working on other paper - based diagnostics : an assay that detects antigens for multiple diseases, including malaria and dengue fever ; a test for preeclampsia in pregnant women ; and even nucleic - acid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4788796320227625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.502759"} {"text": "is known ) is working on other paper - based diagnostics : an assay that detects antigens for multiple diseases, including malaria and dengue fever ; a test for preeclampsia in pregnant women ; and even nucleic - acid tests to detect pathogens in blood. the company is also developing tests that farmers could use to check for foodborne toxins. in all cases, results can be interpreted by a clinician or a smartphone app, after which test patches can be incinerated. they are, after all, just paper. paper is printed with wax to define zones for 55 tests. each test measures two liver enzymes. finished tests include a sandwich of two such sheets. the sheets are baked for 30 seconds at 130 \u00b0c to allow the wax to melt completely through the paper \u2019 s 0. 2 - millimeter thickness. the test wells are wax - free circles two millimeters across. measured amounts of the reactant chemicals are deposited on each of the two sheets. the first sheet gets reagents that react with enzymes. the second sheet ( shown here ) gets dyes that change color if exposed to products released by the first reactions. the two sheets are fused together with adhesives in a press. an adhesive sheet with circular blood filters is prepared. later, this sheet is affixed to the fused paper sheets. only plasma reaches the paper layers. in a final step, a protective laminate is affixed to the top of the package. the completed tests are cut into individual squares. a drop of blood first encounters a plasma filter. the plasma then wicks through test wells on the two layers of paper. test results take about 15 minutes to appear. at left is the back of an unused test ; at right, one activated with blood. the results ( right ) show that the blood has normal enzyme levels, as indicated by the color in the top wells. the other four wells are controls that tell whether the test worked properly. the scale in this guide offers a way to gauge the level of enzymes present. clinicians could use this information to change a drug regimen or order additional tests.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46671868197515426, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.503835"} {"text": "to coax the most out of the human body during training or actual performance, there are certain principles, or building blocks that must be present. good breathing, proper nutrition, hydration and intensity are just a few of these principles. but, at the top of the list is good posture. proper posture extends performance, reduces injury, speeds healing, builds more muscle and increases efficiency. good posture also releases more energy to the primary muscles of the task at hand by not having to engage \u201c secondary \u201d postural muscles. what is good posture? for the purpose of this article, the focus will be on postural alignment from the side. normal, neutral posture is present when a plumb line passes through five anatomical landmarks : center of the ear, center of the shoulder, greater trochanter, center of the knee and just in front of the ankle. this is illustrated in the picture on the left. notice how straight the black plumb line is. the most common abnormal posture profile is illustrated on the right. the head sits forward of the shoulders, the upper back has drifted backward and the pelvis has tipped forward. this is commonly known as forward head posture ( fhp ). notice the straight plumb line we expect to see in good posture now has a substantial curve in fhp. it \u2019 s been estimated that 80 % of the general population has varying degrees of fhp. why forward head posture is detrimental to athletic performance first and foremost, fhp places an abnormal stress on every core muscle. for example, in fhp the pelvis tips forward, causing the hamstrings in back to stretch and pre - load. this tilting also causes the quads in front to shorten and become weak. here \u2019 s an illustration of that. the hamstring muscles attach to the bottom of the pelvis, the ischial tuberosity. the quads attach to the front of the pelvis. when the pelvis tilts forward in forward head posture, it causes the hamstrings to stretch and the quads to shorten. physiology of the body tells us that a muscle that is stretched and held in that position for a long period of time becomes weak ( stretch weakness ). conversely, a muscle that is shortened and held in that position also becomes weak ( short weakness ). having these two things happen to antagonistic muscle groups is quite detrimental to performance. if one only focused on the effects of fhp on the hamstrings and quads, the need to identify fhp in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49487745216164564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.518009"} {"text": "becomes weak ( short weakness ). having these two things happen to antagonistic muscle groups is quite detrimental to performance. if one only focused on the effects of fhp on the hamstrings and quads, the need to identify fhp in the athlete becomes apparent. however, due to compensatory changes in the spine and other areas, these kinds of muscle changes occur up the entire kinetic chain, causing compromises in the integrity of the low back, changes in breathing, changes in shoulder positioning, range of motion deficiencies, and instability of the neck motor unit. as far as the professional athlete and weekend warrior is concerned, there is nothing good about bad posture. the posture reprogramming systemtm forward head posture can be corrected. recognizing fhp is the first step in correction. while a quick visual check to see if the head is resting over or in front of the shoulder can provide a visual clue of the presence of fhp, it cannot quantify the full extent of the problem and it can \u2019 t be used to track progress. to do that, you need a method of capturing and measuring posture. the posture reprogramming systemtm developed by the author utilizes a software program called posture protm to analyze static posture and to track progress over time. by capturing digital images of static posture and using the posture pro software to plot screen coordinates that represent anatomical landmarks known to be either level or plumb in neutral posture, the operator can establish baseline posture. future exams can then track progress by comparing to the baseline values. posture pro has several methods of tracking progress. one of the most effective methods is to create a plot graph of all the exams. yes, you can change posture in as little as four weeks the author has found the profession \u2019 s biggest hesitation to focus on posture is the lack of posture correction education, either in or out of school. for the past ten years, thousands of doctors of chiropractic around the world have been changing posture using a three - fold approach. first, is spinal mobilization. this is a general spinal manipulation of the spine and pelvis to ensure joint mobility in advance of the changes about to happen in the muscles. second is the patient performing a specific set of exercises and stretches to target the muscles involved in fhp. these maneuvers were developed by john christman, ph. d., and refined by the author. the third protocol is the prescription of a set of posture blockstm ( patent pending ). these foam cushion shapes are designed to use the weight of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4868277127571246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.519438"} {"text": "these maneuvers were developed by john christman, ph. d., and refined by the author. the third protocol is the prescription of a set of posture blockstm ( patent pending ). these foam cushion shapes are designed to use the weight of the body, the pull of gravity and the resistance of the foam to stretch and relax different areas of the fhp target area. using spinal mobilization techniques, specific muscle stretches and exercises and utilizing a special therapeutic cushion at home, the muscles attached to the pelvis, shoulders, spine and head can be reprogrammed back to their original neutral positions. in a healthy, motivated person, this can mean a return to neutral posture in about four weeks. reimbursement for posture reprogramming although there is an icd - 10 code for abnormal posture ( r29. 3 ), third - party reimbursement for abnormal posture is rare and is generally considered an out of network service. most insurance companies will allow its use as a compound or complicating code. this essentially means that posture reprogramming is a cash - based service. the fee is based on the results of the posture exam. the posture pro software will generate a posture numbertm, which is the accumulation of deviations from normal. the general fee guideline is $ 50 for every posture number unit of deviation. for the average patient, that would be in the $ 500 - $ 1, 000 range for the posture reprogramming. using the posture reprogramming system, a doctor of chiropractic can market this service to health clubs and high school, college or professional sports departments, as well as private athletes, as a method of performance screening and enhancement. joseph ventura d. c. is the owner of venturadesigns a private company specializing in chiropractic consulting services and software development, he is the developer of the posture reprogramming system, his full bio can be found at www. posturepro. com / bio2. htm. he can be reached at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4764434832381357, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.520364"} {"text": "hyena cichlid ( nimbochromis polystigma ) from the aquarium wiki you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article. dont be shy!. 283, 905. 884 ml 283. 9 litres ( 75 us g. ) 9. 055 in 20 - 23 cm ( 7. 9 - 9. 1 \" ) 7. 5 - 8. 5 533. 07 \u00b0r 298. 15 k 536. 67 \u00b0r23 - 25 \u00b0c ( 73. 4 - 77\u00b0f ) - hyena cichlid - much like its counterpart, the venustus, the nimbochromis polystigma displays similar patterns and colors. the male is generally of a blue appearance with a more prominent blue on the head and gills. it may have slight yellow coloring around the abdomen with a giraffe pattern throughout. generally there is a bright yellow patch that will span from the fish ' s upper lip through to the front of the dorsal fin. the rear tip of the males dorsal fin has a very sharp tapering. the female is typically less flamboyant in coloring. she has the same giraffe patterns but they are usually more prominent markings than the male. there is no blue on the female but a shiny silver with gold pearlecent coloring all over the body and the head is usually a more vibrant yellow than the rest of the fish. the female ' s dorsal fin is rounded towards the tail. - polystigma will happily live among most african cichlids. the males can be aggressive when territory is opposed but generally one of the more placid of the cichlidae family. - this species is a predatory hunter and is best known for burying itself into the substrate and waiting for a smaller fish to swim by where it then will actively attack that fish. - once to twice daily - polystigma prefer a smaller grit substrate - polystigma are ( like most cichlids ) an aggressive predator fish, they generally like to hunt for their food but will accept commercial fish foods. there aggressive behaviour is generally only seen to smaller less aggressive fish. they can also become very aggressive if there is not a good ratio of female to male ' s in the tank. generally it is recommended a 1 : 4 ratio ( being 1 male 4 females ) in any colony. - this fish can be easily identified by its bright giraffe pattern ( in females ) and its bright blue with yellow markings ( in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43219091283461913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.526948"} {"text": "in england, a 1360 statute authorized justices of the peace to restrain, arrest and imprison rioters. the first modern riot act was proclaimed in 1714. until 1829, parish constables were responsible for maintaining public order, but they were so few and so poorly trained that army troops had to be called out to repress serious riots. the london metropolitan police was created in 1829 to help prevent, rather than repress, public disorders, and in 1856 the police act was passed, with specific military functions distinguished from those of the police and of the magistrates. following the acquisition of acadia in 1713 and canada in 1760, the british army garrison troops in bna replied to requests for acp in accordance with their military regulations. in 1868 canadian laws concerning the police, illegal assembly and riots were enacted, and the militia act authorized calling out canadian troops in acp. british practice generally remained the model. regulations and orders for the canadian militia replaced the british ones in 1870. in 1924 the power of calling out troops was moved from local authorities to provincial attorneys general. from 1796 to 1870 british troops, occasionally helped by local militiamen, provided acp roughly 100 times. since then canadian troops have helped maintain or restore public order 140 times and have helped repress penitentiary riots 20 times. half the former occurred before 1900, usually because of absence, shortage or improper training of police. since 1933, troops have not been involved in strikebreaking except under the war measures act, and all callouts except one have taken place in ontario and quebec, which are the only provinces not policed by the rcmp. over half the penitentiary callouts have occurred since 1962, and in most cases the army did not have to use force. recent research has helped to prove that canadian history has witnessed violence ; at the same time, military interventions have not usually resulted in the use of undue force. see also armed forces : militia and army ; october crisis. author jean pariseau", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4301497940280461, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.529560"} {"text": "pitching stride drill by steven ellis, former chicago cubs pitching pro the importance of a pitcher \u2019 s stride is often overlooked in developing proper pitching mechanics. there are several drills which can help the pitcher develop a proper stride which will allow them maximum velocity, and minimum injury. a pitcher \u2019 s stride length should be about 100 % of their overall their height. this length allows for maximum extension on the throw. the stride should also replicate a straight line towards home plate. directing the body on either side of the line will force the pitcher to compensate one way or the other, causing extra stress on the arm. if a pitcher is stepping over the line glove side, it will cause his arm to fly open and the hand will drag causing the ball to sail high, and tail inside. if a pitcher is stepping over the line hand side, he will have to crank his hips at an awkward angle to compensate for the mistake, forcing a lot of strain and making the outside corner very hard to locate. the first stride length drill a pitcher should practice involves just the pitcher \u2019 s mound. the pitcher should draw a line in the dirt parallel to the pitching rubber at a distance equal to his height. then, connect the two parallel lines with a straight line which should be equal to his height, creating an \" i \" shape. the pitcher can now practice his stride length by throwing with or without a ball with an optional catcher. the main goal of the drill is to make sure the pitcher is stepping even with the dashed line down the center of the mound, as well as planting close to the drawn parallel line ( his body length ). mastering these concepts will allow the pitcher to maximize the use of his legs, and take a lot of strain off the arm. related pitching materials want to learn more baseball pitching drills and practice tips? arm yourself with the most innovative and up - to - date baseball pitching training available. these related pitching materials from former chicago cubs pitching pro steven ellis are guaranteed to help you or the players you coach pitch better and reach the next level faster!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.415421086993073, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.532115"} {"text": "as the world edged into financial crisis, there were repeated warnings that we were headed for disaster. in the end, disaster struck. in many ways, the challenge of climate change has a similar feel, and the alarm bells are ringing just as loudly. but while it was possible to bail out the banks and to stimulate economic recovery with trillions of dollars of public finance, it will not be possible to bail out the climate \u2014 unless we act now. yet even when the basic science of climate change has been accepted by almost all scientists, many others still seem to think that it is unfounded, and that the world has more important questions to address. reducing poverty, increasing food production, combating terrorism, and sustaining economic recovery are seen as more deserving of our attention. but this is a false choice, for climate change is not an alternative priority to all of these ; it is in fact a \" risk multiplier, \" a factor that will undermine our ability to achieve any of these things. for example, ending poverty so that every person has the opportunity to lead a good life is already a hugely challenging ambition, and rapid climate change will make it more so. several studies have set out how climatic change will threaten economic development, especially in the most vulnerable and poorest countries. this will, in turn, damage programs to reduce poverty. food security is already at risk because of soil erosion and the volatility of oil and gas prices that sustain industrial farming, while demand is rising because of population growth and changing diets. climate change will exacerbate this squeeze. according to a united nations environment program projection, agricultural productivity could drop by up to 50 percent in many developing countries by 2080 \u2014 not least because of changed patterns of rainfall. these environmental stresses are likely to heighten social tensions. if in the future it becomes clear that the world ' s big polluters knew but did little or nothing about these problems, a whole new generation of resentment might be born. with this in mind, it seems to me that we need to adopt a new approach. surely the starting point must be to see the world as it really is, and perhaps to accept that the economy is a wholly owned subsidiary of nature and not the other way around. nature is, after all, the capital that underpins capitalism. the world ' s tropical rainforests provide a powerful case in point. these incredible ecosystems harbor more than half the earth ' s terrestrial biodiversity, on which, whether we like it or not, human survival depends. they generate rainfall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4652950775250391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.540422"} {"text": "that underpins capitalism. the world ' s tropical rainforests provide a powerful case in point. these incredible ecosystems harbor more than half the earth ' s terrestrial biodiversity, on which, whether we like it or not, human survival depends. they generate rainfall ; they are home to many of the world ' s indigenous peoples ; and they help meet the needs of hundreds of millions of other people. they also hold vast quantities of carbon. but they are being cleared and burned at a rate of about 6 million hectares per year. in addition to hastening a mass extinction of species \u2014 many of which could hold the answer to the treatment of human diseases as well as the key to new technologies based on mimicking nature ' s genius \u2014 this is causing massive greenhouse - gas emissions, accounting for about a fifth of the total. this is precisely why my rainforests project has expended so much effort during these last two years to help facilitate a consensus on increasing international cooperation to cut deforestation. back in april, i was able to host a meeting of world leaders at st. james ' s palace in london, in the margins of the g20 summit, where it was agreed to establish a new informal working group to look at how rates of deforestation could be slowed as rapidly as possible. the group came back with recommendations just a few weeks ago, and it is enormously heartening to see the degree of partnership that has developed between countries, environmental groups, and companies that are determined to work together toward implementing the proposals for dealing with the underlying economic root causes of deforestation. through providing countries with financial rewards for their positive performance in cutting deforestation ( or for not starting it in the first place ), we would make it possible for rainforest nations to implement strategies for sustainable development more quickly and without having to rely so heavily on the kind of economic activities that cause deforestation. by using \u2014 in addition to public - sector finance \u2014 innovative, long - term investment instruments, perhaps facilitated by the multilateral development banks, we could restore vast areas of already degraded land to increase food output. at the same time, money would be available for new health and education programs, as well as genuinely integrated rural - development models. in return, the world would sustain the vital ecosystem services upon which we all rely for our economic, physical, and spiritual survival. the idea that the world should pay in some way for the essential utility services provided by the rainforests ( after all, we already pay for our water, gas, and electricity ) is not a new one. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4789126306427771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.541697"} {"text": ", physical, and spiritual survival. the idea that the world should pay in some way for the essential utility services provided by the rainforests ( after all, we already pay for our water, gas, and electricity ) is not a new one. but there does, at last, appear to be agreement that this is one way we can quickly begin to reduce emissions and, thus, buy urgently needed time in the battle against catastrophic climate change. through a constructive process, countries have been able to find a mutually agreeable approach that i hope, in the months ahead, will lead to the kind of international cooperation that could make a decisive difference. while initiatives like this will need to be a part of the solution, they are not, i believe, the whole answer. in some ways the climate challenge is not first and foremost due to an absence of sound policy ideas or technology, but more a crisis of perception. as we have become progressively more separate from nature, and more reliant on technological inventiveness to solve our problems, we have become less able to see our predicament for what it really is \u2014 namely as being utterly out of balance, having lost any sense of harmony with the earth ' s natural rhythms, cycles, and finite systems. the fact that we generally regard economics as being separate from nature is just one, albeit quite fundamental, sign of this imbalance. forging a reconnection with nature and reintegrating our societies and economies with her capacities is, as far as i can see, the real challenge to which we must rise. the copenhagen summit will, i hope, contribute to a shift at this deeper level, as well as set out the plan for transition to a low - carbon economy based on official targets, policies, and technologies. as things stand, the world is not short of all these \u2014 what it does lack, however, is a mindset fit for the situation we face. while time may not be on our side, our ability to cooperate and innovate to find solutions appears to be with us still. we have in the past faced huge challenges and prevailed. this time the challenge seems greater than ever before, but i hope with all my heart that in copenhagen we will be able to exploit these very human attributes to the full. it is the very least we can do for future generations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5531825224500471, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.544226"} {"text": "reflections : the effects of september 11 are still being felt by educators and students a year later. here some of your colleagues share their feelings about the repercussions of this event. the events that unfolded on september 11 last year were nearly beyond comprehension. we can all remember how every hour, or sometimes every minute, our perception changed on what was happening, who may have did it, and to the impact it would have on us and the rest of the country. while the year since has clarified many of these issues, in some ways the bigger picture remains as changeable as the events of that day. just as it was hard to measure our shock, grief and outrage, so has it been hard to measure the loss of innocence for some children, the loss of loved ones loved ones npl \u2192 seres mpl queridos loved ones npl \u2192 proches mpl et amis chers loved ones love npl for others, and the near overwhelming desire of children to be able to understand an event that most adults are still sorting out. what is undeniable, though, is that the events of last year did bring changes. the most obvious ones may lie in the textbooks your district has, or will soon buy. of the four major textbook publishers, each has a few paragraphs on the event, and the picture of the firefighters raising the flag at ground zero raising the flag at ground zero is a photograph by thomas e. franklin of the bergen record, taken on september 11, 2001. the picture shows three firefighters raising the american flag at ground zero of the world trade center following the september 11, 2001 attacks.. but for many, these mentions don ' t come close to explaining, or making sense of, the events of that day. help is available for educators in a variety of ways. a new survey taken in new york city new york city : see new york, city. new york city city ( pop., 2000 : 8, 008, 278 ), southeastern new york, at the mouth of the hudson river. the largest city in the u. s. about the effects of september 11 show that girls are more likely to experience psychological problems than boys ; the fourth - and fifth - graders were more affected than older children, and about 75, 000 of the city ' s 1. 1 million students have suffered from post - traumatic stress disorder post - traumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ), mental disorder that follows an occurrence of extreme psychological stress, such as that encountered in war or resulting from violence, childhood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49461739428890494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.556525"} {"text": "the city ' s 1. 1 million students have suffered from post - traumatic stress disorder post - traumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ), mental disorder that follows an occurrence of extreme psychological stress, such as that encountered in war or resulting from violence, childhood abuse, sexual abuse, or serious accident.. the study, \" effects of the world trade center attacks on nyc nyc new york city nyc new york city public school students, \" suggests that districts expand existing mental health services health services managed care the benefits covered under a health contract within schools, and develop a citywide system for routine screening and referral for major mental health problems. san francisco state university \u2022 \u2022 [ created a professional development program, called understanding the world after september 11, for teachers. and brown university created a five - day curriculum on terrorism, which more than 1, 000 high schools say they will follow, according to according to 1. as stated or indicated by ; on the authority of : according to historians. 2. in keeping with : according to instructions. 3. a report in the new york new york, state, united states new york, middle atlantic state of the united states. it is bordered by vermont, massachusetts, connecticut, and the atlantic ocean ( e ), new jersey and pennsylvania ( s ), lakes erie and ontario and the canadian province of times. what follows are the thoughts of educators around the country on the fallout from that day, how it has impacted their lives and school district policies. shelley harwayne superintendent, community school district no. 2, new york city collector of works for messages to ground zero : children respond to september 11th ( heinemann, 2002 ) in any district you have trauma and tragedy... the loss of a parent, a teacher getting ill. to have a situation with such big numbers swept us off our feet.... i think it has caused us to reexamine re \u00b7 ex \u00b7 am \u00b7 ine also re - ex \u00b7 am \u00b7 ine tr. v. re \u00b7 ex \u00b7 am \u00b7 ined, re \u00b7 ex \u00b7 am \u00b7 in \u00b7 ing, re \u00b7 ex \u00b7 am \u00b7 ines 1. to examine again or anew ; review. 2. law to question ( a witness ) again after cross - examination. all our safety plans, our crisis teams, our environmental issues. district 2 is a district where instructional issues are on our front burner noun 1. front burner - top priority ; \" the work was moved to the front burner in order to meet deadlines \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5052628599026234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.557494"} {"text": ", our crisis teams, our environmental issues. district 2 is a district where instructional issues are on our front burner noun 1. front burner - top priority ; \" the work was moved to the front burner in order to meet deadlines \" precedence, precedency, priority - status established in order of importance or urgency ; \".... this has been a year where we ' ve had to add other things to our agenda. we had to get very good at taking care of all aspects of children ' s lives.... [ we realized ] how important it is to have smart people at the helm of every school. i have smart principals who are not only brilliant but brave. i think [ the messages to ground zero book ] will be a powerful closure. the section on hope is important. it would be a lovely book to read aloud on september 11 - - to tell kids what the children close to ground zero were thinking. people all over the country have asked me to talk about what i ' ve learned. kids need art more than ever. we can ' t ever eliminate the arts from our schools. so many children couldn ' t talk about their reactions, but they could [ express through art and words ] what they were feeling. when i looked at the [ messages sent to new york city children ] from all over the country, kids were using writing for so many more reasons than we thought possible. clearly our new york city kids were writing to bear witness. i think it was incredible to see that children could write to lift others ' spirits. these were not fill - in - the - blank stories. kids had important things to say, and they had the voice to say it. joanne mcdaniel director for the center for prevention of school violence raleigh, n. c. in some ways, the terrorism of september 11 was less of a shock to school districts across the country than it was to others. with columbine columbine, in botany columbine ( kol ` \u0259mbin ), any plant of the genus aquilegia, temperate - zone perennials of the family ranunculaceae ( buttercup family ), popular both as wildflowers and as garden flowers. and other violent incidents prompting districts to pay attention to physical security prior to september 11, the new national emphasis on such security required districts to revisit and update security plans rather than create new ones. importantly, many districts tried to balance physical security with the provision of learning environments that communicated a sense of normal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5233928563377266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.558605"} {"text": "security prior to september 11, the new national emphasis on such security required districts to revisit and update security plans rather than create new ones. importantly, many districts tried to balance physical security with the provision of learning environments that communicated a sense of normalcy nor \u00b7 mal \u00b7 cy noun 1. normalcy - being within certain limits that define the range of normal functioning normality and safety. many districts did take actions to ready themselves to handle bioterrorism and similar types of threats. christie winkelmann kyrene district spokeswoman kyrene elementary school elementary school : see school. district 28 phoenix, ariz. area after 9 / 11, a subsequent bomb threat affected several of our schools simultaneously. kyrene took several more steps to ensure the safety of its schools. these additional efforts involved a parent working committee, two safety audits and a written agreement for how schools and police departments will work together in the event of a crisis. first, the kyrene safety committee - - a group of parents that assisted district schools in developing more comprehensive emergency communication plans - - was created. parents on this committee provided feedback about how they would like to be kept informed in a crisis. the committee recommended district - wide emergency communication parameters that were later accepted and implemented in all schools as well as in the district ' s athletic and on - site childcare programs. david weiss there are several individuals of note named david weiss, including : obviously the events of 9 / 11 have created a new focus in the classroom. we find that students are very interested in learning more about the mideast and arab world \u201c arab states \u201d redirects here. for the political alliance, see arab league. the arab world ( arabic : \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a ; transliteration : al - ` alam al - ` arabi ) stretches from the atlantic ocean in the. as a department, [ we may ] develop an elective for students that would deal with the influence of the muslim or the arab world.... of the 31 workshops scheduled [ at nsssa ' s convention in november ], at least five of them are going to deal directly with the aftermath of 9 / 11. [ the terrorist attacks have also ] provided social studies teachers with the vehicle to [ teach ] tolerance. our country was ready for rejuvenation rejuvenation in extreme old age, restored to youth by medea. [ rom. myth. : llei, i : 322 ] apples of perpetual youth by tasting the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.539011521252551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.559639"} {"text": "[ teach ] tolerance. our country was ready for rejuvenation rejuvenation in extreme old age, restored to youth by medea. [ rom. myth. : llei, i : 322 ] apples of perpetual youth by tasting the golden apples kept by idhunn, the gods preserved their youth. [ scand. myth. in that area. we ' d become a very cynical nation, into our own world and not the greater world and the greater good. [ in u. s. history, ] the focus has not been on the influence of the arab world in our country. now it will. when the curriculum gets to the period immediately following world war ii, we can take a look at the me of israel. the students can see how that one event has implications 50 years later. i started teaching in the late ' 60s - - those were tough times.... it wasn ' t cool [ for students ] to be patriotic. i am a vietnam veteran this article is about veterans of the vietnam war. for the french psychedelic musical group, see vietnam veterans. vietnam veteran is a phrase used to describe someone who served in the armed forces of participating countries during the vietnam war.. students now have a clear focus. they understand why our country has done things in the past. why was there a vietnam? why did our country get involved? they can see [ that ] through terrorism, our country has now become vulnerable. they see it ' s imperative that our country unites again - - to understand that we are a country of many. from many come one, e pluribus unum e pluribus unum ( e plr ` ib\u0259s y ` n\u0259m ) [ lat.. mary minner former school counselor a school counselor is a counselor and educator who works in schools, and have historically been referred to as \" guidance counselors \" or \" educational counselors, \" although \" professional school counselor \" is now the preferred term. rosemary hills primary school, silver spring, md. in my experience of being with children who have felt stressed in a variety of circumstances, including 9 / 11, i ' ve seen how important it is to teach them how to be \" quiet on the inside. \" [ this ] is a feeling of calmness no matter what is going on.... fear can become an emotion that overcomes and overwhelms us. crisis can be an opportunity to see what we ' re thinking about. what we think about grows. and we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5069702676913559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.560675"} {"text": "of calmness no matter what is going on.... fear can become an emotion that overcomes and overwhelms us. crisis can be an opportunity to see what we ' re thinking about. what we think about grows. and we become what we think about. \" genie stowers associate dean, college of behavioral and social sciences, san francisco state university organizer of \" understanding the world after september 11, \" a summer academy for k - 12 teachers terrorism ] certainly is a current event, but i think it ' s going to go beyond that. students want to understand what they ' re hearing in the media everyday. [ it ' s ] really pointing out the importance of understanding social studies. the approach we took [ with the academy ] was interdisciplinary. we [ had ] people from a variety of different disciplines come and speak. this cannot really be understood from the point of view within one discipline. kenneth roy director of science and safety, glastonbury ( conn. ) public schools several years ago, districts fell victim to their own form of domestic - type terrorism - - columbine. with this event, we developed terrorist action and workplace violence protocols. after the tragedy of 9 / 11, workplace safety / security was again addressed and upgraded ; e. g., security audits to determine weaknesses in facilities, employee security training, security drills in the form of lockdowns and evacuations, and id badges for all employees and students, to name a few. safety / security of the four walls with the future inside is our mission. gregory thomas executive director of the student and safety prevention services division new york city ' s board of education. as the events unfolded on the morning of sept. 11, 2001, students and staff in schools across new york city were forced to make split - second decisions to ensure their safety. that we were successful in safely evacuating over 9, 000 students and hundreds of staff from eight schools in the vicinity of the world trade center complex and were able to reunite re \u00b7 u \u00b7 nite tr. & intr. v. re \u00b7 u \u00b7 nit \u00b7 ed, re \u00b7 u \u00b7 nit \u00b7 ing, re \u00b7 u \u00b7 nites to bring or come together again. [ - niting, - nited the other students in new york city to their families, is a credit to all of the administrators and students and to proper planning at the school level. while no school district can ever imagine or plan for a disaster of this magnitude, a very important lesson was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5265259317547519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.561718"} {"text": "other students in new york city to their families, is a credit to all of the administrators and students and to proper planning at the school level. while no school district can ever imagine or plan for a disaster of this magnitude, a very important lesson was learned in the midst adv. 1. in the midst - the middle or central part or point ; \" in the midst of the forest \" ; \" could he walk out in the midst of his piece? \" midmost of going through this experience ; proactive planning and creativity are essential elements in ensuring the safety of staff and students during an emergency. stanley teitel principal, stuyvesant high school stuyvesant high school, commonly referred to as stuy, is a new york city public high school that specializes in mathematics and science. the school opened in 1904 on manhattan ' s east side and moved to a new building in battery park city in 1992. ( located three blocks from ground zero ) our south windows faced the twin towers. many of the students witnessed things on the morning of 9 / 11 that weren ' t pleasant. we evacuated just before the second tower collapsed. after that, we had to vacate to annul, set aside, or render void ; to surrender possession or occupancy. the term vacate has two common usages in the law. with respect to real property, to vacate the premises means to give up possession of the property and leave the area totally devoid of contents. the building for four weeks. the result is that some students have had difficulty coping with day - to - day living. the same is true for some of the staff. for example, a fire alarm went off late in the spring, and three students ended up in the guidance office very upset. it was a false alarm, but they were shaken. we ' ve had counselors come in and meet with individual students and talk to groups. we ' ve also established new security measures noun 1. security measures - measures taken as a precaution against theft or espionage or sabotage etc. ; \" military security has been stepped up since the recent uprising \" security. now all students must present a photo id to enter the building in the morning. we ' ve put security cameras on every door to monitor the comings and goings of every one in the building.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5324658521458012, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.562626"} {"text": "the geological perspective on global warming : a debate dr colin p. summerhayes, vice - president of the geological society of london dear dr peiser, in the interest of contributing to the evidence - based debate on climate change i thought it would be constructive to draw to your attention the geological evidence regarding climate change, and what it means for the future. this evidence was published in november 2010 by the geological society of london in a document entitled \u201c climate change : evidence from the geological record \u201d, which can be found on the society \u2019 s web page. a variety of techniques is now available to document past levels of co2 in the atmosphere, past global temperatures, past sea levels, and past levels of acidity in the ocean. what the record shows is this. the earth \u2019 s climate has been cooling for the past 50 million years from 6 - 7\u00b0c above today \u2019 s global average temperatures to what we see now. that cooling led to the formation of ice caps on antarctica 34 million years ago and in the northern hemisphere around 2. 6 million years ago. the cooling was directly associated with a decline in the amount of co2 in the atmosphere. in effect we moved from a warm \u201c greenhouse climate \u201d when co2, temperature and sea level were high, and there were no ice caps, to an \u201c icehouse climate \u201d in which co2, temperature and sea level are low, and there are ice caps. the driver of that change is the balance between the emission of co2 into the atmosphere from volcanoes, and the mopping up of co2 from the atmosphere by the weathering of rocks, especially in mountains. there was more volcanic activity in the past and there are more mountains now. superimposed on this broad decline in co2 and temperature are certain events. around 55 million years ago there was a massive additional input of carbon into the atmosphere \u2013 about 4 times what humans have put there. it caused temperatures to rise by a further 6\u00b0c globally and 10\u00b0c at the poles. sea level rose by some 15 metres. deep ocean bottom waters became acid enough to dissolve carbonate sediments and kill off calcareous bottom dwelling organisms. it took over 100, 000 years for the earth to recover from this event. more recently, during the pliocene, around 3 million years ago, co2 rose to levels a little higher than today \u2019 s, global temperature rose to 2 - 3\u00b0c above today \u2019 s level, antarctica \u2019 s ross ice shelf melted, and sea level rose by 10 - 25 metres.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4971704312507682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.586836"} {"text": "million years ago, co2 rose to levels a little higher than today \u2019 s, global temperature rose to 2 - 3\u00b0c above today \u2019 s level, antarctica \u2019 s ross ice shelf melted, and sea level rose by 10 - 25 metres. the icehouse climate that characterised the past 2. 6 million years averaged 9\u00b0c colder in the polar regions and 5\u00b0c colder globally. it was punctuated by short warm interglacial periods. we are living in one of these warm periods now \u2013 the holocene \u2013 which started around 11, 000 years ago. the glacial to interglacial variations are responses to slight changes in solar energy meeting the earth \u2019 s surface with changes in : our planet \u2019 s orbit from circular to elliptical and back ; the position of the earth relative to the sun around the earth \u2019 s orbit ; and the tilt of the earth \u2019 s axis. these changes recur on time scales of tens to hundreds of thousands of years. co2 plays a key role in these changes. as the earth begins to warm after a cold period, sea ice melts allowing co2 to emerge from the ocean into the atmosphere. there it acts to further warm the planet through a process known as positive feedback. the same goes for another greenhouse gas, methane, which is given off from wetlands that grow as the world warms. as a result the earth moves much more rapidly from cold to warm than it does from warm to cold. we are currently in a cooling phase of this cycle, so the earth should be cooling slightly. evidently it is not. the geological society deduced that by adding co2 to the atmosphere as we are now doing, we would be likely to replicate the conditions of those past times when natural emissions of co2 warmed the world, melted ice in the polar regions, and caused sea level to rise and the oceans to become more acid. the numerical models of the climate system that are used by the meteorological community to predict the future give much the same result by considering modern climate variation alone. thus we arrive at the same solution by two entirely independent methods. under the circumstances the society concluded that \u201c emitting further large amounts of co2 into the atmosphere over time is likely to be unwise, uncomfortable though that fact may be. \u201d dr colin p. summerhayes vice - president geological society of london and emeritus associate scott polar research institute, cambridge. 8 february 2013 professor robert carter and professor vincent courtillot respond : dear dr peiser, thank you for your invitation on behalf of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47603372975656594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.591070"} {"text": "p. summerhayes vice - president geological society of london and emeritus associate scott polar research institute, cambridge. 8 february 2013 professor robert carter and professor vincent courtillot respond : dear dr peiser, thank you for your invitation on behalf of the foundation to reply to dr summerhayes \u2019 letter about geological evidence in relation to the hypothesis of dangerous anthropogenic global warming ( dagw ) that is favoured by the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ). we are in agreement with many of dr summerhayes \u2019 preliminary remarks about the geological context of climate change. this reflects that a large measure of scientific agreement and shared interpretation exists amongst most scientists who consider the global warming issue. points of commonality in the climate discussion include : * that climate has always changed and always will, * that earth has often been warmer than it is today, and that its present climatic condition is that of a warm interglacial during a punctuated icehouse world, * that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and warms the lower atmosphere ( though debate remains as to the magnitude and timescale of the warming ), * that a portion of human emissions are accumulating in the atmosphere, * that a global warming of around 0. 5\u00b0c occurred in the 20th century, but that there has been no global temperature rise over the last 16 years. the first two points are rooted in geological evidence ( as discussed in more detail by dr summerhayes ), the third is based upon physical principle and the last three are mostly matters of instrumental measurement ( i. e. observation ). despite the disparate scientific disciplines involved, all these points are relevant to achieving a quantitative understanding of climate change, together with several other disputed scientific matters such as those that we discuss below. one of the disputed scientific matters is represented by dr summerhayes \u2019 assertion that cooling over the last 34 million years \u201c was directly associated with a decline in the amount of co2 in the atmosphere \u201d. the word \u201c associated \u201d is ambiguous. it may simply mean that temperature and co2 were correlated, in the sense that their trends were parallel. but as everyone knows correlation is not causality and whether one drives the other, or the two are driven by a third forcing factor, or the correlation is the result of chance, requires careful analysis and argument. though it may be true that a broad correlation exists between atmospheric co2 content and global temperature, at least on some timescales, it remains unclear whether the primary effect is one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5308862812354525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.594489"} {"text": "correlation is the result of chance, requires careful analysis and argument. though it may be true that a broad correlation exists between atmospheric co2 content and global temperature, at least on some timescales, it remains unclear whether the primary effect is one of increasing co2 causing warming ( via the greenhouse effect ) or of warming causing co2 increase ( via outgassing from the ocean ). we are familiar with the argument that the currently decreasing carbon isotope ratio in the atmosphere is consistent with a fossil fuel source for incremental co2 increases, and therefore with the first of these two possibilities, but do not find it compelling because other natural sources ( soil carbon, vegetation ) also contribute isotopically negative carbon to the atmosphere. a second area of uncertainty, related to the point just discussed, is the rate, scope and direction of the various feedbacks that apply during a natural glacial - interglacial climatic cycle. dr summerhayes provides a confident, and perhaps plausible, account as to how changing insolation ( controlled by orbital change ), melting sea - ice and increasing co2 and ch4 jointly drive the asymmetrical glacial - interglacial cycles that have characterised recent planetary history. however, our knowledge of the climate system and its history currently remains incomplete ; some of the forcing mechanisms and feedbacks may not be known accurately, or even at all. for example, we do not yet know whether clouds exert a net warming or cooling effect on the climate. similarly, variations in ultraviolet radiation and high - energy particle emission from the sun, in atmospheric electricity and in galactic cosmic rays may all play larger roles in controlling climate change than is currently assumed, yet these effects are absent from most of the current generation of deterministic computer models of the future climate. the temperature projections made by these models may well be affected by our ignorance of the magnitude, the sign, or even the existence of some of the forcings and feedbacks that are actually involved. thirdly, dr summerhayes also briefly discusses the issue of sea level change. he quotes an estimated increase of 15 m in sea level associated with a temperature increase of 6 \u2013 10\u00b0c 55 million years ago. he then quotes a range of 10 \u2013 25 m rise for a 2 \u2013 3\u00b0c warming 3 million years ago. to this we might add the further examples of the 125 m sea level rise that has accompanied the 6\u00b0c temperature rise since the last glacial maximum, and the 0. 2 - m rise associated with the ~ 0. 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5496024859048847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.597496"} {"text": "3 million years ago. to this we might add the further examples of the 125 m sea level rise that has accompanied the 6\u00b0c temperature rise since the last glacial maximum, and the 0. 2 - m rise associated with the ~ 0. 5\u00b0c 20th century warming. it appears from these examples that a 1\u00b0c temperature rise can be associated with a sea level rise of as little as 0. 4 m or as much as 8 m, and all values in between! this indicates an uncertainty in our understanding of the temperature / co2 / sea - level connection that surely lessens its value for contributing to policy formulation. figure 1. temperature curve reconstructed from oxygen isotope measurements in a greenland ice core over the last 10, 000 years ( lappi 2010 after alley, 2000 ). fourth, and last, dr summerhayes says that because orbitally - forced climate periodicity is currently in a cooling phase \u201c the earth should be cooling slightly. evidently it is not \u201d. the statement is tendentious, because whether earth is seen to be cooling or warming depends upon the length of climate record that is considered. trends over 1, 10, 100 or 1000 years are not the same thing, and their differences must be taken into account carefully. we reproduce two figures that may be used to demonstrate that earth is currently not warming on either the longer - term millennial timescale ( figure 1 ) or the short - term decadal / meteorological timescale ( figure 2 ). we note also that on the intermediate centennial timescale ( 1850 \u2013 2010 ) the temperature trend has been one of a slight ( 0. 5\u00b0c ) rise. in assessing which of these timescales is the \u201c proper \u201d one to consider in formulating climate policy, we observe that the results conveyed in figure 2 have little scientific ( and therefore policy ) meaning unless they are assessed in the context of the data in figure 1. figure 2. mean temperature of lower atmosphere : hadcrut4 annual means 1997 - 2011 we acknowledge that the data in figure 1, which are drawn from a greenland ice core, represent regional rather than global climate. but a similar pattern of holocene long - term cooling is seen in many other records from around the world, including from antarctic ice cores. also, evidence for a millenial solar cycle has been accumulating over the past years, and, representing that rhythm, the medieval warming ( also called medieval climatic optimum ) appears to have been both global and also warmer than today \u2019 s climate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5244313232381071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.600559"} {"text": ", evidence for a millenial solar cycle has been accumulating over the past years, and, representing that rhythm, the medieval warming ( also called medieval climatic optimum ) appears to have been both global and also warmer than today \u2019 s climate. regarding figure 2, the data demonstrate that no warming has occurred since 1997. in response, some leading ipcc scientists have already acknowledged that should the temperature plateau continue, or turn into a statistically significant cooling trend, then the mainstream ipcc view will need revision. it is noteworthy, too, that over the 16 years during which global temperature has remained unchanged ( 1997 - 2012 ), atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have increased by 8 %, from 364 ppm to c. 394 ppm. given a mixing time for the atmosphere of about 1 year, these data would invalidate the hypothesis that human - related carbon dioxide emissions are causing dangerous global warming. in any case, observed global temperatures are currently more remote than ever from the most recent predictions set out in ipcc ar4. the areas of uncertainty in the prevailing argument over dagw are therefore not only geological but also instrumental and physical. current debate, which needs to be resolved before climate policy is set, centres on the following three issues : * whether any definite evidence exists for dangerous warming of human causation over the last 50 years, * the amount of net warming that is, or will be, produced by human - related emissions ( the climate sensitivity issue ), and * whether the ipcc \u2019 s computer models can provide accurate climate predictions 100 years into the future. in assessing these issues, our null hypothesis is that the global climate changes that have occurred over the last 150 years ( and continue to occur today ) are mainly natural in origin. as summarised in the reports of the nongovernmental international panel on climate change ( nipcc ), literally thousands of papers published in refereed journals contain facts or writings consistent with this null hypothesis, and plausible natural explanations exist for all the post - 1850 global climatic changes that have been described so far. in contrast, no direct evidence exists, and nor does the geological society point to any, that a measurable part of the mild late 20th century warming was definitely caused by human - related carbon dioxide emissions. the possibility of human - caused global warming nonetheless remains, because carbon dioxide is indubitably a greenhouse gas. the major unknown is the actual value of climate sensitivity, i. e. the amount of temperature increase that would result from doubling the atmospheric concentration of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5133596237028247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.603765"} {"text": "of human - caused global warming nonetheless remains, because carbon dioxide is indubitably a greenhouse gas. the major unknown is the actual value of climate sensitivity, i. e. the amount of temperature increase that would result from doubling the atmospheric concentration of co2 compared to pre - industrial levels. ipcc models estimate that water vapour increases the 1\u00b0c effect that would be seen in a dry atmosphere to 2. 5 - 4. 5\u00b0c, whereas widely cited papers by lindzen & choi ( 2011 ) and spencer & braswell ( 2010 ) both describe empirical data that is consistent with negative feedback, i. e. sensitivity less than 1\u00b0c. the conclusion that climate sensitivity is significantly less than argued by the ipcc is also supported by a range of other empirical or semi - empirical studies ( e. g., forster & gregory, 2006 ; aldrin et al., 2012 ; ring et al., 2012 ). gathering these various thoughts together, we conclude that the risk of occurrence of damaging human - caused global warming is but a small one within the much greater and proven risks of dangerous natural climate - related events ( not to mention earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and landslides, since we are dealing here with geological topics ). moreover, the property damage and loss of life that occurred in the floods in the uk in 2007 ; in the 2005 katrina and 2012 sandy storms in the usa ; and in deadly bushfires in australia in 2009 and 2013 all attest that even wealthy and technologically sophisticated nations are often inadequately prepared to deal with climate - related hazard. the appropriate response to climate hazard is to treat it in the same way as other geological hazards. which is to say that national policies are needed that are based on preparing for and adapting to all climate events as and when they happen, and irrespective of their presumed cause. every country needs to develop its own understanding of, and plans to cope with, the unique combination of climate hazards that apply within its own boundaries. the planned responses should be based upon adaptation, with mitigation where appropriate to cushion citizens who are affected in an undesirable way. the idea that there can be a one - size - fits - all global solution to deal with just one possible aspect of future climate hazard, as recommended by the ipcc, and apparently supported by dr summerhayes on behalf of the geological society, fails to deal with the real climate and climate - related hazards to which all parts of the world are episodically exposed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5131582144362661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.606840"} {"text": "climate hazard, as recommended by the ipcc, and apparently supported by dr summerhayes on behalf of the geological society, fails to deal with the real climate and climate - related hazards to which all parts of the world are episodically exposed. professor robert ( bob ) carter professor vincent courtillot 14 february 2013 aldrin, m. et al. 2012. bayesian estimation of climate sensitivity based on a simple climate model fitted to observations on hemispheric temperature and global ocean heat content. environmetrics, doi : 10. 1002 / env. 2140. alley, r. b. 2000. the younger dryas cold interval as viewed from central greenland. quaternary science reviews 19 : 213 \u2013 226 forster, p. m. & gregory, j. m. 2006. the climate sensitivity and its components diagnosed from earth radiation budget data. journal of climate 19, 39 - 52. lappi, d. 2010. 65 million years of cooling lindzen, r. s. & choi, y - s. 2011. on the observational determination of climate sensitivity and its implications. asia - pacific journal of atmospheric sciences 47, 377 - 390. ring, m. j. et al. 2012. causes of the global warming observed since the 19th century. atmospheric and climate sciences 2, 401 - 415. spencer r. w. & braswell, w. d. 2010. on the diagnosis of radiative feedback in the presence of unknown radiative forcing. journal of geophysical research 115, d16109.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4824160103606289, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.607939"} {"text": "software developer google has open sourced its zopfli data compression algorithm. google encourages its engineers to work on personal projects as part of their \" 20 percent time \" and occasionally some of those are made public and open sourced for third party developers. that ' s why the firm has open sourced its zopfli data compression algorithm, claiming it produces three to eight percent smaller files compared to zlib. google ' s zopfli algorithm is based on the deflate algorithm but has been optimised to produce smaller file sizes at the expense of compression speed. the firm said the compression library, written in c, is based on iterative entropy modelling and a shortest path algorithm, adding that it is bit - stream compatible, meaning that it can be used with gzip, zip and most importantly http requests. lode vandevenne, a software engineer on google ' s compression team who implemented the zopfli algorithm said, \" due to the amount of cpu time required - two to three orders of magnitude more than zlib at maximum quality - zopfli is best suited for applications where data is compressed once and sent over a network many times. \" ultimately vandevenne ' s algorithm might be costly when it comes to cpu cycles for compression - he claims there is no performance hit in decompression - but the fact is that cpu cycles are significantly cheaper than network bandwidth. developers such as opera have worked hard on web compression to speed up webpage rendering in markets where 3g connectivity is patchy or non - existent. source code for the zopfli data compression library is available here. \u00b5 companies need to rate limit posts based on keywords, warns trend micro uses 20 percent less power than traditional systems sign up for inqbot \u2013 a weekly roundup of the best from the inq", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5417836780656652, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.610369"} {"text": "using short, self - assembling bio - degradable protein nanofibres impregnated with a blood - vessel growth factor, scientists have been able to prevent some of the negative changes that occur in the heart following a heart attack and boost cardiac recovery. writing in science translational medicine, yi - dong lin and his colleagues at the academica sinica in taiwan made a biochemical cocktail containing the growth factor vegf ( vascular endothelial growth factor ), which promotes the growth of new vessels, and some artificial protein sequences called oligopeptides which plait themselves into short, biocompatible nanofibres when exposed to the salt solution found in body fluids. the idea was to inject this mix into regions of the heart injured by a heart attack. these fibres would then behave like a slowly - squeezed sponge, steadily releasing the vegf to boost the blood supply to the damaged area while also providing structural support. a group of heart - attack afflicted rats were injected with the nanofibre - growth factor mixture at the injury sites in their hearts. a second group of control rats received just vegf or saline injections without any protein nanofibres. a month later, the nanofibre - vegf - treated animals had significantly better cardiac function, showing fewer signs of heart failure, smaller injury sites and less pathological deposition of fibrous tissue compared with the controls. repeated on pigs, a much closer correlate to humans, the results were the same. the sustained release of vegf, the team found, was promoting the formation of nourishing arteries, while the nanofibre structures themselves were encouraging stem cells, both from the blood and from elsewhere in the heart, to migrate into and persist within the heart attack site, helping to promote vessel formation, enact repair and prevent the deposition of harmful fibrous tissue. according to the team, the nanofibres create a three - dimensional vascular niche that captures circulating cells capable of promoting repair and also provides a scaffold, stabilising the development of new small arteries, to nourish the site. the nanofibres themselves, the team found, breakdown slowly as the heart repairs itself. about 70 % of the injected material still remained one month after injection. \" in conclusion, \" they say, \" nfs are able to create an in - vivo microenvironment for cardiovascular regeneration and also provide positive therapeutic effects after mi in both small and large animals...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.512739510938422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.613226"} {"text": "chinese orbital docking starts long march to space station us commie hunt jumpstarted taikonaut takeoff china has successfully launched an unmanned capsule into orbit and is beginning to maneuver it into place for the nation \u2019 s first orbital docking. state media reports that a shenzhou - 8 capsule successfully blasted off from china \u2019 s launch platform in the gobi desert atop an upgraded long march - 2f rocket, watched by chinese vice premier zhang dejiang. it was successfully inserted into its planned orbit, and ground control is now beginning to shift it into position to dock with the tiangong - 1 \u2013 \" heavenly palace - 1 \" \u2013 module that has been in orbit since september. if all goes to plan, the capsule will perform china \u2019 s first space docking in two days \u2019 time, 343km above the planet \u2019 s surface. after a number of practice docking maneuvers, the capsule will then return to earth for examination and testing. successful docking will be crucial if china is to reach its goal of putting a space station into orbit by 2020. under the plans that are currently public, the station will be a small affair in comparison to the international space station or the de - orbited soviet mir platform \u2013 but out of tiny acorns mighty oak trees grow. in pure technology terms, the chinese space program looks relatively unsophisticated. after all, us astronaut neil armstrong managed the first space docking in 1966 during the gemini 8 mission. the soviets managed it in 1969, and by 1975 the two countries were docking with each other \u2019 s crafts. it wasn \u2019 t until 1970 that china even got a satellite into orbit \u2013 although it \u2019 s now been selling orbital delivery to other countries for over 25 years. the middle kingdom wouldn \u2019 t have made it this far if it hadn \u2019 t been for the 1950s mccarthy - era panic over communist infiltration in america. qian xuesen, one of america \u2019 s foremost rocket engineers in the 1930s and 1940s, and cofounder of the jet propulsion laboratory in the us, was arrested in the us after visiting his parents on mainland china in 1950. accused on the flimsiest of evidence of being a communist, and despite the strong efforts of his university, caltech, qian was deported to china in 1955. qian, who died at the age of 98 in 2009, is hailed as the father of chinese rocketry, and was his country ' s first \u2013 and originally only \u2013 rocket engineer. he built a group of engineers on his return to china, and helped develop a variety", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.449011466006278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.616821"} {"text": "a hot paper for warm weather : research on fire and climate change honored when the weather warms up in the american west, most people are just enjoying the blooms and greenery. but fire - watchers know the lush landscape will turn into tinder when temperatures soar. and the more plant material there is, the more flammable the countryside will become. one researcher watching the fire seasons with particular attention is uc merced \u2019 s tony westerling, jointly appointed in the school of engineering and the school of social sciences, humanities and arts. westerling \u2019 s 2006 paper about large wildfires and climate change, published in the journal \u201c science, \u201d was cited by thomson scientific \u2019 s sciencewatch. com as the fast - breaking paper of the month in geosciences for february 2008. the paper was in the top 1 percent of papers in the geosciences in terms of being cited by other scientists in their publications. it also showed the largest percentage increase in citations in the past few months of any highly - cited paper in the geosciences. westerling \u2019 s paper gained national attention on its publication, with articles appearing in newspapers nationwide. the new assistant professor even found himself a guest on national public radio \u2019 s science friday before starting work at uc merced in july 2006. he and his colleagues at the university of arizona published a statement in 2007 following severe fires in southern california clarifying what kinds of fires their research had successfully linked to global climate change. the southern california chaparral fires were not among the group \u2013 their research focused on forest fires. this 2007 statement also gained widespread notice in the media. sciencewatch. com has published commentary by westerling about the 2006 paper and his own background and experience. the site also plans a podcast interview with him. in the commentary, westerling noted that the increase in forest fires \u201c has been very large, in terms of the number of large forest wildfires, total area burned in these fires, the length of the fire season, and the length of time individual fires burn. \u201d \u201c this research is the first to conclusively link the increase in wildfire to trends toward warming and earlier springs, implying that global warming will tend to increase wildfire in forest ecosystems where snow plays an important role in the hydrology, \u201d he said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42194938825525824, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.630056"} {"text": "we farm fish and we certainly farm fruits and vegetables. insects are full of protein and while americans don ' t eat them, many other cultures do, so why not farm them? in the future, we may do just that ( unless they get too powerful - - in which case we ' ll probably shoot them down and eat the roadkill ). raising cows, pigs and sheep uses up 2 / 3 of the world ' s farmland and produces 20 % of all the greenhouse gases that are changing our climate. the un wants us to eat less meat, so a natural alternative is insects. global warming. as a result, the united nations and senior figures want to reduce the amount of meat we eat and the search is on for alternatives. in the august 1st edition of the guardian, damian carrington quotes entomologist arnold van huis as saying, \" there is a meat crisis. the world population will grow from 6 billion now to 9 billion by 2050 and we know people are consuming more meat. if we continue like this we will need another earth. \" on the popsci website, paul adams writes : \" tons of edible, sustainable protein swarms all around us, free for the taking. farming edible insects like mealworms and crickets would produce far less greenhouse gas - - 10 times less methane and 100 times less nitrous oxide - - than the large mammals we currently farm. insects are metabolically much more efficient, which makes them far cheaper to feed and raise and since they ' re so biologically different from humans, they are less subject to contagious disease scares like mad cow. they are high in protein and calcium, and with over 1, 000 edible species, offer plenty of delicious variety. \" bbc quotes huis as saying, \" most of the world already eats insects. it is only in the western world that we don ' t. psychologically we have a problem with it. i don ' t know why, as we eat shrimps, which are very comparable. \" where else are you going to read a story like this? here at unknowncountry. com, we always tell you the truth about everything ( and everything else ). you can support the hard work we do if you subscribe today! to learn more, click here and here. art credit : dreamstime. com note : this news story, previously published on our old site, will have any links removed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41874417888230003, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.635856"} {"text": "the age of reason, as it was called, was spreading rapidly across europe. in the late 17th century, scientists like isaac newton and writers like john locke were challenging the old order. newton ' s laws of gravity and motion described the world in terms of natural laws beyond any spiritual force. in the wake of political turmoil in england, locke asserted the right of a people to change a government that did not protect natural rights of life, liberty and property. people were beginning to doubt the existence of a god who could predestine human beings to eternal damnation and empower a tyrant for a king. europe would be forever changed by these ideas. in america, intellectuals were reading these ideas as well. on their side of the atlantic, enlightened ideas of liberty and progress had a chance to flourish without the shackles of old europe. religious leaders began to change their old dogmatic positions. they began to emphasize the similarities between the anglican church and the puritan congregationalists rather than the differences. even cotton mather, the massachusetts minister who wrote and spoke so convincingly about the existence of witches advocated science to immunize citizens against smallpox. harvard ministers became so liberal that yale college was founded in new haven in 1707 in an attempt to retain old calvinist ideas. this attempt failed and the entire faculty except one converted to the church of england in 1722. by the end of the century, many new england ministers would become unitarians, doubting even the divinity of christ. new ideas shaped political attitudes as well. john locke defended the displacement of a monarch who would not protect the lives, liberties, and property of the english people. jean - jacques rousseau stated that society should be ruled by the \" general will \" of the people. baron de montesquieu declared that power should not be concentrated in the hands of any one individual. he recommended separating power among executive, legislative, judicial branches of government. american intellectuals began to absorb these ideas. the delegates who declared independence from britain used many of these arguments. the entire opening of the declaration of independence is thomas jefferson ' s application of john locke ' s ideas. the constitutions of our first states and the united states constitution reflect enlightenment principles. the writings of benjamin franklin made many enlightenment ideas accessible to the general public. the old way of life was represented by superstition, an angry god, and absolute submission to authority. the thinkers of the age of reason ushered in a new way of thinking. this new way championed the accomplishments of humankind. individuals did not have to accept despair", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5655022123542695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.640291"} {"text": "what are the different types of modems? modems are distinguished from one another by their architecture, that is, where the processing takes place : in the modem or in the pc. a hardware modem is a \" controller - based \" modem, and it does all of the work. this type of modem provides the best power and performance, and it does not utilize the pc ' s processing power. all three components ( mcu, dpu, and daa ) are in the modem itself. it can work with many operating systems, and functionality may be upgradeable through rom uploads. controllerless or winmodems controllerless modems ( or winmodems ), as the name implies, do not have an onboard microcontroller. as a result, data compression and the generation of at commands are performed by the pc. since most pcs sold today run the windows operating system, the microcontroller program is usually written specifically for windows, hence the name \" winmodem. \" they are useful in laptops, as they tend to use less power. winmodems are usually software upgradeable. softmodems are, quite simply, software modems. all processing is done by the pc, and the \" modem \" is little more than an interface to plug in the phone jack. these modems require the pc to do all of the work, and they will only run in the windows operating system. many pc makers put softmodems in the pcs that they sell to consumers, as they are extremely inexpensive. they are upgradeable. what kind of modems are available?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4943176699071659, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.643388"} {"text": "q. the top of my oleander is turning yellow and dying. will the plant recover if i prune out the affected branches? a. removing the dying branches from your oleander will improve its appearance for a while, but this will not restore the plant \u2019 s health. your oleander will probably die in a few years if it has oleander leaf scorch. this fatal disease is caused by the bacterium xylella fastidiosa. the bacteria grow inside and soon plug the plant \u2019 s xylem tissue, which transports water from the roots to the leaves. the upper foliage initially turns yellow and may droop on one or more branches. unfortunately, by the time these symptoms appear, the bacteria have already spread to other parts of the plant that appear healthy. as the disease progresses, more branches are affected and the plant eventually dies. all oleanders ( nerium oleander ) are susceptible to the disease although some cultivars may express symptoms to lesser degrees and live longer when infected. oleander leaf scorch is spread primarily from plant to plant by an exotic sap - feeding insect, the glassy - winged sharpshooter. spraying oleanders with insecticide does not adequately protect plants from sharpshooter feeding and possible infection. the bacterium does not persist in the soil when a plant dies. another oleander could be planted in the same location, but this is not recommended since the new plant could also become infected when sharpshooters feed on the plant. the best permanent solution is to replace dying oleanders with a different ornamental. some possible substitutes are lemon bottle brush ( callistemon citrinus ), purple hop bush ( dodonaea viscosa \u2018 purpurea \u2019 ), american arborvitae ( thuja occidentalis ), toyon ( heteromeles arbutifolia ), and lemonade berry ( rhus integrifolia ). additional plants suggested by four landscape designers are listed in an article, \u201c good bets for hedges to replace dying oleanders \u201d at : q. my oranges look ripe, but they taste sour. do i need to fertilize the tree to make the fruit sweet? a. fertilizing an orange tree in winter will not make the fruit sweeter. to develop sweet fruit, orange trees need a full canopy of foliage, a sunny location, warm weather and time. you cannot tell when oranges are ready to eat by the color of their rind. both nave", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.35651592773618124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.646104"} {"text": "ban on bottled water spearheaded by cas students when the campus - wide effort to end bottled water sales at uvm began four years ago, it was spearheaded by the vermont students toward environmental protection ( vstep ), a student - run, non - profit organization created in 1988 to expand uvm \u2019 s recycling program and address environmental issues on vermont campuses. marlee baron \u2019 11, a vstep president, was among the initial group of students who wanted to address the bottled water issue and started planning \u201c bring your own bottle \u201d days and informational tabling events. baron, a double major in environmental studies and spanish who wrote her senior thesis on \u201c creating a sustainable beverage system at uvm, \u201d worked with rubenstein school student mikayla mcdonald \u2019 10, to draft the bottled water resolutions that were eventually passed by the sga. marlee, who lives in her hometown of chicago and works for the chicago park district doing planning, outreach and volunteer recruitment around habitat restoration work and other natural resource projects, says that hearing the npr report in january, \u201c was a really exciting and strange experience. after an arduous struggle, it was affirming to have the significance of this achievement broadcast so widely : that as the first public university in the us to ban bottled water, uvm is making a loud statement to the beverage industry, as well as illuminating the path for other large institutions to follow the lead of a growing number of bottled - water free schools. at the same time, it was strange to not be on campus to hear reactions, see the infrastructural updates taken on by the university in replace of bottled water, and most importantly to celebrate with all of those dedicated students, faculty and staff who came together continuously to make this happen. \u201c also i couldn ' t ignore the fact that while we can see this as an accomplishment, it should not be viewed as the end of the line. the elimination of bottled water was only one goal within a much broader sustainable beverage system vision which included measures to increase the social responsibility of beverage providers, increase the locality of beverages consumed, and make a much larger impact to waste reduction through eliminating as many single - use beverage containers as possible \u2014 not just bottles with water. \u201d vstep \u2019 s next president greg francese \u2019 12, a double major in political science and geography, also assisted in the effort by helping to collect more than 1, 200 signatures from students in support of a resolution calling for a sustainable beverage system, surpassing the 10 percent requirement for an sga resolution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46168457628168813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.651049"} {"text": "12, a double major in political science and geography, also assisted in the effort by helping to collect more than 1, 200 signatures from students in support of a resolution calling for a sustainable beverage system, surpassing the 10 percent requirement for an sga resolution. student efforts to reduce the usage of bottled water were already paying off as sales of flat, unflavored water dropped from 362, 000 bottles in 2007 to 235, 000 in 2010. the sga formally voted to approve the end of bottled water sales in the fall of 2011. reflecting on his involvement in the ban, greg says, \u201c i ' m still pretty proud of the work i was involved with at uvm \u2014 and certainly proud of uvm for going through with the ban. also, i can ' t remember when i last bought bottled water. \u201d currently, greg is a graduate student studying urban and regional planning at the university at albany ( suny ). his concentration is in bicycle and pedestrian planning and his dream job would be working on the development of bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure for a city. he is also the city of albany ' s sustainability intern, which means for the past four months he has been going around albany documenting the location of every single bike rack. he will also be assisting in the development of criteria for safe streets for cyclists in albany. last modified february 19 2013 04 : 50 pm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42987797813598233, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.651708"} {"text": "the japanese government, on wednesday, is expected to announce its first annual trade deficit, since 1980. official trade figures set to be released on wednesday are expected to show that japan recorded a deficit for the first time in three decades, mainly on account of large fossil fuel purchases by utilities for power stations, to make up for the loss of nuclear power, following the fukushima disaster. japanese trade is expected to be in deficit for the next few years, as it tries to overcome the fukushimadisaster that released radiation into the atmosphere and forced the government, in the face of vehement public outcry, to shut down most of its nuclear power stations. import figures for liquefied natural gas jumped to a record last year, as utilities switched to gas - fired power generation to overcome the shortfall left by the shutdown of most nuclear reactors after the march 11 earthquake caused the worst nuclear disaster in 25 years. high crude prices have also seen import values rise, with japan being the world \u2019 s third biggest consumer of oil. for decades, japan \u2019 s economy has been propelled by iconic export - led manufacturers like toyota, honda and sony, and the march earthquake has hit these companies hard, with production at toyota only returning to full capacity in the autumn. a rise in the yen to a record last year of fewer than 77 per dollar from more than 250 in 1980 is making japanese exports increasingly uncompetitive and encouraging manufacturers to move overseas. this shift is most evident in the automotive industry. jpmorgan, in its research, says that by 2014, over 75 % of japanese cars will be produced abroad, up from 67 % in 2011. honda, toyota and nissan have all expressed their desire to move production away fromjapan, on the back of the ever - stronger yen. each one yen rise against the dollar, for example, is estimated to cut honda \u2019 s operating profit by 15bn yen ( $ 195m ). nissan has already shifted a sizeable portion of its production to thailand and mexico and, last year, was the second - biggest importer of vehicles into japan behind volkswagen. honda has also decided to produce its top of the range sports car in the us. earlier in the day, the bank of japan cut its forecasts for 2011 and indicated thatjapan \u2019 s financial recovery could take far longer than previously anticipated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4311508384750705, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.654107"} {"text": "maintaining your cat ' s health when cats are sick or in pain, they \u2019 re notorious for masking their illness and hiding their symptoms, and it \u2019 s not because they \u2019 re just too proud or independent to show it. one theory is that this behavior has deep biological roots - in the wild cats would be \u2018 prey \u2019 animals, and showing any sign of weakness would make them more vulnerable. that \u2019 s why even an injured cat will likely keep moving as if nothing was wrong. knowing this, it \u2019 s up to us to keep a watchful eye on our beloved feline friends. particularly because animals mature faster than we do - biologically they evolved that way, making them better able to survive disease and predators in the wild. cats are considered senior after about 12 years, so we always have to remind ourselves that with \u201c accelerated \u201d health, they may develop disease earlier so we need to check for red flags. a wellness examination is a routine medical examination of a cat that is apparently healthy as opposed to an examination performed when a cat is ill. a wellness examination is often called a \u201c check - up \u201d or a \u201c physical examination \u201d and the focus of this exam is the maintenance of your cat \u2019 s health. these exams allow your veterinarian to detect and treat health issues earlier which usually means less expense to you and often a better outcome for your cat. more on health & wellness - how to care for your senior cat - check your cat ' s vital signs at home - why does my cat \u2026 mask that he ' s in pain? - pet care should focus more on wellness, less on shots - how to give your cat a pill - how to tell if your cat is ill - cat exercise : keeping your kitty in good shape - summer hazards and your cat - feline arthritis \u2014 a condition that ' s more common than you think", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.459373965514191, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.657641"} {"text": "interesting article by carolyn handler miller, about the origins of digital storytelling. excerpt : on the vast timetable of human achievements, computer - based interactive storytelling is a mere infant, only coming into being in the mid - twentieth century with the development of modern electronic computer technology. these narratives are also characterized by attributes rarely found in other forms of storytelling : they are interactive ; they are immersive ; they are nonlinear ; and they are participatory, meaning that the audience not only takes part in them but can make choices that directly impact the story. furthermore, the fictional characters in these stories commonly breach the fourth wall \u2013 the invisible barrier that separates the story world on one side and the real world on the other. in interactive narratives, it is extremely common for the fictional characters and the audience to communicate with each other and even for audience members to step into the story and play a direct role in it. given the fact that these narratives are so new and that they differ in so many important regards from other forms of storytelling, one might wonder if they are an entirely modern invention. did they enter the world like the greek goddess athena, who sprung into the world from the head of her father, zeus, fully formed, dressed and armed? in other words, are these unique types of works that came into existence only because the development of the electronic computer made them possible? or do the characteristics that make them so different from other forms of narrative possibly have roots in earlier types of storytelling and other human activities?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5272570628259725, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.659376"} {"text": "u. s. representative keith ellison, d minn., speaks at an election night event in st. paul, minn. / hannah foslien, ap last week, the american people voted for fairness. and with the \" fiscal cliff \" staring us all straight in the face, fairness must guide our decision - making as a nation. fairness demands that the nation prioritize good jobs, particularly after a decade of the most generous tax cuts for the well - to - do. investing in jobs is not only the right thing to do, but it will place america on a path to sustainable economic growth. the best way to be fair to working people, grow the economy, and reduce our deficit is to create jobs. the congressional progressive caucus has a deal for all - - one that puts americans back to work. we can address our crumbling roads and bridges and promote education or we can choose to pass more tax breaks for the wealthiest americans at the expense of our seniors. we cannot afford the latter. progressives can only accept a deal from republicans in congress that invests in jobs, calls on the wealthy to do more, calls on the military to do more, and protects the most vulnerable. our country has a jobs crisis. the biggest risk of congressional inaction is not that the deficit will increase, but that immediate budget cuts will hurt an already fragile economy, costing more american jobs. after the largest economic crisis since the great depression, our unemployment rate has finally fallen below 8 %. but we still have a long way to go. middle income jobs, in particular, have been slow to return and more than 12 million americans are still unemployed. america ' s public workers - teachers, police officers, and firefighters - have had a particularly difficult time finding work. local governments laid off 7, 000 workers between august and september, and further cuts would mean more job losses. as nobel prize - winning economist peter diamond said, \" we have an unemployment crisis, in my view. the impacts, both on long - term unemployed and young people, are going to affect them for years and yearsa? \u00a6we have a debt problem. we don ' t have a debt crisis. \" austerity would plunge the economy back into a recession. cutting the u. s. postal service or local fire departments costs public workers their jobs and reduces private sector demand, causing even more layoffs. in europe, rapid cuts in government spending have plunged the entire continent back into recession. great britain, a poster child for austerity, has seen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3899961023916295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.666042"} {"text": "local fire departments costs public workers their jobs and reduces private sector demand, causing even more layoffs. in europe, rapid cuts in government spending have plunged the entire continent back into recession. great britain, a poster child for austerity, has seen real g. d. p. since the recession plummet to levels lower than after the great depression. workers in spain and greece have had to pick through garbage because of forced government cuts. rep. paul ryan ' s ( r - ohio ) prediction that we risk becoming greece could be accurate if we enact his own proposals to cut services americans need during economic recovery. but we don ' t have to choose between addressing the jobs crisis and reducing the deficit. in fact, putting people back to work will go a long way toward reducing the deficit. the deal for all with four basic principles to protect the middle - class and working families. first, any deal must protect benefits for the millions of american seniors, children, and disabled americans who depend on social security, medicare, and medicaid. one in every four families depends on our social security system, including 36 million retired americans. making workers wait until they ' re older to receive these benefits could cost seniors nearly $ 5, 000 a year. and nearly every american senior depends on medicare to cover health costs. turning medicare into a voucher system, as republicans have proposed, would not only make seniors pay thousands more for medicare, but leave many seniors without any coverage at all. second, an agreement must reform our tax code in a way that asks the most privileged among us to contribute their fair share, and closes corporate loopholes for companies that ship american jobs overseas. if working and middle class people are going to take a hit in tough times, it shouldn ' t be to pay for tax breaks for millionaires and oil companies. third, we must make smart cuts to defense spending, to focus our armed forces on combating 21st century risks. defense spending has more than doubled in the past 10 years alone. we can afford smart, strategic cuts to outdated defense spending without compromising our national security. also, we shouldn ' t fall for the argument from defense contractors and others that defense cuts will hurt the economy. investing in areas like health care for our seniors and education for our youth creates many more jobs than equivalent investment in defense. lastly, any deal must invest in job creation in the near - term. federal investments were already cut by $ 1. 5 trillion in the first round of deficit reduction a?? 60 percent from vital programs such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4177082781428281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.667091"} {"text": "authorities in japan have evacuated the area around a nuclear power plant after its reactor ' s cooling system failed following friday ' s massive earthquake. pressure began building overnight at the fukushima daiichi plant north of tokyo, prompting officials to consider venting radioactive vapor on saturday. the situation has prompted analysts to debate whether nuclear power is safe to use in earthquake - prone regions. japan has 55 nuclear power plants that produce nearly one - third of the country \u2019 s electrical output. its also lies in one of the most seismically active zones in the world, known as the pacific ring of fire. nuclear waste specialist kevin kamps at nuclear watchdog beyond nuclear says these two factors put japan at a big risk. \" an earthquake that damages multiple levels of the safety systems can lead to a troubled situation very quickly. \" kamps said the worst case scenario for the fukushima daiichi plant would be what happened at the chernobyl nuclear power plant in ukraine in 1986, when the radioactivity escaped to the outside environment, causing environmental and health hazards across portions of europe. he said japan should consider other energy options. \" there are much safer sources of electricity ; renewables, like wind and solar, could not suffer catastrophic disasters like this that endanger entire regions with hazardous radioactive releases. \" analyst jeremy gordon with the world nuclear association, however, said overall the situation is not one in which japan would need to abandon this major source of electricity. he said japan ' s nuclear plants are built with multiple safety layers and earthquakes in mind. \" the engineering standard goes so far beyond what you would ever expect, and the regulations go far beyond what you would ever expect. the end result is that the power plants are extremely robust. \" gordon said a powerful earthquake that struck the kashiwazaki - kariwa nuclear power plant in 2007 is an example of the effectiveness of nuclear power plant safety measures. \" they were hit really hard and there was damage within the plant and it took a long time to repair everything. but the safety system stayed in place and there was no nuclear risk from that earthquake. \" kamps said the fukushima daiichi situation, though, should be a wake - up call to the japanese government and the world about the dangers of nuclear power plants. this can include radiological contamination of the environment and genetic damage, cancer and a wide spectrum of disease within people. \" a nuclear disaster anywhere is a nuclear disaster everywhere. we saw that at chernobyl with significant nuclear fallout blanketing europe in all directions for many hundreds of miles. we even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46379988931768584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.674063"} {"text": "the array object is used to store multiple values in a single variable. create an array, and assign values to it : you will find more examples at the bottom of this page. an array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value at a time. if you have a list of items ( a list of car names, for example ), storing the cars in single variables could look like this : however, what if you want to loop through the cars and find a specific one? and what if you had not 3 cars, but 300? the solution is an array! an array can hold many values under a single name, and you can access the values by referring to an index number. an array can be created in three ways. the following code creates an array object called mycars : you refer to an element in an array by referring to the index number. this statement access the value of the first element in mycars : this statement modifies the first element in mycars : | is the first element in an array. is the second..... ( indexes start with 0 ) | because of this, you can have variables of different types in the same array. you can have objects in an array. you can have functions in an array. you can have arrays in an array : the array object has predefined properties and methods : for a complete reference of all properties and methods, go to our complete array object reference. the reference contains a description ( and more examples ) of all array properties and methods. the example above makes a new array method that transforms array values into upper case. your message has been sent to w3schools.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5488807506213136, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.675737"} {"text": "pain - heel most frequently heel pain is not the result of any single injury, such as a fall or twist, but rather the result of repetitive or excessive heel pounding. plantar fasciitis is inflammation of the thick connective tissue on the sole of your foot that attaches to your heel. the pain is usually felt at the bottom of your heel and is often worse in the morning because of stiffness that occurs overnight. the following increase your risk of developing this painful problem : - shoes with poor arch support or soft soles - quick turns that put stress on your foot - tight calf muscles - repetitive pounding on your feet from long - distance running, especially running downhill or on uneven surfaces - pronation - - landing on the outside of your foot and rolling inward when walking or running ; to know if you pronate, check the soles of your shoes to see if they are worn along the outer edge bone spurs in the heel can accompany plantar fasciitis, but are generally not the source of the pain. if you treat the plantar fasciitis appropriately, the bone spur is likely to no longer bother you. heel bursitis ( inflammation of the back of the heel ) can be caused by landing hard or awkwardly on the heel, or by pressure from shoes. achilles tendinitis is inflammation of the large tendon that connects your calf muscle to your heel. this can be caused by : - running, especially on hard surfaces like concrete - tightness and lack of flexibility in your calf muscles - shoes with inadequate stability or shock absorption - sudden inward or outward turning of your heel when hitting the ground - rest as much as possible for at least a week. - apply ice to the painful area. do this at least twice a day for 10 to 15 minutes, more often in the first couple of days. - take acetaminophen for pain or ibuprofen for pain and inflammation. - wear proper - fitting shoes. - a heel cup, felt pads in the heel area, or an orthotic device may help. - night splints can stretch the injured fascia and allow it to heal. - apply moleskin to avoid pressure if you have bursitis. - see a physical therapist to learn stretching and strengthening exercises. these help prevent plantar fasciitis or achilles tendinitis from returning. call your health care provider if : - your pain is getting worse despite home treatment - there is little progress after 2 to 3 weeks of home treatment - your pain is sudden", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41361832208815663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.682157"} {"text": "help prevent plantar fasciitis or achilles tendinitis from returning. call your health care provider if : - your pain is getting worse despite home treatment - there is little progress after 2 to 3 weeks of home treatment - your pain is sudden and severe - you have redness or swelling of your heel or you cannot bear weight what to expect at your health care provider ' s office : your doctor will take your medical history and perform a physical examination, including a full exam of your feet and legs. to help diagnose the cause of the problem, your doctor will ask medical history questions, such as : - have you had this type of heel pain before? if so, what was the diagnosis and what caused the problem? - when did this episode of pain begin? - do you have pain upon your first steps in the morning or after your first steps after rest? - where exactly is your pain? - is the pain dull and aching or sharp and stabbing? - is it worse after you exercise? - is it worse when you are standing? - do you have any swelling or redness of your heel? - have you had a fall or have you twisted your foot recently? - are you a runner? how far do you run? how often do you run? on what type of surface do you run? - do you walk or stand on your feet for long periods of time? - what kind of shoes do you wear? - do you have any other symptoms? diagnostic tests that may be performed include a foot x - ray, focusing on the heel. if either plantar fasciitis or bursitis is diagnosed and if shoe changes and the use of orthotics have not been successful, cortisone injections may be tried. surgery is a last resort and is seldom necessary. if achilles tendinitis is diagnosed, anti - inflammatory medicine may be prescribed. heel lifts may be used. stretching can be helpful. in particularly unresponsive cases, a walking cast or boot may be helpful. surgery is usually not necessary. to prevent plantar fasciitis and achilles tendinitis, maintain flexible and strong muscles in your calves, ankles, and feet. always stretch and warm - up prior to athletic activities. wear comfortable, properly fitting shoes with good arch support and cushioning. if you pronate, look for athletic shoes with an antipronation device. if orthotics are prescribed by your provider, wear them in all of your shoes, not just while exercising. sc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3724788664089986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.684937"} {"text": "shoes with good arch support and cushioning. if you pronate, look for athletic shoes with an antipronation device. if orthotics are prescribed by your provider, wear them in all of your shoes, not just while exercising. schroeder bm. american college of foot and ankle surgeons : diagnosis and treatment of heel pain. am fam physician. 2002 ; 65 ( 8 ) : 1686, 1688. american college of radiology ( acr ), expert panel on musculoskeletal imaging. chronic foot pain. reston, va : american college of radiology ; 2002. donley bg, moore t, sferra j, gozdanovic j, smith r. the efficacy of oral nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory medication ( nsaid ) in the treatment of plantar fasciitis : a randomized, prospective, placebo - controlled study. foot ankle int. 2007 ; 28 : 20 - 23. aldridge t. diagnosing heel pain in adults. am fam physician. 2004 ; 70 : 332 - 338. ho k, abu - laban rb. ankle and foot. in : marx j, ed. rosen ' s emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice. 6th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2006 : chap 55. | review date : 3 / 4 / 2009 | reviewed by : linda vorvick, md, family physician, seattle site coordinator, lecturer, pathophysiology, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, university of washington school of medicine ; and c. benjamin ma, md, assistant professor, chief, sports medicine and shoulder service, ucsf dept of orthopaedic surgery. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39136898612722326, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.686285"} {"text": "html unleashed pre. strategies for indexing and search engines : the meta tag html unleashed pre : strategies for indexing and search engines the meta tag getting back to html, you might wonder what the syntax is for adding keywords to a document. of course, the text of a page is the primary source of searchable material, but you may also need to add certain keywords without altering the page content. ( changing text color to make keywords invisible in the body of a document is a really ugly trick ; please never resort to it! ) the meta tag serves this purpose ( as well as several other purposes ). \" meta \" is a greek word for \" over, \" and meta tag was intended to carry all sorts of meta - information, that is, information about ( or \" over \" ) information. you should understand that using meta for specifying keywords is not an html convention, but only one of the widely accepted uses of the tag. a meta tag usually takes the following form : < meta name = \"... \" content = \"... \" > as you can see, the names of the meta tag attributes are rather generic, which allows you to use the tag to express virtually any information that may be represented as a name - value pair. for example, you could use meta tags to supply information about yourself ( name = \" author \" ), the program you used to create the html file ( name = \" generator \" ), and so on. here ' s how the meta tag is used for introducing your document to search engines : < meta name = \" keywords \" content = \" searching, search engines, keywords, html \" > < meta name = \" description \" content = \" a description of major web search engines, spiders, and search - friendly html authoring \" > these tags should be placed within the head element. keywords and phrases in the content of the tag with name = \" keywords \" attribute can be separated by commas for better readability, although spiders usually ignore the separators. the maximum number of keywords depends on the search engine in question ; for some of them, 25 words or 200 characters have been quoted as the upper limit. hopefully, the keywords thus specified will be added to the searchable representation of the document in the engine ' s database, and the description will be stored as the summary to be displayed for the document in a list of results ( in the absence of a description, most search engines will take the first lines of text on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47238173204607997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.692059"} {"text": "representation of the document in the engine ' s database, and the description will be stored as the summary to be displayed for the document in a list of results ( in the absence of a description, most search engines will take the first lines of text on the page ). another use of the meta tag is for excluding a page from spiders ' attention. by adding the following tag, < meta name = \" robots \" content = \" noindex \" > you instruct any spiders that run into your page to bypass it without indexing. however, not all spiders support this convention. a more reliable solution is to add a robots. txt file to the root directory of your web server, with a list of files that must be excluded from indexing. for example, your robots. txt might contain these lines : user - agent : * disallow : / dont _ index _ me. html disallow : / hidden _ dir / with these lines, no robot will scan the dont _ index _ me. html document, nor any document from the / hidden _ dir /. for more information on robots exclusion, refer to http : / / info. webcrawler. com / mak / projects / robots / exclusion. html. revised : sept. 19, 1997", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4686910321964832, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.692674"} {"text": "today \u2019 s technology is transforming life and the way we communicate. new communication networks are replacing traditional telephone conversations and face - to - face meetings. according to the radicati group, each channel - email, instant messaging and social networking \u2013 is expected to reach nearly 4 billion accounts worldwide by 2015. platforms like google + hangouts, gchat, yammer and skype empower people to communicate anywhere, anytime. most of these conversations occur in written form where the message can be spread around the globe within seconds. therefore, exercising proper etiquette online is just as important as practicing good behavior offline. words impact image \u201c when communicating online, be authentic, relevant and don \u2019 t post anything you wouldn \u2019 t want your grandmother to read, \u201d said kent lewis, president and founder of anvil media and formic media. \" always keep the conversation clean and civil. when crafting a message, choose your words wisely and be aware of the tone. keep in mind that reading a message electronically lacks the non - verbal cues and lends itself to misinterpretation. depending on the nature of the business and relationship, emoticons may or may not be appropriate. know your audience. follow suit and use them sparingly. \" text messaging may be efficient and convenient, but it offers a significant margin of error for misunderstanding. when texting, identify yourself in the message as your information may not be stored in the recipient \u2019 s phone. be careful to select the intended party from your address book and make sure to respond to the correct sender. \u201c avoid using all caps and abbreviated text such as lmao $! \u201d adds lewis. responding in - kind with clients or supervisors may be acceptable in some instances. however, the language may be confusing or deemed inappropriate by others. \" \u201c furthermore, using abbreviations frequently may become habitual and spill into other forms of written communications, \u201d said sally ramsay, senior vice president at pierpont communications. \" best practice : be professional. reserve texting for brief messages, using complete words and sentences such as \u201c file sent. \u201d remember, texting can be uncomfortable for some or costly for others depending on the user \u2019 s plan. \" email messages employ the same rules as other forms of business communication. the message needs to be organized and grammatically correct, which includes running spellcheck. start with a relevant subject line that aligns with the email message. in the message, address the reader with an appropriate greeting. then, write the most important", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4597866691874793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.698089"} {"text": "the message needs to be organized and grammatically correct, which includes running spellcheck. start with a relevant subject line that aligns with the email message. in the message, address the reader with an appropriate greeting. then, write the most important points concisely in the first paragraph. bullet point action items and specify the owners as well as the deadlines. finally, add a closure followed by a signature. mailboxes have storage limitations. minimize the amount of attachments and the use of wallpaper. when sending messages to multiple contacts, place recipients in groups to maintain privacy. send only relevant messages and use the \u201c reply all \u201d option accordingly. only use the priority status (! ) for messages requiring urgent attention. spreading the message social media is powerful tool that can help a company achieve its business goals and objectives by educating people, disseminating quality, relevant information, and responding immediately to a crisis. according to ramsay, \u201c companies today are responding faster to complaints made on social media platforms than to telephone calls. when using social media, assign the responsibility to someone who can monitor the conversation, access information and mitigate. \u201d negative comments will happen, so be prepared. be polite, listen, restate the problem, diffuse the situation and offer a solution. if necessary, use private messaging to move the conversation offline. facebook is personal and is intended for use with friends and family only. \u201c be cognizant of your posts, knowing the content will be shared and last forever. with photos, tag people judiciously and get permission to tag others, \u201d said ramsay. \" monitor the content on your page, and delete inappropriate comments or tags immediately. decline invitations or unfriend someone who exhibits lewd behavior. remember, you \u2019 re guilty by association. therefore, be smart about accepting friend requests. \" lewis suggests that users create different circles of friends to separate personal from professional and ensure posts are flagged appropriately to mitigate risk. linkedin is a platform for building a professional network. \u201c when meeting people in person, secure an email address to send an invitation to connect ; ensure invitations reference how you know that person and how a connection will be mutually beneficial ; create value early and share relevant news often, \u201d said lewis. additionally, when accepting an invitation, respond politely with a personal message. for protection, a company should explain acceptable online conduct in an employee handbook or social media policy, provide ongoing training, review best practices and discuss common sense rules. \u201c discuss the first amendment with associates and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4525524231446012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.699122"} {"text": "an invitation, respond politely with a personal message. for protection, a company should explain acceptable online conduct in an employee handbook or social media policy, provide ongoing training, review best practices and discuss common sense rules. \u201c discuss the first amendment with associates and explain the gravity of leaking confidential information or announcing internal news. regardless of whether the behavior was accidental or malicious, it can have damaging effects on a company, \u201d asserts ramsay. \" today, employees have ample opportunity to interact with clients online and make mistakes. if a mistake occurs, acknowledge it and apologize as soon as possible. \" social media disasters have happened and will happen again so be sure to have a plan of action in place. be aware of who you friend and the consequences of your online behavior. \u201c people have lost jobs, companies have lost accounts and reputations have been tarnished, \u201d states loren brown, j. d., business law professor at the university of houston - downtown. he cites the case, zeran v. america online, in which the defamed party was injured by defamatory speech of a third party. unfortunately, the injured party lost in court and there was no recourse. on personal and professional levels, communicating online offers convenience, maintains relationships and is useful for sharing information. when conversing online, follow these basic rules to establish a reputation of geniality : be nice, be respectful of others, avoid arguing online, and understand that your actions impact your employer \u2019 s image as well as your personal brand. to protect your identity, set your account privacy settings and monitor these as privacy policies change without notice. \u201c finally, remember the adage : fools names and fools faces always seen in public places. be sure to create an awareness and always think before you post or click \u2018 send \u2019, \u201d concludes ramsay. about the author : michelle wicmandy is a marketing lecturer for the university of houston - downtown, an ethnically diverse liberal arts institutions in the southwest that offers baccalaureate and master \u2019 s degree programs. she also works as a freelance online marketing consultant and helps clients with their email, social media, and web analytic projects.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4409799480139711, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.700322"} {"text": "mass - produced meat and chicken contaminated with mrsa superbug monday, april 18, 2011 board certified clinical nutritionist byron j. richards, listen to byron ' s recapweekly health podcast > big agribusiness animal farms, which steadily poison the meat and poultry they produce with antibiotics under the pretense of food safety, have massively infected the animals with staphylococcus aureus1 ( 47 percent of meat and poultry recently tested ). 52 % of that is the nasty form of staphylococcus that is resistant to antibiotics ( mrsa superbugs ). in other words, the garbage - quality food industry has unleashed highly infected meat on the u. s. consumer. this not only poses problems for serious food - born illness, it is a likely factor involved with the obesity epidemic. researchers collected and analyzed 136 samples \u2013 covering 80 brands \u2013 of beef, chicken, pork and turkey from 26 retail grocery stores in five u. s. cities : los angeles, chicago, fort lauderdale, flagstaff and washington, d. c. \u201c the fact that drug - resistant s. aureus was so prevalent, and likely came from the food animals themselves, is troubling, and demands attention to how antibiotics are used in food - animal production today, \u201d lance b. price, ph. d., senior author of the study and director of tgen \u2019 s center for food microbiology and environmental health. in most cases cooking will kill this bacteria. however, cross contamination during food preparation is a major concern. for example, if you buy food at a fast food restaurant, the cook touches the contaminated meat and throws it on the grill and cooks it. meanwhile he touches buns and other items that are not cooked and spreads the germs to them. one would have to be very careful even at home to not get cross contamination. your options are to become a vegetarian or to only buy high quality meat and poultry that is raised without antibiotics. there is a cottage industry devoted to raising healthy animals for food consumption. if you do get mrsa infection from food it will not likely show up as the more commonly understood skin infection. rather, it will be an internal infection most likely related to pneumonia. therefore, respiratory presentation may be your symptoms rather than the typical diarrhea of food poisoning. this type of infection generates large amounts of toxins which will make you feel really sick with horrible headaches or body aches. such severe infections could significantly harm or even kill infants, children or the elderly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39884131454761085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.705665"} {"text": "the typical diarrhea of food poisoning. this type of infection generates large amounts of toxins which will make you feel really sick with horrible headaches or body aches. such severe infections could significantly harm or even kill infants, children or the elderly. another important aspect of this is low - grade infection of your digestive tract with staphylococcus aureus which disrupts the balance of friendly flora in your digestive tract. this is not the same as an acute illness and may not involve the mrsa form at all. tests on pregnant women3 have found excessive levels of staphylococcus in their digestive tracts in direct proportion to how overweight they were at the start of pregnancy. this problem is also a factor in excess weight gain4 during pregnancy. unfortunately, the staphylococcus overgrowth is passed on to their child5, setting the stage for future obesity. thankfully, taking friendly flora can help this problem and prevent weight gain. in my previous article, how digestive problems prevent weight loss, i explain how toxic lps coming from imbalanced digestive bacteria is a major stumbling block for weight loss for most people who are overweight and can \u2019 t lose weight with a reasonable weight - loss effort. staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive bacterium, so it does not produce toxic lps. rather it produces a wide variety of other highly toxic compounds such as superantigens, enterotoxins, alpha toxins, beta toxins, and delta toxins. thus, the levels of staphylococcus found in overweight people are capable of a low - grade poisoning of metabolism consistent with the toxic lps of gram negative bacteria. an animal study shows that staphylococcus can impair beta cell function of the pancreas, inducing insulin resistance6. this could help cause either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. this new study exposes a major public health issue and focuses the blame on the fast - food animal production business with its long history of animal abuse and production of sickly animals with compromised immune systems. please note the fda and usda were too incompetent to discover this problem \u2013 which simply required looking. their \u201c solution \u201d will be to force dangerous irradiation of the food supply on everyone \u2013 including those who produce high quality meat and poultry that is not prone to such infection. as americans are coming to realize, government and its regulators are seldom willing to address the source of any problem when those committing the offense pay law", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4338851949116954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.707552"} {"text": "cholesterol is an essential body chemical. it is one of the fat - like nutrients transported in the blood and is used by the body to build cell walls and produce vitamin d and certain hormones. the body produces about one thousand milligrams of cholesterol each day to meet its needs. most of us consume more cholesterol than we need when we eat foods that are high in saturated fat, such as meat and dairy products. if we consume cholesterol, the body slows down production of it, but not enough to prevent blood levels from rising. when there is too much cholesterol in the bloodstream, it can become trapped in the walls of the coronary arteries and build up over time. when the artery that supplies blood to the heart becomes clogged with cholesterol deposits, part of the heart muscle goes without the nutrients and oxygen it needs and dies. the result can be chest pains, a heart attack, and even death. to lower cholesterol blood levels, avoid foods high in saturated fats. eat more foods with polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats which can help lower blood cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart disease. for more information on cholesterol, contact a health care professional.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4733108822685549, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.709237"} {"text": "vinoba bhave, born vinayak narahari bhave and often called acharya ( in sanskrit and hindi means teacher ), is considered as a national teacher of india and the spiritual successor of mahatma gandhi. he was born in gagode, maharashtra on september 11, 1895 into a pious family of the chitpavan brahmin clan. he was highly inspired after reading the bhagavad gita, one of the holiest hindu scriptures at a very young age. he was associated with mahatma gandhi in the indian independence movement. in 1932 he was sent to jail by the british colonial government because of his fight against british rule. there he gave a series of talks on the gita, in his native language marathi, to his fellow prisoners. these highly inspiring talks were later published as the book \" talks on the gita \", and it has been translated to many languages both in india and elsewhere. vinoba felt that the source of these talks was something above and he believed that its influence will endure even if his other works were forgotten. in 1940 he was chosen by gandhi to be the first individual satyagrahi ( an individual standing up for truth instead of a collective action ) against the british rule. bhave also participated in the quit india movement. vinoba ' s religious outlook was very broad and it synthesized the truths of many religions. this can be seen in one of his hymns \" om tat \" which contains symbols of many religions. he was also a scholar of many languages. vinoba observed the life of the average indian living in a village and tried to find solutions for the problems he faced with a firm spiritual foundation. this formed the core of his sarvodaya ( awakening of all potentials ) movement. another example of this is the bhoodhan ( land gift ) movement. he walked all across india asking people with land to consider him as one of their sons and so give him a portion of their land which he then distributed to landless poor. nonviolence and compassion being a hallmark of his philosophy, he also campaigned against the slaughtering of cows. vinoba spent the later part of his life at his ashram in paunar, maharashtra. he controversially backed the indian emergency imposed by prime minister indira gandhi, calling it anushasana parva ( time for discipline ). he died on november 15, 1982 after refusing food and medicine few days earlier. some indians have identified this as sallekhana. he was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4793930218347488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.713654"} {"text": "new hybrid deep - sea vehicle is christened nereus unique underwater vehicle is named in nationwide student contest nereus \u2014 a mythical god with a fish tail and a man \u2019 s torso \u2014 was chosen sunday ( june 25 ) in a nationwide contest as the name of a first - of - its - kind, deep - sea vehicle under construction at the woods hole oceanographic institution. the vehicle, known until now as the hybrid remotely operated vehicle, or hrov, will be able to work in the deepest parts of the ocean, from 6, 500 meters to 11, 000 meters ( 21, 500 feet to 36, 000 feet ), a depth currently unreachable for routine ocean research. scientists also plan to use it to explore remote, difficult - to - reach areas, including under the arctic ice cap. [ editor ' s note : on may 31, 2009, nereus dove to the deepest part of the ocean \u2014 challenger deep in the mariana trench. read the article and interviews with engineers who built nereus. ] engineers and ship ' s crew will be able to transform nereus from a free - swimming vehicle for wide - area ocean surveys to a vehicle tethered by a cable to a surface ship that can be used for or close - up investigation and sampling of seafloor rocks and organisms. the transformation will take 6 to 8 hours and happen on the ship ' s deck. \u201c nereus best fits the image of our vehicle, which engineers can change shape at sea for various science needs, \u201d said andy bowen, the whoi engineer overseeing the vehicle \u2019 s design and development. bowen was among a panel of judges from whoi and engineering consulting groups that selected nereus from 22 entries in a naming contest open to junior high, high school, and college students who participate in the california - based marine advanced technology education ( mate ) center. the program provides students in the u. s. and canada opportunity to explore marine - related careers through internship programs, and it sponsors an annual remotely operated vehicle design competition. \u201c the students thought it would be appropriate to name it after a greek god who combined two forms, \u201d said kelly miller, an oceanography and chemistry teacher at monterey high school in california who coordinated the winning name submission for a team of six sophomores, juniors, and seniors. a vehicle that switches modes nereus ( rhymes with \u201c serious \u201d ) keeps with a tradition in the whoi deep submergence laboratory of naming vehicles for mythical greek figures. among others in the whoi - operated fleet of vehicles are jason", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4886032222227713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.720336"} {"text": "seniors. a vehicle that switches modes nereus ( rhymes with \u201c serious \u201d ) keeps with a tradition in the whoi deep submergence laboratory of naming vehicles for mythical greek figures. among others in the whoi - operated fleet of vehicles are jason ( a fabled adventurer and ocean explorer ), argo ( a ship used by jason ), and medea ( the mythical wife of jason ). several teams proposed names for the new vehicle taken from mythology, including the japanese dragon god ryujin, the greek god of wind aiolos, and the greek god of the sea poseidon. ultimately, bowen said nereus was selected because \u201c the name most appropriately represented the vehicle \u2019 s ability to switch modes as needed by scientists. \u201d the $ 5 - million, battery - operated vehicle will be the first ever designed to transform from a guided, tethered robot to a free - swimming vehicle. each capability offers advantages to deep - sea researchers. in its autonomous mode, the vehicle will be able to fly on pre - programmed missions over swaths of ocean bottom to map the seafloor, to gather remote data, or to search for scientific targets such as hydrothermal vents. in its tethered mode, it will remain connected via a hair - thin, 25 - mile long cable that will enable scientists on the surface ship to send instant commands to the mechanical arm, used for gathering samples of interesting undersea rocks and organisms. scheduled for launch in 2007 sea trials will take place offshore woods hole in early 2007, and scientists will plan to use it for research later that year at challenger deep, a trench in the pacific ocean southwest of guam. it is the deepest area of any ocean, deeper than mount everest is high, extending almost 11, 000 meters ( 36, 000 feet ) beneath the sea surface. the panel of judges involved in the name selection included engineers from whoi as well as engineering consultants working on the vehicle at the johns hopkins university in baltimore and the space and naval warfare systems center in san diego. several teams suggested names inspired by wildlife, including the color - switching lizard chameleon, the aquatic salamander siren, the hawaiian owl pueo, and the scientific name for lobster, homarus. others proposed people names. a newfoundland team suggested jacques, after famed underwater explorer jacques cousteau. harvey, proposed by a florida team, acknowledged marine artist guy harvey. audrey, the only female name, came from a california team honoring the late audrey mestre, who died in 2002 attempting to set a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5287940541215237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.721501"} {"text": "freely rooting, long, prostrate stems growing across mud or in water and topped with erect, dense, narrowly egg - shaped, pink flower clusters. this aquatic or wetland plant is rather showy when growing in colonies. the genus name is from the greek poly ( many ) and gona ( knee or joint ), as is the family name, and refers to the thickened joints of the stem where a sheath often surrounds the stem at the leaf axil. the genus includes the smartweeds, with tiny flowers in terminal spikes, and the knotweeds, with flower clusters in the leaf axils. this species also occurs in eurasia. its seeds provide food for waterfowl. some authorities recognize two intergrading, environmentally variable varieties in the west. the variety stipulaceum has short oval flower clusters and is not especially aggressive ; the pink flower masses of this variety are very attractive, but since the plants grow quickly, they can become an unwelcome weed in decorative ponds. the variety emersum has lanceolate leaves with narrowly tapering tips and slender flower clusters at least 1 1 / 2 ( 4 cm ) long ; once called p. coccineum, a separate species, this variety is aggressive to the point of being classified as a noxious weed. find native plant species by state. each list contains commercially available species suitable for gardens and planned landscapes. once you have selected a collection, you can browse the collection or search within it using the combination search. view recommended species page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4932696813086895, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.725206"} {"text": "karner blue butterfly and concord ( nh ) pine barrens project photo : lindsay webb / nhfg project goal : to reintroduce the karner blue butterfly ( lycaeides melissa samuelis ) in concord, nh and to maintain the concord pine barrens through habitat management. timeline : nh fish and game ' s nongame program began restoring the concord pine barrens in 2000 and began releasing captive reared karner blue butterflies in 2001. periodic habitat management will always be necessary to maintain the pine barrens as a suitable habitat for karner blue butterflies to survive. captive rearing of the butterflies will end when the federal recovery goals have been met. location : approximately 300 acres of pine barrens habitat in concord, nh. description : in 1999, the karner blue butterfly was thought to be extirpated from new hampshire. the last place it was observed was in a power line corridor in concord. working closely with the u. s. fish and wildlife service, new hampshire fish and game biologists began collecting karner blue butterfly eggs at the next closest and stable population in new york. almost every year new york provides adult butterflies to help maintain genetic diversity in the new hampshire karner blue population. over many years, captive rearing techniques were established and flying adults were released into the wild. in order to tell which butterflies were released into the wild from the captive rearing lab, and which butterflies make it through the life cycle in the wild, biologists write a number on the butterfly ' s wing before releasing it into the wild. a mark - recapture survey during the two flying periods allows biologists to estimate the population. in 2005, a new partnership with roger williams park zoo in providence, rhode island, was established allowing the zoo to help raise larvae through the pupae stage. the pupae are transported back to new hampshire where they are either released into the wild or held in captivity for breeding. in 2008, concerns over the new york karner blue population arose so biologists in nh began captive rearing more larvae in order to give new york pupae to be released back into the wild to augment the wild population in new york at the albany pine bush preserve. habitat management is performed on the concord pine barrens to mimic the historic natural disturbance regimes that maintain pine barrens vegetation. some of the techniques used are controlled burning, brush cutting and planting of native vegetation. nhfg biologists adhere to adaptive management which allows the management techniques to change over time as specific outcomes due to timing and intensity change the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42628133083332925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.737615"} {"text": "pine barrens vegetation. some of the techniques used are controlled burning, brush cutting and planting of native vegetation. nhfg biologists adhere to adaptive management which allows the management techniques to change over time as specific outcomes due to timing and intensity change the result. controlled burning is performed to reduce leaf litter and duff, reduce non - native vegetative species, and promote sunny and sandy openings for native pine barrens vegetation to grow. \" kids for karners \" started in 2000 as a way to engage area school children in the karner blue butterfly and concord pine barrens project. every winter, biologists go into classrooms where they talk to kids from pre - k up through high school age about the project. the students then plant wild lupine seeds and take care of the plants until may when they come to the concord pine barrens to plant their wild lupine plants. in some years, students also try growing other essential nectar plants such as new jersey tea and blunt - leaved milkweed. high school students have also helped by cutting and piling brush and planting wild lupine and other plants at a nearby business. the new england zoo and aquarium conservation collaborative, a conservation group initiated by roger williams park zoo, began volunteering in 2000. this group has helped to grow wild lupine and plant it in the concord pine barrens, volunteered in the captive rearing lab and in the field to cut brush, pick wild lupine seed, and help with trail work. albany pine bush preserve commission city of concord national wildlife federation new england wildflower society new england zoo and aquarium conservation collaborative new hampshire army national guard nh department of resources and economic development : division of forests and lands new york department of conservation roger williams park zoo u. s. fish and wildlife service - northeast region funding : private donations have provided the foundation for the nongame and endangered wildlife program since its inception in 1988. contributions support the on - the - ground work and also enable the nongame program to qualify for additional funding through grants from both the state of new hampshire and the u. s. fish and wildlife service. donations made to the nongame program are matched dollar - for - dollar by the state of new hampshire up to $ 50, 000 annually. please help keep this project going by donating to the nongame and endangered wildlife program. ( click here to donate ) the nongame program also receives a portion of proceeds from the sale of the nh conservation license plate ( moose plate ) each year. to learn more please visit the nh moose plate program online at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44902081431394636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.742131"} {"text": "##game and endangered wildlife program. ( click here to donate ) the nongame program also receives a portion of proceeds from the sale of the nh conservation license plate ( moose plate ) each year. to learn more please visit the nh moose plate program online at www. mooseplate. com. the habitat management of the concord pine barrens is funded through a mitigation agreement with the new hampshire army national guard until 2010. volunteering : volunteer opportunities to help on this project, including planting wild lupine, brush piling, and helping in the captive rearing lab are usually made available every spring and summer on specified dates. check your spring wildlines newsletter or contact the wildlife division at email @ example. com or ( 603 ) 271 - 2461. | number of butterflies released ( both broods ) in the concord pine barrens | | number of plants kids for karners planted in the concord pine barrens | | number of acres burned in the concord pine barrens | - karner blue butterfly and concord pine barrens and other nongame program news - karner blue butterfly fact sheet - wildlife action plan karner blue butterfly profile - u. s. fish and wildlife service - karner blue butterfly - new! \" propagation handbook for the karner blue butterfly \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4298821668365753, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.743292"} {"text": "contemporary industrial organization : a quantitative approach december 2010, \u00a92011 part i microeconomic foundations. 1 industrial organization and imperfect competition : what, how, and why? 1. 1 what is industrial organization? 1. 2 how we analyze imperfect competition. 1. 3 why : antitrust policy and industrial organization theory. appendix \u2013 excerpts from key antitrust statutes. 2 basic microeconomics. 2. 1 competition versus monopoly : the poles of market performance. 2. 2 intertemporal considerations and constraints on monopoly power. 3 technology and cost relationships. 3. 1 production technology and cost function for single - product firms. 3. 2 cost relations for multiproduct firms. 3. 3 non - cost determinants of market structure. 3. 4 empirical application : cost function estimation, scale and scope economies. 4 market structure and market power. 4. 1 measuring market structure. 4. 2 measuring market power \u2014 the lerner index again. 4. 3 empirical application : monopoly power : how bad is it? part ii price and nonprice tactics for firms with market power. 5 price discrimination and monopoly. 5. 1 the feasibility of price discrimination. 5. 2 first - degree price discrimination. 5. 3 price discrimination with less information. 5. 4 second - degree price discrimination : menu pricing. 6 price discrimination, product variety, bundling & tying. 6. 1 price discrimination and product quality. 6. 2 price discrimination and product variety. 6. 3 bundling and tying. 6. 4 empirical application : price discrimination, product variety, and monopoly versus competition. part iii oligopoly and strategic interaction. 7 static games and quantity versus price competition. 7. 1 a brief introduction to game theory. 7. 2 dominant and dominated strategies. 7. 3 the static cournot model. 7. 4 the bertrand model. 7. 5 strategic substitutes and complements. 7. 6 empirical application : brand competition and consumer preferences \u2014 evidence from the california retail gasoline market. 8 dynamic games and first and second movers. 8. 1 the stackelberg model of quantity competition. 8. 2 sequential price competition 8. 3 sequential quality choice. 8. 4 commitment and credibility in dynamic games. 8. 5 the chain - store paradox. 9 entry deterrence and predation. 9. 1 market structure over time ; random process & stylized facts. 9. 2 deterring entry. 9. 3 predation and asymmetric information. 9. 4 long - term contracts as a barrier to entry. 9.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.535929413604201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.752052"} {"text": "predation. 9. 1 market structure over time ; random process & stylized facts. 9. 2 deterring entry. 9. 3 predation and asymmetric information. 9. 4 long - term contracts as a barrier to entry. 9. 5 predatory conduct and public policy. 9. 6 empirical application : entry deterrence in the pharmaceutical industry. 10 price fixing and repeated games. 10. 1 the cartel ' s dilemma. 10. 2 repeated games. 10. 3 empirical application 1 : estimating the effects of price - fixing. 10. 4 cartels in practice : facilitating factors and practices. 10. 5 antitrust policy toward cartels ; deterrence and detection. 10. 6 empirical application : an experimental investigation of leniency programs. part iv contractual relationships between firms. 11 horizontal mergers. 11. 1 horizontal mergers and the merger paradox. 11. 2 mergers and cost synergies. 11. 3 merged firms as stackelberg leaders. 11. 4 sequential mergers. 11. 5 horizontal mergers and product differentiation. 11. 6 public policy and horizontal mergers. 11. 7 application : evaluating the impact of mergers with computer simulation. 12 vertical and conglomerate mergers. 12. 1 procompetitive vertical mergers. 12. 2 vertical mergers, price discrimination, and competition. 12. 3 vertical mergers, oligopoly, and foreclosure. 12. 4 a reappraisal : the ge - honeywell merger once more. 12. 5 a note on conglomerate mergers. 12. 6 empirical application : vertical integration in the ready - mixed concrete industry. 13 vertical restraints. 13. 1 vertical price restraints and antitrust policy : a brief history. 13. 2 vertical price restraints and suppressed competition. 13. 3 arguments in support of vertical price restraints. 13. 4 retail price maintenance and uncertain demand. 13. 5 nonprice vertical restraints. 13. 7 empirical application : exclusive dealing in the u. s. beer industry. part v topics in nonprice competition : advertising and research and development. 14 advertising, market power, and information. 14. 1 advertising and monopoly power : the dorfman - steiner condition. 14. 2 advertising as consumer information. 14. 3 advertising, information, and competition. 14. 4 complements, advertising, and brand names. 14. 5 empirical application : advertising, information, and prestige. 15 research and development. 15. 1 a taxonomy of innovations. 15. 2 market structure and the incentive to innovate. 15. 3 a more complete model", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5256609772262697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.764582"} {"text": "and brand names. 14. 5 empirical application : advertising, information, and prestige. 15 research and development. 15. 1 a taxonomy of innovations. 15. 2 market structure and the incentive to innovate. 15. 3 a more complete model of competition and innovation. 15. 4 evidence on the schumpeterian hypothesis. 15. 5 product and process innovation : cournot versus bertrand. 15. 6 r & d cooperation between firms. 15. 7 empirical application : r & d spillovers in practice. 16 patents and patent policy. 16. 1 optimal patent length. 16. 2 optimal patent breadth. 16. 3 patent races. 16. 4 monopoly power and \u201c sleeping patents. \u201d 16. 5 patent licensing. 16. 6 recent patent policy developments. 16. 7 empirical application : patent law and patent practice in the semiconductor industry. part vi special topics : networks and strategic trade policy. 17 network markets. 17. 1 market provision of a network service. 17. 2 networks, competition, and complementary services. 17. 3 systems competition and the battle over industry standards. 17. 4 application : network externalities in computer software \u2014 spreadsheets. 18 strategic commitments : confronting potential entrants and international rivalry. 18. 1 the strategic value of commitment. 18. 2 strategic complements and substitutes : cats, dogs, and the lean and hungry look. 18. 3 strategic commitments in international markets. 18. 4 trade agreements and commitment devices. answers to selected problems. - concise, calculus - based introduction to industrial organization in the imperfect market conditions of the real world. - 14 optional empirical real - world applications plus significant coverage on econometric studies. - robust integration of calculus, game theory, information economics, econometric studies, contracting issues, useful derivations and reality checkpoints. - clear writing by a successful and established author team conveys the vitality and relevance of industrial organization theory and practice. - current research on real business behavior and public policy. - regulation and antitrust issues, including coverage of european enforcement of american firms. - - james dana, northeastern university \u201c the authors have implemented their vision quite successfully, in my opinion. calculus - based arguments and formal models are employed throughout the text. i think that the authors do a good job of describing the issue / problem of interest and then proceed to how one might think of this problem in the context of a formal model. \u201d - - jennifer f. reinganum, vanderbilt university \u201c it is very concise, yet the explanations and applications", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5566314475445443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.767436"} {"text": "\" sunshine vitamin ' may treat asthma ' \", bbc news informs us, as a new lab - based study suggests vitamin d could help control symptoms of severe asthma. asthma is caused by inflammation of the airways, related to malfunctioning of the body ' s immune system. in theory, the immune system mistakes harmless substances, such as dust mites, as a threat and triggers inflammation of the lungs and airways ( which causes the symptoms of asthma ). the study in question looked at il - 17a, which is one of the molecules thought to be associated with the malfunctioning immune response seen in asthma. researchers examined whether vitamin d had an effect on the levels of the molecule produced by white blood cells in a laboratory experiment. researchers found that vitamin d reduced the levels of il - 17a produced by cells from people with asthma. this included cells from people who had previously failed to respond to the treatment of choice for severe asthma - oral corticosteroids - often referred to as steroids. while this study suggests that vitamin d can have an effect on il - 17a levels in the laboratory, it is certainly too early to hail vitamin d as a potential \" cure \" for asthma. a positive effect on cells in the lab does not guarantee vitamin d supplements will improve symptoms for people with asthma. clinical trials in people with asthma are ongoing to test whether this will be the case. where did the story come from? the study was carried out by researchers from king ' s college london ; queen mary, university of london, and the homerton university nhs foundation trust. it was funded by asthma uk and the national institute for health research, and some researchers received medical research council funding. the study was published in the peer - reviewed journal of allergy and clinical immunology. this study was reported by the bbc, daily mail, and the daily express. the bbc correctly points out that treating asthma patients with vitamin d \" has not yet been tested \". the main text of the mail ' s coverage is generally accurate, although their headline suggests that \" vitamin d ' helps beat the symptoms of asthma ' \", when this was not assessed by the study. the express ' s coverage over - interprets the results by suggesting that \" soaking up sun could be a cure for asthma \" or could be \" the best way of treating asthma \". what kind of research was this? this was a laboratory study looking at the effect of vitamin d on one type of white blood cell ( t helper cells called th17 cells ) from people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4623037559710891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.787682"} {"text": "or could be \" the best way of treating asthma \". what kind of research was this? this was a laboratory study looking at the effect of vitamin d on one type of white blood cell ( t helper cells called th17 cells ) from people with asthma. one type of t helper cell called th2 is known to be involved in inflammation of the airways in asthma. however, some evidence suggests that other t cells may also play a role. th17 cells are involved in defending the body against bacterial and fungal infections. there is some evidence that these cells may be involved in severe asthma. also, one of the inflammatory substances produced by these cells, called il - 17a, may exacerbate asthma and reduce patients ' ability to respond to standard treatment for severe asthma - oral corticosteroids ( steroids ). previously, studies had shown that vitamin d could influence the t cells from patients with severe asthma, and also affect th17 cells. the researchers in the current study wanted to see if vitamin d affected il - 17a production by th17 cells collected from asthma patients. they also wanted to see whether this effect was different in people who were resistant to steroid treatments. what did the research involve? the researchers took blood from 10 healthy adults and 28 patients with moderate to severe asthma and extracted white blood cells, including t cells. the patients had to have had diagnosed asthma for at least six months. of the patients, 18 had asthma that did not respond as well to oral steroid treatment ( steroid resistant asthma ), and 10 had asthma that responded to steroids. the researchers grew the white blood cells in the laboratory, either with or without vitamin d and the steroid dexamethasone, and looked at how much il - 17a was being produced. they assessed whether this varied between people with and without asthma, or in people with steroid resistant asthma. what were the basic results? white blood cells from people with asthma produced higher levels of il - 17a than those from non - asthmatic patients. furthermore, white blood cells from people with steroid resistant asthma produced the highest levels of il - 17a. treating the white blood cells with vitamin d reduced the production of il - 17a. this reduction occurred in cells from people with steroid - resistant asthma and steroid - sensitive asthma, and was not affected by adding the steroid dexamethasone. how did the researchers interpret the results? the researchers concluded that their results support the hypothesis that vitamin d could improve disease control", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46388254858184497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.792975"} {"text": "##roid - resistant asthma and steroid - sensitive asthma, and was not affected by adding the steroid dexamethasone. how did the researchers interpret the results? the researchers concluded that their results support the hypothesis that vitamin d could improve disease control in people with asthma by reducing il - 17a levels, regardless of whether the person ' s asthma is steroid - resistant. the current laboratory study suggests that vitamin d can reduce white blood cell production of an inflammatory molecule implicated in asthma. these results were obtained from cells in the laboratory, and further research will be needed to determine whether this effect will also be seen if people with asthma are given vitamin d. while the results perhaps give a reason to investigate vitamin d further, not all treatments showing initially positive results in laboratory studies go on to have a positive effect on real - world clinical outcomes. the good news is, as the daily mail reports, the results of this study are being followed up with a randomised controlled trial in participants with steroid resistant asthma. randomised controlled trials are the best way of testing if treatments are effective. this trial, and others, will tell us if vitamin d works as a treatment for asthma and if so, who it might be effective at treating. links to headlines sunshine vitamin ' may treat asthma '. bbc news, may 20 2013 vitamin d ' helps beat symptoms of asthma '. daily mail, may 20 2013 soaking up sun could be a cure for asthma. daily express, may 20 2013 links to science nanzer am, chambers es, ryanna k, et al. enhanced production of il - 17a in patients with severe asthma is inhibited by 1?, 25 - dihydroxyvitamin d3 in a glucocorticoid - independent fashion. the journal of allergy and clinical immunology. - nhs choices links - 8 ways to look after yourself with asthma - paula radcliffe on asthma - treatments for asthma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44626375414588904, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.795837"} {"text": "dictionary of wisconsin history search results for : the letter ' n ' term : north freedom [ origin of place name ] definition : village located in the northern part of the town of freedom, hence north freedom. where the roads meet in the center of the section was originally called hackett ' s corners from the families residing there. when the railroad was built two plats were made, one called bloom for george w. bloom and one called north freedom. afterwards, bloom station was changed to north freedom. iron ore used for paint was later discovered and the name became bessemer in honor of sir henry bessemer, who invented the process of reducing iron ore. the name of north freedom was later decided upon. [ source : cole. baraboo and other place names of sauk county. ] 340 records found nabob [ origin of place name ] nabob, washington co. nagawicka lake, waukesha co. nagawicka [ origin of place name ] nager, edward 1927 naleid, roy e. 1901 namakagon [ origin of place name ] namakagon, town of, bayfield co. namekagon ( town and river ) [ origin of place name ] namekagon river ( historic marker erected 1967 ) namekagon, bayfield co. namekagon, town of, bayfield co. namekagon - court oreilles portage ( historic marker namur, door co. nancy, town of, washburn co. naples, town of, buffalo co. narrow gauge ( railroads ) narrows creek, sauk co. nasbro, dodge co. nasewaupee [ origin of place name ] nasewaupee, town of, door co. nash, charles dennis 1819 - 1897 nash, charles w. 1864 - 1948 nash, philleo 1909 nash, william francis 1847 - 1916 nashotah ( town ) [ origin of place name ] nashotah lakes, waukesha co. nashotah mission ( historic marker erected 1968 ) nashotah, village of, waukesha co. nashotah, waukesha co. nashville, forest co. nashville, town of, forest co. nasonville [ origin of place name ] nasonville, wood co. nass, stephen l. 1952 nation ' s first cooperative generating station ( his nation ' s first watershed project ( historic marker national soldiers ' home ( historic marker erected 1 national soldiers ' home ( milwaukee ) national women ' s party nattestad, ole knudsen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5148221328002195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.821034"} {"text": "l. 1952 nation ' s first cooperative generating station ( his nation ' s first watershed project ( historic marker national soldiers ' home ( historic marker erected 1 national soldiers ' home ( milwaukee ) national women ' s party nattestad, ole knudsen 1807 - 1886 natural bridge, richland co. naugart, marathon co. navarino, brown co. navarino, town of, brown co. nebagamon, town of, douglas co. necedah [ origin of place name ] necedah, juneau co. necedah, town of, juneau co. necedah, village of, juneau co. neda, dodge co. neenah guards ( civil war ) neenah rifles ( civil war ) neenah [ brief history ] neenah [ origin of place name ] neenah, town of, winnebago co. neenah, winnebago co. neillsville [ origin of place name ] neillsville, clark co. nekimi [ origin of place name ] nekimi, town of, winnebago co. nekoosa junction, wood co. nekoosa [ origin of place name ] nekoosa, wood co. nelma, forest co. nelsen, betty jo 1935 nelson dewey - first governor of wisconsin ( historic nelson [ origin of place name ] nelson, adolphys peter 1872 - 1927 nelson, buffalo co. nelson, gaylord a. 1916 - 2005 nelson, george bliss 1876 - 1943 nelson, john mandt 1870 - 1955 nelson, town of, buffalo co. nelson, village of, buffalo co. nelsonville ( historical ), eau claire co. nelsonville, portage co. nelsonville, village of, portage co. nemadji river [ origin of place name ] nemahbin, town of, milwaukee co. nemodji, town of, douglas co. nenno, washington co. neoclassical revival ( architecture ) neopit, menominee co. neopit, menominee leader,? - 1913 neopope, sauk warrior, dates unverified neosho [ origin of place name ] neosho, dodge co. neosho, village of, dodge co. nepeuskun, town of, winnebago co. neptune, richland co. nerike, pierce co. neshkoro [ origin of place name ] neshkoro, marquette co. neshkoro, town of, marquette co. nes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46932008765356487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.827033"} {"text": ", winnebago co. neptune, richland co. nerike, pierce co. neshkoro [ origin of place name ] neshkoro, marquette co. neshkoro, town of, marquette co. neshkoro, village of, marquette co. neshonoc [ origin of place name ] neshonoc, town of, la crosse co. neshoto, manitowoc co. [ origin of place name ] net tonnage ( maritime ) neubauer, jeffrey a. 1955 neuern, kewaunee co. neumann, mark w. 1954 neva corners, langlade co. neva township [ origin of place name ] neva, langlade co. neva, town of, langlade co. nevada, green co. neville, arthur courtenay 1850 - 1929 nevin, james 1854 - 1921 nevins, clark co. new amsterdam, la crosse co. new auburn [ origin of place name ] new auburn, chippewa co. new auburn, village of, chippewa co. new berlin, town of, waukesha co. new berlin, waukesha co. new boston, town of, brown co. new buffalo [ origin of place name ] new buffalo, town of, sauk co. new cassel [ origin of place name ] new chester ( historical ), adams co. new chester, town of, adams co. new city ( historical ), trempealeau co. new denmark, town of, brown co. new dexter, town of, wood co. new diggings, lafayette co. new diggings, town of, lafayette co. new fane, fond du lac co. new franken, brown co. new glarus ( historic marker erected 1962 ) new glarus [ origin of place name ] new glarus, green co. new glarus, town of, green co. new glarus, village of, green co. new haven [ origin of place name ] new haven, town of, adams co. new haven, town of, dunn co. new holstein [ brief history ] new holstein, calumet co. new holstein, town of, calumet co. new hope, portage co. new hope, town of, portage co. new lisbon, election precinct of, grant co. new lisbon, juneau co. new london [ origin of place name ] new london, waupaca co. new lyme", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4023447199862399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.829512"} {"text": "hope, portage co. new hope, town of, portage co. new lisbon, election precinct of, grant co. new lisbon, juneau co. new london [ origin of place name ] new london, waupaca co. new lyme, town of, monroe co. new mason, town of, bayfield co. new milladore, town of, wood co. new miner, juneau co. new munster, kenosha co. new paris, sheboygan co. new post, sawyer co. new prospect, fond du lac co. new red sandstone ( mining ) new remington, town of, wood co. new richmond cyclone ( historic marker erected 1997 new richmond tornado ( 1899 ) new richmond, st. croix co. new rome ( historical ), adams co. new rome, adams co. new rudolph, town of, wood co. new seneca, town of, wood co. new sigel, town of, wood co. new vesper, town of, wood co. new wood, town of, wood co. new york indians new york recording laboratories newald, forest co. newald, town of, forest co. newark valley, town of, adams co. newark, rock co. newark, town of, rock co. newark, town of, washington co. newbold, oneida co. newbold, town of, oneida co. newburg, village of, washington co. newburg, washington co. newhall house fire ( 1883 ) newhall, daniel 1821 - 1895 newman, alfred william 1834 - 1898 newport [ origin of place name ] newport, town of, columbia co. newry, vernon co. newton corners, jefferson co. newton [ origin of place name ] newton, manitowoc co. newton, town of, manitowoc co. newton, town of, marquette co. newton, vernon co. newtonburg, manitowoc co. newville, rock co. niagara ( shipwreck, 1856 ) niagara, marinette co. niagara, town of, marinette co. niagara, village of, marinette co. nichols shore acres, winnebago co. nichols, outagamie co. nichols, village of, outagamie co. nicholson, isaac lea 1884 - 1906 nicholson, kenneth 1901 nicholson, waupaca co. nickels, justin michael, 1987 - nicolet national forest ( historic marker erected 1 nicolet, jean 1598 - 1642 niebler, john h. 1941 niedecker, lori", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4067241760625291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.833499"} {"text": "1906 nicholson, kenneth 1901 nicholson, waupaca co. nickels, justin michael, 1987 - nicolet national forest ( historic marker erected 1 nicolet, jean 1598 - 1642 niebler, john h. 1941 niedecker, lorine ( 1903 - 1970 ) ( historic marker erec niedecker, lorine, 1903 - 1970 nieman, lucius william 1857 - 1935 nikolay, frank l. 1922 nischke, ann 1951 nitschke, elmer c. 1911 nix corner, eau claire co. noah ' s bluff [ origin of place name ] nobleton, washburn co. nohl, mary louise 1914 - 2001 nohr, harry 1897 - 1976 nojoshing [ origin of place name ] nokomis, town of, oneida co. nolen, john 1869 - 1937 non - commissioned officers ( civil war ) noonan, josiah a. 1813 - 1882 noque, bay of nora, dane co. nordberg, bruno victor 1858 - 1924 norma, chippewa co. norman, kewaunee co. norquist, john o. 1949 norrie, marathon co. norrie, town of, marathon co. norse pottery ( 1903 - 1913 ) norske, waupaca co. north andover, grant co. north bay, door co. north bay, racine co. north bay, village of, racine co. north bend, jackson co. north bend, town of, jackson co. north bend, town of, washington co. north bloomfield, walworth co. north branch, jackson co. north bristol, dane co. north cape, racine co. north clayton, crawford co. north crandon, town of, forest co. north creek, trempealeau co. north eau claire, town of, eau claire co. north fond du lac, fond du lac co. north fond du lac, village of, fond du lac co. north freedom [ origin of place name ] north freedom, sauk co. north freedom, village of, sauk co. north grimms, manitowoc co. north hall ( historic marker erected 1974 ) north hudson, st. croix co. north hudson, village of, st. croix co. north la crosse, la crosse co. north lake, waukesha co. north lancaster, town of, grant co. north leeds, columbia co. north lowell, dodge co. north menomonie, dunn co. north pepin, town of, dunn co", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40579964461192025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.835016"} {"text": "crosse co. north lake, waukesha co. north lancaster, town of, grant co. north leeds, columbia co. north lowell, dodge co. north menomonie, dunn co. north pepin, town of, dunn co. north prairie, village of, waukesha co. north prairie, waukesha co. north readfield, waupaca co. north red wing, pierce co. north shore, jefferson co. north star rifles ( civil war ) north star, portage co. north tomah, monroe co. north west company north york, ashland co. north, sterling, 1906 - 1974 northeim, manitowoc co. northern highland ( historic marker erected 1956 ) northern wisconsin center for the developmentally northfield, jackson co. northfield, town of, jackson co. northfield, town of, monroe co. northland college ( historic marker erected 1976 ) northland, waupaca co. northline, st. croix co. northport, door co. northport, waupaca co. northwest ordinance ( ordinance of 1787 ) northwest portal of wisconsin ( historic marker ere northwestern regiment ; wisconsin regulars ( civil w northwoods beach, sawyer co. norton, dunn co. norwalk [ origin of place name ] norwalk, monroe co. norwalk, village of, monroe co. norway grove, dane co. norway ridge, monroe co. norway settlement, census district of, dane co. norway [ origin of place name ] norway, town of, jackson co. norway, town of, racine co. norwegians in wisconsin norwich, town of, waushara co. norwood, town of, langlade co. notestein, barbara 1949 nowakowski, richard c. 1933 nowell ( historical ), waupaca co. noyes, george henry 1849 - 1916 nugent, william p. 1917 nuttelman, norbert 1911 nutter, edmondson john masters 1879 - 1953 nutterville, marathon co. nye, edgar wilson ( \" bill nye \" ) 1850 - 1896 nye, edgar wilson ( 1850 - 1896 ) ( historic marker ere nye, polk co.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3857533652681832, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.836877"} {"text": "on the horizon : diseases targeted for vaccine development while vaccines may be the greatest public health success story of all time, there remain many serious illnesses for which no vaccines exist and others for which current vaccines offer limited protection. the wistar institute vaccine center is responding to the urgent need for new and improved vaccines, in the united states and around the globe, by targeting the following life - threatening diseases. a response to an epidemic according to the world health organization, some 40 million people are living with hiv worldwide. the epidemic is growing, especially in sub - saharan africa, where more than two - thirds of all new infections occurred in 2006. an hiv vaccine approach developed by wistar scientists has shown promise in animal studies, and researchers are now pursuing funding for human clinical trials. the experimental vaccines take advantage of sophisticated biotechnologies and the special characteristics of a class of viruses called adenoviruses to create a series of vaccines that, when given in sequence, generate a stronger immune response than might otherwise be possible. seeking a universal flu solution influenza viruses are estimated to be associated with 200, 000 hospitalizations and 36, 000 deaths annually in the united states, as well as hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. wistar researchers hope to create a universal vaccine that would work against all strains of influenza. current \u201c flu \u201d vaccines have to be redesigned annually to account for evolving variations of the virus and are not always effective. a universal vaccine would eliminate this problem and protect against a flu pandemic, which occurs when a new strain of flu emerges that is both deadly and highly contagious. the 1918 \u201c spanish flu \u201d pandemic killed an estimated 50 million people worldwide. notably, a universal influenza vaccine would protect people from the avian influenza virus, as well as other emerging strains of flu. help for the developing world wistar already has developed a human vaccine effective for protecting against rabies and for preventing infection when administered as part of post - exposure treatment. the institute also has developed a wildlife vaccine. wistar researchers now aim to develop a human vaccine better suited for the developing world, where some 55, 000 people, mostly children, still die from this lethal but preventable virus each year. the scientists will strive to create a vaccine that is affordable, can be given in a single dose, and will work better under the conditions found in these regions. meeting a mosquito - borne menace according to the world health organization, a million people die each year of malaria \u2014 most of them children living in africa. in the united states, more than 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44615444796067094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.867749"} {"text": "and will work better under the conditions found in these regions. meeting a mosquito - borne menace according to the world health organization, a million people die each year of malaria \u2014 most of them children living in africa. in the united states, more than 1, 000 new cases are reported each year by travelers returning from malaria - endemic areas. there is no vaccine to prevent the disease, which is borne by mosquitoes, and drugs used to treat malaria are becoming less effective as the parasite that causes the illness adapts to them. wistar researchers are collaborating with colleagues at oxford university to develop a vaccine against this deadly disease. combating a public health threat the hepatitis c virus infects 3 to 4 million people each year and causes chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and liver cancer. a blood - borne infection, hepatitis c is thought to be responsible for two - thirds of liver transplants worldwide. with no vaccine to prevent the disease, hepatitis c constitutes an increasing public health concern. without more effective therapies, deaths due to the virus are predicted to double or triple in the next 15 to 20 years. collaborating with colleagues at emory university, wistar scientists are working to combat the virus. the researchers are exploring the possibility of creating a therapeutic vaccine that would be given to people infected with hepatitis c to help their immune systems fight the virus. cancer and autoimmune diseases the leading edge of vaccine research wistar researchers are making remarkable strides toward creating effective vaccine therapies for cancer and autoimmune diseases. combining a deep understanding of the immune system and leading - edge skills with recombinant genetic technologies, wistar leads a wide - ranging vaccine development program that encompasses treatment vaccines against colorectal cancer, melanoma, and human papillomavirus, which causes cervical cancer. in addition, institute scientists \u2019 depth of autoimmune expertise informs their development of novel new therapies for autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4522720393433667, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.870745"} {"text": "| life depends on an essentially continuous exchange of mass and energy between living organisms and their environment. human impact on this vital exchange has occurred on a global or macroclimate scale. understanding the physical principles involved in heat transfer and absorption in the atmosphere is critical to understanding how these physical factors affect living organisms. the specific objectives of this section are to explain the properties of heat transfer, and to describe laboratory activities that can be used at a variety of academic levels with only slight described below are three series of experiments performed in the laboratory to address questions that emphasize the underlying principles of heat transfer. these hands - on experiments focused on principles that relate to conduction and convection. the object was to identify the method of heat transfer through solids, liquids, gases, and between boundaries. understanding these concepts gave us a better understanding of how heat is transferred between our environment and living organisms. these experiments were used as an integral part of the workshop, which consisted of reflections on redesigning or modifying lab exercises to fit personal needs of workshop teachers. these exercises could be adapted for middle school, high school, and college level courses. the methods utilized for the three experiments involved increasing or decreasing the temperature of a solid or liquid, and where applicable, observing the motion of a dye caused by the changes in temperature and density of the medium. | modes of heat transfer : - conduction : heat transfer resulting from direct contact between substances of different temperatures ; heat is transferred from the high - temperature substance to the low by direct molecular - convection : heat transport by a moving fluid ( gas of liquid ). the heat is first transferred to the fluid by conduction, but the fluid motion carries the heat away. - radiative exchange : heat transfer via electromagnetic waves, the amount of radiant energy emitted, transmitted, or ( figure from microsoft encarta ) return to top laboratory apparatus for labs 1 - 3 | lab 1 : heating from below : convection in this experiment, water was heated from below to produce convection. although the atmosphere is composed of air, this experiment was relevant to atmospheric motion as well. the lower atmosphere ( troposphere ) is mostly heated from below because the oceans and continents absorb radiation from the sun and then transfer some of the resulting heat energy to the lower atmosphere. in lab 1, a beaker was heated ( see figure below ). thermometers were placed in 1 / 2 cm below water surface and 1 / 2 cm above the bottom of the beaker. the temperature was recorded at 30 second intervals. drops of dye were added to the bottom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6150301436732724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.902425"} {"text": "( see figure below ). thermometers were placed in 1 / 2 cm below water surface and 1 / 2 cm above the bottom of the beaker. the temperature was recorded at 30 second intervals. drops of dye were added to the bottom of the beaker between intervals. after three minutes the beaker was removed from the hot plate and temperature reading recorded for another five minutes. convection was visualized by observing the motion of the the motion of the dye was circular from bottom to top and returning to the bottom of the beaker. the energy from heating created a less dense liquid at the bottom, thus causing the upward motion of the dye. upon reaching the surface, the dye was now in the denser medium and therefore returned to the bottom. this motion is an example of convection. this phenomenon is evident in the motion of wind. the difference in densities and kinetic movement of the water molecules driven by temperature change resulted in the movement of air molecules. this lab can be used at lower levels to demonstrate simple properties of heat transfer and convection. at higher levels, this lab illustrates these basic principles, and could be extended to address more complex applications related to convection such as the coriolis 1. explain the process by which the water is heated. 2. describe the motion of the water as made visible by the 3. why does convection occur? 4. did convection cease? when? why? environmental applications of principles of radiative exchange, conduction and convection ( figure from e. zerba, princeton university ; email @ example. com ) return to top | lab 2 : conduction comparison of this experiment with the first illustrated the difference between the rate of heat transfer by conduction and that of convection. it also illustrated the difference in heat capacities between water and the solid materials of the lab 2 was configured similarly to lab 1, but looked at the effect of heating and cooling temperature difference using sand of equal weight as water used in experiment 1. no dye was used in this experiment, as convection was not a the temperature difference between the top and bottom layers of sand indicated that sand heats and cools at a faster rate compared to water. when the beaker was removed from the heat, the temperature continued to increase via conduction from the bottom of the beaker. this lab exercise is useful for demonstrating the concept of conduction to lower level students. upper level students can use this lab to make the connections between conduction and heat capacity of various substances related to heat transfer that occurs between the earth ' s surfaces and the surface", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.608877292964601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.904547"} {"text": "exercise is useful for demonstrating the concept of conduction to lower level students. upper level students can use this lab to make the connections between conduction and heat capacity of various substances related to heat transfer that occurs between the earth ' s surfaces and the surface of living organisms. 1. is there any convection in the sand? explain. 2. why did the temperature recorded by the lower thermometer continue to rise dramatically after the heating ceased? 3. on the basis of heat capacity, explain why the temperature changes for the sand and water were different. 4. using what you have observed in the two experiments, predict whether a cold front will lower temperatures more at inland locations or on the coast. explain your answer. return to top | lab 3 : cooling from above in lakes and oceans, convection is generally the result of cooling from above rather than heating from below. this was demonstrated by adding ice to the water. using an experimental setup that allowed measurement of temperature at the top and the bottom of a beaker of water, ice was added to the top of the beaker. this experiment illustrated the concept that at 4 \u00b0c, water has higher density and sinks. convection was visualized by the movement of dye added to the bottom of the beaker which was displaced by the cooler more dense water. this lab demonstrates several physical principles associated with heat transfer, including density, kinetic molecular theory, and convection. on a larger scale, this laboratory exercise demonstrates the process by which seasonal turnovers occur in ponds and lakes. at lower levels, teachers may choose to discuss physical principles of heat transfer only, while at upper levels, teachers may choose to integrate this small - scale investigation with the study of climate processes and lake nutrient stratification and mixing. 1. why does ice float? 2. is there any evidence of convection? why does or does it not occur? 3. draw a diagram to explain how seasonal turnover occurs in a return to top to the passerine birds home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6049775834064096, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:02.907796"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - v. to affect with great wonder ; astonish. see synonyms at surprise. - v. obsolete to bewilder ; perplex. - v. to cause great wonder or astonishment : a sight that amazes. - n. amazement ; wonder. century dictionary and cyclopedia - to confound with fear, sudden surprise, or wonder ; confuse ; perplex. - to strike with astonishment, surprise, or wonder ; astonish ; surprise : as, you amaze me ; i was amazed to find him there. - synonyms surprise, astonish, etc. ( see surprise ) ; to confound, stagger, stupefy, dumfound. - to wonder ; he amazed. - n. astonishment ; confusion ; perplexity arising from fear, surprise, or wonder ; amazement : used chiefly in poetry. gnu webster ' s 1913 - v. obsolete to bewilder ; to stupefy ; to bring into a maze. - v. to confound, as by fear, wonder, extreme surprise ; to overwhelm with wonder ; to astound ; to astonish greatly. - v. archaic to be astounded. - v. chiefly poetic bewilderment, arising from fear, surprise, or wonder ; amazement. - v. be a mystery or bewildering to - v. affect with wonder - from middle english amasen ( \" to bewilder, perplex \" ), from old english amasian ( \" to confuse, astonish \" ), from a - ( perfective prefix ) + * masian ( \" to confound \" ) from * m\u00e6s ( \" delusion, bewilderment \" ), from proto - germanic * mas -, * masonan ( \u201c to confound, be weary, dream \u201d ), from proto - indo - european * ma - ( \u201c to stupefy \u201d ). akin to old norse masa ( \" to struggle, be confused \" ), ancient greek \u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7 ( mate, \" folly \" ), \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b1 ( memaa, \" i was eager \" ). more at automatic. ( wiktionary ) - from middle english masen, to bewilder, and from amased, bewildered ( from old english amasod ), both from old english amasian, to bewilder : a -, intensive pref. + *", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5929511124404792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.055864"} {"text": "silbury hill, wiltshire, england. after more than six years of internal wrangling, english heritage have finally, decided on the best way to fix the mighty sibury hill - britain ' s largest ancient mound, 4, 000 years old. silbury is one of britain ' s most enigmatic structures, like stonehenge, it is the only structure like it in britain and so far archaeologists have been unable to suggest a purpose for its construction during the bronze age. it is this enigmatic quality that in many ways has been its undoing ; about thirty years ago, archaeologist atkinson in conjunction with the bbc tunnelled in to the hill but failed to properly sure up the tunnels at the end of the investigation. in 2000 these tunnels started collapsing, causing the hill to subside and raising fears of a major collapse. at the time english heritage closed the hill to public access and asked for urgent funds for the hills repair. yet six years on, english heritage, have finally announced that they have chose a method and a contractor ; skanska to do the work. unfortunately, those concerned for the welbeing of the hill will still have to wait until 2007 before repairs will begin. nigel swift of campaign group heritage action commented that \" the total delay will be at least eight years - 70, 000 hours. it has been estimated that a team of fifty men would have taken that long to build the entire hill and have time left for west kennet long barrow! \" however, campaigners are in the main relieved that the long wait will soon be over. for more information visit heritage action ' s website www. heritageaction. org. ode to a vandalised stone in june 1996 paint was smeared over the standing stones at avebury ' s famous stone avenue. two stones were daubed with paint, one with the word ' cuckoo ' and the other almost entirely painted red and green. the attack took place during the evening on june 17 or the early hours of june 18. ten years on we remember the damage with a poem from barbara tomlinson. the henge stones ye did not noe that they could goe and nod theyr grizl ' d heads leave theyr mossie beds to whisper antient lore while the moone flees from the shore and darknesse reigns as afore. they maun ' t be seene by mortal eie ' tis death to spie but when the sunne hath his race begun they silent fale stand stille and tall agaynst the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42526267552857633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.063295"} {"text": "how do i tell my kids about the shooting without scaring them too much? there are a couple of pieces [ of information ] you need to convey to kids and it ' s very different depending on the age of the kids. a 5 - or 6 - year - old needs to be reassured and told that this is something that happened, and it ' s terrible, but their parents are in charge of taking care of them and will do their best to never let anything happen to them. it ' s designed to reassure a smaller kid. rare event : an older child has a much larger understanding of this. they need to be talked to about the randomness of these events and the fact that this happened in a place that is very popular among teenagers, but could ' ve happened anywhere. it could have happened in a supermarket, shopping mall, airport. unfortunately there are very disturbed people out there who do this kind of thing, but it is very rare and very random and the adults in the world are doing the very best they can to make sure these things don ' t happen. one of the components of the traumatic experience is the violation of a feeling of safety and compatibility in the world. kids have the added component that those who are supposed to protect them, parents and the larger community, have failed to do that. that sense of safety is critical to everyone, but maybe especially critical to kids - [ they ] are less responsible for their own safety ; part of their world is that adults take responsibility for them. [ the traumatic experience is ] a violation of expectations they have about the world. in the short term, everyone needs to integrate this experience with their understanding of the world. what shouldn ' t i do? parents should always be prepared to deal with emergencies with kids. whether physical emergency or emotional emergency, they shouldn ' t be standing there totally lost and not tell their kids what to do. kids take their lead from their parents, and if parents can handle something and talk about it and be reasonably calm, that ' s what the kid will do. if a parent is hysterical, it will be very frightening for a child. if a parent can be reasonable and have a sense of what they want to say and how to talk to a kid about it, it will be much more reassuring. how do i know my child is dealing with the event appropriately? when should i be concerned? having a nightmare might certainly be a normal [ response ], with all the kids talking about the shooting. kids expressing anger or rage that someone has ruined something", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40835327013786316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.080237"} {"text": "how do i know my child is dealing with the event appropriately? when should i be concerned? having a nightmare might certainly be a normal [ response ], with all the kids talking about the shooting. kids expressing anger or rage that someone has ruined something for them and having anxiety for a short period of time might also be normal. but if our experiences are any indicator, most of us can recover from traumatic events with surprising rapidity. it ' s when these symptoms or difficulties persist for a period of time that we need to become a little more concerned. if someone is still ruminating about this a week later, i would sit down and ask if they want to talk to anyone about it. ask, ' is anything wrong? are you worried about something? ' you can even list multiple possibilities and include the one thing you think it might be. sometimes kids just don ' t want to say it out loud. one really important thing to keep in mind is there is a wide range of normal responses to this type of event. parents and kids can expect to experience both positive and negative emotions. sometimes people worry if they feel happiness after an event like this, but that is normal. it ' s also normal to experience uncertainty, fear and concern. i would tell parents of children to be ready to listen. expect that sometimes your child will not want to talk and sometimes your child will want to talk a lot about it. that can go on longer than someone might expect. do not tell them something they ' re feeling is not o. k. to be feeling. the shooting is all over the news. i want my kids to be informed, but how much should they watch? i don ' t think young kids should watch this kind of stuff, or this repetitive reporting on television. exposure for younger kids should be limited as much as possible. it ' s impossible these days to completely prevent it, but limit it. for adolescents, it ' s always a good idea to have a parent in the room so the event can be discussed and their anxieties and concerns can be addressed on the spot. adolescents are going to see it no matter what because they are independent, but if you ' re watching it on a tv at home or on the radio it ' s always a good idea to have a parent there to talk to. what if i overreacted to a traumatic event in front of my kids? did i blow it? you can apologize for your behavior and say, ' look, i was pretty upset, i think i may have over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4359238914391028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.082543"} {"text": "history : hard cider in new england before we had widespread refrigeration, before anyone needed to make a distinction between \u201c sweet \u201d and \u201c hard \u201d cider, all cider was hard. throughout much of the 18th and early 19th centuries, it was the most common beverage in new england. cheap and easy to produce from local seedling apples, the fermented, sometimes fizzy, juice was more popular than ale, kept longer than milk, and in many places was safer to drink than water. farmers routinely steeped their apple mash and pressed it a second time for less - potent \u201c ciderkin \u201d for their children, and paid their farmhands partly in drink. larger landholders planted named apple varieties specifically for cider : a mix of bitter, sweet, and tart types, including gilpin, smith \u2019 s cider, and esopus spitzenberg, among others. most dooryard cider was run - of - the - mill, but through trial and error, some growers refined cidermaking to an art. but the temperance movement, founded in boston in 1826, drained away some of the demand in the 19th century. passionate members took axes to entire orchards. the shift away from an agricultural society \u2013 with its attendant waves of urban italian, german, and irish immigrants, who preferred their alcohol made from grapes, or barley and hops \u2013 took the commercial cider market down with it. prohibition shut off what little production remained. by 1935, the year yankee was first published, the once - ubiquitous drink had all but disappeared. three years later, the hurricane of \u2019 38 flattened most of the apple trees that hadn \u2019 t already been yanked out, cut down, or lost during the harsh winter of 1934. in their place, farmers planted mcintoshes and cortlands : thin - skinned, mild - fleshed varieties that grew better here than anywhere else on earth. the high quality of the fruit compensated for the difficulty of managing orchards on the region \u2019 s hilly, rocky land. over the next half - century, those bright - red apples became the profitable signature of new england \u2019 s autumn harvest. hard cider survived mainly in memory. steve wood knew all this when he took over his family \u2019 s orchard in lebanon, new hampshire, in the early 1980s. he soon discovered something else besides : that even as his orchard was prospering, the future of the new england apple industry was swinging away from the old stand - bys. for a time, the spread of controlled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3843246131106046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.091291"} {"text": ", in the early 1980s. he soon discovered something else besides : that even as his orchard was prospering, the future of the new england apple industry was swinging away from the old stand - bys. for a time, the spread of controlled - atmosphere cold storage prolonged the survival of short - lived macs and cortlands. but a series of changes was steadily eating away the advantages of local orchards. advances in mechanized picking and transportation favored economies of scale. a big orchard by new hampshire standards \u2013 250 acres, say \u2013 couldn \u2019 t compete with orchards two or three times that size in the west and upper midwest, and most of those operations used big, cost - efficient, centralized packing facilities. then growers in new zealand and south africa created a year - round u. s. market for fresh apples. supermarket customers \u2019 taste homogenized around large, shiny, waxed, perfectly shaped apples. a decade after wood had taken over the orchard, the mcintosh market collapsed. the global export trade had changed the game entirely. speaking metaphorically, wood says, \u201c granny smith was killing us. \u201d although he \u2019 d graduated from harvard with a degree in history, wood nevertheless felt compelled to stay on the farm \u2013 to figure out a way to keep his father \u2019 s orchard productive, to keep working the land. he and his wife, harvard classmate louisa spencer, began grafting and selling old varieties such as esopus spitzenberg ( one of thomas jefferson \u2019 s favorites ), tiny wickson, golden russet : tasty types once common in early america but now commanding top dollar as uncommon heirloom eating apples in gourmet shops and high - end restaurants. and when they sensed that heirlooms alone wouldn \u2019 t be enough to keep the land paying, they brought back old cider apples, such as ashmead \u2019 s kernel and kingston black, and started pressing and bottling traditional hard cider. \u201c it was a huge gamble, and people called us crazy, \u201d wood recalls, sitting down with a glass of his extra - dry still cider in the bottling room at the end of a day. he and louisa traveled and talked with old - time cider makers in england and france. they read everything they could find. they experimented with different varieties ; discovered which apples grew well in the unforgiving new hampshire climate ; blended them for just the right proportion of sugars, acids, tannins, and fruitiness. through trial and error, they refined the process. their timing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41000765897405156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.092412"} {"text": "pius xii gave instructions specifically to save and protect jews magazine to publish 2 wartime letters | 815 hits rome, jan. 29, 2003 ( zenit. org ). - two documents soon to be published reveal pope pius xii ' s preferential help for the jews during the years of nazi persecution. the documents would undercut the accusations that pius xii avoided making express reference to the jews during the nazi era. susan zuccotti, history professor at barnard college in new york, contends in her book \" the vatican and the holocaust in italy \" that there is no proof of pius xii ' s intervention in favor of the jews. \" pius xii never used the terms ' jew ' or ' race, ' \" writes zuccotti. \" the pope often expressed in general terms his sorrow over the suffering of innocent civilians, but without referring explicitly to the jews. \" given these grave accusations, the magazine inside the vatican will publish in its forthcoming issue two letters sent by pius xii in 1940 to bishop giuseppe maria palatucci of campagna, in southern italy, where a major concentration camp was located. bishop palatucci, in cooperation with his nephew giovanni, chief of police in fiume, and with the vatican, looked after the jews interned in campagna. in letter no. 28436 sent by the vatican on oct. 2, 1940, the holy father donated the sum of 3, 000 lire and had it put in writing that \" this money is allocated preferably to those suffering for reasons of race. \" in a second letter, no. 31514, the pope gave the sum of 10, 000 lire \" to be distributed in aid to interned jews. \" the amounts were considerable at that time. the letters have just been published in italy in the book \" giovanni palatucci, the policeman who saved thousands of jews, \" edited by the state police. last oct. 9, cardinal camillo ruini opened the cause of beatification of giovanni palatucci. in 1990, he was proclaimed by israel \" righteous among the nations, \" and a street in tel aviv has been named after him.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39212671483161077, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.095124"} {"text": "ap u. s. history doing the dbq : in - class practice read the directions at the top of the page and the question. think about the question, then read it again. pay attention to the language of the question and consider what it requires you to do. before reading the documents, make a list of facts you know that are relevant to the question and time period. this is your outside information. you have fifteen minutes to read the documents. as you read, underline significant passages and make marginal notes, particularly including facts not in the documents but relevant to them and the question. after reading the documents, re - read the question and be sure you understand what it asks you to do. go back to the question as often as necessary to keep the central issue or issues in mind. group the documents into as many as three groups or according to the criteria posed by the question. be aware of change over time. this may be an alternative to the organization suggested by the question. if you cannot categorize a document, omit it for the time being. based on your understanding of the question and the documents, draft a thesis statement \u2013 just a statement with a framework \u2013 don \u2019 t worry about background now. create an outline for the thesis, noting which documents you will use in each paragraph. add outside information from your notes to the outline in appropriate places. each paragraph must have outside information. if you do not have enough outside information, think harder about the subject of the question, the time period and / or the documents. reconsider the documents you could not classify earlier ; can you now fit them into the organizational system you have created for the question? if not, omit them. draft a complete thesis paragraph for a potential essay. include content - relevant background information. draft a topic sentence for each paragraph and list the documents and outside information you would use in each. be ready to explain your choices to the class tomorrow.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.473584202726457, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.097176"} {"text": "the beer house having thus far cultivated the bog - trotter by washing and currying his person, forming his movements, refining his manners, and giving him some ideas of delicacy of behaviour, it now remained to introduce him in a knowledge of politics ; and for this purpose, as he could not read the gazettes, or other publications, it became necessary to give him the opportunity of oral information on political questions : and as attending the debates of congress, and hearing only in the galleries, would not put it in his power to join occasionally, in the debates, and exercise himself in speaking ; the attending private clubs, or spending evenings occasionally at beer houses, seemed the more eligible means to be adopted accordingly, an evening after this, the captain taking him to a beer house, and occupying a bench, called for a mug of ale, and bade teague attend to the conversations that were going forward. the redemption of what are called certificates was at that time the subject of debate. it is well known to the readers of the present day in america, but which perhaps will not be so well understood when this work comes to be read an hundred years hence, that the united states, having incurred debts during the war with great britain, and being unable at that time to discharge them, could only give certificates of the respective sums due to the several creditors : these they did give to the soldiers of their army, to those from whom they had purchased articles, or who had rendered any service : the prospect not being immediate of the public being in a condition of taking up these, and the necessity of may of the holders pressing, they had transferred their right in the certificates for a fourth, fifth, or sixth of their nominal value ; in some cases, at a much lower rate. - - the question was, whether, under these circumstances, the original holder should be bound by the contract, and transferee ought to take the whole sum from the public. it was stated on one side, that it was the folly of the holder to make the contract. there was no fraud or imposition in the case ; what he did was with his eyes open. there was no undue advantage on the part of the purchaser, for he took no more than the place of the holder ; and the bargain was fair and equal on both sides. the one had a present certainty which he preferred : the other an uncertainty of a greater sum, of which he chose to run the risk. the purchaser who gave credit to the bills of the states", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4760889242018109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.109932"} {"text": "the bargain was fair and equal on both sides. the one had a present certainty which he preferred : the other an uncertainty of a greater sum, of which he chose to run the risk. the purchaser who gave credit to the bills of the states, stood in a better point of view than the holder, who distrusting payment, had parted with them. on the other side it was contended, that the certificates being only the evidence of the debt, the receiving that was no payment ; that real service was rendered, and real payment should be made ; that the purchaser discovered a distrust of the credit of the government as well as the holder, in not giving the full value, and therefore stood on no better ground ; that from the prevailing ideas under which these contracts were made, the holder did conceive himself parting with these securities at an under value, and the purchaser, as obtaining them at that rate, but neither had an idea that the loss on the one hand, or the advantage on the other, could be so great as on the principle of the provision made for the discharge of the public debt it had come to be ; that for these and other reasons measures ought to have been adopted of a discrimination between the original holders and the transferees. teague had listened attentively, and, contrary to the injunction of the captain, with his mouth open. he would willingly have taken a part in the debates, but the captain, thinking the subject too abstruse to begin with, did not seem to approve of it, and shaking his head, repressed the disposition of the bog - trotter. the next topic of argument was that of the assumption of the state debts. in order to understand this, we must state, that, in carrying on the war against great britain, contracts were made, and debts incurred, on the faith of the confederate states, by their representatives in congress, and this was called the continental debt. at the same time, contracts were made and debts incurred, on the faith of individual states, by their representatives in the state legislature, and this was called the state debt. this whole debt, continental and state, had been thrown into one mass, and the payment assumed by the congress. the policy of this measure was now canvassed. on the one side it was contended, that as the whole debt, continental or state, was payable by the united states, each state paying the quota apportioned by the resolves of the former congress, and having credit for what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47408169040826637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.111041"} {"text": ". on the one side it was contended, that as the whole debt, continental or state, was payable by the united states, each state paying the quota apportioned by the resolves of the former congress, and having credit for what state debt contracted on account of the war, was over or beyond this quota, the question was no more than this, whether the ways and means of raising money for the discharge of its proportion of the state debt, should remain with any state, as was before in the case of furnishing its quota ; or whether the united states, assuming the debt in the first instance, should take upon themselves to discharge the whole ; that it came to the same thing, as the debt was payable by the whole, and the only question was, with whom it should lie to devise ways and means, to discharge it ; that the system of finance became more simple, when the united states assumed the whole, and provided for the payment by ways and means of their own at once ; that it would contribute to the energy and secure the establishment of the federal government, to have that government the immediate debtor of the whole amount. to this was answered, that each state was a better judge of the ways and means, within itself, for the raising money to discharge its debt ; and while the united states, now having command of the imposts, should necessarily take upon them to collect and provide for the discharge of the continental debt, properly so called ; yet it might be left with each state as before, to collect and pay over what is called the state debt ; receiving credit from the united states, and having a right to draw from thence, any overplus of that proportion which by the resolves of the former congress they ought to pay of the whole debt. the captain thinking this subject also above the comprehension of the irishman, was not willing that he should speak yet. the next topic was that of the incorporation of the bank of the united states, some contending that no power was given by the constitution to the general government to incorporate banks ; others asserting, though not expressly, yet under the article of paying debts, & c. and making laws necessary for that purpose, it was by implication given. the captain thought this also above the reach of teague, and obliged him to be silent. the next subject of argument was the policy of the war carrying on against the indians. by some it was contended that an indian was a good creature, simple and inoffens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4430750205154376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.112089"} {"text": "above the reach of teague, and obliged him to be silent. the next subject of argument was the policy of the war carrying on against the indians. by some it was contended that an indian was a good creature, simple and inoffensive, like a young child ; that you might put your finger in his mouth and he would not bite ; that by speaking softly and kindly, and giving him victuals and drink, and leggins, and breech - clouts, and blankets, you might do what you please with him ; that when you gave him ammunition and fire - arms, he would go out and kill turkies, and shoot down squirrels, and bring you in a deer now and then ; and there was no such thing as an indian stealing a horse, or burning a house, or taking a scalp, unless you had first stolen his horse, or burnt his house, or taken his scalp ; that when you made a treaty with these people, they had such a love of justice, such a sense of honour, such a perfect command of themselves, and their young men, that there was no danger of their departing from the treaty. on the other hand it was advanced, that, as a savage differed little from a beast of prey ; a wolf, or a panther of the woods ; was rude, his passions violent, attached to no farm, cultivating no art ; his only amusement or sense of honour war, or hunting, the image of war ; his sense of justice little, his sense of honour none at all ; no government in his state of society ; no security for individual or national engagements ; that fear pervading the mass, by reaching the feelings, and apprehensions of each individual was the only principle by which they could be governed ; that instead of giving goods, as heretofore, it became us to retaliate by a heavy war. such were the arguments on each side of this question ; when the captain looking at teague, and observing that he was anxious to advance his opinion, assenting with a bow, or inclination of his head, he seemed to signify that he might speak. but before we hear him, it will be necessary to observe, that during the preceding arguments, the company had taken notice of him, as he sat beside the captain with a mug of beer before them ; and had wondered in their own minds who he could be ; for though he was a little brushed up by this time, as may be supposed, having been at the levee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48005264786752067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.113058"} {"text": ", as he sat beside the captain with a mug of beer before them ; and had wondered in their own minds who he could be ; for though he was a little brushed up by this time, as may be supposed, having been at the levee, and taught to dance, and received lessons of delicacy ; nevertheless, there was still and uncouthness in his appearance that could not be all at once shaken off. he therefore the more easily engaged attention, when raising his voice, he began as follows : plase your anours, said he, i have heard of dese indians, when i was tratting wid de captain my master. - - i came acrass one odem, who affered a hundred dallars for my scoolp ; he was going to a traty here abouts. but my good master de captain took my part, and didnt let him take it aff ; de vile savages! o! i have heard of dese indians, plase your anours, dey come out of de woods, and stale shape, like de rabbers in ireland, and burn houses, and take scoolps ; trade wid dese! i would trate wid dem, wid a good shelelah, or tomahawk to break der heads. give dem goods! by shaint patrick, i would give dem a good bullet hole in deir faces ; or shoot dem trough de backside for deir pains. if i was in cangress, and god love your shouls, i wish you would put me dere, i would make a law to coot dem aff, every one odem. o! if my uncle phelim, and my cousins dennis and dermot, and my brother murtock, and de oder boys was here, we would chase dem, as you would chase one of deir own shape ; and keep dem aff de country, and send dem home to ate paratoes. god love your shouls, raise a good party and go out upon dem, and bring dem to de coort, and not let dem be staling shape, and taking scoolps from de poor people. you tink to plase dem, by spaking good words to dem. spake a good cudgel upon der heads, and bid dem be asy dear honies, and keep at deir homes, and plant paratoes, and be hangd in dei", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3878988765313085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.114026"} {"text": "lobelia commonly called cardinal flower is an orchid - like red wildflower that is native to the woodland areas in north america. i first discovered this woodland flower while hiking in the valley just bellow the ridge where our home resides. the flower was growing close to the banks of a stream and i noted that it attracted butterflies and the red throat hummingbirds. i used a spoon to loosen the soil around the stem. the roots were close to the soil surface and the plant was easy to dig up. i quickly returned home so that i could transplant the lobelia cardinal flower to my garden. i planted the cardinal flowers to the back border of my part sun to shade garden. the following year i had many cardinal flowers blooming in my garden. the one plant self seeded and i also planted additional seeds in spring. cardinal flower looks good growing in the back border of your garden as the stems can reach the height of 3 to 4 feet. you can also grow it with assorted wildflowers in a woodland setting. flowers bloom in late summer and will continue to bloom well into autumn or until the end of season frost. | cardinal flower growing along stream : wikipedia commons | where to grow grow cardinal flower in zones 3 to 8. choose a garden site that has sun to part shade. also select an area where the soil is evenly moist but not wet. when to plant plant the seeds outside in may or june when the ground warms to 74 degrees. get the garden site ready for planting. remove the sod, weeds and all debris. loosen the soil to one foot. break up the clumps of soil so that soil is fine. planting seed in masses : mix the seeds with compost or manure. place the compost in a wheelbarrow and add water. the compost should be moist, not wet. mix the seeds into the compost. add other wildflower seeds to the compost if you are planting a prairie garden. scoop up the compost and place it on the soil. rake the compost into the fine soil. cover the seeds with soil to the depth of a half inch. planting seeds for small gardens : use the eraser end of a pencil to dig holes in the soil that are a half inch deep. space the seeds a foot apart. set the seed in the center of the hole and cover the hole with the soil. care for lobelia cardinal flowers : apply a thin layer of grass clippings or mulch around the plant stems. this organic mulch will aid in retaining moisture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40538317151104447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.116995"} {"text": "\u201d build a plane that \u2019 s as heavy as a car, but uses only as much energy as a scooter. and stay aloft with just the energy of the sun \u2014 even after sunset. that, pilot andre borschberg says, is the challenge facing the solar impulse team as it stares down its biggest challenge yet : flying around the world in a solar - powered plane. you might have heard about solar impulse when the sun - powered plane project made its maiden flight in 2009, or in 2010 when borschberg set the endurance record by piloting the aircraft for 26 consecutive hours, running on stored solar energy from on - board batteries after the sun went down. now he and teammate bertrand piccard are off on even more ambitious ventures, which they came to new york to discuss last night. first, in 2013, they will fly their solar - powered plane across the united states. then, in 2015, they will pilot a larger version around the world. \u201c - solar impulse team to attempt first ever solar - powered cross - u. s. a flight in history ( inhabitat. com ) - solar powered plane will circumnavigate the globe in 2015 ( can even fly at night ) ( cleantechnica. com ) - tackling an around - the - world plane flight \u2014 without fossil fuel ( news. cnet. com ) - solar - powered plane flies through the night ( techonomy. com ) - sun - powered plane to circle the world in 20 days ( news. softpedia. com )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4448711286060876, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.118471"} {"text": "this from eurekalert : you may think that with faster internet connectivity, internet phone calls and ipods, that we ' re living in a technological nirvana. but according to a new analysis we are fast approaching a new dark age. the results show that the number of technological breakthroughs and patents peaked a century ago and have been falling steadily ever since. but this is a controversial view not held by most futurologists. the reason why an observation like this is controversial is that futurologists take a determinedly optimistic view of the future. i suspect this is a survey of american patent applications. there is a subjective increase in the wealth and comfort of americans that leads them to think that they must be in a golden age. but wasn ' t rome similar prior to its collapse? the romans had become decadent, they suffered from an internal rot and cultural decline. they embarked on fruitless foreign adventures as a means of distracting an overlarge, and underused military. the recent resource wars in the middle east seem aimed at distracting the world with a sleight of hand allowing america to parasitize iraq without feeling morally inferior. if we truly are in a worldwide decline in creativity, what does that mean? victorian scientists used to predict that all of the major discoveries had been made and the future was going to be a period of filling the gaps and creating a prosperous age of automation. were they right? our explanations of the fine detail of what goes on is a little more precise, but really we have just been adding decimal points to the accuracy of our picture. the whole of twentieth century physics has involved creating pictures of the world that even their inventors didn ' t understand or trust! einstein made significant advances in quantum physics in an attempt to falsify it on aesthetic grounds! maybe the lull is exemplified by the history of artificial intelligence? artificial intelligence grew out of the availability of computing hardware in postwar america ( called giant brains at the time ) and the theoretical advances that had been made prewar by the likes of turing, and von neumann et al. von neumann and turing both took a mechanistic view of the brain, that it was to all intents and purposes a \" computer made of meat \". there was great optimism that the algorithms of the brain would be quickly understood, and a means to emulate the brain would be found in \" 10 or 20 years \". minsky and others were finding ways to simulate neurons in hardware. all in all it seemed that ai would flourish in the 70s providing added impetus to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5680013613537369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.127227"} {"text": "transcript for happy birthday, emancipation proclamation! - - kenneth c davis. even if it goes through american history - - you probably learn something about abraham lincoln. no he was not the vampire. most. abraham lincoln was the great emancipated. he freed... see more - - kenneth c davis. even if it goes through american history - - you probably learn something about abraham lincoln. no he was not the vampire. most. abraham lincoln was the great emancipated. he freed the slaves in january 1863. when he signed the emancipation proclamation. right. well not exactly. 150. years of bloody civil war - - - - union armies crushed in a string of defeats. confederate armies knocking - - beat washington dc lincoln attacked daily by friend and everything that could go wrong was going wrong. so what did lincoln do with the world crashing down around him lincoln announced a preliminary version of the emancipation proclamation. if the confederate states did not surrender lincoln would free - - slaves on the first day of 1863. it was a threat pure and simple and the timing was no accident. few days. union army when a crucial victory at the - - battle and - - in one day more than war. thousand men - - another 171000. were wounded and missing. still the worst single day in american military history but this costly victory gave - - - - the political cover he needed. to announce his plan to free the slaves. the confederate ignored - - - - the war reached on and on january 1 1863. abraham lincoln issued the formal emancipation. proclamation. so lincoln freed the slaves right. again not exact. the formal proclamation applied only to slaves in the rebellious states. there was still slaves in some union states in lincoln ' s proclamation also did not apply to confederate areas in union hands. in the end. the great emancipated or. freed very few slaves but the political and emotional impact of lincoln ' s decision was enormous with a scratch of his pen he turned a fight to save the union into - - war and slavery. african americans celebrated it but some abolitionist thought it was too little too late. others saw an illegal abuse of power. and many union and refused to fight to free slaves one reason lincoln - - so unpopular when he ran again in 1864. the actual end of slavery had to wait for the end of the war. and the thirteenth amendment. i ' m kenneth c davis and you don ' t know much just - - this transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100 % accurate.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3692263820334626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.137198"} {"text": "( new york ) - - seafood raised on pig feces and crawling with flies is being sold to u. s. consumers, according to a new report. the november issue of bloomberg markets magazine, in a piece on food poisoning and safety, says that it is common practice in some parts of asia to feed fish pig waste. it describes, for example, the sanitary conditions at a fish factory on the southern coast of vietnam. \" flies, \" it says, \" crawl over baskets of processed shrimp. \" the shrimp at some plants are packed in ice, which is good. what ' s bad is that it ' s ice made from water often found to be contaminated with bacteria and unfit for human consumption, say bloomberg ' s reporters in hanoi. vietnam ships 100 million pounds of shrimp a year to the u. s., about 8 percent of the shrimp sold in america. outside hong kong, at a tilapia farm, fish are fed a diet that includes pig and geese feces. that practice, michael doyle tells bloomberg markets, is unsafe for u. s. consumers, because the manure may be contaminated with salmonella. doyle is director of the center for food safety at the university of georgia. fish farmers, he says, use fecal matter as a cheaper alternative to commercial fish food. the u. s. food and drug administration inspects food shipments to the united states, including seafood shipments, but the agency ' s resources are limited, says bloomberg ' s report. it is able to inspect fewer than 3 percent of shipments. of that, reports bloomberg, much is sent back. the fda has rejected 1, 380 shipments of vietnamese seafood since 2007, finding filth and salmonella. kevin fitzsimmons, a professor and research scientist at the university of arizona college of agriculture and life sciences, tells abc news he has read the bloomberg article and finds it \" a little misleading. i do a lot of work in asia and am headed there now for a conference on tilapia. they [ bloomberg ] are cherry - picking a few items to make things sound as bad as possible. \" fitzsimmons is an officer of the american tilapia association and an expert on seafood production in asia. for starters, he says, seafood shipments from asia to the u. s. number in the \" hundreds of thousands, if not millions, \" so the fact that 1, 380 from vietnam have been returned since 2007 is relatively insignificant. second, he says, the practice in asia of putting hog feces into fish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41962456004505294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.143337"} {"text": "a thorough knowledge of the root system of plants is essential if their growth, flowering, and fruiting responses are to be understood. the structure and growth habits of roots have a pronounced effect on the size and vigor of the plant, method of propagation, adaptation to certain soil types, and response to cultural practices and irrigation. the roots of certain vegetable crops are important as food. roots typically originate from the lower portion of a plant or cutting. they possess a root cap, have no nodes and never bear leaves or flowers directly. the principal functions of roots are to absorb nutrients and moisture, to anchor the plant in the soil, to furnish physical support for the stem, and to serve as food storage organs. in some plants they may be used as a means of propagation. types of roots a primary ( radicle ) root originates at the lower end of the embryo of a seedling plant. a taproot is formed when the primary root continues to elongate downward. this makes them difficult to transplant and necessitates planting only in deep, well - drained soil. the taproot of carrot, parsnip, and salsify is the principal edible part of these crops. a lateral, or secondary root is a side or branch root which arises from another root. a fibrous root system is one in which the primary root ceases to elongate, leading to the development of numerous lateral roots. these then branch repeatedly and form the feeding root system of the plant. a fibrous root is one which remains small in diameter because of a lack of significant cambial activity. one factor which causes shrubs and dwarf trees to remain smaller than standard trees is the lower activity rate of the cambium tissue which produces a smaller root system. if plants that normally develop a taproot are undercut so that the taproot is severed early in the plants life, the root will lose its taproot characteristic and develop a fibrous root system. this is done commercially in nurseries so that trees, which naturally have tap roots, will develop a compact, fibrous root system. this allows a higher rate of transplanting success. the quantity and distribution of plant roots is very important because these two factors have a major influence on the absorption of moisture and nutrients. the depth and spread of the roots is dependent on the inherent growth characteristics of the plant and the texture and structure of the soil. roots will penetrate much deeper in a loose, well - drained soil than in a heavy, poorly -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4816308958874992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.157472"} {"text": "moisture and nutrients. the depth and spread of the roots is dependent on the inherent growth characteristics of the plant and the texture and structure of the soil. roots will penetrate much deeper in a loose, well - drained soil than in a heavy, poorly - drained soil. a dense, compacted layer in the soil will restrict or stop root growth. during early development, a seedling plant nutrients and moisture from the few inches of soil surrounding it. therefore, the early growth of most horticultural crops which are seeded in rows benefits from band applications of fertilizer, placed several inches to each side and slightly below the seeds. as plants become well - established, the root system develops laterally and usually extends far beyond the spread of the branches. for most cultivated crops roots meet and overlap between the rows. the greatest concentration of fibrous roots occurs in the top foot of soil but significant numbers of laterals may grow downward from these roots to provide an effective absorption system a couple of feet deep. parts of a root internally, there are three major parts of a root. the meristem is at the tip and manufactures new cells. it is an area of cell division and growth. behind it is the zone of elongation, in which cells increase in size through food and water absorption. these cells by increasing in size, push the root through the soil. the third major root part is the maturation zone, in which cells undergo changes in order to become specific tissues such as epidermis, cortex, or vascular tissue. the epidermis is the outermost layer of cells surrounding the root. these cells are responsible for the absorption of water and minerals dissolved in water. cortex cells are involved in the movement of water from the epidermis and in food storage. a layer of suberized ( a fatty material in some cells ), known as the casparian strips, has regulatory effect on the types of minerals absorbed and transported by the roots to stems and leaves. vascular tissues conduct food and water and are located in the center of the root. however, some monocots have the vascular system of their roots distributed around the root center. externally there are two areas of importance. root hairs are found along the main root and perform much of the actual work of water and nutrient absorption. the root cap is the outermost tip of the root, and consists of cells that are sloughed off as the root grows through the soil. the root cap covers and protects the meristem and also senses gravity and directs in what direction the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5111466619001204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.160259"} {"text": "the bacteria that reside in the intestines of adults and children with irritable bowel syndrome ( ibs ) differ from those of healthy adults and children, according to 2 studies in the november issue of gastroenterology. microorganisms account for 90 % of the cells in our body ( many cannot even be cultured ) ; only 10 % of our cells are human. the large microbial mass in the intestine is established at birth, and its composition is determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. the makeup of this microbiota has been proposed to affect development of inflammatory bowel diseases and ibs. only recently have researchers developed technologies to quantify these microbes. mirjana rajilic \u2013 stojanovic et al. performed global and deep molecular analysis of fecal samples from 62 adult patients with ibs and 46 healthy adults. in a separate study published in the same issue, delphine m. saulnier et al. analyzed 71 stool samples from 22 children with ibs and 22 healthy children using 16s ribosomal rna gene sequencing. both studies found that patients with ibs had a greater abundance of the firmicutes member dorea than healthy individuals. rajilic \u2013 stojanovic et al. reported that adult patients with ibs had a 2 - fold greater ratio of firmicutes to bacteroidetes than controls, resulting from an approximately 1. 5 - fold increase in numbers of dorea, ruminococcus, and clostridium spp. they also observed a 2 - fold decrease in the number of bacteroidetes, a 1. 5 - fold decrease in numbers of bifidobacterium and faecalibacterium spp, and, when present, a 4 - fold lower average number of methanogens ( see figure ). the microbial groups correlated with ibs symptom scores, indicating that several groups of firmicutes and proteobacteria might mediate the development of ibs. however, saulnier et al. observed that the microbiomes of children with ibs had a significantly greater percentage of the class \u03b3 - proteobacteria. one prominent component of this group was haemophilus parainfluenzae, but a novel, ruminococcus - like microbe was also associated with ibs. greater frequency of ibs pain in children correlated with an increased abundance of several bacterial taxa from the genus alistipes. by contrast,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4589518945636909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.170458"} {"text": "nonetheless, talley and fodor concluded that the application of high - throughput technology to ibs is a first step toward identifying each person \u2019 s microbial community and individualizing therapy, perhaps with probiotics, prebiotics, and / or antibiotics. saulnier et al. propose that analyses of clinical features, dietary and medication history, and genetics will also help us better understand the genetic, metagenomic, and environmental factors that contribute to ibs and other intestinal disorders. read the articles online. saulnier dm, riehle k, mistret t - a, et al. gastrointestinal microbiome signatures of pediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome. gastroenterology 2011 ; 141 : 1782 \u2013 1791. rajilic \u2013 stojanovic m, biagi e, heilig hghj, et al. global and deep molecular analysis of microbiota signatures in fecal samples from patients with irritable bowel syndrome. gastroenterology2011 ; 141 : 1792 \u2013 1801. read the accompanying editorial. talley nj, fodor aa. bugs, stool, and the irritable bowel syndrome : too much is as bad as too little? gastroenterology2011 ; 141 : 1555 \u2013 1559.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49258371662909345, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.173875"} {"text": "boeing aviation hangar as visitors enter the national air and space museum ' s steven f. udvar - hazy center, they first encounter the diminutive pitts special s - 1c little stinker, an aerobatic championship aircraft, hanging upside - down overhead. a few steps to the west puts visitors at the hangar overlook facing the curtiss p - 40 warhawk and the vought corsair hanging at dramatic angles. the overlook provides a sweeping view of aircraft hanging throughout the boeing aviation hangar. the boeing aviation hangar features aircraft hanging at several levels, suspended from the building ' s huge trusses, and aircraft displayed on the hangar floor. the suspended aircraft have been hung at various angles to demonstrate typical flight maneuvers. visitors will see an aerobatic airplane hot - dogging upside down, a world war ii fighter angling for a victory, and a small two - seater flying level. walkways rising about four stories above the floor provide nose - to - nose views of aircraft in suspended flight. other aerobatic, general aviation, commercial, and world war ii aircraft are located to the south. to the north, visitors see the post - world war ii military aircraft collection ; and straight ahead in the james s. mcdonnell space hangar is a spectacular view of the space shuttle discovery. between the discovery and the overlook is the lockheed sr - 71 blackbird, the fastest jet ever built. other unique artifacts exhibited in the boeing aviation hangar include : - the boeing b - 29 superfortress enola gay. - the boeing 367 - 80 or dash 80, the prototype 707, america ' s first jet airliner. - the aichi seiran japanese wwii bomber, the only remaining seiran. - the boeing 307 stratoliner clipper flying cloud, the first airliner with a pressurized cabin. - a concorde supersonic airliner. see a live view inside the boeing aviation hangar : boeing aviation hangar - live web camera", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4661221906469873, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.176690"} {"text": "last weeks mega - storm left behind more than downed power lines and trees, it also created multiple mosquito breeding habitats something that, in the long run, could prove a serious health hazard. the day after the storm, the alexandria health department issued a warning of the increased risk of mosquito - borne diseases in the aftermath of the storm. it urged the public to use personal protection when mosquito exposure appears likely. there is more standing water around neighborhoods, many damaged homes that allow mosquitoes access to people indoors and more residents spending time outdoors cleaning up debris and making repairs, said dr. stephen haering, the citys health director. people need to remember that we face risk from west nile and eastern equine encephalitis viruses as well as other mosquito - borne diseases this time of year. individuals over 50 are also at greater risk from serious complications from west nile virus and eee, according to the state health department the alexandria health department offered the following tips to reduce mosquito exposure : wear long, loose, light - colored clothing ; use insect repellent products with picardin or no more than 50 percent deet for adults and no more than 30 percent for children ; turn over or remove potential water containers in yards ; eliminate standing water in tarps or on flat roofs ; clean roof gutters and downspouts regularly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41047682556471854, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.182221"} {"text": "19 october 2004. inhibiting acat, a cholesterol - modifying enzyme, may prove a viable therapy for preventing or slowing the progression of alzheimer disease, according to a report in the october 14 neuron. a multi - institution collaboration led by dora kovacs at massachusetts general hospital, boston, shows that inhibiting the enzyme limits production of amyloid - \u03b2 ( a\u03b2 ), reduces plaque load, and prevents learning and memory losses in a mouse model of the disease. acat ( acyl coenzyme a : cholesterol transferase ) catalyzes the esterification of cholesterol, redistributing the lipid from the plasma membrane into cytoplasmic droplets. kovacs and colleagues have previously reported that blocking the enzyme attenuates production of a\u03b2 in primary neurons ( see arf related news story ). now, joint first authors birgit hutter - paier at jsw - research forschungslabor gmbh, graz, austria, and henri huttunen at mgh, along with other researchers from these institutions and the mayo clinic, jacksonville, florida, extend those observations to transgenic animals. they tested cp 113, 818, an acat inhibitor developed by pfizer, in mice expressing human amyloid precursor protein harboring two different kinds of mutation \u2014 the london mutation, which results in an isoleucine instead of a valine at amino acid number 717, and the swedish double mutation, methionine and leucine for lysine and asparagine at positions 670 and 671, respectively. these animals develop amyloid plaques in the brain, and by six months old show signs of cognitive decline. because cp 113, 818 is so poorly absorbed, the authors administered it in slow - release capsules, surgically implanting a two - month supply into four and a half - month - old mice. when the authors checked brain pathology at six and a half months, they found a considerable reduction in plaque load, as judged by both thioflavin s and antibody ( 6e10 antibody ) staining. treated animals had only about 26 plaques per square micrometer of cortex, while placebo - treated animals had over 200. the benefit was greatest in the hippocampuses of female animals, where the plaque load was only one percent of that found in sham - treated animals. in addition, when the authors measured soluble a\u03b2 by elisa, they found that levels of soluble a\u03b21", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5102450352081144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.186825"} {"text": "greatest in the hippocampuses of female animals, where the plaque load was only one percent of that found in sham - treated animals. in addition, when the authors measured soluble a\u03b2 by elisa, they found that levels of soluble a\u03b21 - 42 were reduced by over 30 percent, a result that was statistically significant. these particular transgenic mice only begin to show a hint of cognitive decline at six months. nevertheless, the authors found that those given the acat inhibitor preformed consistently better in the morris water maze \u2014 particularly the female animals. in these mice, improvement was statistically significant, which suggests that males, where the ad - like symptoms develop more slowly, may also benefit as they age. \u201c we are presently examining the effect of the inhibitor on older animals, \u201d kovacs revealed. these findings may put acat inhibitors on the fast track for development for ad. already pfizer has avasimibe\u00ae in phase iii clinical trials for the treatment of atherosclerosis, and it is already \u201c considered safe for human use with a good therapeutic window, \u201d write the authors. \u2014 tom fagan. hutter - paier b, huttunen hj, puglielli l, eckman cb, kim dy, hofmeister a, moir rd, domnitz sb, frosch mp, windisch m, kovacs dm. the acat inhibitor cp - 113, 818 markedly reduces amyloid pathology in a mouse model of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. neuron. 2004 october 14 ; 44 : 1 - 20. abstract", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47118550472918175, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.187528"} {"text": "club backs plan to protect kids from school bus fumes by kevin finney the exhaust from diesel trucks and buses is dirty and deadly. it has a very high content of tiny particulates that lodge deep in human lung tissues, causing a variety of ailments, including lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. these particulates, too small be cleared by the natural cleansing process of the lungs, pose a specific risk to children. diesel exhaust also contains at least 40 different substances that are known to be toxic, including benzene, chlorine, formaldehyde, mercury compounds, styrene, toluene, etc. this exhaust aggravates asthma attacks, can cause premature death and is a major source of smog - forming nitrogen oxides. the angeles chapter of the sierra club is supporting efforts to clean up school bus fleets in los angeles county and throughout the rest of the south coast air basin ( orange county and portions of riverside and san bernardino counties. children come into contact with diesel exhaust every time they ride a school bus, or play near or sit in a classroom near a school bus that is idling. children are more susceptible to the health impacts of air pollution than adults because of their smaller body size and faster metabolisms and respiratory rates. kids tend to engage in play and rigorous activity more frequently than adults, even when air pollution levels are high. it is well documented that a childs developing lungs receive and retain a greater dose of pollution than those of an adult, relative to body size. in november, southern californias air regulatory agency, the south coast air quality management district, will be considering proposed rule 1195 - clean on - road school buses. this rule is expected to require local school districts and private school bus operators to buy clean alternative - fuel buses such as those powered by natural gas or electricity when they order new buses. the district also is considering requiring school districts to retrofit existing diesel buses with particulate traps that curb pollution in combination with the use of a low - sulfur diesel fuel. this rule is one of several so - called fleet rules which the aqmd has proposed to reduce diesel and other harmful emissions in the region. environmentalists are strongly supporting these proposed fleet rules as an important step in cleaning up the regions toxic air pollution, but they have come under attack from diesel fuel producers, trucking associations, and some fleet operators and local government agencies. an in - depth multiple air toxins study performed by the aqmd found that diesel soot is responsible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44088208405870594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.193700"} {"text": "toxic air pollution, but they have come under attack from diesel fuel producers, trucking associations, and some fleet operators and local government agencies. an in - depth multiple air toxins study performed by the aqmd found that diesel soot is responsible for at least 70 % of the regions total cancer toxic air risk. the study estimates the regions air toxic risk on average is approximately 1, 400 cancer cases for every million individuals living in the basin. the u. s. environmental protection agency establishes acceptable air toxic risk at 1 cancer case per million individuals exposed. in june, the aqmd adopted three rules requiring covering garbage trucks, transit buses, and light and medium duty vehicles in public fleets. this was an important victory for clean air advocates and reflects the growing momentum of efforts to reduce diesel pollution. other recent victories for clean - air advocates include a unanimous decision by l. a. countys metropolitan transportation authority to maintain its alternative fuel policy. this action came after serious indications that the mta board was considering a plan to purchase diesel transit buses again. the mta also voted to install particulate traps on existing buses and to give $ 2 million to support local research into zero - pollution fuel cell technology ; a stunning turnaround hailed by a broad coalition of environmental, public health and community - based groups. these actions support the clubs stance that theres no going back to dirty, deadly diesel. kevin finney is co - chair of the angeles chapters air quality, global warming and energy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42776043536930797, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.194374"} {"text": "clark ' s anemonefish ( amphiprion clarkii ) - wiki from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [ photo ] clark ' s anemonefish or yellowtail clownfish ( amphiprion clarkii, family pomacentridae ) with sea anemone. image by ben lancaster. date 8 april 2005 clark ' s anemonefish or the yellowtail clownfish ( amphiprion clarkii ) is a widely distributed clownfish. it is found in tropical waters, in lagoons and on outer reef slopes, from the persian gulf to western australia and throughout the indian ocean and pacific ocean as far as melanesia and micronesia, and as far north as taiwan, southern japan and the ryukyu islands. clark ' s anemonefish is a spectacularly colourful fish, with vivid black, white and yellow stripes, though the exact pattern shows considerable geographical variation. there are normally two white bands, one behind the eye and one above the anus. the tail fin may be white or yellow, but is always lighter than rest of the body. clarke ' s anemonefish are a popular aquarium species. they are omnivorous, and in the aquarium will readily eat brine shrimp. they will regularly host in many sea anemones in the home aquarium. | the text in this page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article shown in above url. it is used under the gnu free documentation license. you may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the gfdl. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38474744231620683, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.195891"} {"text": "unmc obesity expert develops school design guidelines to promote healthy eatingrecommendations could become part of national strategy to reduce childhood obesity recommendations could become part of national strategy to reduce childhood obesity since kids spend much of their day at school, obesity experts think school design can impact student health. a university of nebraska medical center obesity expert is the main author of a report \u2013 healthy eating design guidelines for school architecture ( hedg ) \u2013 which was released today in the journal preventing chronic disease published by the centers for disease control and prevention. merging architecture with public health, it details how cafeterias, water fountains, gardens and signage play a key role in establishing a healthy environment. \u201c we know there is a direct link between student performance and student health. what we want to do is develop evidence - based principles of school design that optimize healthy eating and health practices, \u201d said terry huang, ph. d., chairman and professor of health promotion, social and behavioral health in the unmc college of public health. the guidelines were incorporated into the buckingham county primary and elementary school in a rural, ethnically diverse school in central virginia. the school district embraced the goal of creating an optimized \u2018 healthy eating \u2019 learning environment in addition to the goal of creating an energy - efficient building. some of the design principles incorporated include : - a food lab where kids can learn how to prepare healthy foods ; - a cafeteria which facilitates fresh food production ; - a school garden for kids to grow food for the school cafeteria and burn a few calories ; - a lower - stress environment to address light, noise levels, air quality and crowding ; and - layouts that encourage more movement and the use of attractive water fountains. \u201c our goal is to provide fresh, healthy food choices and support school spaces which promote healthy nutrition and health habits, \u201d said dr. huang. researchers add that even simple changes like providing healthy grab - and - go meal options, avoiding deep - fat fryers and a library of health information and nutrition are improvements that schools can use to promote optimal health. dr. huang and his collaborators hope these guidelines will become part of a national strategy to prevent and reduce childhood obesity. in 2012, dr. huang along with matthew trowbridge, m. d., m. p. h., at the university of virginia and vmdo architects received the design research and scholarship at the virginia society of the american institutes of architects annual meeting in richmond. the group also was recognized as one of the winners in the childhood obesity challenge from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4710749063930778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.199751"} {"text": "karst diagram courtesy of vancouver island university. although the cowling arboretum does not exhibit any karst topography, much of southern minnesota does. karst is a geological feature formed by the dissolution of soluble bedrock such as carbonates like limestone and dolostone. karst formations lead to the formations of caves, disappearing streams, underground streams, sinkholes and other landforms in southern minnesota. the longest cave system in the world, the mammoth - flint ridge cave system in kentucky was formed through the dissolution of carbonate rocks in its karst area. karst country in southern minnesota coincides with the driftless area that covers southeastern minnesota, northwestern iowa and western wisconsin. glacial drift no younger than 500, 000 years old has been discovered in southern minnesota driftless area, meaning it has not been glaciated in that time. other geologists believe that the driftless area has not been glaciated in at least 2 million years. however, the driftless area has been subject to glacial lake outburst floods when titanic lakes like proglacial lake duluth began to cataclysmically drain about 9, 500 years ago. karst forms when slightly acidic water meets a weakly soluble carbonate rock. rainwater acidifies ever so slightly as it passes through the atmosphere and takes up co2. as rainwater travels through the soil it picks up more co2 and forms a weak carbonic acid solution, which readily dissolves carbonate rocks over time. limestone is removed from the site in the form of calcium and bicarbonate. a good way to spot a karst sinkhole in southern minnesota is to look for a tree covered area in the middle of a farmer \u2019 s field that she is wise not to plow. - callum mcculloch ' 15, for the cole student naturalists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5320534196893627, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.201621"} {"text": "public radio listeners know that in lake wobegon, all the children are above average. however, if all the children there are above average, then an equal number of children somewhere else are below average. with a wife who teaches fifth grade in bridgeport, and a son - in - law who teaches seventh grade in woodbury, i often hear more than i thought i ' d ever need to know about what ' s going on in our schools. in bridgeport, the integrated reading and language arts curriculum states as its first goal that all students will score \" at or above the 50th percentile on a norm - referenced test. \" in other words : all bridgeport 5th graders will be average or above. \" what ' s a norm - referenced test? \" listeners may well ask. the connecticut mastery test ( cmt ) given to fourth, sixth and eighth graders, the pre - cmt, given to third, fifth and seventh graders and the scholastic aptitude test used for college entrance are all norm - referenced. these are tests created to differentiate between students - to sort and rank them. the tests are carefully designed so that a graph of the scores produces a bell - shaped curve. most children should score at the top of the curve which is average : 50 percent or grade level. by design, then, as many children must score below fifty percent as above it. this means that if one year the average score is in the 60th percentile, the test will be made more difficult to bring the average down. all towns and boards of education aspire to be just like lake wobegon, that is, to have their students be above average. however, norm - referenced tests are designed so that half the kids will fail. standards and testing drive education today. the talk about tests makes it seem as if they exist to determine if students have mastered certain academic competencies, but in reality, the test is designed so that half the children won ' t succeed. any question that all the students could answer would be replaced by a question that some couldn ' t answer, even if the original question reflected appropriate grade - level skills. the tests have other problems, too. they are often culturally -, geographically - or linguistically - biased. many questions are ambiguous, especially if prior knowledge or creative thinking is involved. the tests are kept top - secret, and there is no feedback to students or parents except a bar - graph which compares their performance to other students. everywhere throughout the state, the pressure is on. the kids haven ' t been back in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4900347204476092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.209110"} {"text": "involved. the tests are kept top - secret, and there is no feedback to students or parents except a bar - graph which compares their performance to other students. everywhere throughout the state, the pressure is on. the kids haven ' t been back in school for a full month yet and the goal is to quickly get them ready to take the tests next week. students are learning how to \" bubble - in \" answers to multiple choice questions and how to write a short essay on an assigned topic according to a very specific formula. and then there ' s \" cloze \" practice ( filling in the words from a list to complete a sentence ) to measure degrees of reading power. most of the children in woodbury couldn ' t score above average if students somewhere else didn ' t score below. that ' s where bridgeport comes in. yes, we believe every child can learn. but here are some of the facts. when i saw suzanne ' s computerized class list, i noticed that it said \" capacity 25 \" at the top. in fact, the list contained 32 names. the union contract mandates 5th grade classes should be no greater than 30 students. nevertheless, suzanne has a smaller class than other teachers with as many as 34 kids. the real shame is that the administration sees class size as a contractual problem, rather than as an educational issue. for eight of suzanne ' s students, this is their first year in an english - speaking situation, in a new school. the bridgeport administration pays substitute teachers so little, that there are rarely enough of them. this not only often deprives the students of art or gym or music when those teachers are absent, it also deprives teachers of much - needed planning there are many other problems connected to poverty and large bureaucracies which seem worse in the city. the connecticut mastery test is another abstraction in the educational system that exists for the benefit of the administration. these tests drive and shape the system, the curriculum and textbooks. however, teaching to the test clearly doesn ' t address the urgent needs of many children, especially in our cities. this is bill duesing, living on the earth ( c ) 1998, bill duesing, solar farm education, box 135, stevenson, ct 06491 bill and suzanne duesing operate the old solar farm ( raising nofa / ct certified organic vegetables ) and solar farm education ( working on urban agriculture projects in southern connecticut and producing \" living on the earth \" radio programs ). their collection of essays living on the earth : eclectic essays for a sustainable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4726523934967706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.210314"} {"text": "from birds to bees, florida ' s cold weather has taken an unprecedented toll on some wildlife species - - requiring the rescue of more than 2, 000 sea turtles, the loss of millions of dollars ' worth of tropical fish and massive fish kills in rivers and streams. and though warm weather would offer a badly needed respite to help their survival, there ' s worry that it ' ll be especially hard on the animals if there ' s another cold snap. \" last year we had a hard freeze in early february. i just hope it does not play out again this year, \" said david boozer, executive director of the florida tropical fish farms association and the florida aquaculture association. florida is the top producer of tropical aquarium fish, an industry worth $ 43 million a year, but dozens of farms have suffered massive die - offs of their fish stock, boozer said. some farms have lost 75 percent to 90 percent of their fish, which are kept in ponds and lakes. \" goldfish and koi are coldwater fish, but some stock are so acclimated to the warm weather that there have been problems, \" boozer said. \" the true tropical varieties, such as african and south american cichlids, have been hit heavily. \" the losses will make it tough for some farms to recover, and aquarium owners may have trouble finding some varieties, or they might see higher prices. florida fish - farm owners are worried about losing market share to competing fish farms in china. most farms have hatcheries with breeding fish to rebuild stock, but it ' ll take months for some farms to recover and another cold snap would make it difficult to start that recovery, boozer said. florida sea - turtle rehabilitators have organized a massive rescue of more than 2, 000 turtles suffering cold - stun syndrome. the cold water paralyzes them, making them unable to swim or feed. allen foley, wildlife biologist with the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission, said hundreds of turtles have been pulled out of the indian river lagoon, which stretches through volusia and brevard and three other counties. hundreds more turtles have been rescued from st. joseph ' s bay in the panhandle and the tampa bay area. many of the indian river lagoon turtles were taken to warehouses in brevard county, where they can be triaged and sent to rehabilitation centers. \" it ' s disturbing to see that many animals coming in, \" said brian stacy, a veterinarian with the university of florida college of veterinary medicine and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39045850009029465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.215112"} {"text": "brevard county, where they can be triaged and sent to rehabilitation centers. \" it ' s disturbing to see that many animals coming in, \" said brian stacy, a veterinarian with the university of florida college of veterinary medicine and the national marine fisheries services who helped in one of the triage warehouses. \" it ' s madness. \" every place capable of caring for sea turtles has been overwhelmed. seaworld orlando has 140 sea turtles in its care and had 20 others that didn ' t survive. volusia county ' s marine science center in ponce inlet has had 67 sea turtles come in from the cold, including several 200 - pound green sea turtles. tammy bolerjack, turtle - rehabilitation specialist at the volusia facility, said the turtles need a few days to warm up but have recovered quickly, and some are ready to be released. the panhandle turtles haven ' t fared as well, foley said. about 25 percent of those didn ' t survive the cold. on tuesday, about 60 turtles rescued during the early days of the cold spell were released tuesday at john u. lloyd beach state park in broward county. volusia ' s facility has also rehabilitated several dozen seabirds, including northern gannets, brown pelicans and several species of gulls and terns that suffered in the cold. as with other wildlife, the cold slows their metabolism. some pelagic birds, including several northern gannets, were emaciated and have needed additional fluids. volusia officials hope to release several of the birds later this week as the weather warms up. hundreds of warm - water fish have died in rivers, streams and lakes, with at least 40 fish kills reported to the state database \u2014 from large barracuda in mangroves in the keys, to large schools of mullet, sheepshead and snook near the east coast and amberjack and catfish in tampa bay. the fish kills have caused a feeding frenzy among birds, according to local bird watchers. wildlife officials have warned anglers that fishing regulations still apply. manatees have been taking refuge from the cold at springs and canals near power plants and other pockets of available warm water. blue spring state park has hit new records this winter, with a one - day record of 311 manatees counted jan. 8. cold water can be lethal to the sea cows. the weather was a key factor in last year ' s death - tally record, with 56 of the 429 manatee deaths blamed on the cold. this year", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.37934785813320204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.216606"} {"text": "' s birth - - extraordinarily wealthy, holding considerable property in his own right and standing as prospective heir to other land - holdings scattered through several counties of england. he later served queen elizabeth in several prominent posts, most notably as lord deputy of ireland. sir philip ' s uncles, the earls of leicester and warwick, were among the most wealthy and powerful men in the realm, and he was also connected to influential circles at court through his marriage to the daughter of elizabeth ' s great secretary, sir francis walsingham. throughout his life, sidney hoped that his expectations would be fulfilled in high office and in great affairs of state. indeed, from 1575 to 1585, he played limited but visible roles as a courtier, an ambassador, a member of parliament, and a joint master of ordnance, helping to fortify dover and the coast against the expected invasion of the spanish armada. unfortunately, however, he was too impetuous and too outspoken - - particularly in supporting the radical protestant faction surrounding his uncle, the earl of leicester - - to gain the confidence of the queen. in consequence, he was never given responsibilities that matched either his abilities or his connections at court. though many prominent leaders in england and on the continent regarded him as a promising candidate to lead an international protestant league against the catholic forces of france and spain, his part in that effort was ultimately confined to that of a military governor and a field commander fighting limited skirmishes against the spanish in the netherlands. it was not in his public actions, then, but in his private character and in his literary works that his \" great expectations \" were fulfilled. he was the most illustrious english example of what we now call the \" renaissance man, \" cultivating excellence in a remarkable range of intellectual, artistic, and athletic pursuits. as his friend fulke greville remarked in his life of sidney, \" his end was not writing, even while he wrote ; nor his knowledge molded for tables, or schools ; but both his wit and understanding bent upon his heart, to make himself and others, not in words or opinion, but in life and action, good and great. \" though not as learned as spenser or jonson or milton, he was well read in the classics and in contemporary works of literature, philosophy, and history. his languages included latin and french, italian and spanish, a gentleman ' s greek and perhaps a smattering of german. he was the most dazzling rhetorician of his generation and a remarkably prolific and innovative writer, both in poetry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4133419428112208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.246554"} {"text": ", and history. his languages included latin and french, italian and spanish, a gentleman ' s greek and perhaps a smattering of german. he was the most dazzling rhetorician of his generation and a remarkably prolific and innovative writer, both in poetry and in prose. he was also a student of military tactics and a fearless - - some say reckless - - soldier. he took an active interest in the exploration and colonization of the new world, once attempting to sail with sir francis drake to the west indies and failing only because the queen sent messengers to the docks recalling him to court. as a patron, he encouraged artists and musicians, prose stlylists and rhetoricians, philosophers and historians, and - - most of all - - poets. in return, unprecedented numbers honored him in the prefaces and dedications to their books and in elegies published after his death. he was, in short, a man one who valued a life of thought and action on a grand scale. though known for his tendency to seriousness, and even melancholy, he was also fond of play, delighting endlessly in the turns and counter - turns of his own wit and taking part in public entertainments at court as well as private amusements at his sister ' s country estate at wilton. in both his life and his works, one continually senses a powerful and restless desire to excel, though it is nearly always concealed behind the studied aristocratic ease and self - deprecation that the italians call \" sprezzatura. \" aside from his own self - fashioning, his greatest achievement was the extraordinary body of writings that he left behind unpublished in england when he departed for the netherlands in 1585. his defence of poetry was the first major work of literary theory in english and remains one of the most widely read. his sequence of songs and sonnets, astrophil and stella, began the great english vogue for sonnets in the 1590s and served as a model for the cycles of spenser, shakespeare, and many others. for nearly a century, his prose romance arcadia remained the most widely admired and frequently reprinted work of fiction in the language. in all these literary endeavors, sidney was important not only as an innovator but also as a transmitter of cultural tradition. he was unusually receptive to literary forms, techniques, and ideas popular on the continent, helping to bring many of them across the channel for the first time. he was, for example, the first major english author to assimilate the teachings of aristotle ' s poetics and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4184067899331392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.247580"} {"text": "literary forms, techniques, and ideas popular on the continent, helping to bring many of them across the channel for the first time. he was, for example, the first major english author to assimilate the teachings of aristotle ' s poetics and the neo - classical criticism of renaissance italy. he helped to popularize hellenistic romance and italian poetic style, and his treatments of machivellian politics and epicurean philosophy are among the earliest in english literature. other writers of the age may have been greater, but none did more to inspire the movement in literature and the arts that we call the \" elizabethan renaissance. \" initial fame, 1587 - 1674 during the decade following sidney ' s death, the dissemination of his works was limited by his family ' s slowness in putting them into print. authorized editions of arcadia, astrophil and stella, and the defence of poetry were gradually released, but always under the pressure of unauthorized texts derived from manuscripts that had circulated among his friends and acquaintances. not until 1598 did his sister finally publish all of his main works in the folio collection that passes under the title of the countess of pembroke ' s arcadia. this compilation became enormously popular, going through ten authorized printings before the end of the seventeenth century and even attracting the attention of literary pirates in scotland. so popular was the title work in this volume that, although long and complex already, it gradually became encrusted with continuations by other authors. sir william alexander began this process in 1616 by supplying material to round out the unfinished third book. his continuation appeared in all seventeenth - century english editions of arcadia from 1621 on. subsequent issues added sir richard beling ' s attempt at a sixth book and james johnstoun ' s supplement to book iii. abroad, sidney ' s arcadia was also the most popular of his works. in france, parts of it were translated in manuscript by jean loiseau de tourval between 1607 and 1610. complete versions were published in the years 1624 - 25 by two competing translators, genevieve chappelain and jean boudoin. in germany, a translation by an unknown author writing under the pen name valentinus theocritus von hirschberg appeared in 1629 and, with extensive revisions by the well - known author martin opitz, went through five more editions between 1638 and 1658. in the netherlands, a dutch translation by felix van sambix de jonghe was also successful, going to press three times between 1639 and 1659. in the last year of its run", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42072075543418397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.248666"} {"text": ", and a translation of du plessis - mornay ' s trueness of the christian religion that was begun by sidney and finished by arthur golding. as one might expect, arcadia received the greatest attention. soon after its publication, gervase markham and thomas wilson recognized its debts to earlier literature, notably to heliodorus ' s greek romance aethiopica and to jorge de montemayor ' s spanish pastoral diana. john hoskins combed through it for illustrations of the tropes and figures that characterize its widely imitated style. early commentators also made the first attempts to solve the thorny problem of its genre and intent. some, such as fulke greville, regarded it as an epic poem written to instill serious moral and political principles. others, including a surprisingly large audience outside the upper classes, read it as a romance of unrequited love and faithful friendship and were drawn by its crowded action and lofty sentiments. spenser ' s friend gabriel harvey listed five points in which it seems to have exerted a special appeal : \" amorous courting, sage counseling, valorous fighting,... delightful pastime by way of pastoral exercises, \" and \" politic secrets of privity. \" not all readers admired arcadia as much as greville and harvey. in every man out of his humour and again in published conversations with william drummond of hawthornden, ben jonson took great pleasure in ridiculing sidney ' s style, laughing at him for \" making everyone [ from shepherds to kings ] speak as well as himself. \" after the story went around that charles i had read pamela ' s prayer from the captivity episode in preparing for his execution, john milton charged the king with impiety and sidney with having written \" a vain, amatorious poem. \" by the end of the seventeenth century, the enormous popularity of arcadia was waning, commentators tended to repeat the observations of their predecessors without offering much evidence that they had bothered to read the book for themselves, and literary authors lost their interest. after 1650, only scattered borrowings occur, and some, such as those in charles sorel ' s bergere extravagant, are parodies. decline and revival, 1674 - 1900 by 1674, when the last of the seventeenth - century editions of sidney ' s works appeared, his literary reputation was in sharp decline. by the second quarter of the eighteenth century, it was in eclipse. to be sure, the augustan preoccupation with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3897860848574414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.250955"} {"text": "when the last of the seventeenth - century editions of sidney ' s works appeared, his literary reputation was in sharp decline. by the second quarter of the eighteenth century, it was in eclipse. to be sure, the augustan preoccupation with neo - classical criticism preserved some measure of interest in the defence of poetry, which is reflected in the publication of separate editions in 1752 and 1787. yet these seem to have sold badly, and the only other reprintings of sidney ' s works were the collected editions published in london in 1724 - 25 and in dublin in 1739 and lord hailes ' s edition of the correspondence with languet, which was issued in 1776. sidney continued to be revered as a half - legendary national hero, but his works were not widely read. not until 1829 would there be another edition of astrophil and stella, and arcadia would not appear again until hain friswell ' s condensed version of 1867. the reasons for the decline are not hard to identify. sonnets were long out of fashion, as were pastoral romances. the luxuriant arcadian style, so admired in sidney ' s day, did not fare well with readers taught to admire classical simplicity and royal society prose, and sidney ' s arcadia was much too long and involuted to hold readers who were put off by its style. as william bond has noted ( 438 ), it is no accident that the first simplified paraphrase of the romance, stripped of the eclogues, appears in this period. horace walpole seems to have spoken for many when he characterized the book as a \" tedious, lamentable, pedantic, pastoral romance, which the patience of a young virgin in love cannot now wade through. \" ironically, walpole ' s attacks on sidney ' s literary reputation may actually have helped to preserve it by rousing a long list of commentators to his defence. for the most part, however, sidney was allowed to sleep with his fathers, forgotten by nearly everyone except a few learned souls who were still interested in milton ' s attacks on charles i or shakespeare ' s borrowings in king lear. the revival of serious interest in sidney came with the antiquarian movement of the early nineteenth century. thomas zouch ' s memoir of sir philip sidney, which was the first attempt at a critical biography since the author ' s death, stirred a good deal of new interest. bibliographers such as egerton brydges and james o. halliwell - phillipps", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3854431663210255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.251974"} {"text": "philip sidney, which was the first attempt at a critical biography since the author ' s death, stirred a good deal of new interest. bibliographers such as egerton brydges and james o. halliwell - phillipps added to it by reexamining the early texts of sidney ' s works, and soon important new editions began to appear : the first printing of the sidney psalms in 1823, william gray ' s miscellaneous works in 1829, steuart pears ' s edition of the correspondence in 1845. william hazlitt helped keep this new - found interest alive by attacking sidney even more outrageously and derisively than had walpole, and isaac disraeli and charles lamb rose to his defense. by mid - century, such casual and gentlemanly interest in sidney began to bear fruit in serious scholarship. in 1862, h. r. fox bourne raised the standards for biographical studies by publishing a lengthy memoir based on early documents, many of which had sat neglected on the shelves of the state papers office for nearly three centuries. in the 1860s and 70s, periodicals such as athenaeum and notes and queries began to run frequent articles on sidney and his place in literary history, and in the 1880s and 90s, there was a flurry of interest in his prose style. at about the same time, scholarly editions began to appear, including well - annotated texts of the defence by albert cook and evelyn shuckburgh, a new astrophil and stella by alfred pollard, a scholarly edition of the same work and the defence by ewald flegel, and a facsimile of the 1590 arcadia by oskar sommers. sidney scholarship, 1900 - present in the first half of the twentieth century, new manuscripts were discovered, and these encouraged even more ambitious scholarly efforts. as early as 1887, emil koeppel had noticed that sidney ' s contemporaries sometimes quoted a text of arcadia different from the published versions, yet twenty years passed before bertram dobell finally happened upon a manuscript of the old arcadia. subsequently, eight other manuscripts came to light, offering scholars a rare opportunity to study a major renaissance author ' s methods of composition, revision, and manuscript circulation. scholars and collectors also discovered a variety of letters and minor poems by sidney that had never before been edited. with such texts to work with, albert feuillerat was able to produce the first nearly complete edition of sidney ' s works, which appeared between 1912 and 1926. in the same period, malcolm w.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3598814530601851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.252974"} {"text": "sidney that had never before been edited. with such texts to work with, albert feuillerat was able to produce the first nearly complete edition of sidney ' s works, which appeared between 1912 and 1926. in the same period, malcolm w. wallace published his life of sir philip sidney, which long remained the standard biography. despite advances in biographical and textual scholarship, however, works such as arcadia and the sonnets were not much better understood in 1926 than they had been a hundred years earlier. until the middle of the twentieth century, commentators tended to focus on matters external to the works themselves : sources and influences, sidney ' s life and elizabeth ' s court, renaissance fashions in prose - style and metrics. with a few notable exceptions, such as r. w. zandvoort ' s comparison of the two versions of arcadia, even the finest studies of the romance tended to isolate one of its elements or to study the whole only in relation to larger historical developments. edwin greenlaw, for example, aroused a good deal of interest in sidney ' s use of epicurean philosophy during pamela ' s debate with cecropia in the captivity episode. kaspar brunhuber and herbert wynford hill began systematic examinations of sidney ' s influence on renaissance drama, which have since been greatly extended by m. c. andrews and others. william dinsmore briggs sparked interest in sidney ' s political philosophy, which subsequently developed into a major topic of scholarly investigation that has been carried on more recently by martin bergbusch, roger howell, and martin raitiere. kenneth o. myrick and e. m. w. tillyard made important contributions by recovering renaissance theories of genre and exploring sidney ' s grounding in literary criticism, particularly that of the italian neo - classical movement. not until the advent of new criticism, however, did substantial numbers of scholars begin systematic internal analysis of arcadia. until 1965, the rich inner patterns of sidney ' s poetry likewise remained largely unexplored, though an influential section in hallet smith ' s 1952 book elizabethan poetry made important strides in that direction. smith treated astrophil and stella as a carefully articulated sequence, in which astrophil is a deliberate persona and the structure of the whole is essentially dramatic. most scholarship of the period, however, was concerned with individual poems or with external matters such as sidney ' s influence on later poets, his experiments with classical prosody and continental verse forms, or his adaptation of the conventions of earlier sonneteers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4354895175649952, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.253983"} {"text": "scholarship of the period, however, was concerned with individual poems or with external matters such as sidney ' s influence on later poets, his experiments with classical prosody and continental verse forms, or his adaptation of the conventions of earlier sonneteers. the most important debate of the period had to do with the relation of the sonnets to sidney ' s own life. the controversy had its origins in the nineteenth - century, when commentators such as edward arber and j. a. symonds read the sequence as a more or less straightforward revelation of sidney ' s unrequited love for lady penelope rich. around the turn of the century, however, sidney lee and others began to dismiss such heavily autobiographical interpretations as romantic excesses. in the 1930s, kenneth myrick contributed to this change in approach by concentrating on sidney ' s self - conscious role as a courtier - poet, and in the 1950s, j. w. lever further undermined the biographical approach by revealing the many ways in which apparently spontaneous and \" sincere \" sonnets are actually transformations of conventions established by earlier poets on the continent. in the 1960s, john buxton took the last step in this process of dismantling the romantic conception of astrophil by arguing that sidney did not write about lady rich because he loved her but because, like a painter, he needed a model. nonetheless, the autobiographical theory never entirely lost its appeal. it continued to appear in the work of scholars such as mona wilson and patrick cruttwell. in the same period, the defence enjoyed attention of a more systematic sort than either arcadia or the poetry. of particular importance were studies of its historical background. kenneth myrick, for example, proposed a widely influential analysis of its structure based on the outline of a classical oration, and he and others, such as marvin t. herrick, traced its philosophical roots to the literary criticism of aristotle and the neo - aristotelian critics of renaissance italy. in 1940, however, this latter view was challenged by irene samuel, who argued that the primary influence in sidney ' s critical thinking was plato. during the next two decades, the dispute flared into a major point of controversy, with opinion gradually shifting toward plato. at about the same time, however, a third group of scholars began to argue in favor of yet another major source : christian arguments against the arts put forward by cornelius agrippa and echoed in attacks on the english stage by stephen gosson. proponents of this view included jacob bronowski, a. c.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4197021179572592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.256891"} {"text": "began to argue in favor of yet another major source : christian arguments against the arts put forward by cornelius agrippa and echoed in attacks on the english stage by stephen gosson. proponents of this view included jacob bronowski, a. c. hamilton, and harry berger. the most notable change in sidney studies in the twentieth century took place from the late 1950s to the early 1980s, when the number of publications began to rise exponentially. in that period, scholars recovered more items of sidney ' s correspondence and more manuscripts, including the helmingham hall text of the lady of may and the norwich manuscript of the defence of poetry. they also undertook new and more carefully researched editions of sidney ' s works, including william ringler ' s collection of the poetry, jean robertson ' s text of the old arcadia, katherine duncan - jones and j. a. van dorsten ' s miscellaneous prose, and geoffrey shepherd ' s edition of the defence. scholarly books and dissertations, which once appeared at wide intervals, became an annual harvest, and they tended to concentrate more narrowly on the internal dynamics of sidney ' s works than they had before. even historical scholars tended to shift their emphasis, placing research into sidney ' s political and cultural context at the service of literary criticism rather than the other way around. whatever the ultimate causes of this change - - whether the advent of new criticism or the proliferation of universities in north america, which increased dramatically the number of publishing scholars and so brought about increased specialization and higher rates of publication - - the change was dramatic. in studies of the poetry, it made itself felt in the number of books devoted altogether to sidney and in the effort to interrelate various parts of the canon and to explore a wide variety of critical strategies. robert montgomery ' s work in the late 1950s and early 1960s, for example, considered style and rhythm, imagery and unifying themes, and set forth a theory that the structure of astrophil and stella follows shifts in the psychology of astrophil. david kalstone ' s 1967 book emphasized the role of sonnet conventions, explicated the poems more closely than had earlier studies, and also considered elements common to the sonnets and the poems of arcadia. neil rudenstine worked systematically through the corpus of sidney ' s verse, arguing against major shifts in his style and emphasizing the recurring element of dramatic tension and debate. even more noticeable were changes in the scholarship on arcadia. older varieties of stylistic analysis, which tended to focus on the standard tropes and figures of classical rhetoric", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42237649229594243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.258476"} {"text": "arguing against major shifts in his style and emphasizing the recurring element of dramatic tension and debate. even more noticeable were changes in the scholarship on arcadia. older varieties of stylistic analysis, which tended to focus on the standard tropes and figures of classical rhetoric and to set sidney ' s prose style off against euphuism, gave way to studies of persuasive strategy, narrative tone, and verbal nuance. beginning with the work of walter davis in the 1960s, scholars such as nancy lindheim, elizabeth dipple, and josephine roberts focused on the interrelations between structure, theme, and generic form. there were also numerous studies of the connections between the major parts of the work : the main plot and the comic subplot, the earlier asian adventures of the young heroes and their later intrigues in arcadia, the prose narration and the pastoral eclogues. such scholarship - - represented in the work of arthur amos, jon lawry, franco marenco, and others - - made the coherence of sidney ' s complex design more apparent. as more detailed studies appeared, however, they also left the moral and political principles of the work less certain than they had seemed to earlier generations. the work of richard lanham, robert eril levine, dorothy connell, richard mccoy, alan sinfield, and others placed new emphasis on such things as the irony and the playful unreliability of sidney the narrator, the constant cross - currents of dialectically opposed values in the speeches of his characters, and the difficulty of judging their actions. perhaps for this reason, much criticism of the period turned on morally ambiguous scenes : pyrocles ' s early debate with musidorus about love, the lovers ' conduct on the night of their elopements ( especially in the original version ), and the harsh judgments and extraordinary reversals that they undergo at the end of the book. examinations of moral and philosophical ambiguity also figured prominently in criticism of the defence. the most frequently debated issue was that of philosophical coherence. to the possibility that sidney had not altogether succeeded in reconciling the platonic, aristotelian, and christian elements of his theory were added others : that his mind was deeply divided over the proper relation between sensuous pleasure and moral instruction, between verisimilitude and poetic justice ; that he had no settled standard by which to judge poetry and so created conscious \" fictions \" in defending it ; and that his main interest lay in rhetorical maneuvers to win the audience rather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4729169415041325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.259553"} {"text": "instruction, between verisimilitude and poetic justice ; that he had no settled standard by which to judge poetry and so created conscious \" fictions \" in defending it ; and that his main interest lay in rhetorical maneuvers to win the audience rather than in philosophic coherence. in response, critics offered ingenious defenses of the defence, suggesting, for example, that sidney intentionally assumed the mask of an enthusiastic but philosophically naive orator, or that his arguments derived from intellectual traditions now obscure to us, such as humanist forms of neo - platonism. prominent in the renewed evaluation of sidney ' s philosophical position were forrest g. robinson ' s study of sidney ' s visual epistemology, s. k. henninger ' s studies of his aesthetic and critical assumptions, and andrew d. weiner ' s study of his particular brand of protestantism. it may be that, like the moralist fulke greville or the romantic charles lamb, critics of our own day have refashioned sidney as a mirror to reflect themselves. certainly attempts to portray him as a moral relativist, for example, or as an anti - war satirist or someone torn by existential doubts strike an oddly modern note when applied to the man who defied the earl of oxford on the tennis court, opposed the queen over the french marriage, and rode half - armed into the caliver fire at zutphen. yet it is clear that sidney was a great deal more complex than earlier generations of scholars recognized. the most comprehensive studies of sidney ' s life and works listed here - - works such as a. c. hamilton ' s sir philip sidney : a study of his life and works, dorothy connell ' s sir philip sidney : the maker ' s mind, and katherine duncan - jones ' s sir philip sidney, courtier poet - - paint an extraordinarily lifelike portrait, one that justifies the boundless praise of those who knew the poet personally. as their footnotes attest, however, such books have benefited from the best that has been written in all the periods represented in this volume. if the scholarship of our own day rises above that of earlier generations - - if, using methods such as those of new historicism, feminism, psychological criticism, and other forms of post - structuralist analysis, we come to understand still better the complexities of sidney ' s character and context and the extraordinary richness of his art - - it will be, in part, because the insights on which we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47359575273084736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.260527"} {"text": "hydrology of the bow river there \u2019 s a word beneath the water, and the bow river belongs to god. have you been listening? a scientific commentary on genesis 7 : 11 although committed to the principle of sola scriptura, calvin recognized that the bible would have been written in terms its original recipients would have understood. calvin inherited the medieval cosmology of his time, a way of viewing the world heavily influenced by greek thought and one which was about to receive shocks from astronomers such as copernicus and galileo. but not just yet. off with their heads the queen had only one way of settling all difficulties, great or small. \u201c off with his head! \u201d she said, without even looking round surprised by jack, part 3 : mere depravity \u201c man is now a horror to god and to himself and a creature ill - adapted to the universe not because god made him so but because he has made himself so by the abuse of his free will. to my mind this is the sole function of the doctrine [ of the fall ]. \u201d \u2014 c. s. lewis scientists tell their stories : george murphy during his seminary education, dr. murphy also gained a deeper understanding of luther \u2019 s theology of the cross, and he realized that it \u2019 s really the best way to approach the science and theology dialogue. series : it ' s an old world after all in our sixth biologos videocast, we take a look at the age of the earth. we explain four methods scientists have used to determine that age : tree ring, lake varve, radiometric, and seafloor spread dating, and also offer some theological insight on how an old earth can fit with the first chapters of genesis. series : from the dust in this series, ryan pettey offers several clips from his powerful documentary \" from the dust \". this feature - length film is divided up into various sections, each of which wrestles with the difficult problems that arise when reconciling scripture with the theory of evolution. a light of hope dawns on the science - faith conversation, however, as scientists and theologians engage in honest dialogue about tough issues such as the interpretation of genesis, the nature of the fall, and the idea of random design. their profound insights are sure to enlighten all minds, raise deeper questions, and provoke new thought. shaping the human soul, part 5 we need to have an account of sin in terms of habit. a lot of christians today think of \u201c sins \u201d and discreet choices, but historically christians", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5448599862965674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.265364"} {"text": "suggest that this argument is in significant ways misplaced. the lyrics begin by painting a picture of the fall as something in which each person has participated : \u201c the fruit ( of the fall of man ) is seen in every eye and every hand. \u201d mystery and faith in today \u2019 s video, michael ramsden discusses the importance and meaning of mystery in the bible. saturday sermon : the failure of religion in the last verses of romans 2, the apostle paul relates the \u201c failure of religion because of the terrible beauty of the law \u201d to the need for a regenerate heart. \" centered \" : the language of science and faith in a recent interview with the sirius xm radio show centered, karl giberson sat down with host don belanus to discuss the book the language of science and faith. life and death if you go back into the genesis account, it says \u201c now do not eat this or you will surely die \u201d. there is a whole chain of events that happens when adam and eve decide they want to walk away from god. confidence and slippery slopes in today \u2019 s video, pastor brian mcclaren notes that the metaphor \" slippery slopes \" is problematic, because we often assume that we are on the top of the slope to begin with, when in fact changing our views may help us ascend the slope, or to reach a new peak of understanding on the other side.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5340333080195154, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.267315"} {"text": "in journey into the cell, we looked at the structure of the two major types of cells : prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. now we turn our attention to the \" power houses \" of a eukaryotic cell, the mitochondria. mitochondria are the cell ' s power producers. they convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell. located in the cytoplasm, they are the sites of cellular respiration which ultimately generates fuel for the cell ' s activities. mitochondria are also involved in other cell processes such as cell division and growth, as well as cell death. mitochondria : distinguishing characteristics mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. each of these membranes is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. the outermost membrane is smooth while the inner membrane has many folds. these folds are called cristae. the folds enhance the \" productivity \" of cellular respiration by increasing the available surface area. the double membranes divide the mitochondrion into two distinct parts : the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix. the intermembrane space is the narrow part between the two membranes while the mitochondrial matrix is the part enclosed by the innermost membrane. several of the steps in cellular respiration occur in the matrix due to its high concentration of enzymes. mitochondria are semi - autonomous in that they are only partially dependent on the cell to replicate and grow. they have their own dna, ribosomes and can make their own proteins. similar to bacteria, mitochondria have circular dna and replicate by a reproductive process called fission. journey into the cell : to learn more about cells, visit :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5624628473422045, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.269135"} {"text": "marie vandenbeusch, egyptologist last season, three fragmentary fertility figures were found in house e13. 6, with another four recovered from other houses within the town at amara west. these are all hand - modelled clay objects, mostly rectangular in shape, without a distinct human, or even female, shape, other than an occasional hint of shoulders, pubic triangle or breasts. similar objects have been found in various ancient settlements in egypt and nubia. a few days ago, rizwan safir and vera michel discovered a new fragment in villa d12. 5 ( f2284 ). this figurine is rather different. very fragmentary, it is preserved only from the navel to the upper part of the legs, but preserving rather realistically modelled buttocks. the genitalia are represented by a series of dots gathered inside a triangle. a further detail is the large dot indicating a navel, surrounded by smaller dots that might represent a tattoo. the generous, curvaceous form of the figurine contrasts with the schematic, almost geometric, shapes of the other amara west figures. here the nature and purpose of the figure is more immediately apparent. such figurines of naked women can be modelled in clay, but examples in faience, wood and stone are known, found in settlements, tombs and temples. sometimes referred to as \u201c concubines of the dead \u201d, \u201c fertility figures \u201d or \u201c female figurines \u201d, most scholars believe they are related to conception, rebirth or sexuality. in short, they could clearly be used in life as well as death, sometimes in association with divinities. their purpose was most likely benevolent, and hints at the needs and fears of those living at amara west. leave a comment or tweet using # amarawest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46955395979188763, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.270961"} {"text": "did you know? facts, figures & folklore about christmas dec 15 : 10 days till christmas did you know that the word advent comes from the latin term \u201c adventur \u201d, meaning arrival? the advent calendar begins on the fourth sunday before christmas and counts down the 25 days until the holiday \u2019 s arrival. the tradition of counting down the days until christmas began in the early 19th century in holland, where families marked a chalk line on their front door each day before christmas eve. btw \u2013 have you checked out our 2009 advent calendar? a new holiday video each day! christmas is the christian festival celebrating the birth of jesus of nazareth, and is a central part of the winter holiday season. in christianity the holiday marks the beginning of the larger season of christmastide, which lasts twelve days. and although traditionally a christian holiday, christmas is widely celebrated worldwide by many non - christians. popular holiday customs include the playing of seasonal music, gift - giving, the exchange of greeting cards, observing special church celebrations and masses. the display of holiday decorations are common ; including christmas trees, indoor and outdoor lights, garlands, mistletoe, and nativity scenes. santa claus, a popular mythological figure, is also an important part of the celebration and is associated with the bringing of gifts for children. join us for a new did you know holiday fact each day as we countdown to christmas. this year christmas eve will be celebrated thursday december 24, christmas friday december 25. signup for our did you know? holiday countdown emails or follow us on twitter \u2013 twitter. com / holidaysnet ( @ holidaysnet )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3777397443015051, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.276044"} {"text": "the portrait of a fly ( part 1 ) : come fly with me for more than a hundred years, scientists have used the fruit fly ( drosophila melanogaster ) to study the fundamentals of developmental biology and genetics. but as biological understanding and techniques have improved, we are now able to do sophisticated genetic experiments in animals further along the evolutionary scale, such as mice. what role, then, for the fly today? at the entrance to the fly facility at the university of manchester, there is a poster on the wall. it proudly proclaims that drosophila ( a genus of fruit flies ) has won six nobel prizes. all were won in conjunction with human collaborators, of course, who took the glory ( not to mention the cash ). the fly facility, which is funded by the university and the wellcome trust, brings together the university \u2019 s collective expertise in fly husbandry and research techniques. it supports a community of 13 research groups who consider the potential of the fly stronger than ever for informing us not just about basic biology but about human diseases as well. i suspect they dream of one day adding a seventh nobel to drosophila \u2018 s trophy cabinet. dr andreas prokop, the head of a laboratory in the faculty of life sciences and an unashamed proselytiser for fruit flies in research, is keen to show them off. he takes me around the fly facility \u2019 s specialist microscopes and the breeding rooms where the flies are grown. one room is kept at the scientific standard temperature of 25\u00b0c, while the other is at 18\u00b0c for experiments in which researchers want to slow down drosophila \u2018 s usual development cycle ( this works both ways : some experiments are done at 29\u00b0c to speed up development ). inside each breeding room, the shelves are full of trays and incubators with different fly stocks. the flies live in plastic vials \u2013 one genetic stock per vial \u2013 with food and a cotton wool plug to stop them flying away. these are no house flies : each adult fly is only a couple of millimetres long, their bodies are pale with black markings and they have bright red eyes. fertilised female flies can lay hundreds of eggs over several days. embryonic development takes 21 hours ( at 25\u00b0c ), at which point each egg hatches to release a drosophila larva. after a few heady days of continuous feeding at the bottom of its vial, the larva wanders up the side of the vial, away", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5024229821845395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.291729"} {"text": "25\u00b0c ), at which point each egg hatches to release a drosophila larva. after a few heady days of continuous feeding at the bottom of its vial, the larva wanders up the side of the vial, away from its food source, and forms a hard shell called a pupa. at this stage, all of its organs are broken down and restructured in their adult forms. eventually, a mere ten days after the egg was laid, an adult fly emerges from the pupal case. pretty fly with a white eye the first of the drosophila nobels was awarded in 1933 to thomas hunt morgan, whose \u2018 fly room \u2019 at columbia university laid the groundwork for pretty much all drosophila research that has followed. morgan was interested in problems of development and how heredity might help him understand them. he spent two years searching for drosophila with clear, heritable variations in characteristics so that he could start to unpick how the differences had been inherited. at last, in 1909, he found white - eyed male flies among his normally red - eyed stock. crucially, eye colour was a sex - linked variation, which meant the gene responsible had to be on the drosophila sex chromosome ( drosophila have four pairs of chromosomes, whereas humans have 23 ; in both species, the sex chromosomes are either xx for females or xy for males ). it was the first unambiguous link between a chromosome and a characteristic. morgan \u2019 s style in the lab was democratic. it spawned a school of pupils and collaborators who spread the techniques he developed around the world, training the next generation to do the experiments that would connect characteristics to chromosomes and, in time, to specific genes. one of morgan \u2019 s proteges was hermann muller. in the 1920s, muller began looking for ways to change genes artificially rather than relying on spontaneous mutations. his research showed that x - rays caused widespread genetic mutation and chromosomal damage. it won him drosophila \u2018 s second nobel, in 1946. it was some time before drosophila \u2018 s next nobel, but then it won three in the same year. innovations in the 1970s and 1980s meant that dna could now be manipulated directly. using such techniques, ed lewis discovered genes that controlled the fly \u2019 s \u2018 body plan \u2019, whereas christiane nusslein - volhard and eric wieschaus identified and classified genes that were crucial for early development. at around the same time, studies in other species showed that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5091025791263054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.292796"} {"text": "genes that controlled the fly \u2019 s \u2018 body plan \u2019, whereas christiane nusslein - volhard and eric wieschaus identified and classified genes that were crucial for early development. at around the same time, studies in other species showed that these genes had closely related analogues in other vertebrates. such genes are described as being \u2018 conserved \u2019, and it confirmed that drosophila research had direct relevance to human biology. lewis, nusslein - volhard and wieschaus shared the 1995 nobel prize in physiology for their work. as news of their success spread around the world, it \u2019 s possible jules hoffmann would have taken inspiration from it. in 1995, hoffmann was director of the institute of molecular and cellular biology in strasbourg, part of france \u2019 s national centre of scientific research. at the same time, he was attempting to unravel the fly \u2019 s immune system. humans have two lines of defence against infections, one of which is conserved from simpler organisms such as drosophila. this is the innate immune system. hoffmann discovered that a gene called toll is central to the fly \u2019 s innate immune system, controlling the response to certain bacterial infections. soon, related genes \u2013 so - called \u2018 toll - like receptors \u2019 \u2013 were discovered in other species, including humans. as well as contributing to our innate immune system, human toll - like receptors activate our second line of defence, the adaptive immune system, which is slower to respond but incorporates components such as antibodies that \u2018 remember \u2019 infections and establish immunity. reflecting on his work at the euroscience open forum conference this summer, hoffmann said that \u201c no one in the medical field would have believed the systems [ of fly and human ] were so close in evolution \u201d, but work in both species was needed to uncover the control mechanisms for our immune systems. hoffmann shared the 2011 nobel prize with two of the scientists who had subsequently worked on toll - like receptors in mice and people. despite such an illustrious history, prokop says researchers began to drift away from drosophila in favour of other species, most notably the mouse, in which exciting new techniques were continually being developed through the final decades of the 20th century and into the 21st. as genetics became easier to do in mammals, many scientists thought that experiments should be done in as highly evolved a species as possible. however, prokop thinks there is more to be gained by combining these new molecular and cell biology techniques with genetics in the fly. mice, and indeed humans, tend to have multiple genes with overlapping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4939486533665697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.293852"} {"text": "done in as highly evolved a species as possible. however, prokop thinks there is more to be gained by combining these new molecular and cell biology techniques with genetics in the fly. mice, and indeed humans, tend to have multiple genes with overlapping functions, so when you \u2018 knock out \u2019 a gene to see the effect on the organism of not having it, the results can be ambiguous. drosophila has little or no such redundancy in its genes, plus the added advantages of having a rapid reproduction cycle and being relatively cheap to maintain. return of the fly prokop \u2019 s own research focuses on the cytoskeleton : the architecture of actin filaments and microtubules woven into structural networks inside all our cells. far from being static scaffolding, however, these networks are dynamic, constantly rearranging and interacting with other proteins. \u201c the cytoskeleton is involved in every aspect of every single cellular function you can think of, \u201d he says. many of its components have been studied for decades but many fundamental questions remain. \u201c we know what these components do biochemically, but in the cellular context, we are not sure why those interactions are necessary. for example, the protein tau was discovered in 1975. today, we know it has a role in alzheimer \u2019 s disease, but we still don \u2019 t really know what tau is doing in the cell in the first place. \u201c one thing that blocks a lot of this type of research is that we do not have a proper understanding of the cell biology. \u201d numerous proteins are known to bind to actin and microtubules, which implies some degree of regulation. but how do all these different functions and regulators combine in one coordinated system of cytoskeletal function? prokop \u2019 s approach to finding an answer is to narrow down the question. he is studying the cytoskeleton in one specific context and, from that, aims to work up a general conceptual understanding that can be tested in other contexts and other species. \u201c i made three decisions, \u201d he explains. \u201c first, study axonal growth. this is the best context for understanding what the cytoskeleton does because we know the principal roles of actin and microtubules, and there are drugs we can use to manipulate axonal growth \u2013 there aren \u2019 t many other places where we can get such meaningful results. \u201d axons are the wires and cables of the nervous system. they connect neurons, the most important cells in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5454948554491627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.295031"} {"text": "there are drugs we can use to manipulate axonal growth \u2013 there aren \u2019 t many other places where we can get such meaningful results. \u201d axons are the wires and cables of the nervous system. they connect neurons, the most important cells in the nervous system, and carry electrical signals between cells. problems with axonal development lead to impaired cognition ; damage later in life, from strokes or dementia for example, can cause sustained paralysis, permanent loss of basic brain functions such as coordination, or changes in personality. axons grow out of neuron cell bodies, led from the front by specialist structures called growth cones. chemical gradients \u2013 varying concentrations of substances that attract or repel the growth cone \u2013 determine the direction of growth and help each axon find its target. how these external cues are translated into changes in the behaviour of the growth cone remains unclear. what we do know is that the actin and microtubule structures of the cytoskeleton are constantly rearranging at the axon tip and that they must be regulated in response to certain signals. \u201c there are probably hundreds of genes that regulate the cytoskeleton, \u201d prokop says. \u201c but the really essential ones are relatively few. those genes, and the targets they regulate, present us with a common mechanism dependent on a limited number of factors. focusing our research on these genes and proteins within the context of axon growth is a good strategy for learning about their function in general. it is simpler than trying to tackle the entire cellular machinery. \u201d laud of the flies his second decision was to work on drosophila, for the usual reasons : \u201c efficient genetics, low redundancy. if you knock out one gene, there is less opportunity for compensation than there would be in higher species. plus you can take out combinations of classes of genes simultaneously and it would be extremely challenging, even impossible, to do that in the mouse. in flies, it takes between a couple of weeks and a few months, so you can create and generate possibilities, test hypotheses. \u201d prokop stresses that this is no longer the simple fly genetics of years gone by, when a gene would be knocked out and the gross effects observed. moreover, combined with modern drosophila genetics are other sophisticated techniques, developed and well established in mice, for studying what is going on inside cells. many of these techniques, which have now been adapted for use in fly neurons, visually label specific proteins within cells so that researchers can watch the dynamics of microtub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.505084851010861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.296049"} {"text": "techniques, developed and well established in mice, for studying what is going on inside cells. many of these techniques, which have now been adapted for use in fly neurons, visually label specific proteins within cells so that researchers can watch the dynamics of microtubules, actin and other proteins as they operate. i see this for myself when dr natalia sanchez - soriano, a postdoctoral researcher in the prokop laboratory, shows me around. as well as looking at neurons in developing fly embryos, they grow drosophila neurons in culture. \u201c it takes around 30 fly brains to make four cultures, \u201d she explains, holding out one of many round agar plates, a few centimetres in diameter. \u201c within six hours, the neurons have grown enough to start analysing them. \u201d cultured neurons lack the external signals that would normally direct their growth in the fly but their cell machinery is intact and axons grow, although in a less organised way. sanchez - soriano puts a plate under a microscope and focuses on a small area in the middle. at 10x magnification, i can see clusters of neurons on the screen. \u201c these are young cultures, \u201d she says, showing me the cell body of a neuron and the axon growing from it. we zoom in. the neurons have been marked with fluorescent markers. \u201c looking in green light, you see the microtubules. if we look in red, you can see the actin. \u201c i always find it amazing to look at one of these cultures where they have formed a network, a mature network. it looks very messy because they are cultures but you can see how they connect. now you have this complex neural network with lots of synapses, which are the contacts between the neurons. \u201d microtubules are found in abundance at synapses, so the fluorescence also reveals the neurons \u2019 connections. i can see synapses all the way along the axons, not just at the tip, which is how i remember having seen them portrayed in simplified textbook diagrams. we are supposed to be going to lunch with other scientists from the lab. they hover at the doorway, but sanchez - soriano waves them away \u2013 she wants to show me one more slide. \u201c this is a drosophila embryo. it \u2019 s completely different to the cultured cells \u2013 the axons of the neurons are all organised. these axons connect to the muscles ; their cell bodies are in the spinal cord. we can see where these ax", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5186759341312792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.297416"} {"text": "a drosophila embryo. it \u2019 s completely different to the cultured cells \u2013 the axons of the neurons are all organised. these axons connect to the muscles ; their cell bodies are in the spinal cord. we can see where these axons are growing, and we can be very specific about developmental time. we can look at embryos after 21 hours of development and the axons are always in these positions, so we can detect tiny changes in axonal growth. \u201c the beauty of this system is that we can go back and forward all the time between neurons in the organism and in culture, and that \u2019 s what makes it very attractive for me. and it \u2019 s easy to have expertise in both. that makes it a really nice model. \u201d prokop \u2019 s third decision was which component of cytoskeleton regulation to focus on. he chose a protein called shot, which, he explains, \u201c sits at the heart of the machine \u201d. shot is one of a family of proteins called spectraplakins, which have so many different functions that they are sometimes also called \u2018 the swiss army knives of the cell \u2019. in this context, shot regulates microtubules during axonal growth. in a normal growing axon, microtubules are constantly joining together, elongating and pushing against the cell membrane in the direction of growth. actin networks provide some control over microtubules by blocking microtubule extension in the wrong direction. proteins like shot that bind actin and microtubules are therefore likely to be involved in regulating that interaction and, indeed, without shot, microtubules become disorganised and axons are severely shortened ( and when they do grow, it is often in the wrong direction ). the very model of a research model organism having shown that axon growth cone behaviour, cytoskeletal dynamics and the underlying functions of actin and microtubule regulators in drosophila are well conserved with higher animals, prokop \u2019 s group is using the shot system to discover the mechanisms by which it all hangs together. they work mostly in the fly but regularly do analogous experiments in mice to confirm the general relevance of their findings. they have already begun to show how shot performs its role in cytoskeletal regulation during axon growth. in research published this summer, prokop and his team showed that shot links the tips of microtubules to actin networks, providing a physical connection that points the microtubules in the right direction. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5337292581680169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.298453"} {"text": "s intellectual descendants, eager to celebrate the fruit fly \u2019 s contribution to science and persuade you that it is the pre - eminent model organism. prokop sums up the philosophy : \u201c the task of drosophila is to produce ideas that can then stimulate research in mammalian systems. that \u2019 s what it has been doing for a hundred years, and that \u2019 s what our system can do too. \u201d in part 2, \u2018 fly on the wall \u2019, i visit a second drosophila lab at the university of manchester to see how the fly is actually used in experiments, and how relevant they can be for understanding human diseases. alves - silva j et al. spectraplakins promote microtubule - mediated axonal growth by functioning as structural microtubule - associated proteins and eb1 - dependent + tips ( tip interacting proteins ). j neurosci 2012 ; 32 ( 27 ) : 9143. bier e. drosophila, the golden bug, emerges as a tool for human genetics. nat rev genet 2005 ; 6 : 9. green m. a century of drosophila genetics through the prism of the white gene. genetics 2010 ; 184 : 3 - 7. \u201c the nobel prize in physiology or medicine 1933 \u201c. nobelprize. org. 13 nov 2012 \u201c the nobel prize in physiology or medicine 1946 \u201c. nobelprize. org. 13 nov 2012 \u201c the nobel prize in physiology or medicine 1995 \u201c. nobelprize. org. 13 nov 2012 \u201c jules a. hoffmann \u2013 biographical \u201c. nobelprize. org. 13 nov 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5566192351369667, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.300367"} {"text": "april 23, 2013 last monday, april 15, the national museum of natural history actually did come to life after hours. not with mummies or miniature armies, of course, but with a small group of volunteers, a bunch of fancy - looking equipment and two guys at the forefront of museum digitization. adam metallo and vince rossi, of the 3d lab in the smithsonian \u2019 s digitization program office, work with laser scanners to create high resolution, three - dimensional digital models of objects and places around the smithsonian institution. last week, they teamed up with curators at the natural history museum for the second of two nights of scanning the dinosaur hall, the museum \u2019 s iconic galleries that house prehistoric fossils from the ancient seas through the ice age. the hall is scheduled to close in 2014 for a ground - up, multi - year renovation, so metallo and rossi, dubbed the \u201c laser cowboys \u201d by their colleagues, were brought in to capture the hall \u2019 s present arrangement before all the fossils are removed. \u201c the main purpose of 3d scanning an exhibit like this is to have an archive of what an exhibit of this era might have looked, \u201d metallo says. \u201c this is a documentation for folks in the future to know what a museum experience here was like. \u201d the scanning has immediate uses as well. with accurate digital 3d models of t - rex and his friends \u2019 skeletons, curators and designers will have a much easier time envisioning the exhibition \u2019 s future iterations and testing out ideas for optimal arrangements. paleontologists, too, will suddenly have access to fossils anytime, anywhere. \u201c there \u2019 s one specimen that \u2019 s on display two stories up in the air, \u201d metallo says. \u201c now, instead of a researcher having to get up on a scissor lift to look at it, we can just email him the digital model. \u201d and if digital models aren \u2019 t enough, 3d scanning might soon allow anyone interested in fossils to get even closer to the real thing. \u201c we \u2019 re seeing a real democratization of 3d printing along with 3d scanning, \u201d says rossi. \u201c there are apps for iphones that allow you to use a camera as a 3d scanning device. pretty much any museum visitor could create a pretty decent model of a museum object, and potentially take that through a 3d printer. there \u2019 s still a fair amount of expertise required at the moment, but it \u2019 s going to be a lot more user - friendly in the next two or three years. \u201d in other words,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49711134227278897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.310186"} {"text": ", and potentially take that through a 3d printer. there \u2019 s still a fair amount of expertise required at the moment, but it \u2019 s going to be a lot more user - friendly in the next two or three years. \u201d in other words, it \u2019 s not inconceivable that you could print out your own stegosaurus skeleton for your living room on your home 3d printer someday. ultimately, rossi and metallo dream of digitizing all 137 million of the objects in the smithsonian \u2019 s collections. because only two percent of the objects are displayed in the institution \u2019 s museums at any time \u2014 and many people never have the chance to see even those in person \u2014 precise replicas could be printed and sent to local museums across the country, or viewed digitally on a computer screen anywhere in the world. as for future of the dino hall, matthew carrano, the museum \u2019 s curator of dinosauria, says his team is still in the early stages of planning exactly how the exhibit will look when it reopens in 2019, but that it definitely will strive to incorporate humans into the dinosaurs \u2019 story. \u201c the biggest thing i hope for in the new hall is that a visitor comes here and is inspired, amazed and interested in the history of life on earth, and understands that this history is still relevant to them today, and to the world today, \u201d he explains. \u201c there are problems we face as human beings that paleontology can help address. dinosaurs didn \u2019 t exist by themselves ; they were part of environments and ecosystems just like we are today. and that connection is really important to everything we \u2019 re going to show in this hall. \u201d to learn more about 3d scanning and printing at smithsonian, check out metallo and rossi \u2019 s facebook page, and follow them on twitter @ 3d _ digi _ si. to learn more about dinosaurs, check out the natural history museum \u2019 s dinosaur page. march 29, 2013 thousands of years old, the ceramics of central america tell us a great deal about the societies who made them. religious beliefs, gender dynamics, societal hierarchies \u2013 all of this lies encoded in the sculptural and pictorial choices of the people who made the more than 160 objects that comprise the american indian museum \u2019 s new exhibition, \u201c ceramica de los ancestros : central america \u2019 s past revealed, \u201d opening march 29 in washington, d. c. sponsored by both the museum and the smithsonian \u2019 s latino center, the new bilingual exhibition is supported by more than two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45990773377242883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.311311"} {"text": "ceramica de los ancestros : central america \u2019 s past revealed, \u201d opening march 29 in washington, d. c. sponsored by both the museum and the smithsonian \u2019 s latino center, the new bilingual exhibition is supported by more than two years of research and a thorough investigation of the american indian museum \u2019 s archaeological collections, some 12, 000 pieces from the region, many of which have never been displayed in public. the show seeks to display the diversity of not only the objects, but also the cultures of central america, and showcases 160 works crafted from gold, jade, copper, marble, shell and stone and dating from 1, 000 b. c. to the present. kevin gover, the museum \u2019 s director and eduardo diaz, the director of the latino center, write that the materials, \u201c testify to the complexity of long - lived governments and social systems, and to the importance and sophistication of the art and science in the communities where they were made. they speak of the patience, sensitivity, and innovation of their makers. \u201d the exhibition will be open through february 1, 2015 at the american indian museum. march 8, 2013 when cyrus the great conquered babylon in 539 b. c., he encountered the same problem many political leaders face today : how do rulers keep the peace? cyrus, the king of persia, was in the midst of building the largest empire that the world had ever seen. by his death in 530 b. c., his reign would extend from present - day turkey to india. for cyrus, establishing control over vast miles of land with peoples of different cultures, languages and faiths created numerous obstacles in unifying his kingdom. the king sought order, not more war. \u201c it is the first time anyone has had to address that challenge, \u201d says neil macgregor, director of london \u2019 s british museum. \u201c as well as a transport system, as well as an economic system, as well as an administration, you need to have policy, an ideal of what you \u2019 re trying to do to control this empire, \u201d he adds. cyrus \u2019 s solution can be found today on a football - shaped cylinder of baked clay : give people the freedom to practice whatever religion they please. the cyrus cylinder, one of the most significant archaeological artifacts in history, travels here from the british museum and makes its united states debut on saturday, march 9, 2013, at the sackler gallery. inscribed with cuneiform, one of the earliest known scripts, the text denounces na", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4469027125480729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.312336"} {"text": "archaeological artifacts in history, travels here from the british museum and makes its united states debut on saturday, march 9, 2013, at the sackler gallery. inscribed with cuneiform, one of the earliest known scripts, the text denounces nabonidus, the displaced babylonian king, and boasts of liberating cyrus \u2019 s newly conquered people from religious persecution by restoring their temples, their temple goods and their ceremonial vessels ; and sending prisoners and the enslaved home to worship their own gods. \u201d [ i ] returned [ the people ] to their settlements, and the gods of the land... i returned them unharmed to their cells, in the sanctuaries that make them happy, \u201d cyrus declares in the text. \u201c i have enabled all the lands to live in peace. \u201d ( see the full translation here. ) cyrus \u2019 s tolerant approach has had a lasting impact. according to macgregor, \u201c for europeans and americans in the 18th century, there is only one political problem : how do you avoid the wars of religion that had devastated europe in the 16th and 17th centuries? how do you create a state where people don \u2019 t kill each other for their faith? everybody goes back to cyrus. \u201d the exhibition entitled, \u201c the cyrus cylinder and ancient persia, \u201d features quotes and historical artifacts that trace the generations of political thinkers inspired by cyrus \u2019 s philosophy. thomas jefferson studied the life of cyrus ; he owned two copies of a biography of the king. julien raby, director of the sackler gallery, hopes the exhibit will encourage visitors to appreciate how different cultures learn to value objects in different ways. \u201c there isn \u2019 t a single story, \u201d he explains. \u201c it \u2019 s actually about looking at the way in which we constantly reinterpret, the way that different eras and different agendas take objects and project onto them. \u201d macgregor thinks cyrus \u2019 s legacy is particularly important today. \u201c we are confronting in every one of our cities, in europe and in america, a new kind of diversity \u2014 people of different ethnicities, languages, faiths, traditions trying to live together, \u201d he says. \u201c we don \u2019 t really have a model for this. but we all know that somebody once did. \u201d \u201c the cyrus cylinder and ancient persia \u201d is on view at the sackler gallery from march 9 to april 28, before making a nation - wide tour. for a list of locations and dates, visit the exhibition \u2019 s website. to learn more about the cylinder itself, watch macgre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4469050229595825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.313484"} {"text": "for all who make decisions that affect the mathematics education of students in pre - kindergarten through grade 12 \u201d ( p. ix ). nctm is an organization of over 110, 000 mathematics educators concerned with pre - k \u2013 12 mathematics education. this update of the nctm ' s three previously developed sets of standards for curriculum, teaching, and assessment is intended to establish a curriculum framework to bring focus and coherence to k \u2013 12 mathematics. the document was developed through an extensive and inclusive process that engaged a wide spectrum of experts on issues concerning mathematics education. as such, principles and standards represents a negotiated position about appropriate content for school mathematics to which educators should give careful consideration. the developers offer the standards as a guide for ensuring quality, developing goals, and promoting change by suggesting common language, examples, and recommendations to engage people at state, provincial and local levels in conversations about mathematics education. the document is intended to ( p. 6 ) : set forth a comprehensive and coherent set of goals for mathematics for all students that will orient curricular, teaching, and assessment efforts. serve as a resource for teachers, education leaders, and policymakers to use in examining and improving the quality of mathematics instructional programs. guide the development of curricular frameworks, assessments, and instructional materials. stimulate ideas and ongoing conversations about how best to help students gain a deep understanding of important mathematics. principles and standards is built on the following vision ( p. 5 ) : in this changing world, those who understand and can do mathematics will have significantly enhanced opportunities and options for shaping their futures. mathematical competence opens doors to productive futures. a lack of mathematical competence keeps those doors closed. nctm challenges the assumption that mathematics is only for the select few. on the contrary, everyone needs to understand mathematics. all students should have the opportunity and the support necessary to learn significant mathematics with depth and understanding. there is no conflict between equity and excellence. to fulfill this vision, the document describes what mathematics in pre - k \u2013 12 school programs should look like including how mathematical ideas should be developed across five content areas and five process domains. the standards present a deeper look at the mathematics within each of four grade - level bands, pre - k \u2013 2, 3 \u2013 5, 6 \u2013 8, and 9 \u2013 12 ; they also suggest how mathematics should grow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5682234496997851, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.316100"} {"text": "everything in moderation, right? also : be sure to read mike ' s \" fats, cholesterol and the lipid hypothesis \" article for more information on foods to avoid. you can eat anything as long as it \u2019 s in moderation. how many times have you heard this statement? or better yet, how many times have you made that statement? i will not deny that there are some foods you can eat in moderation that are not considered health foods but still have some nutritional benefits. pizza, chocolate and ice cream are three of the most common examples, as long as they \u2019 re made with whole, natural ingredients. the problem we americans face is that most of the foods we eat are not only lacking any nutritional value, they are made with ingredients that have serious health consequences. the following are some of the worst foods and ingredients we need to stay away from, in no particular order. when it comes to these items, there is no moderation. sources : this garbage is found in everything from soda to cereal. it \u2019 s literally in thousands of products. read your labels. the \u201c fat carb \u201d has been in our food supply for more 35 years. we \u2019 ve been led to believe that fructose from high fructose corn syrup ( hfcs ) is akin to naturally occurring sugar, the same that \u2019 s found in fruit. nothing could be further from the truth. the fructose from hfcs is not the same as the molecule from sucrose ( table sugar ), or fruit leveulose. is it any wonder they have worked so hard to link hfcs to something natural and healthy like fruit? the problem is our bodies metabolize hfcs differently than sucrose or fruit leveulose. when we consume sucrose, our bodies convert it into glucose, which raises our blood glucose levels. we then get an insulin spike to shuttle the glucose where it \u2019 s needed. when we consume hfcs, unlike natural sugar, it is metabolized in the liver and produces high triglyceride levels which are linked to heart disease. in addition, hfcs does not induce insulin secretion, nor does it boost leptin production, both of which are key signals for decreasing hunger. hence, the name \u201c fat carb. \u201d eat it, get fat. eat more, get fatter. russ bianchi, a pharmacologist and toxicologist, explains : \u201c there is no safe form of fr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4430722695417991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.332900"} {"text": "decreasing hunger. hence, the name \u201c fat carb. \u201d eat it, get fat. eat more, get fatter. russ bianchi, a pharmacologist and toxicologist, explains : \u201c there is no safe form of fructose available from any source, unless already existing in an unprocessed apple or other piece of fruit. the science is known and epidemiologically proven. \u201d if you follow the obesity epidemic in the u. s., you \u2019 ll find that americans are eating less fat. in 1965, men ate an average of 139 grams and women 83 grams of fat per day. in 1995, men ate 101 grams and women ate 65 grams of fat per day. with the way fat has been demonized over the last four decades, you \u2019 d expect an increase in fat consumption to be the main cause of the obesity epidemic, yet it \u2019 s not. what does mirror the increase in fat americans is the consumption pattern of hfcs. between the years of 1970 and 1990, hfcs consumption increased 1000 % and today represents 40 % of the sweeteners added to foods and beverages. in fact, hfcs is the sole caloric sweetener in soft drinks in the united states. is it any wonder that obesity is an epidemic? one of the main ingredients in our food supply not only converts to fat when we consume it, it facilitates fat storage. and americans as a whole are eating more and more and more. sources : corn oil, soy oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, cotton seed oil, walnuts, flax oil, hemp oil, herring, salmon, sardines, mackerel. technically called lipids, fats and oils are made up of many different types of fatty acids. fatty acids are the same whether they come from plants or animals. oleic acid that is found in olive oil is exactly the same as the oleic acid found in lard ( pig fat ). it \u2019 s the proportions of fatty acids that will vary from plant to plant, from animal to animal and from plant to animal. safflower, corn, sunflower, soybean and cottonseed oils all contain more than 50 % of the highly unstable fatty acid omega - 6 and should never be used in cooking, frying or baking. heating these oils causes oxidation and produces large amounts of free radicals. we have been force fed a load of crap concerning the virtues of polyunsaturated fats.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4498496134655492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.333911"} {"text": "omega - 6 and should never be used in cooking, frying or baking. heating these oils causes oxidation and produces large amounts of free radicals. we have been force fed a load of crap concerning the virtues of polyunsaturated fats. we \u2019 ve been told relentlessly that polyunsaturated fats are good for our health and to increase our consumption. unfortunately, polyunsaturated fats cause many health problems. one of the biggest reasons polyunsaturated fats are so unhealthy is because they are very susceptible to becoming oxidized or rancid when exposed to heat and light. the polyunsaturated oils you buy in grocery stores are already rancid. the extraction process is the problem : | throughout the entire process, these oils are exposed to oxygen. | 1. the oil is extracted with mechanical pressing and heated to 230 degrees. 2. then a chemical solvent is used to get what oils are left. 3. the solvent is then boiled off, gain exposing the oils to heat. 4. because these oils become rancid, they are treated with deoderizers to get rid of the horrible smell. 5. finally, most oils are then bleached to give them eye appeal. americans love the light golden color. now, you go to the store to purchase soy oil, which has been touted as super healthy, not knowing that you \u2019 re actually purchasing a free radical cocktail that, over time, causes serious health problems. free radicals, or \u201c chemical marauders \u201d as some scientists refer to them, reek havoc on our bodies. they have been linked to problems ranging from wrinkles to premature aging to cancer. sources : any foods containing \u201c shortening, \u201d \u201c partially hydrogenated vegetable oil \u201d or \u201c hydrogenated vegetable oil \u201d in the ingredients list. these manmade fats, like fructose, are in thousands of products. i cannot stress enough the importance of reading food labels. however, do not be fooled by products that claim \u201c zero trans fat \u201d. showing the power the edible oil and processed food industries have, the fda agreed to allow food labels to list trans fat as zero if it contains a half a gram or less. and yes, small amounts of trans fat will yield negative consequences over time. decades of research show the consumption of trans fats to be detrimental to health. as early as the 1940s, researchers found a strong correlation between cancer, heart disease and the consumption of hydrogenated fats.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4605675056695747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.334965"} {"text": "trans fat will yield negative consequences over time. decades of research show the consumption of trans fats to be detrimental to health. as early as the 1940s, researchers found a strong correlation between cancer, heart disease and the consumption of hydrogenated fats. what are trans fats? they are poison in our food supply. \u201c the latest government study confirms that trans fat is directly related with heart disease and increases ldl cholesterol. because of that, the institute of medicine, a branch of the national academy of sciences, declared there is no safe amount of trans fat in the diet. \u201d \u201c there should be a warning on food made with this stuff like there is on nicotine products. it \u2019 s that bad for you, says dr. jeffery aron, a university of california at san francisco professor of medicine and one of the nation \u2019 s leading experts on fatty acids and their effect on the body. poison is the most appropriate description of trans fat i can think of. these manmade fats are literally toxins in our bodies. trans fat is produced through the process of hydrogenation. this process turns polyunsaturated oils into fats that are solid at room temperature, which are used to make products like margarine and shortening. you talk about the ultimate junk food. doughnuts are the king. it is said this tasty treat has been around since the colonial times. in the middle of wwi, millions of american soldiers were fed doughnuts by women volunteers. these soldiers were nicknamed \u201c doughboys. \" despite its history, the doughnut is by far one of the top three worst foods you can eat. made from enriched white flour, sugar, and other nutrient - free ingredients ( depending on the type of doughnut ), they are then fried in partially hydrogenated vegetable oil. the donut is a nutrient - free, calorie - dense food full of free radicals and trans fat. below, you \u2019 ll find some nutritional information from krispykreme. com. the average krispy kream doughnut yields : 200 to 380 calories 12 to 20 grams of total fat with 4 to 7 grams being trans fat 10 to 27 grams of sugar. in 1960, the average american consumed about 81 pounds of fresh potatoes and four pounds of frozen french fries. in 2000, health conscience as we are, we consumed about 50 pounds of fresh potatoes and 30 pounds of frozen fries. and mcdonald ' s is happy to help meet that demand. they are the number one purchaser", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4331886016847095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.335990"} {"text": "four pounds of frozen french fries. in 2000, health conscience as we are, we consumed about 50 pounds of fresh potatoes and 30 pounds of frozen fries. and mcdonald ' s is happy to help meet that demand. they are the number one purchaser of potatoes in the u. s. the popularity of mcdonald ' s french fries is legendary. their fries used to be made from scratch every day and fried in beef tallow. this, despite what \u2019 s been shoved into our heads over the years, is the best / healthiest way to make fries outside of frying them in coconut oil. then, in the early ' 90s, because of the cholesterol scam and vegetarian wackos, mcdonald ' s switched to pure vegetable oil. polyunstaturated fats and trans fat, ummmmmmm yummy. nutritional information from mcdonalds. com : | total fat | | trans fat | nutritonal information from burger king : | total fat | | trans fat | the next time you make fries at home, because i know you won \u2019 t be eating fast food varieties, cut a few sweet potatoes to the size you like. fry them in a pan of organic virgin coconut oil and salt to taste. you \u2019 ll be pleasantly surprised at how good these fries are, and they \u2019 re much healthier for you. as stated earlier, fructose is the sole sweetener of soft drinks in the u. s. children and adolescents in the u. s. are increasingly choosing soft drinks rather than milk or juice. the usda \u2019 s economic research service found that the consumption of soft drinks increases as a child becomes older. on average, for every one ounce reduction in milk consumption, a child consumes 4. 2 ounces of soft drinks. just what a growing child needs. between the years 1970 and 2001, per capita consumption of carbonated soft drinks more than doubled. by 2001, per capita milk consumption had dropped to 22 gallons, while soft drink consumption soared to 49 gallons. should we be worried about this shift in drink consumption? you bet. one can of soda has 10 teaspoons of sugar in the form of manmade fructose, and if this isn \u2019 t bad enough, soft drinks also contain high levels of phosphates. these higher phosphate levels have been alleged to cause osteoporosis in adults and impaired calcification in the growing bones of children. \u201c soft drinks have long been suspected of leading to lower calcium levels and higher phosphate levels in the blood. when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41356869702118126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.336975"} {"text": "these higher phosphate levels have been alleged to cause osteoporosis in adults and impaired calcification in the growing bones of children. \u201c soft drinks have long been suspected of leading to lower calcium levels and higher phosphate levels in the blood. when phosphate levels are high and calcium levels are low, calcium is pulled out of the bones. the phosphate content of soft drinks like coca - cola and pepsi is very high and they contain virtually no calcium. \u201d we have been led to believe that soy is a health food. however, contained in the united states food and drug administrations poisonous plant database, which contains references to the scientific literature describing studies of the toxic properties and effects of plants and plant parts, under soy there are 288 records. the deleterious effects soy has on our bodies are caused by several different substances - - we \u2019 re going to go over just a few. one of the substances contained in soybeans is goitrogens. these are naturally occurring and interfere with the function of the thyroid gland. goitrogens get their name from the term \u201c goiter, \u201d which means enlargement of the thyroid gland. other foods that contain goitrogens include : broccoli, cabbage, mustard, peanuts, turnips, brussel sprouts, and others. however, unlike soy, the goitrogens in these foods are easily neutralized by cooking or fermentation. heat, pressure or alkaline solutions will neither deactivate nor remove goitrogens from soy. they are virtually in all soy foods, with the highest concentration being in products that are not fermented like tofu and soy sauce. another nasty substance found in soy that can inflict damage upon your body is phytoestrogens. isoflavones are examples of phytoestrogens and are in many plants, with the highest concentration being in soy beans. phytoestrogens, although not hormones, are very similar and can bind to estrogen receptor sites and have been shown to cause negative effects. phytoestrogens ' ability to decrease testosterone has been shown in several studies. [ 14 - 16 ] in fact, as long ago as 164 bc, monks included tofu in their diet as an aid to spiritual enlightenment and abstinence. they found the more tofu they consumed, the lower their libido. the following is an excerpt from a letter written by scientist to the fda concerning soy \u2019 s health benefits approval. the fda \u2019 s own researchers raise valid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45699945264212816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.339036"} {"text": "abstinence. they found the more tofu they consumed, the lower their libido. the following is an excerpt from a letter written by scientist to the fda concerning soy \u2019 s health benefits approval. the fda \u2019 s own researchers raise valid concerns about the safety, let alone the health benefits, of soy. public health service food and drug administration national center for toxicological research jefferson, ark. 72079 - 9502 daniel m. sheehan, ph. d. director, estrogen base program division of genetic and reproductive toxicology and daniel r. doerge, ph. d. division of biochemical toxicology dockets management branch ( hfa - 305 ) food and drug administration rockville, md 20852 to whom it may concern, we are writing in reference to docket # 98p - 0683 ; \" food labeling : health claims ; soy protein and coronary heart disease. \" we oppose this health claim because there is abundant evidence that some of the isoflavones found in soy, including genistein and equol, a metabolize of daidzen, demonstrate toxicity in estrogen sensitive tissues and in the thyroid. this is true for a number of species, including humans. additionally, the adverse effects in humans occur in several tissues and, apparently, by several distinct mechanisms. our conclusions are that no dose is without risk ; the extent of risk is simply a function of dose. these two features support and extend the conclusion that it is inappropriate to allow health claims for soy protein isolate. additionally, isoflavones are inhibitors of the thyroid peroxidase which makes t3 and t4. inhibition can be expected to generate thyroid abnormalities, including goiter and autoimmune thyroiditis. there exists a significant body of animal data that demonstrates goitrogenic and even carcinogenic effects of soy products ( cf., kimura et al., 1976 ). moreover, there are significant reports of goitrogenic effects from soy consumption in human infants ( cf., van wyk et al., 1959 ; hydovitz, 1960 ; shepard et al., 1960 ; pinchers et al., 1965 ; chorazy et al., 1995 ) and adults ( mccarrison, 1933 ; ishizuki, et al., 1991 ). the health labeling of soy protein isolate for foods needs to be considered just as would the addition of any estrogen or goitrogen to foods, which are bad ideas. estrogenic and go", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49362892429103344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.340726"} {"text": "ishizuki, et al., 1991 ). the health labeling of soy protein isolate for foods needs to be considered just as would the addition of any estrogen or goitrogen to foods, which are bad ideas. estrogenic and goitrogenic drugs are regulated by fda, and are taken under a physician ' s care. patients are informed of risks, and are monitored by their physicians for evidence of toxicity. there are no similar safeguards in place for foods, so the public will be put at potential risk from soy isoflavones in soy protein isolate without adequate warning and information. daniel m. sheehan daniel r. doerge the following is a list of myths and truths about soy taken from westonaprice. org. myth : asians consume large amounts of soy foods. fact : average consumption of soy foods in japan and china is about 10g ( about 2 teaspoons ) per day. asians consume soy foods in small amounts as a condiment, and not as a replacement for animal foods. myth : soy foods provide complete protein. fact : like all legumes, soy beans are deficient in sulfur containing amino acids methionine and cystine. in addition, modern processing denatures fragile lysine. myth : fermented soy foods can provide vitamin b12 in vegetarian diets. fact : the compound that resembles vitamin b12 in soy cannot be used by the human body ; in fact, soy foods cause the body to require more b12. myth : soy formula is safe for infants. fact : soy foods contain trypsin inhibitors that inhibit protein digestion and affect pancreatic function. in test animals, diets high in trypsin inhibitors led to stunted growth and pancreatic disorders. soy foods increase the body ' s requirement for vitamin d, needed for strong bones and normal growth. phytic acid in soy foods results in reduced bioavailabilty of iron and zinc which are required for the health and development of the brain and nervous system. soy also lacks cholesterol, likewise essential for the development of the brain and nervous system. megadoses of phytoestrogens in soy formula have been implicated in the current trend toward increasingly premature sexual development in girls and delayed or retarded sexual development in boys. myth : soy estrogens ( isoflvones ) are good for you. fact : soy isoflavones are phyto - endocrine disrupters. at dietary levels, they can prevent o", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4707631744658145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.341731"} {"text": "the document agenda 21 of the united nations on sustainable development in chapter 14 calls for \" major adjustments in agricultural, environmental and macroeconomic policy \" and for the integration of different policies. a great number of similar calls can be found in documents of other international organisations ( fao, oecd, council of europe, eu etc. ). still, it seems that no real progress has been achieved so far in reforming agricultural policies and in integrating different policies. the author believes that the main reason of this situation is the prevailing false concept of agriculture and rural areas which is a result of the disintegration and substitution processes in the development of industrialized agriculture. disintegrating agriculture from its natural environment and the rural area in which it was operating, the substitution of industrial inputs for natural resources became an aim just for its own sake to make agriculture more \u201c modern \u201d or more \u201c industry like \u201d. finally, agriculture and rural areas became just mere receptacles or markets for products and services of industrial companies located in towns and industrial centres. the utilisation of local natural and human resources decreased, less and less value added was produced by agriculture. in this way its contribution to the maintenance of rural areas decreased rapidly. this so called \u201c development \u201d proved clearly not being sustainable. in order to have a really sustainable agricultural development a radically new approach is needed. agriculture has to be reintegrated with its natural resource base and with rural areas. the main objective of sustainable agriculture has to be the production of the greatest amount of value added by the efficient utilisation of local natural and human resources. to translate this new concept of agriculture into practice a radical reform of agricultural policy and intensive research to find new possibilities to utilize local resources is needed. the paper explains in more detail the non sustainable \" industrial input transforming \" and the sustainable \" resource utilizing \" concept of agriculture. the need for a real progress towards sustainable agricultural and rural development the agenda 21 document of the united nation on sustainable development declares that \" major adjustments are needed in agricultural, environmental and macroeconomic policy at both national and international levels. \" it also stresses the need to integrate different policies into \" a coherent national policy framework \". a great number of similar statements and declarations can be found in the documents of other international organisations. there is also a vast number of books and journal articles on different aspects of sustainable agriculture and the relationships between agriculture and rural areas. here only a few examples can be mentioned. oecd has paid increasing attention to agricultural policy reform during the last two decades", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.490483240151676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.354532"} {"text": "is also a vast number of books and journal articles on different aspects of sustainable agriculture and the relationships between agriculture and rural areas. here only a few examples can be mentioned. oecd has paid increasing attention to agricultural policy reform during the last two decades. ministers of agriculture of the oecd member countries adopted a set of policy principles in march 1998 including the need of governments \" to take actions to ensure the protection of the environment and sustainable management of natural resources in agriculture \u201d ( oecd, 2001 ). this most recent report concludes that agricultural policies have not changed enough and calls for integrating the different, sometimes contradictory policies ( i. e. agricultural, environmental and other policies ). the situation is similar in the european union, however the need for policy integration and for a radical reform of the cap is well recognized. the often cited cork declaration in point 2 calls for an integrated approach to rural development. it would be too long to overview the great number of statements and declarations of eu leaders and politicians which all call for more reform of the cap in order to move agriculture towards sustainability and to ensure a greater contribution of it to rural development. franz fischler ( 2001 ), the commissioner responsible for agriculture and rural development, declared : \u201c common agricultural policy has also changed, but not enough \u201d, and : \u201c we must ensure that the much - touted sustainability is translated into practice \u201d. molterer ( 1998 ) for example emphasizes that the european modell of agriculture is a sustainable and multifunctional agriculture in which the different functions must not be separated but have to form a whole ( i. e. should be integrated ). the committee on agriculture and rural development of the parliamentary assembly of the council of europe has also been intensively working on the problems of sustainable agricultural and rural development and has produced a major document, the \u201c european charter for rural areas \u201d ( council of europe, ( 1996 ) ). in spite of all these works and declarations no real progress has been achieved yet. the carpe ( common agricultural and rural policy for europe ) concept presented by a group of experts during the discussions on the agenda 2000 document ( european commission, 1997 ) in which the removal of all the subsidies coupled with production was finally rejected by the european council ( berlin, march 1998 ). willis and bryden ( 1999 ) in their analysis of agenda 2000 drew the same conclusion : \u201c when compared to the vision expressed in the cork declaration on living countryside, what is called rural development in agenda 2000 seems better described as agricultural policy paying lip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5047662473738298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.357431"} {"text": "willis and bryden ( 1999 ) in their analysis of agenda 2000 drew the same conclusion : \u201c when compared to the vision expressed in the cork declaration on living countryside, what is called rural development in agenda 2000 seems better described as agricultural policy paying lip - service to rural development \u201d. these few examples show that sustainable agriculture and rural development are mostly just a fashionable topic for scientific discussions and declarations of politicians rather than a concept realized in practice. it seems to be right time now to try to answer the question : why has so little progress been achieved in \u201c translating sustainability into practice \u201d? 2. the present situation : non - sustainable agriculture as a result of disintegration and substitution processes in the course of the development of agriculture it has become separated from its natural environment, and from the rural areas in which its operates. different branches of production has become specialised and separated from each other. food processing was removed from rural areas into towns. in this way, value added produced by food processing has also been removed from rural areas. parallel to this disintegration process, industrial means of production and industrial inputs have been substituted for natural, human, farm produced and other local resources to an ever increasing extent. in this way, the scope of agriculture has been narrowed to transformation of industrial means of production and inputs into some fresh food and raw materials for industries located in towns. agricultural labour, natural resources and other local resources has become less and less important and for this reason they have got devaluated or completely lost their value while industrial inputs are relative more and more expensive ( i. e. the well - known problem of price disparity ). the relative role of agriculture in the national and rural economies has decreased dramatically. rural people were forced to move to towns to find jobs, depopulation of rural areas in some cases reached a frightening level. while specialisation and the use of more productive means of production can be justified to a given extent by the need of feeding more people but later on, the use of more and more industrial inputs, larger and larger machines, more and more industrially processed feeds for animals, substituting artificial resources for natural ones has been continued just for its own sake following the directives of the prevailing economic development and modernisation theories according to which agriculture is just one among the other branches of industrial activities, and farms have to be organised and operated as business enterprises. as a result of this so called \u201c development \u201d or \u201c modernisation \u201d, agriculture and rural areas have become just mere receptacles or absorbing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4855726861820767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.358804"} {"text": "among the other branches of industrial activities, and farms have to be organised and operated as business enterprises. as a result of this so called \u201c development \u201d or \u201c modernisation \u201d, agriculture and rural areas have become just mere receptacles or absorbing markets for industries located in towns. the only function of agriculture and rural areas is to take up the maximal possible amount of industrial products for consumption or to transform them into agricultural products even if there is an overproduction of these products and the natural environment and rural areas are deteriorated or destroyed. we call this concept of agriculture \u201c industrial input transformer agriculture \u201d. this kind of agriculture and the rural areas housing it are just auxiliary to towns and industries and they are clearly not sustainable. the eu is still following this \u201c modernisation \u201d concept and try to help and force the candidate countries to follow the same direction in spite of the nice talks about rural development and agricultural environmental programs. the internal relations among the element of this \u201c non - sustainable \u201d concept of agriculture and rural areas can be summarized as it is show by figure 1. this system is not sustainable because sooner or later it would completely exhaust its rural base. this is very vaguely recognised in the concern about the maintenance and development of rural areas. but still there is not strong enough political will to break up this system in which subsidies intended to help farmers are in fact supporting the industries located in towns and causing further decline of rural areas. agricultural policies which keep up this mechanism including the cap of eu are deemed as typical cases of \u201c government failure \u201d by some authors in environmental economics. ( see for example : turner et al., 1994. ) 3. the concept of sustainable resource utilising agriculture to achieve any real progress towards sustainability we have to depart from the above described concept of agriculture and modernisation. an integrated and multifunctional agriculture has to be developed. the main function of this type of agriculture is to utilise the human, natural and other local resources available in rural areas to produce a diverse mix of products and services in order to supply the highest amount of added value for the maintenance of rural areas. this means that the disintegrated parts of agriculture have to be reintegrated, agriculture has to be reintegrated with its rural and environmental base, and its dependency on external input and output markets has to be decreased. farming has to be based on the creation, modernisation and efficient utilisation of local resources. industrial means of production and inputs are to be used only as auxiliary factor to such extent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5003055216850885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.359933"} {"text": "its dependency on external input and output markets has to be decreased. farming has to be based on the creation, modernisation and efficient utilisation of local resources. industrial means of production and inputs are to be used only as auxiliary factor to such extent necessary to increase the productivity of local resources, but not for the sake of substituting them. in short, the traditional exogenous way of \u201c modernisation \u201d which is forced on agriculture from outside has to be changed into endogenous type of development. this concept of agriculture can be termed as \u201c resources utilising agriculture \u201d which is sustainable because it is built on the maintenance and development of its own local resource base. the system of this resource utilising agriculture is summarized in figure 2. this \u201c new concept \u201d of agriculture is really very old and the one which had existed before \u201c industrialised \u201d agriculture became dominant. it can be realised only if radical changes in agricultural policies can be achieved. first of all, farmers have to understand that present agricultural policies ( including the cap ) in fact are not supporting them but subsidies finally go to industries. secondly, the politicians forming agricultural policies have to be persuaded that agricultural policy supporting \u201c resource utilising agriculture \u201d is much cheaper than the present system in which first industrial input intensive agricultural production is subsidized, then a great amount of money is spent on repairing environmental damage caused and on rural development. subsidizing agriculture to produce more value added from its local resource base simultaneously help to maintain viable farms, to protect the environment and to develop rural areas in one coherent supporting system. in this way, integration of different policies called for in agenda 21 can be realized. besides, taxpayers \u2019 money could be saved and the agricultural policy would be more efficient. we can just regret that the basic problem of the concept or the definition of agriculture and rural areas is given very little attention in discussion on sustainable agriculture and on agricultural policy reforms. still, it has been encouraging to find a similar approach in a recent presentation of van der plough and rooij ( 2001 ). they use the term \u201c capitalist commodity production \u201d for the type of non - sustainable agriculture in which even labour is used as a commodity, and \u201c petty commodity production \u201d for the \u201c resource utilizing agriculture \u201d outlined here. they contrast industrialization with repeasantization as alternatives of agricultural development. but \u201c repeasantization \u201d might easily be rejected as being old fashioned and regress. while the concept of integrated, multifunctional and resource utilisating agriculture is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5152135918800846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.361063"} {"text": "industrialization with repeasantization as alternatives of agricultural development. but \u201c repeasantization \u201d might easily be rejected as being old fashioned and regress. while the concept of integrated, multifunctional and resource utilisating agriculture is a \u201c modern \u201d concept in the real sense which is using any kind of \u201c high tech \u201d means of production but only to increase the efficiency of mobilizing, maintaining and utilising local resources. the issue of the need to redefine the meaning of agriculture has already been raised in some other publications but there has been almost no response from agricultural experts and researchers. ( see for example : szakal ( 1997 ) and szakal ( 1999 ). ) according to general economic or modernisation theory, agricultural development means the substitution of industrial means of production and inputs for local human and natural resources. as a result of this kind of \u201c development \u201d agriculture and rural areas became just mere receptacles and transformers of industrial products and inputs. it we want to move towards sustainability the concept of agriculture has to be redefined. in contrast to the industrial input transformer concept, the basic function of agriculture should be the utilisation of the human and natural resources available in rural areas to produce marketable goods and services in order to contribute to rural development with the maximum possible amount of values added. to develop such a \u201c resource utilising agriculture \u201d, which would be really sustainable, agricultural policies have to be changed accordingly. - council of europe ( 1996 ) : recommendation 1296 ( 1996 ) on an european charter for rural areas, strasbourg - european commission ( 1997 ) : towards a common agricultural and rural policy for europe. european economy, reports and studies, no. 5. eur - op, luxembourg - fishler, f. ( 2001 ) : the cap after agenda 2000. the achievements and challenges. opening address for international green week, berlin, 18 january 2001 - molterer, w. ( 1998 ) : statement at the congress of european agriculture, ljubljana, 30. sept. \u2013 2. oct. 1998. proceedings of the congress, 31 - 35 p. - oecd, ( 2001 ) : improving the environmental performance of agriculture : policy options and market approaches, paris, 51. p. - plough, van der, j. d. and rooij, de, s. ( 1999 ) : agriculture in central and eastern europe : industrialization or repeasantization? in : rural development in central and eastern europe, proceeding of research conference,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49445601908790127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.362126"} {"text": "van der, j. d. and rooij, de, s. ( 1999 ) : agriculture in central and eastern europe : industrialization or repeasantization? in : rural development in central and eastern europe, proceeding of research conference, 6 - 9 december 1999, podbanske, slovakia, 45 - 53 p. - szakal, f. ( 1997 ) : the need to redefine the meaning of \u201c agriculture \u201d. information document. committee on agriculture and rural development, parliamentary assembley of the council of europe, strassbourg, doc. no. as / agr. ( 1997 ) 7. 12 p. - szakal, f. ( 1999 ) : a fenntarthato mezogazdasag es szerepe a videki tersegek fejlodeseben, a falu, xiv. evf. 2. sz. 23 - 37 p. - turner, r. k., pearce, d. and bateman, i. ( 1994 ) : environmental economics, harvester wheatsheaf, hemel hemtead. 328 p. - willis, p. and bryden, j. ( 1999 ) : the implementation of agenda 2000. in : rural areas of eastern and western europe. the arkleton trust, eston, oxon, 35 p.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47215956623329347, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.362610"} {"text": "applied mathematics department secretary : tel : 01 69 33 46 01. fax : 01 69 33 46 46. scientific computing is the art of the engineer devoted to producing numerical simulations based on a scientific analysis and with computers. most of problems that can be formalised with mathematical equations lead to problems too complicated to be solved with elementary methods or with methods of formal calculus. the objective of scientific computing is to propose approximate numerical solutions for problems that can be modelised with a mathematical equation. the development of scientific computing is related to the increasing of computer power. it is an applied science in continuous evolution. the industries that use and develop scientific computing are first the main partners of state technical administrations in charge of the conception and development of complex systems : space and aeronautics, nuclear, automotive industry, petroleum industry, civil engineering. reduced to amount development and the certification of complex systems only few years ago, the numerical simulation allows the reduction of important development times on conception cycles and the production of more sophisticated products. the option \" scientific computing \" is devoted to students needing training in scientific computing, either for the analysis of an industrial problem, or the initiation to scientific research, whatever can be the future choice in terms of career orientation. for those who wish to enter the master program \" mathematical modeling \" in applied mathematics of the ecole polytechnique ( co - organised with paris 6 university ), the training period can be an important first step. examples of subjects studied in recent years - adaptive and multi - scales methods. assessment and design of optical fiber systems. inverse problem in electromagnetism. requirements : some knowledge of numerical analysis and / or optimization. evaluation mechanism : written report and oral defense last modification : monday 8 april 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5909548506586588, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.364793"} {"text": "want to know how to conquer kids ' learning obstacles? if after every lesson your kids can say, \" we came, we saw, we heard, we touched, \" they ' ll also be able to say, \" we conquered! \" kids experience their world through their senses, and each child has a favored sense that sends more information to the brain than the other senses. the three primary perceptual preferences or \" learning styles \" are visual, auditory and kinesthetic. by understanding these three learning styles, you can create lessons that ' ll give all your children a better chance of * characteristics - visual learners need to see or observe things closely. visual learners recognize words by sight, remember faces but forget names, take notes, make lists, have vivid imaginations and think in pictures. visual learners express emotion through facial expressions. jonna is a visual learner. she ' s distracted by visual disorder or movement and prefers a neat, meticulous environment. she doesn ' t talk at length and becomes impatient when she has to listen for a long time. while her teacher lectures, jonna will stare, daydream * lesson design - in every lesson, provide pictorial or graphic representations and demonstrations. allow visual learners to read and look at illustrations, charts and other visual aids. don ' t just tell kids about a topic, but allow them to also read * characteristics - auditory learners learn best by reading aloud or listening. auditory learners remember things they hear better than things they see. these students move their lips or subvocalize as they talk out situations and problems. they hum and are easily distracted by sounds. they remember names by auditory repetition but forget faces. auditory learners express emotion verbally through changes in tone, volume and pitch of voice. brad is an auditory learner. he often talks to others during class because, even though he enjoys listening, he can ' t wait to talk. brad enjoys the sound of his own voice. * lesson design - provide opportunities for kids to listen to oral reading or a taped presentation. ask questions and form group discussions to get these kids talking. encourage dramatic presentations or role - plays. always read aloud any * characteristics - kelly is a kinesthetic learner. she sits at the front of a group so she can touch the object of the lesson. in a line, kelly is frequently told to \" keep your hands to yourself! \" kinesthetic learners enjoy touching or doing things. these children aren ' t attentive to visual or auditory presentations and so seem distracted. kin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4938510992593869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.367845"} {"text": "- about us - sw climate february 2012 la nina drought tracker february 08, 2012 / vol. 2 / issue 3 / drought tracker / a publication by climas after a wet december, more typical, dry la nina conditions returned in january. across arizona and new mexico precipitation generally was less than 50 percent of average, with large swaths of both states experiencing less than 25 percent of average ( top figure ). most of the west also experienced scant rain and snow, including the mountains of the upper colorado river basin, where about 70 percent of the water in the colorado river originates. in many la nina winters, the impacts of dry conditions are minimized by average or above - average snow in these mountains, which was the case last winter. this year, however, storms have been pushed farther north than typical by a dome of high - pressure off the northwestern coast. the pacific northwest, for example, which typically bares the brunt of winter storms during la nina, was exceptionally dry for most of december and january. warm conditions also accompanied january \u2019 s scarce precipitation. january temperatures were between 2 and 6 degrees f above average ( supplemental figure 1 ), which helped drive a precipitous decline in mountain snow. most of the country also experienced unseasonably mild temperatures, and many scientists point to the arctic oscillation ( ao ) as part of the cause. the ao describes changes in surface pressure in and around the arctic ( supplemental figure 2 ) that intensify or slacken the winds circulating the polar regions. in the positive phase of the ao, fierce winds prevent the frigid air from flowing south, while the reverse occurs during the negative phase. up until mid - january this winter, the ao was positive ( supplemental figure 3 ). historically, the confluence of a positive ao and la nina tends to bring warmer conditions to the southwest ( supplemental figure 4 ), jiving with temperatures in the region in the past month. the ao recently switched to negative and may help bring colder conditions in coming weeks ; the ao was negative during february 2011, when several cold snaps froze the region. drought conditions are still widespread and extend into mexico ( supplement figure 5 ). the soggy december spurred only minimal drought improvements because wet conditions did not persist. with a recent return of dry weather, moderate drought expanded in arizona by about 13 percent since january 3, most notably in central arizona ( bottom figure ). abnormally dry conditions or a more severe drought category currently cover more than 92 percent of both arizona and new mexico. forecasts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4294682754157315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.373868"} {"text": "weather, moderate drought expanded in arizona by about 13 percent since january 3, most notably in central arizona ( bottom figure ). abnormally dry conditions or a more severe drought category currently cover more than 92 percent of both arizona and new mexico. forecasts also suggest la nina will continue through the february \u2013 april period ( supplemental figure 6 ), likely bringing more dry weather. source : national resources conservation service - the amount of water contained in the snowpack, or snow water equivalent ( swe ), was largely below average in arizona and new mexico on february 6 ( left ) ; swe in southern mountains dropped by more than 50 percent from one month ago. - winter storms were few and far between in the upper colorado and rio grande basins in january. as of february 8, swe in these basins were reporting less than 80 percent of average ( supplemental figure 7 ). - early streamflow forecasts suggest only a 50 percent chance that the april \u2013 june flow into lake powell will be above 64 percent of average ( supplemental figure 8 ) ; streamflow forecasts progressively become more accurate as the winter advances. - the precipitation outlook for february \u2013 april calls for increased chances for below - average precipitation in all of arizona and new mexico ( right ). odds for below - average precipitation are 50 \u2013 60 percent in the southern tier of arizona and new mexico ( right ). there is greater than a 40 percent chance for below - average precipitation in all of arizona and new mexico for the february \u2013 april period. - the february \u2013 april outlook calls for increased odds of above - average temperature in all of arizona and new mexico ; odds for above - average temperatures are greater than 40 percent in all of new mexico and in eastern arizona ( supplemental figure 9 ). la nina conditions were present 16 times between 1950 and 2008. in this period, precipitation during the february \u2013 april period was often 0. 2 \u2013 2. 7 inches below average in most of arizona and northern new mexico ; central arizona experienced the most precipitation deficits ( supplemental figure 10 ). two inches is about 25 percent of the total winter precipitation in many areas. - the seasonal drought outlook calls for drought to persist or intensify in all of the southwest during the february \u2013 april period ( supplemental figure 11 ). this forecast is influenced by expectations for below - average precipitation and the continuation of la nina. - a looping jet stream, which often accompanies la nina events, combined with a negative arctic oscillation that allows cold polar air to waft south, could begin to ferry colder air", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4338641001235253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.375009"} {"text": "november 1, 2010 \u2014 space shuttle discovery is ready to fly its final flight this week, but where it will make its last landing is still up in the air. long thought destined for the smithsonian, nasa ' s oldest flying orbiter may actually end up elsewhere unless the washington, dc institution can find the millions of dollars needed to prepare discovery for delivery and display, collectspace has learned. the first of nasa ' s three remaining space shuttles set to retire after flying its last mission - - sts - 133, scheduled to launch nov. 3 at 3 : 52 p. m. edt - - discovery has been identified by nasa since 2008 as being set aside for the smithsonian. \" the national air and space museum has been offered the space shuttle discovery, \" nasa spokesman michael curie told collectspace almost two years ago when the agency first announced it would award its three orbiters - - discovery, atlantis and endeavour - - to museums. like the 20 other organizations that applied to nasa for a retired orbiter though, the smithsonian ' s national air and space museum would need to pay the then estimated $ 42 million to prepare and transport discovery to the museum, curie said. the cost, which lowered to $ 28. 8 million in january of this year, is still beyond the smithsonian ' s reach and nasa is not in the position to underwrite the cost, sources close to both the museum and space agency told collectspace. \" what if \" the smithsonian cannot afford discovery \" at this point, we ' re not in a position to go down the ' what if ' road, \" said robert jacobs, nasa ' s deputy associate administrator for communications. \" there have been discussions between nasa and the smithsonian about the issue, \" jacobs said, \" but i am not sure they are on - going at this point because the process has been put on hold. \" according to jacobs, nasa administrator charles bolden will ultimately make the final decision, but he has tabled all discussion of where discovery or any of the orbiters are going for museum display. \" we ' ve had a lot of other things on the agency ' s plate besides where the orbiters are going to go, \" said jacobs. \" the agency is focused on safely flying out the manifest. \" originally, nasa had said it would announce the homes for the shuttles by the end of the summer, but schedule changes - - including the delay of endeavour ' s final flight to february and the possible addition of another flight for atlantis in june 2011 - - resulted in the agency delaying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4774443836926627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.380866"} {"text": "would announce the homes for the shuttles by the end of the summer, but schedule changes - - including the delay of endeavour ' s final flight to february and the possible addition of another flight for atlantis in june 2011 - - resulted in the agency delaying the news \" they were pushing toward a decision, and [ then ] decided not to, \" said jacobs. the postponement has led to increased speculation inside and outside of nasa. according to sources internal to the agency, whether discovery still goes to the smithsonian changes on a week - by - week, if not day - by - day basis. inappropriate to comment after initially agreeing to provide interviews in support of this article, the smithsonian refused comment and instead provided a brief written statement. \" the national air and space museum appreciates nasa designating the smithsonian ' s national air and space museum as a repository for the shuttle orbiter discovery, \" began the statement. \" the museum has been involved in discussions with nasa about acquiring discovery and other artifacts from the shuttle program. \" \" it would be inappropriate to comment on plans, including funding, until arrangements are finalized. \" as part of the smithsonian institution, the national air and space museum is funded by federal and private sources, including by endowment, contributions and from the profits realized from retail sales. according to its website, the museum ' s annual budget is approximately $ 28 million - - just about the same amount nasa is requiring to deliver discovery - - which covers the national mall building ; its chantilly, virginia - based annex, the steven f. udvar - hazy center ; and the paul e. garber preservation, restoration and storage facility located in suitland, maryland. according to nasa, the $ 28. 8 million being asked is not a price tag, but rather is the sum of two component costs : $ 8. 3 million to ferry the orbiter atop nasa ' s modified boeing 747 shuttle carrier aircraft, and $ 20. 5 million for \" display preparation, \" including setting up the crew cabin in flight configuration and installing structural shells and skins in place of hazardous systems that will be removed at nasa ' s expense. as these expenses are not included within nasa ' s 2011 budget, the museums - - including the smithsonian - - must assume their cost to be eligible to receive an orbiter. the smithsonian ' s 2011 budget request to congress does not include a substantial increase to the national air and space museum ' s funding, nor does it include among its planned activities mention of accessioning an orbiter. the budget documents do however, mention the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46926993504128095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.381890"} {"text": "the smithsonian ' s 2011 budget request to congress does not include a substantial increase to the national air and space museum ' s funding, nor does it include among its planned activities mention of accessioning an orbiter. the budget documents do however, mention the on - going efforts by the institution to raise private funds to complete \" phase two \" of the udvar - hazy, including the move of the garber facility to a new wing under construction at the virginia annex. ( a congressional mandate prohibits federal funds from being used for construction. ) championing for a champion the smithsonian already owns a space shuttle orbiter - - the prototype enterprise used for glide and landing tests in the late 1970s. should the institution obtain the funding, the plan is to replace enterprise with discovery on display at the udvar - hazy center. why then does the smithsonian desire discovery? other than enterprise having never flown in space, the national air and space museum specifically favors discovery over atlantis and endeavour because it is the fleet leader. \" we consider it to be the champion of all the orbiters because when the program ends, it will have flown the most missions, \" said curator valerie neal in an august 2010 interview with the radio news show the takeaway. ( collectspace requested to speak to neal for this article but the museum declined ). \" it will retire with 39 missions and because it is the oldest of the remaining orbiters, it has the most varied history. it has flown every kind of mission that the shuttle program was designed to fly, \" said neal. congress has yet to weigh in specifically about discovery or any other orbiter going to the smithsonian. in a recently passed nasa authorization act though, congress did insert language addressing the shuttles ' retirement and in doing so, implied that the national air and space museum should be considered for a retired flown orbiter. \" the smithsonian institution... shall determine any new location for the enterprise, \" the bill states. it was signed into law by president obama last month. the astronaut commanding discovery ' s final flight, steven lindsey has said in media interviews that he expects the orbiter to go to the smithsonian. asked by collectspace about the possibility of discovery not going there, lindsey focused his reply on what he hoped exhibiting the orbiter would achieve, regardless of where it was retired. \" in terms of it being displayed, i have several criteria and i don ' t think you can meet them all at the same time, \" he said. \" i would like it to be displayed in a place where the most people can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46109630592853307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.383020"} {"text": "bicycle safety : new law helps protect cyclist a new maryland legislation that would impose stiffer fines and penalties on negligent drivers in bicycle accidents has once again highlighted the importance of bicycle safety. the recently - passed statute would impose a fine of up to $ 5, 000 and three years in jail. prior to this new legislation, drivers only faced a fine of up to $ 300 and some points on their license. around 20 other states have already adopted similar punishments and fees as the new maryland legislation. however, legislation or not, bicyclists should try to take some simple safety tips to heart. when sharing the road, it is all too easy for accidents to occur, even if both the bicyclist and the driver are being cautious. tip # 1 : some jurisdictions actually allow bicyclists to cycle on sidewalks. of course, you should check your city ' s ordinances first to be absolutely sure. cycling on the sidewalk can help you avoid any unnecessary run - ins with unruly drivers, though it also creates the possibility that you might hit pedestrians, so continue to take extra care. tip # 2 : be informed about dangerous intersections. some streets are just more dangerous than others due to general traffic conditions, or due to blind spots. ask friends who cycle regularly, or do an internet search. san francisco has a bike accident tracker that gives information on collisions and where they often take place. tip # 3 : wear the appropriate gear. helmets won ' t necessary prevent fatal accidents, but they can offer some element of protection. wearing bright colors at night can help distinguish you against the darkness. invest in a headlight or some other light to attach on your bike so that cars can actually see you. tip # 4 : keep track of where your bike is - and where cars are. all too often, drivers may be looking one way to look out for car traffic, but then pull out and hit a bike. some simple tips about what to do in various situations and different intersections can help save you from injury. such as, did you know that a common bike accident occurs when a driver opens their door - and the bicyclist runs into it? being aware of your surroundings can definitely go a long way. while this is in no ways a complete list of bicycle safety tips, it ' s a start to help you get biking in the right direction. - rules of road for bicyclists proposed ( baltimore sun ) - many drivers and cyclists still need some education ( greater greater washington ) - bicycle accidents (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38181345780528253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.385597"} {"text": "the u. s. consumer product safety commission ( cpsc ) warns residents in the path of hurricane ophelia in north carolina and nearby coastal communities to take special precautions. \" based on our experience with hurricane katrina on the gulf coast, people often use portable generators when their power is knocked out, \" said cpsc chairman hal stratton. \" but if you don ' t use them safely, you risk deadly carbon monoxide poisoning. never use a generator inside the house or attached garage. keep it a safe distance from your home. don ' t take a chance. \" unofficial estimates indicate at least 11 deaths and numerous injuries have been attributed to carbon monoxide poisoning stemming from portable generators used in the aftermath of hurricane katrina on the gulf coast. the commission provided these important life - saving tips : - never use a portable generator indoors \u2013 including garages, basements, crawlspaces and sheds. opening doors and windows or using fans will not prevent co buildup in the home. - during use, keep portable generators outdoors and far away from open doors, windows and vents, which can allow co to build up indoors. - if you start to feel sick, dizzy or weak while using a generator, get to fresh air right away. the co from generators can readily lead to full incapacitation and death. - keep generators dry and wait for the rain to pass before using a generator. consumer - grade generators are not weatherproof and can pose the risk of electrocution and shock when used in wet conditions. - do not connect the generator directly into your home ' s electrical system through a receptacle outlet \u2013 this is an extremely dangerous practice that poses a fire hazard and an electrocution hazard to utility workers and neighbors served by the same transformer. - if using a generator, plug individual appliances into heavy duty, outdoor - rated extension cords and plug cords into the generator. - check that the extension cords have a wire gauge adequate for the appliance loads and have all three prongs, including a grounding pin. - keep charcoal grills outside. never use them indoors. burning charcoal in an enclosed space can produce lethal levels of carbon monoxide poisoning. - check to make sure your smoke alarms and carbon monoxide alarms have batteries and are working. wet carpets and furniture are dangerous to your health - discard water - damaged mattresses, wicker furniture, straw baskets and the like that have been water damaged. these cannot be recovered. - throw out wet room - size carpets, drapes, upholstered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43829016197288206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.389434"} {"text": "furniture are dangerous to your health - discard water - damaged mattresses, wicker furniture, straw baskets and the like that have been water damaged. these cannot be recovered. - throw out wet room - size carpets, drapes, upholstered furniture, stuffed toys, ceiling tiles and anything that can ' t be picked up and cleaned by dry cleaning, steam cleaning or put in a washing machine or dryer. - remove and replace wet insulation. - microorganisms may grow in these water - damaged products and may cause allergic reactions and infections. for more information, go to http : / / www. cpsc. gov / cpscpub / pubs / 425. html avoid electrical and gas hazards - look for signs that your appliances have gotten wet. discard electrical or gas appliances that have been wet because they pose electric shock and fire hazards. - before using your appliances, have a professional or your gas or electric company evaluate your home and replace all gas control valves, circuit breakers, and fuses that have been under water. dangers to children - medicines and chemicals should be thrown away. water may have infected the integrity of the medicine. the u. s. department of health and human services offers additional safety tips. for more information, go to fda drug safety site - young children and water don ' t mix. watch children around buckets, tubs and standing water in and around the home. even small amounts of water can be a drowning hazard. the u. s. consumer product safety commission is charged with protecting the public from unreasonable risks of injury or death associated with the use of the thousands of consumer products under the agency ' s jurisdiction. deaths, injuries and property damage from consumer product incidents cost the nation more than $ 900 billion annually. cpsc is committed to protecting consumers and families from products that pose a fire, electrical, chemical or mechanical hazard. cpsc ' s work to ensure the safety of consumer products - such as toys, cribs, power tools, cigarette lighters and household chemicals - contributed to a decline in the rate of deaths and injuries associated with consumer products over the past 30 years. federal law bars any person from selling products subject to a publicly - announced voluntary recall by a manufacturer or a mandatory recall ordered by the commission. to report a dangerous product or a product - related injury go online to www. saferproducts. gov or call cpsc ' s hotline at ( 800 ) 638 - 2772 or teletypewriter at ( 301 ) 595 - 7054", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4527523953539918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.391869"} {"text": "we ' re on the brink of summer, seattle ' s biggest outdoor season. more likely than not, one day in the next few months you ' ll find yourself gazing out at puget sound. the waters will be sparkling, the rugged olympics or cascades will make a spectacular backdrop and overhead \u2014 for a couple of days in august \u2014 might be, as perry como sang, \" the bluest skies you ' ve ever seen.... \" if you ' re lucky, you ' ll be out there on a boat, perhaps on one of the innumerable pleasure craft or on a ferry crossing elliott bay. you ' ll point out the visible wonders to your fellow shipmates, and your out - of - town guests will be in awe. but the reality is, you might as well be the little yachtsman in the old bathroom cleanser commercials : the man from ty - d - bol. indeed, he probably sailed on cleaner waters in a freshly scrubbed toilet. the fact is, puget sound is a toxic dump and a sewer. sure, we ' ve heard that puget sound needs to be cleaned up. but even knowing the sound ' s long history of industry around its edges \u2014 and that sometimes septic tanks leak into its waters \u2014 it looks so damn good. how can anything be wrong? puget sound ' s pollution isn ' t the kind that sets waters on fire, as happened to the old cuyahoga river in cleveland, ohio, once upon a time. it ' s a quiet, almost invisible disaster. the sound is an arm of the sea, and it ' s deep. that ' s what attracted so many settlers, adventurers and city builders : good ports and protected waters. in the last 150 years, humans have swarmed into the puget sound basin, some 4 million of us. the sound is now suffering, but its pain is masked by its pristine surface. the deep waters hide much of the problem : in sediments and throughout the food chain, our presence is being felt. take this shocking figure, reported in the olympian earlier this year. the number - one source of pollution in the sound isn ' t industry, it ' s us. runoff from our roads, sidewalks, driveways, etc. is the biggest single source of pollutants, according to the state department of ecology. every year, 22, 580 metric tons of oil and petroleum flow in just from this source. to put that in perspective, that ' s roughly the equivalent of an exxon valdez - size oil spill every other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44889666046603427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.396371"} {"text": "to the state department of ecology. every year, 22, 580 metric tons of oil and petroleum flow in just from this source. to put that in perspective, that ' s roughly the equivalent of an exxon valdez - size oil spill every other year. this in a body of water from which oil tankers are banned. can you imagine the outrage if we ' d had 10 exxon valdez spills in the last 20 years? much of the pollution flowing into the sea is more personal. the sound ' s chinook salmon have high levels of flame retardants, the kind of chemicals used to make your upholstery and pajamas fire resistant. every drug we put into our bodies finds its way into the water, mostly through the sewer system ( what goes in, comes out, eventually, and not everything is \" treated \" at your local sewage treatment plant ). what finds its way into the water eventually gets into the creatures that live there. on the east coast, a study showed that chemicals from the anti - depressant prozac were altering the reproductive cycles of mussels. and our lifestyle is a factor, too. in california, some sea otters have been infected with parasites that can only have come from pet cats, presumably when their poop is flushed down the toilet or washed away by rain. last year, researchers detected elevated levels of vanilla extract and cinnamon in puget sound right around thanksgiving, evidence that traces of our seasonal diet, cookies and all, are reflected in our waste and, therefore, in our waters. the onslaught of christmas fruitcake could have consequences! our impact on the environment is so extensive that we really have to begin rethinking the whole concept of \" wilderness. \" all that beauty we look at from our decks or high - rise offices is not what it appears to be. a six - year study by the environmental protection agency ' s national health and environmental effects laboratory found that even the most remote parts of our national parks are polluted. it found high levels of mercury in fish in lakes of the olympics and mount rainier. citizens have been trying to mobilize to \" save \" puget sound for decades. the government is working on the problem with task forces and studies. but a sense of urgency is still lacking. one recent poll asked central puget sound - area residents what the top priority for state government was. only 2 percent named cleaning up puget sound. it ' s hard to take a crisis seriously when it looks so pretty. like what you just read?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44217111951313437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.397511"} {"text": "commemorating international roma day by dr. angel w. colon - rivera april 8th marks international roma day \u2013 a day to remember that europe \u2019 s largest ethnic minority still faces anti - roma violence, violations of their human rights, discrimination, and systematic marginalization, so that many have difficulty meeting their basic human needs, such as education, housing, health care and, in some cases, even clean water. in a number of osce participating states, roma live in segregated communities, their children attend segregated schools, and they are discriminated against in employment and other areas of public life. in some osce countries, roma are subject to violence or threat of violence on a daily basis. the helsinki commission has long monitored and reported on human rights violations against roma and other ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities. in the early 1990s, the commission issued a series of reports on osce countries making the transition from communism to democracy \u2013 almost every report identified the deteriorating situation of roma as a problem. commissioners have addressed violations of roma rights through hearings and briefings, engagement with representatives of the osce participating states, and by encouraging the department of state to ensure that human rights violations of persons belonging to romani communities are appropriately reported in the annual country reports on human rights. last year, the commission hosted two special roundtables in washington for representatives of osce embassies to elevate the discussion of romani human rights concerns : the first, in january, was a conversation with andrzej mirga, the osce senior advisor for romani issues ; the second, in october, was with viktoria mohacsi, who had served as one of two romani mps in the european parliament and was a recipient of the human rights first 2010 award. during the osce review conference in warsaw, the commission also organized a meeting for the u. s. delegation with romani participants, many of whom are now advisors to their governments. the discussion focused on mass expulsions of roma from france and the dangerous rise in anti - roma political rhetoric in much of europe. commissioners have paid particular attention to the escalation of anti - roma violence in the czech republic and hungary, and to comments by public figures in a number of countries associating roma with criminality \u2013 discourse that echoes the rhetoric of the nazi period. in september and october of 2011, the osce will hold its annual human dimension implementation meeting, where one of this year \u2019 s special topics will be \u201c enhancing implementation of osce commitments regarding roma and sinti. \u201d the osce chair - in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39373067184461336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.401147"} {"text": "- our story - in memory caf ' s dr. tanzi on the latest on alzheimer ' s disease genes the four known alzheimer \u2019 s genes over the past several decades, it has become increasingly clear that inheritance plays a major role in alzheimer \u2019 s disease. the roughly 25, 000 genes in the human genome are comprised of deoxyribonucleic acid ( dna ) packaged into 24 different chromosomes, 1 - 22, x and y. a gene \u2019 s job is to either make proteins or control the activity of other genes. over many generations, the dna of a gene can mutate to create a \u201c variant \u201d. a very rare dna variant is called a \u201c mutation \u201d, while a variant that is common in the population is called a \u201c polymorphism \u201d. dna variants allow for all of us to be a little different from each other. there are about 3 million variants that differ between any two individuals. variants in certain genes can directly cause a disease like alzheimer \u2019 s, can increase susceptibility to disease, or can even confer protection against disease. one \u2019 s risk for most age - related diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and alzheimer \u2019 s is strongly influenced by our genes. for all of these age - related diseases, we know of mutations that guarantee onset of these diseases with no need for input from any other genes or environmental factors. and, we know of polymorphisms that can increase ( or decrease ) one \u2019 s susceptibility to the disease, but without guaranteeing onset of the disease. in this latter case, other genes and environmental factors usually conspire together to determine when and whether one will get disease. any gene which can contain a variant ( s ) that significantly influence one \u2019 s susceptibility to alzheimer \u2019 s, whether it be to guarantee the disease or serve to increase ( or decrease ) risk, is called an \u201c alzheimer \u2019 s gene \u201d. it is important to remember that all genes are \u201c good \u201d ; it is only the variants in the dna of these genes that can influence one \u2019 s lifetime risk for a disorder such as alzheimer \u2019 s disease. in the 1980 \u2019 s and 90 \u2019 s, my laboratory co - discovered the three known genes that can carry mutations causing early - onset ( < 60 yrs ) familial alzheimer \u2019 s disease. these three genes, known as app, psen1 and psen2, can harbor any of over 200 different gene mutations that guarantee onset of alzheimer \u2019 s at a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49333134682887453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.417553"} {"text": "onset ( < 60 yrs ) familial alzheimer \u2019 s disease. these three genes, known as app, psen1 and psen2, can harbor any of over 200 different gene mutations that guarantee onset of alzheimer \u2019 s at a relatively early age with no need for additional input from other genes or environmental factors. these mutations are rare, accounting for only 1 - 2 % of alzheimer \u2019 s cases. inheritance of one of these mutations from just one parent virtually guarantees onset of alzheimer \u2019 s, usually by 60 years old. if a parent carries such a mutation, each child has a 50 % chance of inheriting the same mutation and getting early - onset alzheimer \u2019 s disease with virtual certainty before 60 years old. genetic testing is available for the early - onset alzheimer \u2019 s gene mutations, but is usually reserved for those who have a family history of early - onset alzheimer \u2019 s disease. the fourth known alzheimer \u2019 s gene is apoe. in the early 1990 \u2019 s, investigators at duke university found that a common gene variant ( polymorphism ) of apoe, called epsilon 4, can increase risk for late - onset ( > 60 yrs ) alzheimer \u2019 s disease. this variant is present in about 20 % of the general population but this increases to > 50 % in alzheimer \u2019 s patients. unlike the early - onset ad gene mutations, this variant does not guarantee alzheimer \u2019 s, but only serves to increase risk. inheriting one copy of the variant ( from one parent ) increases risk by 4 - fold ( versus the general population ) and two copies ( from both parents ), > 10 - fold. importantly, a person can inherit the apoe epsilon 4 gene variant from one or both parents and never get alzheimer \u2019 s in the span of a normal lifetime. with regard to genetic testing for the common late - onset form of alzheimer \u2019 s, we are not yet able to do so reliably. this is because the apoe epsilon 4 gene variant is not sufficient on it \u2019 s own to predict one \u2019 s risk for alzheimer \u2019 s reliably. other genes and environmental factors need to combine with the apoe epsilon 4 gene variant to cause alzheimer \u2019 s. some gene variants can exacerbate while others mitigate the risk for alzheimer \u2019 s conferred by the apoe epsilon 4 gene variant. and, we do not yet know the full set of gene variants that can increase or decrease risk for alzheimer \u2019 s when inherited together with the apoe epsilon 4 gene variant. thus, apoe gene testing is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4763433939770053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.418934"} {"text": "the apoe epsilon 4 gene variant. and, we do not yet know the full set of gene variants that can increase or decrease risk for alzheimer \u2019 s when inherited together with the apoe epsilon 4 gene variant. thus, apoe gene testing is not recommended as a sole means for predicting alzheimer \u2019 s risk. the other late - onset alzheimer \u2019 s genes must first be identified in order to reliably test for risk for late - onset alzheimer \u2019 s disease. so how many other alzheimer \u2019 s genes are there? we know that the four known alzheimer \u2019 s genes, app, psen1, psen2, and apoe account for roughly 30 % of the inheritance of alzheimer \u2019 s. thus, 70 % of the genetics of alzheimer \u2019 s remains undefined. we as well as others have been engaged in comprehensive projects to find the other alzheimer \u2019 s genes. once we have all of the alzheimer \u2019 s genes in hand, we will be able to more reliably predict one \u2019 s lifetime risk for the common late - onset form of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. however, one might ask, \u201c why bother to test if there is nothing we can currently do to prevent, stop, or reverse it? \u201d this is certainly a fair question since we still do not have drugs that stop the disease process in alzheimer \u2019 s. we only have drugs like aricept and namenda that modestly and temporarily alleviate the symptoms of cognitive decline, but without affecting the progress of the disease. we need to do better more effective therapies for alzheimer \u2019 s, but how do we get there? first we need to identify all of the genes and variants involved in influencing risk for alzheimer \u2019 s disease. studies of the known alzheimer \u2019 s disease genes ( the four previously mentioned ) have provided the vast majority of information being used to guide novel drug discovery aimed at preventing, stopping and maybe even reversing alzheimer \u2019 s disease. every new alzheimer \u2019 s gene defect we find provides new clues regarding the cause of the disease what we need to do to stop the disease. thus far, all four genes have pointed to a small protein called \u201c abeta \u201d as the cause. abeta is normally made in the brain, but is found in excessive amounts in the brains of alzheimer \u2019 s patients, e. g. in senile plaques that litter the alzheimer \u2019 s brain around nerve cells. small clumps of abeta can gum up the connections between nerve cells known as synapses. billions of nerve cells in the brain form trillion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4793101257793591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.420572"} {"text": ", e. g. in senile plaques that litter the alzheimer \u2019 s brain around nerve cells. small clumps of abeta can gum up the connections between nerve cells known as synapses. billions of nerve cells in the brain form trillions of synapses making up our neural network. the neural network, in all its complexity, is needed for all brain function, including memory and learning. excessive abeta disrupts synaptic communication between nerve cells leading to loss of memory and learning and eventually dementia. dementia is defined as global and catastrophic cognitive failure ; alzheimer \u2019 s disease is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. beyond the original four alzheimer \u2019 s genes most drug discovery for alzheimer \u2019 s today is based on studies of the four original alzheimer \u2019 s genes. but, we know that there are many more alzheimer \u2019 s genes yet to be identified. since 2005, the cure alzheimer \u2019 s fund has supported a project called the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project ( agp ), carried out in my laboratory at massachusetts general hospital. the goal of this project is to study 5000 families with multiple members who are affected with the common late - onset form of alzheimer \u2019 s disease in an effort to identify all of the other alzheimer \u2019 s genes. in addition to the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project, the international genomics of alzheimer ' s project ( igap a consortium of dozens of research institutions in europe and the u. s., in which we are members ), uses tens of thousands of individual alzheimer \u2019 s cases from the general population in the u. s. and europe, to find common dna variants that influence risk for alzheimer \u2019 s. the family - based method of our alzheimer \u2019 s genome project and the population - based method of igap have identified some of the same alzheimer \u2019 s genes, but also find different ones with different effects on risk. in the family - based studies of the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project, we are able to find not only common dna variants that influence one \u2019 s risk for alzheimer \u2019 s, but also rare mutations that profoundly affect risk or for the disease or directly cause it. the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project places a high priority on finding these rare but very potent gene mutations because historically, amongst the four known alzheimer \u2019 s genes, it has been the rare early - onset familial alzheimer \u2019 s gene mutations that have been most effectively guiding drug discovery efforts. this is mainly because hard - hitting mutations have clear - cut adverse effects on biological systems, which can be elegant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.56677617764708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.422736"} {"text": ", it has been the rare early - onset familial alzheimer \u2019 s gene mutations that have been most effectively guiding drug discovery efforts. this is mainly because hard - hitting mutations have clear - cut adverse effects on biological systems, which can be elegantly recapitulated in animal models. this then allows for more effective drug discovery and development. along these lines, one of the first new alzheimer \u2019 s genes to be identified in the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project was adam10. this gene was specifically chosen for testing as a potential alzheimer \u2019 s gene because like the four original alzheimer \u2019 s genes, it affects the production of abeta in the brain. we identified two rare mutations in this gene that strongly predispose carriers to alzheimer \u2019 s disease at around 70 years old. these two mutations were found in only 7 ( of 1000 ad families tested ). thus, they are very rare. we have recently demonstrated these two mutations dramatically impair the activity of adam10. adam10 normally blocks the production of abeta. accordingly, we have found that these two rare mutations greatly enhance alzheimer \u2019 s amyloid pathology in animal - based models of the disease. with the validation of these mutations to be \u201c pathogenic \u201d, or disease causing, the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project considers adam10 to be the fifth alzheimer \u2019 s gene. we published the original findings showing adam10 to carry rare mutations causing alzheimer \u2019 s disease in 2008 in the prestigious scientific journal, human molecular genetics. the publication of the validation data from transgenic mouse models is planned for the coming year in 2011. also beginning in 2005, with cure alzheimer \u2019 s fund support, as part of the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project, we carried out the first family - based \u201c genome - wide association study \u201d for new alzheimer \u2019 s genes. this entailed a screen of the entire human genome in patients and their relatives in thousands of alzheimer \u2019 s families. the first phase of this study was completed in 2008 and led to the identification of over 100 new alzheimer \u2019 s candidate genes. we reported the top four alzheimer \u2019 s candidate genes from this study in 2008 ; it was named by time / cnn to be one of the ten top medical research breakthroughs of 2008. the cure alzheimer \u2019 s fund alzheimer \u2019 s genome project was the first large - scale study of the human genome performed in the world on the world \u2019 s largest collection of families affected by alzheimer \u2019 s disease. it was also the first genome - wide study for alzheimer \u2019 s in the world to discover novel alzheimer \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5348807522751915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.424096"} {"text": "large - scale study of the human genome performed in the world on the world \u2019 s largest collection of families affected by alzheimer \u2019 s disease. it was also the first genome - wide study for alzheimer \u2019 s in the world to discover novel alzheimer \u2019 s gene candidates with statistically significant results and confirmation in thousands of subject from families with a high incidence of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. the four new alzheimer \u2019 s genes reported by the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project in 2008 in the american journal of human genetics included : atxn1, cd33, gwa14q34, and dlgap1. atxn1 is known to carry mutations that cause another neurodegenerative disease called spinal cerebellar ataxia, a movement disorder. we found that when this gene is inactive, abeta levels increase dramatically leading to cognitive decline in mouse models. another gene, cd33, is perhaps the most interesting since it controls the brain \u2019 s innate immune system and inflammation in the brain. in a related study funded by the cure alzheimer \u2019 s fund, abeta was found to play a role in the brain \u2019 s innate immunity system. cd33 regulates the brain \u2019 s immune system and concurrently, levels of abeta. we are now developing cd33 as a drug target for alzheimer \u2019 s based on the genetic findings of the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project. it should be emphasized that without the cure alzheimer \u2019 s fund alzheimer \u2019 s genome project we would probably have never guessed that genes like atxn1 and cd33 might be involved with alzheimer \u2019 s. as part of the current activities of the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project, we are now testing these as well as over one hundred other new alzheimer \u2019 s candidate genes, coming out of our genome screen, to identify all of the dna variants and mutations that influence risk for alzheimer \u2019 s in the five thousand alzheimer \u2019 s families under study in the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project. we are specifically searching for dna mutations and variants in these genes that very strongly affect risk for onset of alzheimer \u2019 s. as new defects are found in these genes, we will not only increase our ability to reliably predict risk for alzheimer \u2019 s, but more importantly, garner new clues regarding the causes of alzheimer \u2019 s, and in doing so, gather new ideas and biological targets for novel drug discovery aimed at preventing, stopping and reversing alzheimer \u2019 s disease. in the parallel screen for new alzheimer \u2019 s genes conducted by the igap, the dna from tens of thousands of individual alzheimer \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5279573964289057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.425103"} {"text": "new ideas and biological targets for novel drug discovery aimed at preventing, stopping and reversing alzheimer \u2019 s disease. in the parallel screen for new alzheimer \u2019 s genes conducted by the igap, the dna from tens of thousands of individual alzheimer \u2019 s patients was compared to the dna of elderly subjects without alzheimer \u2019 s to find common variants that influence risk for alzheimer \u2019 s. in 2009, this led to the identification of four new alzheimer \u2019 s gene candidates called picalm, clu, cr1, and bin1. more recently in april 2011, igap found four more alzheimer \u2019 s genes called cd2ap, ms4a, epha1, and abca7. in addition, they found alzheimer \u2019 s risk to be influenced by the gene cd33, which was first reported by our alzheimer \u2019 s genome project in 2008. it should be noted for the sake of clarity that the igap had stated in their reports and press releases that they had increased the number of known late - onset genes from \u201c five to ten \u201d. however, these numbers only pertained to studies of individual alzheimer \u2019 s patients in the general population screened in igap, and not the family - based alzheimer \u2019 s genes reported by the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project. the igap considered the original five late - onset alzheimer \u2019 s genes to be apoe ( discovered as mentioned earlier at duke u. in the early 1990 \u2019 s ), picalm, clu, cr1, and bin1. they then considered the next five to be cd2ap, ms4a, epha1, abca7, and cd33. however, as mentioned above, cd33 had been already identified earlier in our alzheimer \u2019 s genome project in 2008, which was reported in the major scientific journal, the american journal of human genetics. in the igap announcement, they also overlooked the other three late onset genes, which had been discovered three years earlier in our alzheimer \u2019 s genome project. so, in fact, with the 8 new genes reported by igap and the 5 new genes reported by the agp, there have been 13 new late onset alzheimer \u2019 s genes discovered in the last 5 years, which, when added to the discovery of apoe yields 14 total late onset genes now reported in the scientific literature. to that total would be added the 3 early onset genes co - discovered by dr. tanzi and colleagues to reach a total of alzheimer \u2019 s genes discovered of 17. in addition, dr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5031754415255609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.426003"} {"text": "14 total late onset genes now reported in the scientific literature. to that total would be added the 3 early onset genes co - discovered by dr. tanzi and colleagues to reach a total of alzheimer \u2019 s genes discovered of 17. in addition, dr. tanzi and agp have also identified over 100 unpublished alzheimer \u2019 s candidate genes that are currently being confirmed and validated for publication over the coming year. with regard to effects on risk, all of the new alzheimer \u2019 s gene candidates reported by the igap carry common dna variants that confer only tiny effects on risk. specifically, according to igap, the new genes contain common dna variants that are present in a large proportion ( 30 - 70 % ) of the general population, but only increase or decrease risk for a given individual by a mere 10 - 20 %. in contrast, the epsilon 4 variant in apoe, which is present in 20 % of the population, increases risk by 400 \u2013 1200 %! and the adam gene just discovered by the agp increases risk for the individuals who have it by about 500 % with regard to the cd33 gene, which was identified as an alzheimer \u2019 s gene in both our alzheimer \u2019 s genome project in 2008 and the igap in 2011, each project actually discovered different alzheimer \u2019 s - associated dna variants in this gene. in our family - based alzheimer \u2019 s gene study, we originally reported a relatively uncommon variant in cd33 that increases risk for alzheimer \u2019 s in a subset ( < 100 ) of the 5000 alzheimer \u2019 s families we studied. in contrast, the igap discovered a very common variant in cd33, present in about 50 % of the population that conferred only marginal protection against alzheimer \u2019 s ( decreasing risk by only 11 % ). the fact that we now know of two different alzheimer \u2019 s - associated dna variants in the cd33 gene from multiple alzheimer \u2019 s samples increases the odds that cd33, is a bona fide alzheimer \u2019 s gene. as with all of the new genes found in the genome - wide association screens of the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project and igap, the next critical step is to identify all of the dna variants and mutations in these genes that increase or decrease risk for late - onset alzheimer \u2019 s disease. the cure alzheimer \u2019 s fund continues to support these efforts. we are currently screening over a 100 new alzheimer \u2019 s candidate genes found in the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project along with those found in the igap, to identify the all of dna variants and mutations in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5103543928845788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.426956"} {"text": "\u2019 s fund continues to support these efforts. we are currently screening over a 100 new alzheimer \u2019 s candidate genes found in the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project along with those found in the igap, to identify the all of dna variants and mutations in these genes that influence risk for alzheimer \u2019 s disease. elucidating the full deck of alzheimer \u2019 s - associated gene variants and mutations and understanding the interrelationships among them is is necessary to fully understand all of the biological processes that are affected in alzheimer \u2019 s disease. this will give us the best odds of reliably predicting the disease early in life ( with appropriate counseling and legal protection ). but, most importantly, the full set of alzheimer \u2019 s genes and the knowledge of how they biologically influence risk for disease will continue to provide the most critical information needed to guide the development of new and effective therapies aimed at preventing, stopping or reversing alzheimer \u2019 s disease. finally, it should be noted that whether a dna mutation in an alzheimer \u2019 s gene is rare and restricted to a small subset of families or more broadly observed in the general population, most believe that new drugs or therapies for alzheimer \u2019 s based on what is learned from that mutation will be useful in preventing and treating all cases of alzheimer \u2019 s. as noted above, in the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project, we place a high priority on family - based gene studies of alzheimer \u2019 s since there we have the highest odds of finding dna mutations with very strong effects on risk for alzheimer \u2019 s, akin to those of the early - onset familial alzheimer \u2019 s disease gene mutations discussed above. these mutations are most useful for driving successful drug discovery since their biological effects on the disease process are of much greater impact and more clear - cut in terms of mechanism by which they cause disease. they also lend themselves to more useful animal models for drug testing. ultimately, the full list of alzheimer \u2019 s genes emerging from the family - based genetic studies of the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project and the population - based studies of igap getting us closer and closer to someday being able to eradicate alzheimer \u2019 s disease using a strategy of early prediction and early intervention. alzheimer \u2019 s genes identified to date ( total of 17 ) : early - onset familial alzheimer \u2019 s disease genes ( onset < age 60 ) : late onset genes ( onset > age 60 ) : adam 10 ( 2008 ) * * * co - discovered in tanzi laboratory * * discovered by the cure alzheimer \u2019 fund alzheimer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5259368288675299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.427939"} {"text": "##milial alzheimer \u2019 s disease genes ( onset < age 60 ) : late onset genes ( onset > age 60 ) : adam 10 ( 2008 ) * * * co - discovered in tanzi laboratory * * discovered by the cure alzheimer \u2019 fund alzheimer \u2019 s genome project in alzheimer \u2019 s families - these genes are expected to contain dna variants that significantly increase risk for alzheimer \u2019 s. * * * discovered by the igap - these genes are expected to contain dna variants that are common in the general population but which have only tiny effects on risk for alzheimer \u2019 s. n. b. the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project has also discovered over 100 additional alzheimer \u2019 s candidate genes that are in the process of being confirmed and validated. in addition, the cure alzheimer \u2019 fund supports a website called alzgene http : / / alzgene. org, in which we are tracking all of the alzheimer \u2019 s candidate genes reported in the scientific literature, including their ongoing testing for confirmation as bona fide alzheimer \u2019 s disease genes. with regard to functional effects, the above list of 17 alzheimer \u2019 s genes can be divided into four major categories based on their known or predicted biological effects on alzheimer \u2019 s risk : 1. the production and clearance of abeta, the major protein in beta - amyloid deposits in the brains of alzheimer \u2019 s patients ( app, psen1, psen2, apoe, adam10, atxn1, cd33, clu ) 2. cholesterol metabolism ( apoe, clu, abca7 ) 3. the innate immune system and inflammation ( apoe, cd33, clu, cr1 ) 4. cell signaling and protein trafficking ( picalm, bin1, epha1, cd2ap )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46793473341606984, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.428554"} {"text": "salaam and greetings of peace : \u201c i was a hidden treasure and wanted to be known. \u201d this is the beginning of probably the most famous hadith qudsi, or extra - qur \u2019 anic word of god, hadits - e kanz - e makf. its more correct translation might be as follows : \u201c i was a treasure unknown then i desired to be known so i created a creation to which i made myself known ; then they knew me. \u201d tradition says that it is the divine response to the prophet david \u2019 s query, when he asked about the purpose of creation. these are not the words of the prophet muhammad ( saw ), and no chain of transmission is known for this hadith, whether sound or weak, as ibn taymiyya and others state. but the meaning is true and is inferred from q51 : 56 : \u201c i created the jinn and humankind only that they may worship me! \u201d meaning \u201c that they may know me \u201d as the prophet \u2019 s ( saw ) cousin ibn abbas explained it. since human beings were created in his image ( as self - aware consciousnesses evolved in a physical body ), all human beings are also hidden treasures to each other. and all have this deep desire to be known. so, all of us create our own little worlds, each according to his or her capabilities of love, talents, and gifts. of course it is a limited and ephemeral world, not comparable with almighty allah \u2019 s creation, but part of our nature nonetheless : ) - edited and adapted from a post on br. fahad \u2019 s freelance blog.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5557342871645274, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.430171"} {"text": "you can view the current or previous issues of diabetes health online, in their entirety, anytime you want. click here to view latest bariatric surgery articles popular bariatric surgery articles highly recommended bariatric surgery articles send a link to this page to your friends and colleagues. this press release is an announcement submitted by monash university centre for obesity research and education, and was not written by diabetes health. a new world - first study by monash university researchers has found gastric banding surgery has a profound impact on one of society ' s biggest health issues - diabetes. the study, published today in journal of the american medical association ( jama ), found obese patients with type 2 diabetes who underwent gastric banding were five times more likely to have their diabetes go into long term remission, compared with patients who engaged in conventional weight loss therapies, such as a controlled calorie diet and exercise. the four - year study, which was led by drs john dixon and paul o ' brien from monash university ' s centre for obesity research and education ( core ), monitored 60 volunteers for two years who underwent significant weight loss of more than 10 per cent of their body weight. dr dixon said of those who underwent gastric banding surgery, 73 per cent achieved remission for type 2 diabetes, compared to just 13 percent of the people who underwent conventional therapy. \" our study presents strong evidence that obese patients with a body mass index greater than 30 with type 2 diabetes need to lose a significant amount of weight to improve their overall health and glycemic management, \" dr dixon said. \" our study shows that gastric banding surgery can assist those patients to achieve this - and with sustained results. \" professor o ' brien said obesity and type 2 diabetes were strongly linked and combine to present one of the greatest public health problems facing our community. \" we found that the amount of weight loss was a key determinant of effectiveness. most of those losing ten per cent of their total weight had remission of the diabetes. few who lost less did so. \" dr dixon said the study also found patients who lost substantial weight could not only dramatically reduce their diabetes medications, but also those for controlling blood pressure and lowering blood fats. \" we found that after two years, the surgical group when compared to the conventional therapy group displayed a four times greater reduction in glycated haemoglobin, which can be an indicator of poorly controlled diabetes, \" dr dixon said. gastric banding is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4548303276214649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.434781"} {"text": "word origin & history c. 1300, from o. fr. as \" one at dice, \" from l. as ( gen. assis ) \" a unit, \" from the name of a small roman coin, perhaps originally etruscan and related to gk. eis \" one. \" it meant the side of the die with only one mark before it meant the playing card. since this was the lowest roll at dice, ace was used metaphorically in m. e. for \" bad luck ; \" but as the ace is often the highest playing card, the extended senses based on \" excellence, good quality \" arose 18c. as card - playing became popular. meaning \" outstanding pilot \" dates from 1917 ( technically, in wwi aviators ' jargon, one who has brought down 10 enemy planes, though originally in ref. to 5 shot down ), from fr. l ' ace ( 1915 ), which, according to bruce robertson ( ed. ) \" air aces of the 1914 - 1918 war \" was used in prewar fr. sporting publications for \" top of the deck \" boxers, cyclists, etc. sports meaning of \" point scored \" ( 1819 ) led to that of \" unreturnable serve \" ( 1889 ). the verb meaning \" to score \" ( in sports ) is first attested 1923, and led to the extended student slang sense of \" get high marks \" ( 1959 ). ace in the hole \" concealed advantage \" is attested from 1915.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5252911590094669, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.437334"} {"text": "the most common biomechanical explanation for the chin is that it acts as a buttress against masticatory stress. however, recent evidence suggests that this hypothesis is unlikely [... ] more recently ichim et al. ( 2007 ) have suggested that speech production is associated with mechanical stresses acting on the mandibular symphysis due to tongue and orofacial muscle activity. thus, they argue that the chin is an adaptive response to resist stresses caused by oblique contractions of the genioglossus muscles during speech. computer simulations provide results that are consistent with the orofacial stress hypothesis ( ichim et al., 2007 ), but this hypothesis has yet to be fully tested. a less well - established adaptive hypothesis, but one worth considering, is that chin shape variation is a consequence of sexual selection ( e. g., hershkovitz, 1970 ). psychological studies of facial attractiveness suggest that a \u2018 \u2018 broad chin \u2019 \u2019 in males is correlated with social dominance, which some females may prefer in a potential mate our study provides the first quantitative evidence of sexual dimorphism in chin shape among a geographically diverse sample of modern humans. the presence of sexual dimorphism appears to refute mechanical explanations of the chin that preclude sexual dimorphism, such as the masticatory and orofacial stress hypotheses ( e. g. daegling, 1993 ; ichim et al., 2007 ). while the presence of sexual dimorphism is consistent with the hypothesis that sexual selection influences variation in chin shape, the degree of overlap between males and females requires further explanation. it is safe to say that the male chin pales in comparison to the more exaggerated ornaments found in other animals, such as the large and colorful tail of the peacock ( pavo cristatus ) ( petrie, 1991 ). the modest contrasts in male and female chin shape indicated by our data ( see fig. 4 ) do not seem to fit a runaway process of selection driven by female choice ( fisher, 1958 ). we suggest there are at least two possible explanations for this pattern. one hypothesis for why male chin shape is not more exaggerated is that some females may avoid mating with extremely aggressive males second, the large amount of overlap in male and female chin shape may be due to regional differences inchin shape dimorphism ( see fig. 6 ). regional differencesin the level of dimorphism would tend to inflate within - sex variance in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5240545763237099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.443900"} {"text": "of overlap in male and female chin shape may be due to regional differences inchin shape dimorphism ( see fig. 6 ). regional differencesin the level of dimorphism would tend to inflate within - sex variance in the pooled human sample, thereby reducingthe probability of finding between - sex differences. sexual dimorphism in chin shape : implications for adaptive hypotheses zaneta m. thayer, seth d. dobson the chin, or mentum osseum, is one of the most distinctive anatomical traits of modern humans. a variety of hypotheses for the adaptive value of the chin have been proposed, ranging from mechanical stress resistance to sexual selection via mate choice. while the sexual selection hypothesis predicts dimorphism in chin shape, most biomechanical hypotheses preclude it. therefore determining the presence or absence of significant sexual dimorphism in chin shape provides a useful method for differentiating between various adaptive hypotheses ; however, this has yet to be done due to a lack of quantitative data on chin shape. the goals of this study are therefore : ( 1 ) to introduce a new method for quantifying chin shape and ( 2 ) to determine the presence or absence of sexual dimorphism in chin shape in a diverse sample of modern humans. samples were drawn from recent human skeletal collections representing nine geographic regions. outlines of mentum osseum contours were quantified using elliptical fourier function analysis ( effa ). fourier coefficients were analyzed using principal components analysis ( pca ). sexual dimorphism in chin shape was assessed using pc loadings in the pooled geographic sample, and statistically significant differences were found. these findings provide the first quantitative, morphologically based evidence in support of adaptive hypotheses that predict dimorphism in chin shape, including the sexual selection hypothesis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5269598216883041, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.444627"} {"text": "watchable wildlife sites fish slough is a lush oasis amid an otherwise arid landscape - with less than six inches of rain, and summer temperatures of 100 degrees fahrenheit. the unusual surface water supply provides for varied plant and animal life, from unique and sensitive species such as owens pupfish and owens tui chub, to resident and migrating birds, and small mammals. haiwee deer winter range this area on the edge of the owens valley in the eastern sierra nevada mountains was designated as a watchable wildlife site because it offers outstanding opportunities to view a portion of the east monache mule deer herd. as winter moves in, deer move down from the mountains to the valley bottom, at about 4, 000 feet above sea level. here they can forage on diverse grasses and forbs and find water in hidden springs. desert tortoise natural area for three million years, the desert tortoise survived and adapted to changing climates in what is now the california desert. but in recent years, their numbers have been greatly reduced. this public land in the northwestern mojave desert in northeastern kern county, is managed to protect a unique habitat in its natural state. most of harper lake is a dry lake bed that lies under the flight area of edwards air force base. but in its southwest corner, water runoff from nearby farms has created what is probably the largest marsh in the mojave desert. this oasis attracts resident wildlife and thousands of migratory waterfowl, shorebirds and wading birds, making this a prime birdwatching spot. one of the only places where the mojave river flows above ground all year round. this unusually reliable mojave desert water source provides bounty for many animals. more than 180 species of birds have been spotted, and bighorn sheep can now find water here, thanks to habitat restoration efforts. the area also hosts various turtles and lizards, and desert tortoises. big morongo canyon preserve big morongo creek rises to the surface for just three miles between the mojave and colorado deserts, before it disappears underground again. the resulting canyon oasis has gained a national reputation among birdwatchers as \" a usual spot to see the unusual. \" at least 235 species of birds have been observed here - including several rare species - along with desert bighorn sheep, mule deer and smaller mammals, lizards and more. southeastern great basin and mojave desert 1 - fish slough 2 - haiwee deer winter range 3 - desert tortoise natural area 4 - harper lake 5 - afton", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4185462410983595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.447287"} {"text": "date of this version nebraska public power district ( nppd ) has monitored water quality since 1989 and fish populations since 1993 on the niobrara river in nebraska in the vicinity of spencer hydro during \" flushing \" or \" sluicing \" activities. these sluicing activities alter water quality in the river downstream, which can negatively impact fish populations. higher numbers offish were sampled in 1995 when compared to 1993 and 1994. of the 6, 187 fish and 22 total species sampled above and below the hydro, six species comprised approximately 93 percent of the total sample. the most common species sampled were sand shiner, notropis ludibundus ( 35. 4 % ), red shiner, cyprinella lutrensis ( 22. 9 % ), flathead chub, hybopsis gracilis ( 14. 4 % ), carpsucker spp., carpoides sp. ( 10. 9 % ), bigmouth shiner, hybopsis dorsalis ( 5. 1 % ), and channel catfish, lctalurus punctatus ( 4. 0 % ). operational modifications instituted since 1989, such as opening the flood gates slower and dropping the pond at a slower rate, have reduced sluicing impacts and the hydro structure may not be limiting species diversity to the extent originally thought.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48255034017378584, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.449577"} {"text": "economics research institute study paper utah state university department of economics careful studies of the distribution of income in nineteenth - century united states have been hampered by a paucity of available data. this study undertakes the analysis of factors influencing the distribution of personal income in communities in the great basin region of the western united states for the years 1860 - 61 and 1870. the study utilizes estimates of full income by individual based on information contained in the general economic records of the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints, demographic and economic data from the manuscript censuses of 1860 and 1870, and other relevant data from contemporary sources. mean income and gini ratios are calculated for nearly all great basin communities, and econometric analysis is undertaken to identify the impact on income distribution of changes in mean income, community size, crop destruction by grasshoppers, and the percentage of the population born in non - english speaking countries. the econometric results are compared to the results of an earlier study that looked at factors influencing income inequality for the great basin as a whole over the period 1855 - 1900. of particular interest is the impact of ethnic mix on relative income inequality. while the earlier study found that gini ratios for the great basin region rose as the fraction of the population born in non - english speaking countries increased, the current study finds that gini ratios first rose, then fell as the percentage of the community born in non - english speaking countries rose. at the territorial level, grasshopper infestation increased relative inequality, but at the community level it decreased inequality. the completion of the transcontinental railroad allowed a few individuals in urban communities to earn large incomes in capital - intensive activities, increasing community income inequality, ceteris paribus, but community access to the railroad had a leveling effect on labor income and product prices, reducing community income inequality. israelsen, karl e. and israelsen, l. dwight, \" nativity and income distribution in frontier utah communities \" ( 2000 ). economic research institute study papers. paper 179.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49144981860269027, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.451661"} {"text": "| skip navigation links | | exit print view | | trusted extensions user ' s guide oracle solaris 11 information library | in contrast to traditional unix systems, superuser ( the root user ) is not used to administer trusted extensions. rather, administrative roles with discrete capabilities administer the system. in this way, no single user can compromise a system ' s security. a role is a special user account that provides access to certain applications with the rights that are necessary for performing the specific tasks. rights include labels, authorizations, privileges, and effective uids / gids. the following security practices are enforced on a system that is configured with trusted extensions : you are granted access to applications and authorizations on a need - to - use basis. you can perform functions that override security policy only if you are granted special authorizations or special privileges by administrators. system administration duties are divided among multiple roles. in trusted extensions, you can access only those programs that you need to do your job. as in the oracle solaris os, an administrator provides access by assigning one or more rights profiles to your account. a rights profile is a special collection of programs and security attributes. these security attributes enable successful use of the program that is in the rights profile. the oracle solaris os provides security attributes such as privileges and authorizations. trusted extensions provides labels. any of these attributes, if missing, can prevent use of the program or parts of the program. for example, a rights profile might include an authorization that enables you to read a database. a rights profile with different security attributes might be required for you to modify the database or read information that is classified as confidential. the use of rights profiles that contain programs with associated security attributes helps prevent users from misusing programs and from damaging data on the system. if you need to perform tasks that override the security policy, the administrator can assign to you a rights profile that contains the necessary security attributes. if you are prevented from running a certain task, check with your administrator. you might be missing required security attributes. in addition, the administrator might assign you a profile shell as your login shell. a profile shell is a special version of a common shell that provides access to a particular set of applications and capabilities. profile shells are a feature of the oracle solaris os. for details, see the pfexec ( 1 ) man page. note - if you try to run a program and receive a not found error message or if you try to run a command and receive a not in profile error message", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4948652633363082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.459756"} {"text": "06 feb 2012 : report in fast - track technology, hope for a second green revolution with advances in a technique known as fast - track breeding, researchers are developing crops that can produce more and healthier food and can adapt and thrive as the climate shifts. in zambia during the current planting season, a corn crop will go into the fields that begins the process of rapidly boosting vitamin a content by as much ten - fold \u2014 helping to address a nutritional deficiency that causes 250, 000 - 500, 000 children to go blind annually, most of them in africa and asia. in china, kenya, and madagascar, also this planting season, farmers will put out a crop of artemisia annua that yields 20 to 30 percent more of the chemical compound artemisinin, the basis for what is now the world \u2019 s standard treatment for malaria. both improvements are happening because of fast - track breeding technology that promises to produce a 21st - century green revolution. it is already putting more food on tables \u2014 though it \u2019 s unclear whether it can add enough food to keep pace as the world \u2019 s human population booms to 9 billion people by 2050. fast - track breeding is also giving agronomists a remarkable tool for quickly adapting crops to climate change and the increasing challenges of drought, flooding, emerging diseases, and shifting agricultural zones. and it can help save lives : in the absence of prevention, half those victims of vitamin a deficiency now die shortly after going blind, according to the world health fast - track breeding is a faster and more efficient way of doing what nature and farmers have always done. organization ; and in 2010, lack of adequate treatment \u2014 meaning artemisinin \u2014 contributed to the deaths of 655, 000 children from malaria. the fast - track technology, called marker - assisted selection ( mas ), or molecular breeding, takes advantage of rapid improvements in genetic sequencing, but avoids all the regulatory and political baggage of genetic engineering. bill freese, a science policy analyst with the center for food safety, a nonprofit advocacy group, calls it \u201c a perfectly acceptable tool. i don \u2019 t see any food safety issue. it can be a very useful technique if it \u2019 s used by breeders who are working in the public interest. \u201d molecular breeding isn \u2019 t genetic engineering, a technology that has long alarmed critics on two counts. its methods seem outlandish \u2014 taking genes from spiders and putting them in goats, or borrowing insect resistance from soil bacteria and transferring it into corn \u2014 and it has also seemed to benefit a handful of agri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48264839246260394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.466830"} {"text": "has long alarmed critics on two counts. its methods seem outlandish \u2014 taking genes from spiders and putting them in goats, or borrowing insect resistance from soil bacteria and transferring it into corn \u2014 and it has also seemed to benefit a handful of agribusiness giants armed with patents, at the expense of public interest. by contrast, molecular breeding is merely a much faster and more efficient way of doing what nature and farmers have always done, by natural selection and artificial selection respectively : it takes existing genes that happen to be advantageous in a given situation and increases their frequency in a population. in the past, farmers and breeders did it by walking around their fields and looking at individual plants or animals that seemed to have desirable traits, like greater productivity, or resistance to a particular disease. then they went to work cross - breeding to see if they could tease out that trait and get it to appear reliably in subsequent generations. it could take decades, and success at breeding in one trait often meant bringing along some deleterious fellow traveler, or inadvertently breeding out some other essential trait. cornell university photography photo / lindsay france. a cornell researcher bags rice plant panicles to prevent cross pollination. molecular breeding enables growers to get the improvements they want far more precisely, by zeroing in on the genes responsible for a given trait. if genetic engineering is a tool for \u201c bludgeoning the genome, \u201d as cornell university researcher susan mccouch puts it, what molecular breeding does instead is to \u201c open a window \u201d into how the genome works, enabling researchers to collaborate with it. sequencing the entire genome of a species is the first step, and this process, which cost millions of dollars a decade ago, is down now to the low thousands. next, researchers sort out which genes are responsible for a given function, the bottleneck in the process so far, though mccouch says it becomes faster and cheaper with each new species that gets sequenced, because nature tends to employ the same mechanisms from one species to another. finally, researchers map out markers \u2014 bits of genetic material that are linked to those genes, to flag whether or not the desired genes are present in a given individual. \u201c it \u2019 s not uncommon for a company to want to combine 10 or 20 traits in a variety, \u201d says harry klee, a specialist in tomato breeding at the university of florida in gainesville. in the past, to get the perfect combination of traits using conventional methods, \u201c you would have to put out millions of plants in the field. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5334451706687643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.467892"} {"text": "\u201d says harry klee, a specialist in tomato breeding at the university of florida in gainesville. in the past, to get the perfect combination of traits using conventional methods, \u201c you would have to put out millions of plants in the field. \u201d instead, breeders typically simplified, narrowing down their wish list to a few key traits. with tomatoes, for instance, as many as 30 or 40 different genes influence taste \u2014 too many variables to juggle. so shelf life and appearance inevitably trumped taste. \u201c but this is where molecular breeding really pays off, \u201d says klee. breeders now use genetic markers to automatically screen one - inch - tall seedlings and immediately weed out the 99 percent they don \u2019 t want, cutting years off the breeding timetable. that makes it easier to get to desirable cross - breed quickly \u2014 and also stack up a complex array of traits in a single strain. as a result, says klee, even mass - produced supermarket tomatoes should actually taste good five years from now. in the two decades since researchers first proposed molecular breeding in 1989, high costs and the difficult work of discovery have largely confined the technology to big companies working in commodity crops like corn and these methods have the potential to make breeding aim at enhancing biological and agricultural diversity. soybeans. but as costs fall even faster than moore \u2019 s law would predict and genetic methods become routine, researchers are now also applying them to the so - called orphan crops on which much of the developing world depends. molecular breeding is not as effective so far for crops that propagate clonally, including such tropical staples as cassava, sweet potato, yams, bananas and plantains. but for rice and many other crops, it enables breeders to quickly tailor a plant to a particular environment or taste. \u201c every village has its own favorite rice, \u201d says ian graham, director of the university of york \u2019 s centre for novel agricultural products. \u201c the challenge is if you come up with a great trait, how on earth do you put that trait into all these local varieties easily, economically, and quickly? sequencing gives you the tool to do it. that \u2019 s the secret of really making molecular breeding work for the developing world. \u201d there are still economic barriers, he says, but equipment to set up a basic laboratory in a developing country \u201c is on the order of $ 100, 000 instead of millions. \u201d thus genetic methods have the potential to make breeding more local, more democratic, and aimed at enhancing biological and agricultural diversity, instead of stripping it away.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4968556132838701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.468855"} {"text": "laboratory in a developing country \u201c is on the order of $ 100, 000 instead of millions. \u201d thus genetic methods have the potential to make breeding more local, more democratic, and aimed at enhancing biological and agricultural diversity, instead of stripping it away. the green revolution of the 1960s largely achieved its huge leap in productivity by streamlining plants and farming methods to work across hundreds of millions of hectares, regardless of local tastes or environments. it re - designed plants for high - input industrial agriculture, so they could respond to an intensive regimen of fertilizers, water, and pesticides, regardless of the environment. but the molecular green revolution will work, says mccouch, by fine - tuning crops to perform in a particular environment, minus additional input. farmers are backing off growing rice in water, for instance, \u201c because they can \u2019 t afford the water, there isn \u2019 t enough water in the world. \u201d molecular breeding will also build crops, mccouch says, to \u201c respond constructively to changes in the environment that we cannot predict, \u201d like flooding and drought. \u201c a really big challenge in discovery genetics right now, \u201d she says, \u201c is to understand how plants sense environments : how do they count number of days? how do they count the number hours of daylight? how do they know when to grow and when to hold their breath if they \u2019 re underwater? once we make the discovery of which genes allow the more from yale e360 can \u2018 climate - smart \u2019 agriculture help africa and the planet? an idea promoted at the recent durban talks is \u201c climate - smart agriculture, \u201d which could make crops less vulnerable to heat and drought and turn depleted soils into carbon sinks. the world bank and african leaders back this approach, fred pearce writes, but some critics are skeptical that it will benefit small - scale african farmers. read more plants to sense these things, then we can do marker - assisted selection \u201d and move those genes into local varieties that already have the other traits farmers want. the potential for molecular breeding to help farmers adapt to a rapidly changing world became evident last month when nature biotechnology published an article about rice breeding in japan. geneticists at the iwate biotechnology research center 130 miles north of fukushima were already using molecular breeding to improve the cold - tolerant rice variety preferred by farmers there, when last year \u2019 s earthquake hit. the subsequent tsunami left a huge swath of rice paddies \u2014 58, 000 acres, representing almost a fifth of the nation \u2019 s rice supply \u2014 contaminated with too much salt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5370754277978127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.469809"} {"text": "the number of hurricanes occurring annually on a global basis varies widely from ocean to ocean. globally, about 80 tropical cyclones occur annually, one - third of which achieve hurricane status. the most active area is the western pacific ocean, which contains a wide expanse of warm ocean water. in contrast, the atlantic ocean averages about ten storms annually, of which six reach hurricane status. compared to the pacific ocean, the atlantic is a much smaller area, and therefore supports a smaller expanse of warm ocean water to fuel storms. the pacific waters also tend to be warmer, and the layer of warm surface waters tends to be deeper than in the atlantic. the frequency and intensity of hurricanes varies significantly from year to year, and scientists haven \u2019 t yet figured out all the reasons for the variability. hurricanes and el nino scientists continue to investigate the interactions between hurricane frequency and el nino. el nino is a phenomenon where ocean surface temperatures become warmer than normal in the equatorial east pacific ocean. in general, el nino events are characterized by an increase in hurricane activity in the eastern pacific and a decrease in activity in the atlantic, gulf of mexico, and the caribbean sea. during el nino years, the wind patterns are aligned in such a way that there is an increase in vertical wind shear ( upper level winds ) over the caribbean and atlantic. the increased wind shear helps to prevent tropical disturbances from developing into hurricanes. oppositely, in the eastern pacific, el nino alters wind patterns in a way that reduces wind shear, contributing to more storms. hurricanes and global warming since warm ocean waters and warm, moist air fuel storms, theory predicts that global warming should increase the number and intensity of tropical cyclones. as the oceans soak up extra heat from the atmosphere, ocean surface temperatures rise, increasing the extent of warm water that can support a hurricane. not only should this mean that more hurricanes can form, but increased ocean surface temperatures could also increase a storm \u2019 s maximum potential intensity, the strongest a storm can get in ideal conditions. models based on scientists \u2019 current understanding of hurricanes suggest that if ocean temperatures increased by 2 - 2. 5 degrees, the average intensity of hurricanes would increase by 6 to 10 percent. since 1970, the average ocean temperature has warmed about half a degree, which means that theoretically, storms could be one to three percent stronger. such an increase translates to a few knots in wind speed, too small a change to accurately measure. hurricane wind speeds have historically been measured in increments of five knots, so any increase in intensity that has already occurred as a result", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4793007476031399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.476092"} {"text": "percent stronger. such an increase translates to a few knots in wind speed, too small a change to accurately measure. hurricane wind speeds have historically been measured in increments of five knots, so any increase in intensity that has already occurred as a result of global warming would, in theory, be too small to detect yet. however, in 2005 and 2006, several studies suggested that global warming may be impacting hurricanes more than theory predicts. in an analysis of the historical record, there appeared to be an increase in the number of intense ( category 4 and 5 ) storms in recent years. another analysis charted sea surface temperatures and the number of tropical cyclones. it revealed that as sea surface temperatures went up, the number of cyclones went up. was the increase in sea surface temperatures responsible for the increased number of storms or did some outside factor drive both? the studies triggered many questions. both theory and the studies suggested that there should be a link between global warming and hurricanes, but the studies showed a much greater increase in storm frequency and intensity than theory predicted. what caused the discrepancy? is humanity \u2019 s current understanding of hurricanes flawed? can the theory be adjusted to explain why hurricanes would have a stronger reaction to warming than previously predicted? one theory put forth to explain the recent increase in storm intensity and frequency in the atlantic basin is the multi - decadal oscillation. storms in the atlantic may go through a natural cycle of 20 - 30 years of increased activity followed by a quieter period. the record seems to show such a cycle, with more intense hurricanes in the 1950s and 1960s followed by two decades of relative quiet, and then increased intensity from the mid - 1990s to the present. some scientists argue that this natural cycle may actually be a product of global warming and atmospheric aerosols. in the 1970s and 1980s, aerosol pollution may have \u201c shaded \u201d the earth, keeping temperatures cooler than they had been in previous decades. this cooling would have suppressed hurricane formation. in the 1990s, global warming may have increased enough to overcome aerosol cooling and allowed hurricane intensity and frequency to climb again. other scientists argued that the flaw isn \u2019 t necessarily in the theory, but in the historical records. satellite data used to estimate hurricane intensity only goes back to the 1970s for the atlantic basin, and other basins have a shorter record. a thirty - year record may not be long enough to coax out real trends. further, satellite technology and the methods used to estimate a storm \u2019 s intensity have improved, so a storm that may have been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4548219321102877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.477124"} {"text": "and other basins have a shorter record. a thirty - year record may not be long enough to coax out real trends. further, satellite technology and the methods used to estimate a storm \u2019 s intensity have improved, so a storm that may have been classified a category 1 or 2 in the 1970s through the mid - 1980s would be classified as a much stronger storm today. the change in intensity - predicting methods could skew the record to show fewer intense storms in the 1970s and 1980s than there are today. from the 1940s to the 1970s, hurricane intensity estimates were based on aircraft and ship data. this means that fewer storms were recorded than probably actually occurred. the intensity records may also be skewed because the early flights did not go directly over the eye of the hurricane, but measured winds in safer flying areas farther from the center of the storm. from those measurements, wind speeds at the center of the storm and thus the storm \u2019 s intensity were estimated. as a result, many storms may have been stronger than they were estimated to have been. before the 1940s, intensity estimates were made based on surviving ship \u2019 s records. it is likely that any ship at the center of a category 4 or 5 storm didn \u2019 t survive, so the record probably contains fewer big storms than actually occurred. from changes in the methods used to estimate hurricane intensity to spotty ship records, the historical record may well be skewed towards weaker storms, argue many scientists. if all these factors were accounted for, the trend toward greater hurricane frequency and intensity could disappear. regardless of their position, scientists need a longer and more accurate data record to fully understand the connection between global warming and other factors that may influence hurricane intensity and frequency. a longer, more accurate record will help improve theory and models, and it will amplify or flatten the currently observed trends.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46623050516292164, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.477910"} {"text": "federal environment officials investigating drinking water contamination near the ranching town of pavillion, wyo., have found that at least three water wells contain a chemical used in the natural gas drilling process of hydraulic fracturing. scientists also found traces of other contaminants, including oil, gas or metals, in 11 of 39 wells tested there since march. the study, which is being conducted under the environmental protection agency \u2019 s superfund program, is the first time the epa has undertaken its own water analysis in response to complaints of contamination in drilling areas, and it could be pivotal in the national debate over the role of natural gas in america \u2019 s energy policy. abundant gas reserves are being aggressively developed in 31 states, including new york and pennsylvania. congress is mulling a bill that aims to protect those water resources from hydraulic fracturing, the process in which fluids and sand are injected under high pressure to break up rock and release gas. but the industry says environmental regulation is unnecessary because it is impossible for fracturing fluids to reach underground water supplies and no such case has ever been proven. scientists in wyoming will continue testing this fall to determine the level of chemicals in the water and exactly where they came from. if they find that the contamination did result from drilling, the placid plains arching up to the wind river range would become the first site where fracturing fluids have been scientifically linked to groundwater contamination. in interviews with propublica and at a public meeting this month in pavillion \u2019 s community hall, officials spoke cautiously about their preliminary findings. they were careful to say they \u2019 re investigating a broad array of sources for the contamination, including agricultural activity. they said the contaminant causing the most concern \u2013 a compound called 2 - butoxyethanol, known as 2 - be \u2013 can be found in some common household cleaners, not just in fracturing fluids. but those same epa officials also said they had found no pesticides \u2013 a signature of agricultural contamination \u2013 and no indication that any industry or activity besides drilling could be to blame. other than farming, there is no industry in the immediate area. in pavillion, a town of about 160 people in the heart of the wind river indian reservation, the gas wells are crowded close together in an ecologically vivid area packed with large wetlands and home to 10 threatened or endangered species. beneath the ground, according to the u. s. geological survey, the earth is a complex system of folded crusts containing at least 30 water - bearing aquifer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4382428353132609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.486887"} {"text": "were drilled and assumed liability for them, is either supplying fresh drinking water to the residents or has purchased the land. in the third case, a drilling company bought by encana, tom brown inc., had previously reached an out - of - court settlement to provide water filtering. though the drilling companies have repeatedly compensated residents with the worst cases of contamination, they have not acknowledged any fault in causing the pollution. an encana spokesman, doug hock, told propublica the company wants \" to better understand the science and the source of the compounds \" found in the water near pavillion before he would speculate on whether the company was responsible. precise details about the nature and cause of the contamination, as well as the extent of the plume running in the aquifer beneath this region 150 miles east of jackson hole, have been difficult for scientists to collect. that \u2019 s in part because the identity of the chemicals used by the gas industry for drilling and fracturing are protected as trade secrets, and because the epa, based on an exemption passed under the 2005 energy policy act, does not have authority to investigate the fracturing process under the safe drinking water act. using the superfund program gave the agency extra authority to investigate the pavillion reports, including the right to subpoena the secret information if it needs to. it also unlocked funding to pay for the research. epa officials have repeatedly said that disclosure of the fluids used in fracking \u2013 something that would be required if the bill being debated in congress were passed \u2013 would enable them to investigate contamination incidents faster, more conclusively and for less money. the current study, which is expected to end next spring, has already cost $ 130, 000. about 65 people, many in jeans, boots and 10 - gallon hats, filled pavillion \u2019 s community hall on aug. 11 to hear the epa \u2019 s findings. they were told that a range of contaminants, including arsenic, copper, vanadium and methane gas were found in the water. many of these substances are found in various fluids used at drilling sites. of particular concern were compounds called adamantanes, a natural hydrocarbon found in gas that can be used to fingerprint its origin, and 2 - be, listed as a common fracturing fluid in the epa \u2019 s 2004 research report on hydraulic fracturing. that compound, which epa scientists in wyoming said they identified with 97 percent certainty, was suspected by some environmental groups in a 2004 drilling - related contamination case in colorado, also involving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48852454418108576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.490525"} {"text": "gladstone \u2019 s library was founded by victorian statesman, william ewart gladstone ( 1809 - 1898 ), arguably britain \u2019 s greatest prime minister, and the most significant anglican lay person of the last two centuries. four times liberal prime minister, four times chancellor of the exchequer and a parliamentarian for 63 years, few politicians have achieved as many lasting reforms as gladstone. he even came within a hair \u2019 s breadth of bringing peace to ireland with his sadly ill - fated home rule bill. gladstone was a pragmatic political leader with an insatiable interest in history, literature, the classical world and theological dispute ; a voracious reader who read 20, 000 books. britain at this time was the most powerful nation on earth, at the height of queen victoria \u2019 s imperialism. i find it hard to reconcile gladstone \u2019 s clear christian conviction with the hypocrisy and barbarity of empire. yet he was solidly at the heart of it. was he compromised by this or did he provide the conscience against even greater excesses? \u2018 we look forward to the time when the power of love will replace the love of power. then will our world know the blessings of peace \u2026 nothing that is morally wrong can be politically right \u2019. w. e gladstone. gladstone, a millionaire, lived in the castle in the village of hawarden, north wales, just a few miles from chester. this is the site of st deiniol \u2019 s library which gladstone founded. he bought the land in 1889 and the library opened in 1894. the present grade 1 listed building was opened in 1902 as the national memorial to gladstone. it is the only prime ministerial library in the uk and is unique in being a residential library with 26 study bedrooms, some now fully refurbished and en - suite. it \u2019 s a fascinating victorian building ; with the double - tier library occupying one entire wing and the residential areas including the dining room, kitchen and chapel the other. the bedrooms and offices are spread across the whole of the first floor. you quickly get to find your way around as the building is not actually that large. i decided, after my week, that this is a rather special and unusual place. gladstone \u2019 s influence pervades the entire place. there is a huge granite statue in the grounds gazing out over the village! there are pictures, busts and other statues of the gom ( grand old man ) everywhere including a photo collage detailing the main aspects of his life in the main corridor leading to the dining room. the library was created", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35658707397606826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.497194"} {"text": "out over the village! there are pictures, busts and other statues of the gom ( grand old man ) everywhere including a photo collage detailing the main aspects of his life in the main corridor leading to the dining room. the library was created around gladstone \u2019 s original donation of 32, 000 books. it houses a world renowned collection of theology and nineteenth century studies. the collection boasts more than 250, 000 items. gladstone wanted his library to be a country house \u201c for the pursuit of divine learning \u201d, offering \u2018 insight and refreshment \u2019 to visiting scholars and users. the library is galleried with access to the second floor up some very narrow, winding and rickety stairs with rope handholds! here you go back in time. this is an old - style \u2018 quiet \u2019 library ; individual study tables with desk lamps and old comfy leather chairs. it \u2019 s extremely conducive to study and thought, which of course is the usp of the place. it \u2019 s why it works so well. you come here specifically to think, write, study, reflect and retreat. it \u2019 s open in the evening until 10pm which i found to be a real boon. the book collection covers mainly theology and history with the emphasis on publications from the late victorian period. the gladcat computer system makes finding books within the library very easy indeed. there \u2019 s a thrilling touch of serendipity to come across books with gladstone \u2019 s own pencilled annotations! the property has a mixture of older and the newer refurbished bedrooms. i had one of the older rooms ( room 7, no view ) which was very spacious, with the bathroom directly opposite. there are no tv \u2019 s in any of the bedrooms which i think is good! broadband is fast, free and available throughout the building although one guest said it didn \u2019 t work in some of the bedrooms. i had no problems. one bug - bear however was the horrible noise late at night and early in the morning caused by the expansion of the hot water pipes! i found that in a very short time, the place draws you into its own daily rhythm. you feel very much apart from the day - to - day. there \u2019 s a lovely modern chapel on the ground floor. communion takes place each weekday morning at 8am, following the church of wales anglican liturgy. the \u2018 food for thought \u2019 coffee shop replaces the dining room during the day and provides snacks and drinks. i found the food overall \u2013 both in quantity and quality \u2013 adequate but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4336143897212844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.498214"} {"text": "the no child left behind act of 2001 recognizes that improved student achievement occurs when communities implement programs and strategies scientifically proven to be effective. the 21st century community learning centers ( cclc ) program is an essential part of this initiative. the no child left behind act of 2001 recognizes that improved student achievement occurs when communities implement programs and strategies scientifically proven to be effective. the 21st century community learning centers ( cclc ) program is an essential part of this initiative. many communities across the commonwealth are working together with new energy and inspiration to create a more positive future for their children and youth. their focus is on constructive learning activities during non - school hours. with caring adult guidance, school and community - based academic and youth development programs result in greater achievement and social outcomes for children and youth. the intent of the funds is to enable communities to design and implement effective out - of - school programs that will result in improved student achievement, and be sustained through community partnerships at the conclusion of the grant funds. specifically, the purposes of the no child left behind act of 2001 as authorized under title iv, part b ( 21st cclc ) are to : 1 ) provide opportunities for academic enrichment, including providing tutorial services to help students meet state and local student performance standards in core academic subjects such as reading and mathematics ; 2 ) offer students a broad array of additional services, programs, and activities, such as youth development activities, drug and violence prevention programs, counseling programs, art, music, fitness, and recreation programs, technology education programs, and character education programs, that are designed to reinforce and complement the regular academic program of participating students ; and 3 ) offer families of students served by community learning centers opportunities for literacy and related educational development. 21st cclc grantee documents kentucky ' s current 21st century community learning centers grantees list and other documents. this memorandum contains an overview of the regulatory requirement that religiously affiliated ( or \" faith - based \" ) organizations be able to compete on an equal footing with other organizations for funding by the u. s. department of education ( the \" department \" ) in programs in which they are eligible, including state - administered programs such as 21st century community learning centers ( 21st cclc ) program. - the afterschool alliance is a nonprofit organization dedicated to raising awareness of the importance of afterschool programs and advocating for quality, affordable programs for all children. it is supported by a group of public, private and nonprofit organizations that share the alliance ' s vision of ensuring that all children have access to afterschool programs by 2010", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4921486124693148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.502419"} {"text": "of afterschool programs and advocating for quality, affordable programs for all children. it is supported by a group of public, private and nonprofit organizations that share the alliance ' s vision of ensuring that all children have access to afterschool programs by 2010. benton foundation kids campaign - it is the future goal of connect for kids that health, safety, education, and financial security of children be a priority. this website provides best use of communications technologies, specially the internet, to give adults - parents, grandparents, guardians, educators, advocates, policymakers, elected officials and others - the tools and information they need to work on behalf of children, youth and families. c. s. mott foundation - the charles stewart mott foundation is a partner with the u. s. dept. of education which provides tools and funds toward the 21st cclc program. the finance project - under \" information resource center \" you fill find in this website, \" out - of - school - time clearinghouse topics \" that provide after school programs information on finding funding resources to sustain their programs. harvard family research project - this project will provide your program with insights on past and new research to evaluate, improve and sustain your program. national institute for out - of - school time - providing information by part of the wellesley centers for women at wellesley college regarding high end programs and activities for children in after school programs. northwest regional educational laboratory - this organization provides research and development assistance for adults, youth and children. they have an online catalog, newsletters, special resources and training / workshop opportunities. u. s. dept. of education - at this location, you will get the current information on purpose, eligibility, applicant info, awards, performance, funding status, laws / regs / guidance, resources, faqs and who to contact regarding the 21st century community learning centers ( 21st cclc ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4477670568513646, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.503336"} {"text": "teachers replaced by holograms. sounds like something from a science fiction movie or t. v show. what would happen if holographic teachers could be sent into you? the reality is, the technology exists right now to bring live holograms from one location and beam it into any location in the world. thanks to teaching college math blog for sharing. musion describes it as, \u201c a high definition holographic video projection system allowing spectacular three - dimensional moving images to appear within a live stage setting. live or virtual stage presenters can appear alongside and interact with virtual images of humans or animated characters \u2026 \u201d \u201c the musion\u00ae eyeliner\u2122 system utilises the current generation of high - definition technology and integrates it into a visual ecosystem that enables hd media to fully realise its potential within the blossoming digital ecosystem. eyeliner\u2122 requires only a single camera shoot, single projector playback and does not require any special audience props, such as the use of 3d glasses. yet, the audience viewing eyeliner\u2122 are always left awestruck by the startling realism of our 3d virtual shows. when using musion\u00ae eyeliner\u2122, your imagination is the only limit. \u201d awestruck is right. so, what are the implications and applications of this technology for education? teachers can now teach from any location on the globe and beam themselves into any other location on the globe with this technology. experts on different subject matter could be made available for lectures right in the classroom, interacting live with the students. teachers would be able to enter a classroom and interact with students, teachers, and administrators from across, campus, across town, or across the globe. distance is dead! tear down these four walls! what are the applications for this technology in education? in what ways could / will this technology impact education in the future? how might we begin to prepare our schools and districts for such a change? what changes in thinking might have to occur for this technology to be utilized effectively? in what ways will the technology impact the infrastructure of the school? ( i. e. ; telepresence labs, classroom, boardrooms, etc. ) how can this technology be leveraged to provide greater learning opportunities for our students? in what ways might parents and community react to such technology being utilized in education? what sorts of systems, vendors, and educational business might arise out the use of such a technology? at what point would this technology become a \u201c must have \u201d rather than a novel idea?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5541223170948111, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.508257"} {"text": "a new study from the wake forest baptist medical center suggests that north carolina agricultural workers who are exposed to pesticides also may be affected by wage violations. thomas a. arcury, ph. d., one of the study \u2019 s authors and professor and vice chair for research in the center \u2019 s department of family and community medicine, spoke to ehs today to discuss the study and its implications. according to the study, \u201c wages, wage violations and pesticide safety experienced by migrant farmworkers in north carolina, \u201d migrant farm workers face \u201c a myriad of problems \u201d including poverty, food insecurity, pesticide exposure, occupational hazards, lack of health care and more. limited safety regulations are available to protect these workers. \u201c this is a work force that needs to be protected, \u201d said arcury, who also is the director of the center for worker health at wake forest baptist medical center. \u201c it is vulnerable for many reasons, one of which because it \u2019 s poor, another because it \u2019 s a dangerous industry. we need to do something so it \u2019 s safe for them. \u201d the study focused on 300 migrant farm workers who worked in 52 camps, or employer - provided housing, in eastern north carolina. most of the workers hailed from mexico. approximately two - thirds of the workers had h - 2a visas for temporary or seasonal work ; the remainder of participants were undocumented, had other types of documentation or were permanent u. s. residents. the study found : - approximately 15 percent of workers were provided with safety equipment to protect against pesticide exposure. - one - third of workers said they were offered safety instruction about pesticides. - about half of study participants were informed when pesticides were applied or when the no re - entry period was over. - one - quarter of workers reported that they were asked to enter fields before the no re - entry interval had ended. - sixteen percent of workers said they worked in the fields while pesticides were being applied. - workers who experienced wage violations also often experienced \u201c improper pesticide safety and training conditions. \u201d the study suggests that workers with h - 2a visas often experience fewer pay or safety violations. workers with h - 2a visas were more likely to be provided with safety equipment, be informed when the no re - entry period had ended and less likely to work in fields when pesticides were being applied. and while one - fifth of all studied workers experienced minimum wage violations, these violations were experienced by 45 percent of those workers without h - 2a visas. \u201c the greater compliance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4431228799532923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.512513"} {"text": "had ended and less likely to work in fields when pesticides were being applied. and while one - fifth of all studied workers experienced minimum wage violations, these violations were experienced by 45 percent of those workers without h - 2a visas. \u201c the greater compliance available to migrant farmworkers with h - 2a visas for wages and pesticide safety, as well as housing regulations, indicates that we could expect higher compliance for all farmworkers with more regulations and with greater monitoring and review of these regulations, \u201d the study stated. the pay - safety correlation arcury pointed out that the correlation between employers not following pesticide regulations and those not following wage and salary regulations may reveal a new way to seek out those in noncompliance. \u201c we need to pay attention to people who aren \u2019 t following one set of regulations to see if they \u2019 re following the other set of regulations, \u201d he told ehs today. \u201c maybe there \u2019 s just a need for greater education about safety issues and regulations for agricultural workers. on the other hand, there may be individuals who don \u2019 t think they have to follow the rules, and they need to be dealt with just like anyone else who doesn \u2019 t follow regulations. \u201d arcury stressed that regulations must be enforced to protect these workers and identified the following areas of concern : - worker pesticide exposure must be monitored. - farmers and others who apply pesticides should be required to regularly and centrally record what pesticides they are applying, the amount they apply and where they apply. - heat stress requirements, training and prevention techniques should be developed. - child labor concerns must be addressed within the industry. - wage and salary concerns also must be addressed, and farm workers must be paid at least minimum wage. \u201c in north carolina, our agricultural economy is based on immigrant workers. without immigrant workers, we would not be able to pick the cucumbers and sweet potatoes, apples and peaches, tobacco and christmas trees that are essential to our economy, \u201d arcury explained. \u201c what we \u2019 re trying to do is improve the health of workers because i think that \u2019 s best for everyone. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42410155666305016, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.513855"} {"text": "energy efficiency and renewable energy projects win 12 r & d 100 awards for 2012 researchers funded by the energy department ' s office of energy efficiency and renewable energy ( eere ) have won 12 of the 100 awards given out this year by r & d magazine for the most outstanding technology developments with promising commercial potential. the energy department announced last week that it received a total of 36 awards across all of its research and development programs, including eere. the coveted awards \u2014 now in their 50th year \u2014 are presented annually in recognition of exceptional new products, processes, materials, or software that were developed throughout the world and introduced into the market the previous year. the r & d 100 awards highlight some of the successes achieved by the department ' s national laboratories in technology transfer, moving basic research results into commercial products. since 1962, when r & d magazine ' s annual competition began, the department ' s national laboratories have been the recipient of over 800 r & d 100 awards in areas such as energy, national security, and basic scientific applications. r & d 100 awards are selected by an independent panel of judges based on the technical significance, uniqueness, and usefulness of projects and technologies from across industry, government and academia. view the complete list of r & d 100 awards. a list of eere ' s winning program areas, technologies, and national laboratory partners is below : ultra - fast and large - scale boriding ( argonne national laboratory ) : this green, efficient industrial - scale boriding process can drastically reduce costs, increase productivity, and improve the performance and reliability of machine components, such as engine tappets, agricultural knife guards, pump seals, and valves. this new process increases surface hardness of these components by factors of three to ten. low - cost, lightweight robotic hand based on additive manufacturing ( oak ridge national laboratory ) : this technology costs approximately 10 times less than similar devices while commanding 10 times more power than other electric systems. composed of only 46 parts, this simplified, lightweight robotic hand can be manufactured and assembled within 40 hours. it has robotics, prosthetics, remote handling and biomedical and surgical applications. asymmetric rolling mill, co - developed with fata hunter inc. ( oak ridge national laboratory ) : the asymmetric rolling mill provides a way to efficiently process sheet and plate materials, accelerating the production and availability of low - cost magnesium a lightweight metal. commercial use of magnesium has been limited because of the high cost associated with its multistep production process. this technology is likely to reduce processing steps,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5264827738982352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.520326"} {"text": "process sheet and plate materials, accelerating the production and availability of low - cost magnesium a lightweight metal. commercial use of magnesium has been limited because of the high cost associated with its multistep production process. this technology is likely to reduce processing steps, thereby reducing the cost of finished magnesium components and allowing for the replacement of aluminum with magnesium in many commercial goods. the widespread use of magnesium instead of aluminum in cars would reduce vehicle weight and lead to improvements in transportation by improving fuel economy. low frequency rf plasma source ( lfrf - 501 ), co - developed with structured materials industries, inc. ( oak ridge national laboratory ) : lfrf - 501 is a low - cost plasma generator for research, development and production of nanometer scale materials at lower temperatures, faster rates and with enhanced properties. these materials are enabling new developments in many technologies, including microelectronics, renewable energy, sensors and leds. advanced manufacturing and geothermal : nanoshield coatings ( oak ridge national laboratory ) : nanoshield is a protective coating that can extend the life of costly cutting and manufacturing tools by more than 20 %, potentially saving millions of dollars over the course of a project. it is created by laser fusing a unique iron - based powder to any type of steel, which forms a strong metallurgical bond that provides wear resistance between two and 10 times greater than conventional coatings. nanoshield was designed to protect high - wear tools used for tunnel boring and construction, but its potential for navy applications and geothermal drilling tools also is being explored. desiccant - enhanced evaporative air - conditioning ( national renewable energy laboratory ) : developed with ail research and synapse product development llc : devap systems cool commercial buildings at a small fraction of the energy use of a traditional cooler, provides superior comfort in any climate, releases far less carbon dioxide, and could cut costly peak electricity demand by 80 %. the sandia cooler ( sandia national laboratories ) : also known as the \" air bearing heat exchanger, \" this technology will significantly reduce the energy needed to cool the processor chips in data centers and large - scale computing environments. the sandia cooler also offers benefits in other applications where thermal management and energy efficiency are important, particularly heating, ventilation and air - conditioning ( hvac ). hydrogen and fuel platinum monolayer electrocatalysts for fuel cell cathodes ( brookhaven national laboratory ) : platinum is the most efficient electrocatalyst for fuel cells, but platinum - based catalysts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5959224837896124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.523112"} {"text": "air - conditioning ( hvac ). hydrogen and fuel platinum monolayer electrocatalysts for fuel cell cathodes ( brookhaven national laboratory ) : platinum is the most efficient electrocatalyst for fuel cells, but platinum - based catalysts are expensive, unstable, and have low durability. the new electrocatalysts have high activity, stability, and durability, while containing only about one - tenth the platinum of conventional catalysts used in fuel cells, significantly reducing overall costs. sj3 solar cell ( national renewable energy laboratory ) : co - developed with solar junction, the cell achieves a world - record conversion efficiency of 43. 5 % with potential to reach 50 %. like a three - blade safety razor that uses all its blades for a closer shave, the three - layered sj3 cell captures different light frequencies, ensuring the best conversion of photons to electrons. the 43. 5 % efficiency occurs under lens - focused light having 418 times the intensity of the sun. microsystems enabled photovoltaics ( sandia national laboratories ) : tiny, glitter - sized pv cells are created using microdesign and microfabrication techniques, released into a solution and \" printed \" onto a low - cost substrate. the technology has potential applications in buildings, houses, clothing, portable electronics, vehicles and other contoured structures. high - energy concentration - gradient cathode material for plug - in hybrids and all - electric vehicles ( argonne national laboratory ) : argonne and several partners have developed a novel high - energy and high - power cathode material for use in lithium ion ( li - ion ) batteries especially suited for plug - in hybrids and all - electric vehicles. it provides much higher energy and longer life than any other li - ion cathode material, and as such is also ideal for batteries in hybrid vehicles and a wide range of consumer electronics applications. graphene nanostructures for lithium batteries, co - developed with vorbeck materials corp. of jessup md. and princeton university ( pacific northwest national laboratory ) : small quantities of graphene \u2014 ultra - thin sheets of carbon atoms \u2014 can dramatically improve the performance and power of lithium - ion batteries. graphene nanostructures could lead to the development of batteries that last longer and recharge quickly, drastically reducing the time it takes to charge a smartphone to as little as ten minutes and charging an electric vehicle in just a few hours. the energy department ' s office of energy efficiency and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5702521145095096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.524915"} {"text": "on earth, scientific breakthroughs are made by the ussr which develops the h - bomb and eventually the satellite sputnik, which ushered the human space age as the first object to exit earth. this event attracted vulcan explorers who discreetly lingered in pennsylvania before rescued, but not before introducing some of their technology to humans. ( ent : \" carbon creek \" ) the usa creates the national aeronautics and space administration ( nasa ), as a response to this \" space race \". dwight d. eisenhower succeeds harry s. truman as president. this era was the most heated period of the earth cold war. this decade also saw productivity in arts and entertainment with film releases such as shane, the searchers, the court jester, the day the earth stood still, sunset boulevard, from here to eternity, to catch a thief, wages of fear and b - movies such as revenge of the creature and bride of the corpse. the songs come fly with me, fever, louie, louie, crazy arms and just in time were written. the popular music genre known as rock ' n roll also born in this decade, with performers like elvis presley and roy orbison. television becomes a popular form of entertainment, which it remains until 2040. shows in this decade include howdy doody, i love lucy, the untouchables and the twilight zone. - a border dispute begins between andoria and vulcan, shortly after first contact between the two worlds, lasting for the next 200 years. according to shran, the only thing that kept vulcan from invading andoria was the threat of massive retaliation. after stealing a prototype of the xindi weapon from the xindi, shran declared that, \" with a weapon of this magnitude at our disposal, they wouldn ' t dare attack us. \" ( ent : \" proving ground \" )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4803129698401247, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.526829"} {"text": "center pivot irrigation | | this article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. ( june 2012 ) | center - pivot irrigation ( sometimes called central pivot irrigation ), also called circle irrigation, is a method of crop irrigation in which equipment rotates around a pivot and crops are watered with sprinklers. a circular area centered on the pivot is irrigated, often creating a circular pattern in crops when viewed from above ( sometimes referred to as crop circles ). most center pivots were initially water - powered, and today most are propelled by electric motors. center pivot irrigation is a form of overhead sprinkler irrigation consisting of several segments of pipe ( usually galvanized steel or aluminum ) joined together and supported by trusses, mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers positioned along its length. the machine moves in a circular pattern and is fed with water from the pivot point at the center of the circle. the outside set of wheels sets the master pace for the rotation ( typically once every three days ). the inner sets of wheels are mounted at hubs between two segments and use angle sensors to detect when the bend at the joint exceeds a certain threshold, and thus, the wheels should be rotated to keep the segments aligned. center pivots are typically less than 1600 feet ( 500 meters ) in length ( circle radius ) with the most common size being the standard 1 / 4 mile ( 400 m ) machine. to achieve uniform application, center pivots require an even emitter flow rate across the radius of the machine. since the outer - most spans ( or towers ) travel farther in a given time period than the innermost spans, nozzle sizes are smallest at the inner spans and increase with distance from the pivot point. aerial views show fields of circles created by the watery tracings of \" quarter - or half - mile of the center - pivot irrigation pipe, \" created by centor pivot irrigators which use \" hundreds and sometimes thousands of gallons a minute. \" most center pivot systems now have drops hanging from a u - shaped pipe called a gooseneck attached at the top of the pipe [ clarification needed ] with sprinkler heads that are positioned a few feet ( at most ) above the crop, thus limiting evaporative losses and wind drift. there are many different nozzle configurations available including static plate, moving plate and part circle. pressure regulators are typically installed upstream of each no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5209224894637962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.547313"} {"text": "are positioned a few feet ( at most ) above the crop, thus limiting evaporative losses and wind drift. there are many different nozzle configurations available including static plate, moving plate and part circle. pressure regulators are typically installed upstream of each nozzle to ensure each is operating at the correct design pressure. drops can also be used with drag hoses or bubblers that deposit the water directly on the ground between crops. this type of system is known as lepa ( low energy precision application ) and is often associated with the construction of small dams along the furrow length ( termed furrow diking / dyking ). crops may be planted in straight rows or are sometimes planted in circles to conform to the travel of the irrigation system originally, most center pivots were water - powered. these were replaced by hydraulic systems and electric motor - driven systems. most systems today are driven by an electric motor mounted at each tower. for a center pivot to be used, the terrain needs to be reasonably flat ; but one major advantage of center pivots over alternative systems is the ability to function in undulating country. this advantage has resulted in increased irrigated acreage and water use in some areas. the system is in use, for example, in parts of the united states, australia, new zealand, brazil and also in desert areas such as the sahara and the middle east. the center - pivot irrigation system is considered to be a highly efficient system which helps conserve water. it is used by arrowhead mills, the largest natural foods wholesaler in the united states, founded by organic farmer and activist frank ford from the texas panhandle, for example. however, by 2013 it was shown that as the water consumption efficiency of the center - pivot irrigator improved over the years, farmers planted more intensively, irrigated more land, and grew thirstier crops. using treated, recycled sources of water in agriculture is one approach to safeguarding the future of the aquifer. another method of reducing the amount of water use is changing to crops that require less water, such as sunflowers. center pivot irrigation typically uses less water compared to many surface irrigation and furrow irrigation techniques, which reduces the expenditure of and conserves water. it also helps to reduce labor costs compared to some ground irrigation techniques, which are often more labor intensive. some ground irrigation techniques involve the digging of channels on the land for the water to flow, whereas the use of center - pivot irrigation can reduce the amount", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5039986664115731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.550320"} {"text": "helps to reduce labor costs compared to some ground irrigation techniques, which are often more labor intensive. some ground irrigation techniques involve the digging of channels on the land for the water to flow, whereas the use of center - pivot irrigation can reduce the amount of soil tillage that occurs and helps to reduce water runoff and soil erosion that can occur with ground irrigation. less tillage encourages more organic materials and crop residue to decompose back into the soil, and reduces soil compaction. early settlers of the semiarid high plains were plagued by crop failures due to cycles of drought, culminating in the disastrous dust bowl of the 1930s. it was only after world war ii when center pivot irrigation became available that the land mass of the high plains aquifer system was transformed into one of the most agriculturally productive regions in the world. risks : shrinking irreplaceable aquifers hydrology is no longer a mystery and it is now understood that groundwater level elevation decreases when the rate of extraction by irrigation exceeds the rate of recharge. at some places, the water table was measured to drop more than five feet ( 1. 5 m ) per year at the time of maximum extraction. in extreme cases, the deepening of wells was required to reach the steadily falling water table. in the 21st century, recognition of the significance of the aquifer has led to increased coverage from regional and international journalists. writer john miller morris characterized the increased use of the center pivot irrigation system as part of a profound attitude shift towards modernism ( expensive tractors, center - pivot irrigation, dangerous new pesticides ) and away from traditional farming that took place in the mid - 1970s and 1980s in the united states. a new generation chose high - risk, high - reward crops such as irrigated corn or peanuts, which require large quantities of ground water, fertilizer and chemicals. the new family farm corporations turned many pastures into new cropland and were more interested in rising land prices than water conservation. in the united states, by may 2013 the center - pivot irrigator was described as the \" villian \" in the new york times article \" wells dry, fertile plains turn to dust \" recounting the relentless decline of parts of the high plains aquifer system. one of the world ' s largest aquifers, it covers an area of approximately 174, 000 mi\u00b2 ( 450, 000 km\u00b2 ) in portions of the eight states of south dakota, nebraska, wyoming, colorado, kansas, oklahoma, new mexico", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49996680857423276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.552951"} {"text": "one of the world ' s largest aquifers, it covers an area of approximately 174, 000 mi\u00b2 ( 450, 000 km\u00b2 ) in portions of the eight states of south dakota, nebraska, wyoming, colorado, kansas, oklahoma, new mexico, and texas, beneath the great plains in the united states. in parts of the united states after sixty years of the profitable business of intensive farming using huge center - pivot irrigators has emptied parts of the high plains aquifer. it would take hundreds to thousands of years of rainfall to replace the groundwater in the dried up aquifer. in 1950 irrigated irrigated cropland covered 250, 000 acres. with the use of center - pivot irrigation, nearly three million acres of land were irrigated in kansas alone. in some places in the texas panhandle, the water table has been drained ( dewatered ). \" vast stretches of texas farmland lying over the aquifer no longer support irrigation. in west - central kansas, up to a fifth of the irrigated farmland along a 100 - mile swath of the aquifer has already gone dry. \" center pivot manufacturers over the 30 years after world war ii, there were at least 60 center pivot irrigation manufacturers created in the united states. as of 2010, it ' s been reported that there are less than 12 u. s. manufacturers, of which five are major : valmont industries and their \" valley \" products, lindsay corporation and their \" zimmatic \" brand, reinke irrigation with their \" electrogator \" machines, t - l irrigation who make a hydrostatically powered system and pierce corporation and their \" circlemaster \" products. valmont, lindsay, reinke, and pierce corporation all manufacture systems powered by 480 volt electricity. t - l ' s variable - displacement hydraulic pump which is typically driven by a 480v, natural gas or diesel motor on standard quarter section pivots. water application typically consist of brass impacts, [ clarification needed ] drip tubes, rotating nozzles, or stationary sprays. these sprinklers are manufactured by nelson irrigation and senninger irrigation. varying applications, soils, and crops require different volumes of water and application rates. pivots often have a large bore impact sprinkler ( called \" big guns \" ) located on the very end of the machine to aid in irrigating most number of acres possible. while these \" end guns \" may dramatically increase the irrigated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4486428724057018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.554239"} {"text": "often have a large bore impact sprinkler ( called \" big guns \" ) located on the very end of the machine to aid in irrigating most number of acres possible. while these \" end guns \" may dramatically increase the irrigated area they suffer from poor uniformity and may have negative impacts on the entire pivot if not designed properly. the largest maker of mechanized irrigation market is valmont industries. valmont claims a market share between 35 \u2013 45 % of all new center pivots sold in the united states. reinke is a privately held company which limits the ability for market researches to determine the exact number of center pivot sold. reinke and zimmatic compete to share between 30 \u2013 35 % of the irrigation market. valley, zimmatic, and reinke manufacture modern irrigation equipment and consume about 75 % and support networks of professional dealers. t - l irrigation, also privately held, manufactures a hydraulically driven irrigator and markets throughout the united states and in more than 55 countries through independent agriculturally oriented equipment dealers ( market share 25 % ). today, many countries use center pivot irrigation. by the mid 1970s valmont began manufacturing a significant amount of irrigation systems in europe, the middle east, africa, australia, china, thailand, latin america and switzerland. linear / lateral move irrigation machines the above mentioned equipment can also be configured to move in a straight line where it is termed a linear move or lateral move irrigation system. in this case the water is supplied by an irrigation channel running the length of the field and positioned either at one side or midway across the field width. the motor and pump equipment is mounted on a cart adjacent to the supply channel that travels with the machine. farmers may opt for linear moves to conform to existing rectangular field designs such as those converting from furrow irrigation. lateral moves are far less common, rely on more complex guidance systems, and require additional management compared to center pivot systems. lateral moves are common in australia and typically range between 500 and 1000 meters in length. - mader, shelli ( may 25, 2010 ). \" center pivot irrigation revolutionizes agriculture \". the fence post magazine. retrieved june 6, 2012. - ddr. nal. usda. gov center pivot irrigation system modification to provide variable water application depths. - gray, ellen ( may 3, 2012 ). \" texas crop circles from space \". nasa. retrieved june 6, 2012. - morgan, robert ( 1993 ). water and the land. cathedral", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45769909206851356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.557283"} {"text": "system modification to provide variable water application depths. - gray, ellen ( may 3, 2012 ). \" texas crop circles from space \". nasa. retrieved june 6, 2012. - morgan, robert ( 1993 ). water and the land. cathedral city, ca : adams publishing corp. pp. 35 \u2013 36. isbn 0935030026. - alfred, randy ( july 22, 2008 ). \" july 22, 1952 : genuine crop - circle maker patented \". wired magazine. retrieved june 6, 2012. - \" growing rice where it has never grown before : a missouri research program may help better feed an increasingly hungry world \". college of agriculture, food and natural resources, university of missouri. july 3, 2008. retrieved june 6, 2012. - wines, michael ( 19 may 2013 ). \" wells dry, fertile plains turn to dust \". new york times. - \" about arrowhead mills \". arrowhead mills. - jeremy p. meyer, \" farmers ' tower of power \", denver post, 2 october 2006. last accessed october 24, 2006 - \" shrinking aquifer looms as big problem for farms \". nancy cole, arkansas democrat - gazette. september 24, 2006. last accessed october 24, 2006. - column - mansel phillips : \" too many thirsty industries, not nearly enough water \". mansel phillips, amarillo globe news. october 4, 2006. last accessed october 24, 2006. - \" another sign of long - term water worries \", lincoln star journal, october 8, 2006. last accessed november 20, 2012 - daily telegraph ( uk ) saturday magazine issue no 48, 446 ( dated 5 march 2011 ) pp 26 - 32 \" high and dry \" report by charles lawrence - morris, john miller ( 2003 ). sherry l. smith, ed. the future of the southern plains. norman, oklahoma : university of oklahoma press. p. 275. isbn 0806137355. - rainwater, ken ( 1 january 2004 ). \" book review : the future of the southern plains \". great plains quarterly great plains studies ( lincoln, nebraska : center for great plains quarterly great plains studies, university of nebraska ). - darton, n. h. 1898. preliminary report on the geology and water resources of nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian. in : walcott, c. d. ( ed ), nineteenth annual report of the united states geological survey, 1897 - 1898, part iv, pp. 719 - 78", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5171603625606661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.558439"} {"text": "and water resources of nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian. in : walcott, c. d. ( ed ), nineteenth annual report of the united states geological survey, 1897 - 1898, part iv, pp. 719 - 785. - dennehy, k. f. ( 2000 ). \" high plains regional ground - water study : u. s. geological survey fact sheet fs - 091 - 00 \". usgs. retrieved 2008 - 05 - 07. - mull, marty ( january 14, 2012 ). \" center pivot irrigation more efficient, labor - saving than flood irrigation \". the prairie star. retrieved june 6, 2012. - evans, r. o. ; et al. ( march 1997 ). \" center pivot and linear move irrigation system \". north carolina cooperative extension service, north carolina state university. retrieved june 6, 2012. - snyder, cindy ( january 18, 2011 ). \" center pivot irrigation systems cost big bucks \". times - news ( twin falls, idaho ). retrieved june 6, 2012. - becker, hank ( october 2, 2000 ). \" can crop temperature guide center - pivot irrigation? \". usda agriculture research service. retrieved june 6, 2012. - garner, fay ( february 2008 ). \" tuskegee turf farm battles drought with more efficient irrigation \". usda natural resources conservation service. retrieved june 6, 2012. - boyd, vicky ( february 16, 2012 ). \" valley irrigation unveils tire sensor for center - pivot systems \". the grower magazine. retrieved june 6, 2012. - media related to center pivot irrigation at wikimedia commons - \" the ogallala aquifer \" manjula v. guru, agricultural policy specialist and james e. horne, president & ceo, the kerr center for sustainable agriculture, poteau, oklahoma - usgs high plains regional groundwater study - a legal fight in texas over the ogallala aquifer - kansas geological survey information on the high plains / ogallala aquifer - rapid recharge of parts of the high plains aquifer indicated by a reconnaissance study in oklahoma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45567379515057715, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.559259"} {"text": "##nor, second creation ( 1765 ) - william bouverie, 1st earl of radnor ( 1725 \u2013 1776 ) - jacob pleydell - bouverie, 2nd earl of radnor ( 1750 \u2013 1828 ) - william pleydell - bouverie, 3rd earl of radnor ( 1779 \u2013 1869 ) - jacob pleydell - bouverie, 4th earl of radnor ( 1815 \u2013 1889 ) - william pleydell - bouverie, 5th earl of radnor ( 1841 \u2013 1900 ) - jacob pleydell - bouverie, 6th earl of radnor ( 1868 \u2013 1930 ) - william pleydell - bouverie, 7th earl of radnor ( 1895 \u2013 1968 ) - jacob pleydell - bouverie, 8th earl of radnor ( 1927 \u2013 2008 ) - william pleydell - bouverie, 9th earl of radnor ( b. 1955 ). the son of jacob pleydell - bouverie, 8th earl of radnor and anne garden seth - smith, daughter of donald farquharson seth - smith, pleydell - bouverie was educated at harrow and the royal agricultural college, cirencester. until the death of his father, he was known by the courtesy title viscount folkestone. in 1996 he married melissa stanford, daughter of james keith edward stanford, obe, formerly director - general of the leonard cheshire foundation, and grand - daughter of the author j. k. stanford. they have four sons and two daughters, and the heir apparent is now their eldest son, jacob pleydell - bouverie, viscount folkestone, born 7 april 1999. the heir apparent is the present holder ' s son jacob pleydell - bouverie, viscount folkestone ( b. 1999 ) | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( february 2013 ) | - george edward cockayne complete baronetage volume 1 1900 - seth - smith family tree at seth - smith. org. uk, accessed 5 december 2008 - folkestone, viscount ( born 5 jan. 1955 ), in who ' s who 2008 ( london, a. & c. black, 2008 - stanford, james keith edward, in who ' s who 2008 ( london, a. & c. black, 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35143822736351316, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.565975"} {"text": "estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environments and are subject to both marine influences, such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water ; and riverine influences, such as flows of fresh water and sediment. the inflows of both sea water and fresh water provide high levels of nutrients in both the water column and sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world. most existing estuaries were formed during the holocene epoch by the flooding of river - eroded or glacially scoured valleys when the sea level began to rise about 10, 000 - 12, 000 years ago. estuaries are typically classified by their geomorphological features or by water circulation patterns and can be referred to by many different names, such as bays, harbors, lagoons, inlets, or sounds, although some of these water bodies do not strictly meet the above definition of an estuary and may be fully saline. the banks of many estuaries are amongst the most heavily populated areas of the world, with about 60 % of the world ' s population living along estuaries and the coast. as a result, many estuaries are suffering degradation by many factors, including sedimentation from soil erosion from deforestation, overgrazing, and other poor farming practices ; overfishing ; drainage and filling of wetlands ; eutrophication due to excessive nutrients from sewage and animal wastes ; pollutants including heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, radionuclides and hydrocarbons from sewage inputs ; and diking or damming for flood control or water diversion. the word \" estuary \" is derived from the latin word aestuarium meaning tidal inlet of the sea, which in itself is derived from the term aestus, meaning tide. there have been many definitions proposed to describe an estuary. the most widely accepted definition is : \" a semi - enclosed coastal body of water, which has a free connection with the open sea, and within sea water is measurably diluted with freshwater derived from land drainage \". however, this definition excludes a number of coastal water bodies such as coastal lagoons and brackish seas. a more comprehensive definition of an estuary is \" a semi - enclosed body of water connected to the sea as far as the tidal limit or the salt intrusion limit and receiving freshwater runoff ; however the freshwater inflow may not be perennial, the connection to the sea may be closed for part of the year and tidal influence may be negli", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5343786695355353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.577804"} {"text": "connected to the sea as far as the tidal limit or the salt intrusion limit and receiving freshwater runoff ; however the freshwater inflow may not be perennial, the connection to the sea may be closed for part of the year and tidal influence may be negligible \". this definition includes classical estuaries [ clarification needed ] as well as fjords, lagoons, river mouths, and tidal creeks. an estuary is a dynamic ecosystem with a connection with the open sea through which the sea water enters with the rhythm of the tides. the sea water entering the estuary is diluted by the fresh water flowing from rivers and streams. the pattern of dilution varies between different estuaries and depends on the volume of fresh water, the tidal range, and the extent of evaporation of the water in the estuary. classification based on geomorphology drowned river valleys their width - to - depth ratio is typically large, appearing wedge - shaped in the inner part and broadening and deepening seaward. water depths rarely exceed 30 m ( 100 ft ). examples of this type of estuary in the u. s. are the hudson river, chesapeake bay, and delaware bay along the mid - atlantic coast ; and along the gulf coast, galveston bay and tampa bay. lagoon - type or bar - built these estuaries are semi - isolated from ocean waters by barrier beaches ( barrier islands and barrier spits ). formation of barrier beaches partially encloses the estuary, with only narrow inlets allowing contact with the ocean waters. bar - built estuaries typically develop on gently sloping plains located along tectonically stable edges of continents and marginal sea coasts. they are extensive along the atlantic and gulf coasts of the u. s. in areas with active coastal deposition of sediments and where tidal ranges are less than 4 m ( 13 ft ). the barrier beaches that enclose bar - built estuaries have been developed in several ways : - building up of offshore bars by wave action, in which sand from the sea floor is deposited in elongated bars parallel to the shoreline, - reworking of sediment discharge from rivers by wave, current, and wind action into beaches, overwash flats, and dunes, - engulfment of mainland beach ridges ( ridges developed from the erosion of coastal plain sediments around 5000 years ago ) due to sea level rise and resulting in the breaching of the ridges and flooding of the coastal lowlands, forming shallow lagoons, and - elongation of barrier spits from the erosion of headlands due to the action of longshore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4965343746243936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.578828"} {"text": "ago ) due to sea level rise and resulting in the breaching of the ridges and flooding of the coastal lowlands, forming shallow lagoons, and - elongation of barrier spits from the erosion of headlands due to the action of longshore currents, with the spits growing in the direction of the littoral drift. barrier beaches form in shallow water and are generally parallel to the shoreline, resulting in long, narrow estuaries. the average water depth is usually less than 5 m ( 16 ft ), and rarely exceeds 10 m ( 33 ft ). examples of bar - built estuaries are barnegat bay, new jersey ; laguna madre, texas ; and pamlico sound, north carolina. fjord - type estuaries are formed in deeply eroded valleys formed by glaciers. these u - shaped estuaries typically have steep sides, rock bottoms, and underwater sills contoured by glacial movement. the estuary is shallowest at its mouth, where terminal glacial moraines or rock bars form sills that restrict water flow. in the upper reaches of the estuary, the depth can exceed 300 m ( 1, 000 ft ). the width - to - depth ratio is generally small. in estuaries with very shallow sills, tidal oscillations only affect the water down to the depth of the sill, and the waters deeper than that may remain stagnant for a very long time, so there is only an occasional exchange of the deep water of the estuary with the ocean. if the sill depth is deep, water circulation is less restricted, and there is a slow but steady exchange of water between the estuary and the ocean. fjord - type estuaries can be found along the coasts of alaska, the puget sound region of western washington state, british columbia, eastern canada, greenland, iceland, new zealand, and norway. these estuaries are formed by subsidence or land cut off from the ocean by land movement associated with faulting, volcanoes, and landslides. inundation from eustatic sea level rise during the holocene epoch has also contributed to the formation of these estuaries. there are only a small number of tectonically produced estuaries ; one example is the san francisco bay, which was formed by the crustal movements of the san andreas fault system causing the inundation of the lower reaches of the sacramento and san joaquin rivers. classification based on water circulation in this type of estuary, river output greatly exceeds marine input and tidal effects have a minor importance. fresh water floats on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44747766733746125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.579804"} {"text": "san andreas fault system causing the inundation of the lower reaches of the sacramento and san joaquin rivers. classification based on water circulation in this type of estuary, river output greatly exceeds marine input and tidal effects have a minor importance. fresh water floats on top of the seawater in a layer that gradually thins as it moves seaward. the denser seawater moves landward along the bottom of the estuary, forming a wedge - shaped layer that is thinner as it approaches land. as a velocity difference develops between the two layers, shear forces generate internal waves at the interface, mixing the seawater upward with the freshwater. an example of a salt wedge estuary is the mississippi river. as tidal forcing increases, river output becomes less than the marine input. here, current induced turbulence causes mixing of the whole water column such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically, leading to a moderately stratified condition. examples include the chesapeake bay and narragansett bay. tidal mixing forces exceed river output, resulting in a well mixed water column and the disappearance of the vertical salinity gradient. the freshwater - seawater boundary is eliminated due to the intense turbulent mixing and eddy effects. the lower reaches of the delaware bay and the raritan river in new jersey are examples of vertically homogenous estuaries. inverse estuaries occur in dry climates where evaporation greatly exceeds the inflow of fresh water. a salinity maximum zone is formed, and both riverine and oceanic water flow close to the surface towards this zone. this water is pushed downward and spreads along the bottom in both the seaward and landward direction. an example of an inverse estuary is spencer gulf, south australia. ( see also estuarine water circulation ) the most important variable characteristics of estuary water are the concentration of dissolved oxygen, salinity and sediment load. there is extreme spatial variability in salinity, with a range of near zero at the tidal limit of the tributary river ( s ) to 3. 4 % at the estuary mouth. at any one point the salinity will vary considerably over time and seasons, making it a harsh environment for organisms. sediment often settles in intertidal mudflats which are extremely difficult to colonize. no points of attachment exist for algae, so vegetation based habitat is not established [ clarification needed ]. sediment can also clog feeding and respiratory structures of species, and special adaptations exist within mudflat species to cope with this problem. lastly, dissolved oxygen variation can cause problems for life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5272438390272713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.580794"} {"text": "vegetation based habitat is not established [ clarification needed ]. sediment can also clog feeding and respiratory structures of species, and special adaptations exist within mudflat species to cope with this problem. lastly, dissolved oxygen variation can cause problems for life forms. nutrient - rich sediment from man - made sources can promote primary production life cycles, perhaps leading to eventual decay removing the dissolved oxygen from the water ; thus hypoxic or anoxic zones can develop. implications for marine life estuaries provide habitats for a large number of organisms and support very high productivity. estuaries provide habitats for many fish nurseries, depending upon their locations in the world, such as salmon and sea trout. also, migratory bird populations, such as the black - tailed godwit, limosa limosa islandica make essential use of estuaries. two of the main challenges of estuarine life are the variability in salinity and sedimentation. many species of fish and invertebrates have various methods to control or conform to the shifts in salt concentrations and are termed osmoconformers and osmoregulators. many animals also burrow to avoid predation and to live in the more stable sedimental environment. however, large numbers of bacteria are found within the sediment which have a very high oxygen demand. this reduces the levels of oxygen within the sediment often resulting in partially anoxic conditions, which can be further exacerbated by limited water flux. phytoplankton are key primary producers in estuaries. they move with the water bodies and can be flushed in and out with the tides. their productivity is largely dependant upon the turbidity of the water. the main phytoplankton present are diatoms and dinoflagellates which are abundant in the sediment. as ecosystems, estuaries are under threat from human activities such as pollution and overfishing. they are also threatened by sewage, coastal settlement, land clearance and much more. estuaries are affected by events far upstream, and concentrate materials such as pollutants and sediments. land run - off and industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste enter rivers and are discharged into estuaries. contaminants can be introduced which do not disintegrate rapidly in the marine environment, such as plastics, pesticides, furans, dioxins, phenols and heavy metals. such toxins can accumulate in the tissues of many species of aquatic life in a process called bioaccumulation. they also accumulate in benthic environments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4977846346321193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.581754"} {"text": "as plastics, pesticides, furans, dioxins, phenols and heavy metals. such toxins can accumulate in the tissues of many species of aquatic life in a process called bioaccumulation. they also accumulate in benthic environments, such as estuaries and bay muds : a geological record of human activities of the last century. estuaries tend to be naturally eutrophic because land runoff discharges nutrients into estuaries. with human activities, land run - off also now includes the many chemicals used as fertilizers in agriculture as well as waste from livestock and humans. excess oxygen depleting chemicals in the water can lead to hypoxia and the creation of dead zones. this can result in reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal populations. overfishing also occurs. chesapeake bay once had a flourishing oyster population which has been almost wiped out by overfishing. historically the oysters filtered the estuary ' s entire water volume of excess nutrients every three or four days. today that process takes almost a year, and sediment, nutrients, and algae can cause problems in local waters. oysters filter these pollutants, and either eat them or shape them into small packets that are deposited on the bottom where they are harmless. - albemarle sound - amazon river - the golden horn - chesapeake bay - delaware bay - drake ' s estero - gippsland lakes - great bay - gulf of saint lawrence - hampton roads - laguna madre - lake borgne - lake pontchartrain - long island sound - mobile bay - narragansett bay - new york - new jersey harbor - ob river - puget sound - pamlico sound - port jackson ( sydney harbour ) - rio de la plata - san francisco bay - shannon estuary - thames estuary - pritchard, d. w. ( 1967 ). \" what is an estuary : physical viewpoint \". in lauf, g. h. estuaries. a. a. a. s. publ. 83. washington, dc. pp. 3 \u2013 5. - mclusky, d. s. ; elliott, m. ( 2004 ). the estuarine ecosystem : ecology, threats and management. new york : oxford university press. isbn 0 - 19 - 852508 - 7. - wolanski, e. ( 2007 ). estuarine ecohydrology. amsterdam : elsevier. isbn 978 - 0 - 444 - 53066 - 0. - kunneke", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47324577824457636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.582777"} {"text": "19 - 852508 - 7. - wolanski, e. ( 2007 ). estuarine ecohydrology. amsterdam : elsevier. isbn 978 - 0 - 444 - 53066 - 0. - kunneke, j. t. ; palik, t. f. ( 1984 ). \" tampa bay environmental atlas \". u. s. fish wildl. serv. biol. rep. 85 ( 15 ) : 3. retrieved january 12, 2010. - kennish, m. j. ( 1986 ). ecology of estuaries. volume i : physical and chemical aspects. boca raton, fl : crc press. isbn 0 - 8493 - 5892 - 2. - wolanski, e. ( 1986 ). \" an evaporation - driven salinity maximum zone in australian tropical estuaries \". estuarine, coastal, and shelf science 22 ( 4 ) : 415 \u2013 424. bibcode : 1986ecss... 22.. 415w. doi : 10. 1016 / 0272 - 7714 ( 86 ) 90065 - x. - tomczak, m. ( 2000 ). \" oceanography notes ch. 12 : estuaries \". retrieved 30 november 2006. - day, j. h. ( 1981 ). estuarine ecology. rotterdam : a. a. balkema. isbn 90 - 6191 - 205 - 9. - kaiser ; et al. ( 2005 ). marine ecology. processes, systems and impacts. new york : oxford university press. isbn 019924975x. - gillanders, bronwyn m. ( 2003 ). evidence of connectivity between juvenile and adult habitats for mobile marine fauna : an important component of nurseries. marine ecology progress series. - gill, jennifer a. ( 2001 ). \" the buffer effect and large - scale population regulation in migratory birds \". nature 412 ( 6845 ) : 436 \u2013 438. doi : 10. 1038 / 35086568. - ross, d. a. ( 1995 ). introduction to oceanography. new york : harper collins college publishers. isbn 978 - 0 - 673 - 46938 - 0. - \" estuaries tutorial \". noaa. retrieved march 25, 2008. - branch, g. ( 1999 ). \" estuarine vulnerability and ecological impacts : estuaries of south africa, edited by brian r. allanson and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.459108722871585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.583561"} {"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( december 2007 ) | a hole punch ( known also as a holing pincer, hole puncher, hole maker, or rarely perforator, or paper puncher ) is a common office tool that is used to create holes in sheets of paper, often for the purpose of collecting the sheets in a binder or folder. a leather punch, slightly different from one designed for paper, is used for leather goods. the origins of the hole punch date back to germany via matthias theel, where two early patents for a device designed to \" punch holes in paper \" have since been discovered. friedrich soennecken made his patent on november 14, 1886, for his papierlocher fur sammelmappen. a typical hole punch, whether a single or multiple hole punch, has a long lever which is used to push a bladed cylinder straight through a number of sheets of paper. as the vertical travel distance of the cylinder is only a few millimeters, it can be positioned within a centimeter of the lever fulcrum. for low volume hole punches, the resulting lever need not be more than 8 cm for sufficient force. two paper guides are needed to line up the paper : one opposite where the paper is inserted, to set the margin distance, and one on an adjacent side. hole punches for industrial volumes ( hundreds of sheets ) feature very long lever arms, but function identically. another mechanism uses hollowed drills which are lowered by a screwing action into the paper. the paper is cut and forced up into the shaft of the drill to be later discarded as tightly packed columns. this method allows a small machine to cut industrial volumes of paper with little effort. the most common standard for the dimensions and location of filing holes punched in paper is international standard iso 838. two holes with a diameter of 6\u00b10. 5 mm are punched into the paper. the centers of these holes are 80\u00b10. 5 mm apart and have a distance of 12\u00b11 mm to the nearest edge of the paper. the holes are located symmetrically in relation to the axis of the sheet or document. any paper format that is at least 100 mm high ( e. g., iso a7 and larger ) can be filed using this system. a printed document with a margin of 20 \u2013 25 mm will accommodate iso 838 filing holes. 4 - hole extension ( \" 888 \" ) a four - hole extension is also commonly used. the two middle holes are punched in accordance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47747127291592595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.590748"} {"text": "this system. a printed document with a margin of 20 \u2013 25 mm will accommodate iso 838 filing holes. 4 - hole extension ( \" 888 \" ) a four - hole extension is also commonly used. the two middle holes are punched in accordance with iso 838, and so paper punched with the four holes can be filed in binders that are consistent with iso 838. the two additional holes are located 80 mm above and below these. the use of two additional holes provides more stability. this extension is sometimes referred to as the \" 888 \" system, because of the three 8 - cm gaps between the holes. some 2 - hole punches have an \" 888 \" marking on their paper guide, to assist punching all four holes into a4 paper. for us legal size paper format ( 8 - 1 / 2 \" x 14 \" or 216x355 mm ) traditionally 4 holes has been used in the past and still in use today but not as common as it sibling the standard 3 holes ( see below ). the 4 holes are preferred due to the extra long length of 14 \" side of the paper where the 4 holes would be placed. binders with 4 - rings gives the paper a better support in the binder. were the documents only punched with 3 holes it will with time create sacking of the paper at the top part of the binder above the top ring. the 4 holes are positioned symmetrically 3. 5 \" ( 89 mm ) apart ( center to center of each hole ) in regions that use the u. s. \" letter \" paper format ( 8. 5 \" x 11 \" or 216\u00d7279 mm ; united states, canada, and in part mexico and the philippines ), a three - hole standard is widely used. the holes are positioned symmetrically, with the centres 108 mm ( 4 - 1 / 4 in ) apart. the diameter of the holes varies between manufacturers, with typical values being 6 \u2013 8 mm ( 1 / 4 to 5 / 16 inch ). ( the 5 / 16 value is most commonly used, as it allows for more variation in both ring binder and paper punching. ) the distance of the hole center to the paper edge also varies, with 12 mm ( 1 / 2 inch ) being a typical value. unlike iso 838, this 3 - hole system appears to have no well - established exact specification. it can only be applied to paper formats that are at least 240 mm high. another standard also occasionally used in the united states is a filebinder system", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48521046936033013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.591667"} {"text": "iso 838, this 3 - hole system appears to have no well - established exact specification. it can only be applied to paper formats that are at least 240 mm high. another standard also occasionally used in the united states is a filebinder system. its two holes are positioned symmetrically, with the centres 70 mm ( 2 - 3 / 4 inch ) apart. in sweden, a four - hole national standard is almost exclusively used. the centres of the holes are 21mm, 70mm and 21 mm apart. the guides help keep the paper in a straight line. the official name of this four - hole system is triohalning since it was adapted to the \" trio binder \" which was awarded swedish patent in 1890. the binder ' s inventor andreas tengwall supposedly named it after a consortium consisting of himself and two companions, i. e., a trio. according to shaugho punchers inc., the ideal 1 hole punch places the centre of the hole punched at 1. 0 cm in from the left of a page and 4. 0 cm down from the top of a page. according to killeen co., the punched hole should between 0. 9 cm and 1. 1 cm from the left hand side of a page and between 3. 9 cm and 4. 1 cm from the top of a page. uses of hole punches single hole punches single hole punches are often used to punch tickets, which indicates its credit has been used, and to make confetti when creating scrapbooks and other paper crafts. for applications needing a variety of hole shapes, a ticket punch may be used. a single hole punch differs from a ticket punch in having a shorter reach and no choice of hole shape. in the united states, single hole punches are often used to punch holes through playing cards, rendering them \" used. \" this helps cut down on cheating by eliminating any cards that may have been tainted by players. paper drilling is also popular for this purpose. a related office tool is the eyelet punch. this is a single - hole punch which also presses a metal fastening loop around the hole. it is used to permanently secure a few sheets of paper together which must not be separated or modified. multiple hole punches multiple hole punches typically make between one and eight holes at one time, the placement of which matches the spacing of the rings in a binder. for example the filofax system uses six holes in two groups of three. with a few exceptions, two - hole and four - hole punches", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5097842553726704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.592724"} {"text": "at one time, the placement of which matches the spacing of the rings in a binder. for example the filofax system uses six holes in two groups of three. with a few exceptions, two - hole and four - hole punches consistent with iso 838 are the norm. in the united states the three - hole punch is most common. less frequently seen is the two - hole filebinder punch. there are office models available for the perforation of 1 to 150 sheets of paper, and industrial models for up to 470 sheets. most multiple - hole and many single - hole punches accumulate the waste paper circles ( chads ) in a chamber, which must be periodically emptied in order to facilitate the continued operation of the punch. paper drills are machines similar to a drill press that use hollow drill bits to drill through stacks of paper. the hollow bit design allows the chads to be ejected during drilling. paper drills in the united states are most commonly either single - hole or three - hole in construction. - br - online ( german ) - \" appletonideas punch resources \". retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12. - \" paper punch & cutter resources \". retrieved 2009 - 08 - 12. | wikimedia commons has media related to : hole punchers |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49114021503873523, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.593332"} {"text": "master data management | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( april 2012 ) | in computing, master data management ( mdm ) comprises a set of processes, governance, policies, standards and tools that consistently defines and manages the master data ( i. e. non - transactional data entities ) of an organization ( which may include reference data ). an mdm tool can be used to support master data management by removing duplicates, standardizing data ( mass maintaining ), incorporating rules to eliminate incorrect data from entering the system in order to create an authoritative source of master data. master data are the products, accounts and parties for which the business transactions are completed. the root cause problem stems from business unit and product line segmentation, in which the same customer will be serviced by different product lines, with redundant data being entered about the customer ( aka party in the role of customer ) and account in order to process the transaction. the redundancy of party and account data is compounded in the front to back office life cycle, where the authoritative single source for the party, account and product data is needed but is often once again redundantly entered or augmented. mdm has the objective of providing processes for collecting, aggregating, matching, consolidating, quality - assuring, persisting and distributing such data throughout an organization to ensure consistency and control in the ongoing maintenance and application use of this information. the term recalls the concept of a master file from an earlier computing era. at a basic level, mdm seeks to ensure that an organization does not use multiple ( potentially inconsistent ) versions of the same master data in different parts of its operations, which can occur in large organizations. a common example of poor mdm is the scenario of a bank at which a customer has taken out a mortgage and the bank begins to send mortgage solicitations to that customer, ignoring the fact that the person already has a mortgage account relationship with the bank. this happens because the customer information used by the marketing section within the bank lacks integration with the customer information used by the customer services section of the bank. thus the two groups remain unaware that an existing customer is also considered a sales lead. the process of record linkage is used to associate different records that correspond to the same entity, in this case the same person. other problems include ( for example ) issues with the quality of data, consistent classification and identification of data, and data - reconciliation issues. master data management of disparate data systems requires data transformations as the data extracted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5435401671243019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.599665"} {"text": "in this case the same person. other problems include ( for example ) issues with the quality of data, consistent classification and identification of data, and data - reconciliation issues. master data management of disparate data systems requires data transformations as the data extracted from the disparate source data system is transformed and loaded into the master data management hub. to synchronize the disparate source master data, the managed master data extracted from the master data management hub is again transformed and loaded into the disparate source data system as the master data is updated. as with other extract, transform, load - based data movement, these processes are expensive and inefficient to develop and to maintain which greatly reduces the return on investment for the master data management product. one of the most common reasons some large corporations experience massive issues with mdm is growth through mergers or acquisitions. two organizations which merge will typically create an entity with duplicate master data ( since each likely had at least one master database of its own prior to the merger ). ideally, database administrators resolve this problem through deduplication of the master data as part of the merger. in practice, however, reconciling several master data systems can present difficulties because of the dependencies that existing applications have on the master databases. as a result, more often than not the two systems do not fully merge, but remain separate, with a special reconciliation process defined that ensures consistency between the data stored in the two systems. over time, however, as further mergers and acquisitions occur, the problem multiplies, more and more master databases appear, and data - reconciliation processes become extremely complex, and consequently unmanageable and unreliable. because of this trend, one can find organizations with 10, 15, or even as many as 100 separate, poorly integrated master databases, which can cause serious operational problems in the areas of customer satisfaction, operational efficiency, decision - support, and regulatory compliance. processes commonly seen in mdm solutions include source identification, data collection, data transformation, normalization, rule administration, error detection and correction, data consolidation, data storage, data distribution, data classification, taxonomy services, item master creation, schema mapping, product codification, data enrichment and data governance the tools include data networks, file systems, a data warehouse, data marts, an operational data store, data mining, data analysis, data virtualization, data federation and data visualization. one of the newest tools, virtual master data management ( also called virtual mdm ) utilizes data virtualization", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5529210917636372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.603279"} {"text": "data warehouse, data marts, an operational data store, data mining, data analysis, data virtualization, data federation and data visualization. one of the newest tools, virtual master data management ( also called virtual mdm ) utilizes data virtualization and a persistent metadata server to implement a multi - level automated mdm hierarchy. the selection of entities considered for mdm depends somewhat on the nature of an organization. in the common case of commercial enterprises, mdm may apply to such entities as customer ( customer data integration ), product ( product information management ), employee, and vendor. mdm processes identify the sources from which to collect descriptions of these entities. in the course of transformation and normalization, administrators adapt descriptions to conform to standard formats and data domains, making it possible to remove duplicate instances of any entity. such processes generally result in an organizational mdm repository, from which all requests for a certain entity instance produce the same description, irrespective of the originating sources and the requesting destination. criticism of mdm solutions the value and current approaches to mdm have come under criticism due to some parties claiming large costs and low return on investment from major mdm solution providers. - reference data - master data - record linkage - data steward - data visualization - customer data integration - data integration - information as a service - product information management - identity resolution - enterprise information integration - linked data - semantic web - data governance - operational data store - form, fit and function - single customer view - master data management at the open directory project - microsoft : the what, why, and how of master data management - microsoft : master data management ( mdm ) hub architecture - polarlake : reference data management ( rdm ) and governance - open methodology for master data management - semarchy : why do i need mdm? ( video ) - mdm community - mdm landscape", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5710894015797221, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.604169"} {"text": "| music and dance during a one flower ceremony, from the florentine codex. | | regions with significant populations | | related ethnic groups | other nahua peoples | | this section relies largely or entirely upon a single source. ( september 2009 ) | the mexica ( nahuatl : mexihcah, [ me\u02d0\u02c8\u0283i\u0294ka\u0294 ] ; the singular is mexihcatl [ me\u02d0\u02c8\u0283i\u0294kat\u026c ] ) or mexicas \u2014 called aztecs in occidental historiography, although this term is not limited to the mexica \u2014 were an indigenous people of the valley of mexico, known today as the rulers of the aztec empire. the mexica were a nahua people who founded their two cities tenochtitlan and tlatelolco on raised islets in lake texcoco around ad 1200. after the rise of the tenochca mexica, they came to dominate the other mexica city - state tlatelolco. the mexica are eponymous of the placename mexico mexihco [ me\u02d0\u02c8\u0283i\u0294ko ]. this refers to the interconnected settlements in the valley which became the site of what is now mexico city, which held natural, geographical, and population advantages as the metropolitan center of the region of the future mexican state. this area was expanded upon in the wake of the spanish conquest and administered from the former aztec capital as new spain. like many of the peoples around them, the mexica spoke nahuatl. the form of nahuatl used in the 16th century, when it began to be written in the alphabet brought by the spanish, is known as classical nahuatl. nahuatl is still spoken today by over 1. 5 million people. - nahuatl dictionary. ( 1997 ). wired humanities project. university of oregon. retrieved august 29, 2012, from link - andrews ( 2003 ) : p. 500.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4355451310795106, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.606122"} {"text": "a notary public ( or notary or public notary ) in the common law world is a public officer constituted by law to serve the public in non - contentious matters usually concerned with estates, deeds, powers - of - attorney, and foreign and international business. a notary ' s main functions are to administer oaths and affirmations, take affidavits and statutory declarations, witness and authenticate the execution of certain classes of documents, take acknowledgments of deeds and other conveyances, protest notes and bills of exchange, provide notice of foreign drafts, prepare marine or ship ' s protests in cases of damage, provide exemplifications and notarial copies, and perform certain other official acts depending on the jurisdiction. any such act is known as a notarization. the term notary public only refers to common - law notaries and should not be confused with civil - law notaries. with the exceptions of louisiana, puerto rico, quebec, whose private law is based on civil law, and british columbia, whose notarial tradition stems from scrivener notary practice, a notary public in the rest of the united states and most of canada has powers that are far more limited than those of civil - law or other common - law notaries, both of whom are qualified lawyers admitted to the bar : such notaries may be referred to as notaries - at - law or lawyer notaries. therefore, at common law, notarial service is distinct from the practice of law, and giving legal advice and preparing legal instruments is forbidden to lay notaries such as those appointed throughout most of the united states of america. notaries are appointed by a government authority, such as a court or lieutenant governor, or by a regulating body often known as a society or faculty of notaries public. for lawyer notaries, an appointment may be for life, while lay notaries are usually commissioned for a briefer term, with the possibility of renewal. in most common law countries, appointments and their number for a given notarial district are highly regulated. however, since the majority of american notaries are lay persons who provide officially required services, commission numbers are not regulated, which is part of the reason why there are far more notaries in the united states than in other countries ( 4. 5 million vs. approx. 740 in england and wales and approx. 1, 250 in australia and new zealand ). furthermore, all u. s. and some canadian notarial functions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4711605434627608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.687637"} {"text": "there is a course of study for notaries which is conducted under the auspices of the university of cambridge and the society of notaries of england and wales. in the state of victoria, australia, applicants for appointment must first complete a graduate diploma of notarial practice which is administered by the sir zelman cowen centre in victoria university, melbourne. in bi - juridical jurisdictions, such as south africa or louisiana, the office of notary public is a legal profession with educational requirements similar to those for attorneys. many even have institutes of higher learning that offer degrees in notarial law. therefore, despite their name, \" notaries public \" in these jurisdictions are in effect civil law notaries. notaries public ( also called \" notaries \", \" notarial officers \", or \" public notaries \" ) hold an office which can trace its origins back to the ancient roman republic, before cicero 106 - 43 b. c., when they were called scribae ( \" scribes \" ), tabellius ( \" writer \" ), or notarius ( \" notary \" ). they are easily the oldest continuing branch of the legal profession worldwide. the history of notaries is set out in detail in chapter 1 of brooke ' s notary ( 13th edition ) : - the office of a public notary is a public office. it has a long and distinguished history. the office has its origin in the civil institutions of ancient rome. public officials, called scribae, that is to say, scribes, rose in rank from being mere recorders of facts and judicial proceedings, copiers and transcribers to a learned profession prominent in private and public affairs. some were permanent officials attached to the senate and courts of law whose duties were to record public proceedings, transcribe state papers, supply magistrates with legal forms, and register the decrees and judgments of magistrates. - in the last century of the republic, probably in the time of cicero, and apparently by his adoptive son marcus tullius tiro, after whom they were named ' notae tironianae ' a new form of shorthand was invented and certain arbitrary marks and signs, called notae, were substituted for words in common use. a writer who adopted the new method was called a notarius. originally, a notary was one who took down statements in shorthand using these notes, and wrote them out in the form of memoranda or minutes. later, the title notarius was applied almost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43989534761226196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.690821"} {"text": "method was called a notarius. originally, a notary was one who took down statements in shorthand using these notes, and wrote them out in the form of memoranda or minutes. later, the title notarius was applied almost exclusively to registrars attached to high government officials, including provincial governors and secretaries to the emperor. - notwithstanding the collapse of the western empire in the 5th century ad, the notary remained a figure of some importance in many parts of continental europe throughout the dark ages. when the civil law experienced its renaissance in medieval italy from the 12th century onwards, the notary was established as a central institution of that law, a position which still obtains in countries whose legal systems are derived from the civil law, including most of europe and south america. the office of notary reached its apogee in the italian city of bologna in the twelfth century, its most distinguished scion being rolandino passeggeri generally known as rolandino of bologna, who died in 1300 ad, whose masterwork was the summa artis notariae. - the separate development of the common law in england, free from most of the influences of roman law, meant that notaries were not introduced into england until later in the 13th and 14th centuries. at first, notaries in england were appointed by the papal legate. in 1279 the archbishop of canterbury was authorized by the pope to appoint notaries. not surprisingly, in those early days, many of the notaries were members of the clergy. in the course of time, members of the clergy ceased to take part in secular business and laymen, especially in towns and trading centres, began to assume the official character and functions of a modern common law notary. - the reformation produced no material change in the position and functions of notaries in england. however, in 1533 the enactment of \" the act concerning peter ' s pence and dispensations \" ( the ecclesiastical licences act 1533 ) terminated the power of the pope to appoint notaries and vested that power in the king who then transferred it to the archbishop of canterbury who in assigned it to the court of faculties and the master of the faculties. - traditionally, notaries recorded matters of judicial importance as well as private transactions or events where an officially authenticated record or a document drawn up with professional skill or knowledge was required. common law jurisdictions the duties and functions of notaries public are described in brooke ' s notary on page 19 in these terms : - generally speaking, a not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46097321536275654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.692400"} {"text": "an officially authenticated record or a document drawn up with professional skill or knowledge was required. common law jurisdictions the duties and functions of notaries public are described in brooke ' s notary on page 19 in these terms : - generally speaking, a notary public [... ] may be described as an officer of the law [... ] whose public office and duty it is to draw, attest or certify under his official seal deeds and other documents, including wills or other testamentary documents, conveyances of real and personal property and powers of attorney ; to authenticate such documents under his signature and official seal in such a manner as to render them acceptable, as proof of the matters attested by him, to the judicial or other public authorities in the country where they are to be used, whether by means of issuing a notarial certificate as to the due execution of such documents or by drawing them in the form of public instruments ; to keep a protocol containing originals of all instruments which he makes in the public form and to issue authentic copies of such instruments ; to administer oaths and declarations for use in proceedings [... ] to note or certify transactions relating to negotiable instruments, and to draw up protests or other formal papers relating to occurrences on the voyages of ships and their navigation as well as the carriage of cargo in ships. \" [ footnotes omitted. ] a notary, in almost all common law jurisdictions other than most of north america, is a practitioner trained in the drafting and execution of legal documents. notaries traditionally recorded matters of judicial importance as well as private transactions or events where an officially authenticated record or a document drawn up with professional skill or knowledge was required. the functions of notaries specifically include the preparation of certain types of documents ( including international contracts, deeds, wills, and powers of attorney ) and certification of their due execution, administering of oaths, witnessing affidavits and statutory declarations, certification of copy documents, noting and protesting of bills of exchange, and the preparation of ships ' protests. documents certified by notaries are sealed with the notary ' s seal or stamp and are recorded by the notary in a register ( also called a \" protocol \" ) maintained and permanently kept by him or her. these are known as \" notarial acts \". in countries subscribing to the hague convention abolishing the requirement of legalization for foreign public documents or apostille convention, only one further act of certification is required, known", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4936719281052784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.693640"} {"text": ". these are known as \" notarial acts \". in countries subscribing to the hague convention abolishing the requirement of legalization for foreign public documents or apostille convention, only one further act of certification is required, known as an apostille, and is issued by a government department ( usually the foreign affairs department or similar ). for countries which are not subscribers to that convention, an \" authentication \" or \" legalization \" must be provided by one of a number of methods, including by the foreign affairs ministry of the country from which the document is being sent or the embassy, consulate - general, consulate or high commission of the country to which it is being sent. information on individual countries in all australian states and territories ( except queensland ) notaries public are appointed by the supreme court of the relevant state or territory. very few have been appointed as a notary for more than one state or territory. most australian notaries are lawyers, but the overall number of lawyers who choose to become a notary is relatively low. for example, in south australia ( a state with a population of 1. 5 million ), of the over 2, 500 lawyers in that state only about 100 are also notaries and most of those do not actively practice as such. in melbourne, victoria, in 2002 there were only 66 notaries for a city with a population of 3. 5 million and only 90 for the entire state. compare this with the united states where it has been estimated that there are nearly 5 million notaries for a nation with a population of 296 million. as justice debelle of the supreme court of south australia said in the case of in the matter of an application by marilyn reys bos to be a public notary sasc 320, delivered 12 september 2003, in refusing the application by a non - lawyer for appointment as a notary : as a general rule, an applicant [ for appointment as a notary ] should be a legal practitioner of several years standing at least. even a cursory perusal of texts on the duties and functions of a public notary demonstrates that a number of those functions and duties require at the very least a sound working knowledge of australian law and commercial practice. in other words, the preparation of a notarial act plainly requires a sound knowledge of law and practice in australia especially of the due preparation and execution of commercial and contractual instruments. it is essential that notaries in this state have a sufficient level of training, qualification and status to enable them efficiently and effectively to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4759348042114834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.695613"} {"text": "plainly requires a sound knowledge of law and practice in australia especially of the due preparation and execution of commercial and contractual instruments. it is essential that notaries in this state have a sufficient level of training, qualification and status to enable them efficiently and effectively to discharge the functions of the office. historically there have been some very rare examples of patent attorneys or accountants being appointed, but that now seems to have ceased. however, there are three significant differences between notaries and other lawyers. - the duty of a notary is to the transaction as a whole, and not just to one of the parties. in certain circumstances a notary may act for both parties to a transaction as long as there is no conflict between them, and in such cases it his or her duty is to ensure that the transaction that they conclude is fair to both sides. - a notary will often need to place and complete a special clause onto or attach a special page ( known as an eschatocol ) to a document in order to make it valid for use overseas. - in the case of some documents which are to be used in some foreign countries it may also be necessary to obtain another certificate known either as an \" authentication \" or an \" apostille \" ( see above ) ( depending on the relevant foreign country ) from the department of foreign affairs and trade. - a notary identifies himself or herself on documents by the use of his or her individual seal. such seals have historical origins and are regarded by most other countries as of great importance for establishing the authenticity of a document. their principal duties include : - attestation of documents and certification of their due execution for use in australia and internationally - preparation and certification of powers of attorney, wills, deeds, contracts and other legal documents for use in australia and internationally - administering of oaths for use in australia and internationally - witnessing affidavits, statutory declarations and other documents for use in australia and internationally - certification of copy documents for use australia and internationally - exemplification of official documents for use internationally - noting and protesting of bills of exchange - preparation of ships ' protests - providing certificates as to australian law and legal practice although it was once usual for australian notaries to use an embossed seal with a red wafer, some now use a red inked stamp that contains the notary ' s full name and the words \" notary public \". it is also common for the seal or stamp to include the notary ' s chosen logo or symbol. in south australia and scotland, it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4622349661509869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.697207"} {"text": "inked stamp that contains the notary ' s full name and the words \" notary public \". it is also common for the seal or stamp to include the notary ' s chosen logo or symbol. in south australia and scotland, it is acceptable for a notary to use the letters \" np \" after their name. thus a south australian notary may have \" john smith llb np \" or similar on his business card or letterhead. australian notaries do not hold \" commissions \" which can expire. generally, once appointed they are authorized to act as a notary for life and can only be \" struck off \" the roll of notaries for proven misconduct. in certain states, for example, new south wales and victoria, they cease to be qualified to continue as a notary once they cease to hold a practising certificate as a legal practitioner. even judges, who do not hold practising certificates, are not eligible to continue to practise as notaries. all australian jurisdictions also have justices of the peace ( jp ) or commissioners for affidavits and other unqualified persons who are qualified to take affidavits or statutory declarations and to certify documents. however they can only do so if the relevant affidavit, statutory declaration or copy document is to be used only in australia rather than in a foreign country, with the possible exception of a few commonwealth countries not including the united kingdom or new zealand except for very limited purposes. justices of the peace ( jps ) are ( usually ) laypersons who have minimal, if any, training ( depending on the jurisdiction ) but are of proven good character. therefore a us notary resembles an australian jp rather than an australian notary. canadian notaries public ( except in the province of british columbia and quebec ) are very much like their american counterparts, generally restricted to administering oaths, witnessing signatures on affidavits and statutory declarations, providing acknowledgements, certifying true copies, and so forth. in british columbia, a notary public is more like a british or australian notary. notaries are appointed for life by the supreme court of british columbia and as a self - regulating profession, the society of notaries public of british columbia is the regulatory body overseeing and setting standards to maintain public confidence. furthermore, bc notaries exercise far greater power, able to dispense legal advice and draft public instruments including : - notarizations / attestations of signatures, affidavits, statutory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47336651147025854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.698159"} {"text": "overseeing and setting standards to maintain public confidence. furthermore, bc notaries exercise far greater power, able to dispense legal advice and draft public instruments including : - notarizations / attestations of signatures, affidavits, statutory declarations, certified true copies, letters of invitation for foreign travel, authorization of minor child travel, execution / authentications of international documents, passport application documentation, proof of identity for travel purposes - real estate law - wills & estate planning - contract law - preparation of contracts and agreements, commercial lease and assignments - easements and right of way - insurance loss declarations - marine bills of sale & mortgages - marine protestations - personal property security agreements - purchaser ' s side for foreclosures - subdivisions & statutory building schemes - zoning applications in nova scotia a person may be a notary public, a commissioner of oaths, or both. a notary public and a commissioner of oaths are regulated by the provincial notaries and commissioners act. individuals hold a commission granted to them by the minister of justice. under the act a notary public in has the \" power of drawing, passing, keeping and issuing all deeds and contracts, charter - parties and other mercantile transactions in this province, and also of attesting all commercial instruments brought before him for public protestation, and otherwise of acting as is usual in the office of notary, and may demand, receive and have all the rights, profits and emoluments rightfully appertaining and belonging to the said calling of notary during pleasure. \" under the act a commissioner of oaths is \" authorized to administer oaths and take and receive affidavits, declarations and affirmations within the province in and concerning any cause, matter or thing, depending or to be had in the supreme court, or any other court in the province. \" every barrister of the supreme court of nova scotia is a commissioner of oaths but must receive an additional commission to act as a notary public. \" a commissioner of oaths is deemed to be an officer of the supreme court of nova scotia. commissioners take declarations concerning any matter to come before a court in the province. \". additionally, individuals with other specific qualifications, such as being a current member of the legislative assembly, commissioned officer of the royal canadian mounted police or canadian forces make act as if explicitly being a commissioner of oaths. in quebec civil - law notaries ( notaires ) are full lawyers licensed to practice notarial law.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4678966625282065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.699471"} {"text": "the legislative assembly, commissioned officer of the royal canadian mounted police or canadian forces make act as if explicitly being a commissioner of oaths. in quebec civil - law notaries ( notaires ) are full lawyers licensed to practice notarial law. quebec notaries draft and prepare major legal instruments ( notarial acts ), provide complex legal advice, represent clients ( out of court ) and make appearances on their behalf, act as arbitrator, mediator, or conciliator, and even act as a court commissioner in non - contentious matters. to become a notary in quebec, a candidate must hold a bachelor ' s degree in civil law and a one - year master ' s in notarial law and serve a traineeship ( stage ) before being admitted to practice. the concept of notaries public in quebec does not exist. instead, the province has commissioners of oaths ( commissaires de l < assermentation ) which serve to authenticate legal documents at a fixed maximal rate of 5. 00 $ cad. the central government appoints notaries for the whole or any part of the country. state governments, too, appoint notaries for the whole or any part of the states. on an application being made, any person who had been practicing as a lawyer for at least 10 years is eligible to be appointed a notary. the applicant, if not a legal practitioner, should be a member of the indian legal service or have held an office under the central or state government, requiring special knowledge of law, after enrollment as an advocate or held an office in the department of judge, advocate - general or in the armed forces. notary public is a trained lawyer that should pass some special exams to be able to open his office and start his work. persian meaning of this word is \u0633\u0631\u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 means head of the office and his assistant called \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0631. both these persons should have bachelor degree in law or master degree in civil - law. there is archival evidence showing that public notaries, acting pursuant to papal and imperial authority, practised in ireland in the 13th century and it is reasonable to assume that notaries functioned here before that time. in ireland, public notaries were at various times appointed by the archbishop of canterbury and the archbishop of armagh. the position remained so until the reformation. after the reformation, persons appointed to the office of public notary either in great britain or ireland received the faculty by royal authority and appointments under faculty from the pope and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46454313923351004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.700555"} {"text": "of canterbury and the archbishop of armagh. the position remained so until the reformation. after the reformation, persons appointed to the office of public notary either in great britain or ireland received the faculty by royal authority and appointments under faculty from the pope and the emperor ceased. in 1871, under the matrimonial causes and marriage law ( ireland ) amendment 1870, the jurisdiction previously exercised by the archbishop of armagh in the appointment of notaries was vested in and became exercisable by the lord chancellor of ireland. in 1920, the power to appoint notaries public was transferred to the lord lieutenant of ireland. the position in ireland changed once again in 1924 following the establishment of the irish free state. under the courts of justice act, 1924 the jurisdiction over notaries public was transferred to the chief justice of the irish free state. in 1961, under the courts ( supplemental provisions ) act of that year, and the power to appoint notaries public became exercisable by the chief justice. this remains the position in ireland, where notaries are appointed on petition to the supreme court, after passing prescribed examinations. the governing body is the faculty of notaries public in ireland. the vast majority of notaries in ireland are also solicitors. a non - solicitor, who was successful in the examinations as set by the governing body, applied to the chief justice to be appointed a notary public. the chief justice heard the adjourned application on 3 march 2009 and appointed the non - solicitor as a notary on 18 july 2011. unless excluded under dominion or colonial law, the master of the faculties formerly had authority to appoint notaries public in a dominion or colony. the admission of notaries in the commonwealth was governed specifically by the public notaries act 1833 ( uk ). the provisions of the public notaries act 1801 - 43 requiring a notary to be a solicitor did not apply overseas, nor need a notary have a practicing certificate as a solicitor, or from the court of faculties. the usual procedure followed is that the applicant lodges with the court of faculties a memorial counter - signed by local merchants, shipping companies, bankers and other persons of substance, which show the local need of a notary and the fitness of the applicant. they also lodge their certificate of admission as a solicitor. a fee accompanies the application. the applicant, with the support of two other notaries public, who vouch that the applicant is well skilled in the affairs of notarial concern, petitions the master of the faculties. the chief consideration for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.401352949602381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.701687"} {"text": "fee accompanies the application. the applicant, with the support of two other notaries public, who vouch that the applicant is well skilled in the affairs of notarial concern, petitions the master of the faculties. the chief consideration for the approval of an application is whether there is sufficient need in the district, regarding the convenience of bankers, ship - owners and merchants. the local society of notaries must be satisfied that a need exists for an additional notary in the area served by the applicant. priority is given, as a matter of practice, to an applicant within the same firm, as a replacement in the case of the death of a notary, or where a practicing notary is reducing his or her workload because of age or infirmity. the master of the faculties continues to appoint notaries overseas in the exercise of the general authorities granted by s 3 of the ecclesiastical licenses act 1533 ( eng ). in these cases he is guided by local considerations of public convenience. until 1973 a separate group of lawyers existed to carry out litigation known as proctors. a proctor was not a practitioner in a court of law. these were also known as notaries. however since 1973 the legal practitioners were classed solely as attorneys at law combining the former advocates and proctors. this new position of attorney at law brought with it automatic appointment as a notary public when the practitioner took oaths as an attorney at law, thus becoming legally qualified for litigation. in general notary is practiced by legal lawyers. england and wales after the passage of the 1533 act, which was a direct result of the reformation in england, all notary appointments were issued directly through the court of faculties. the court of faculties is attached to the office of the archbishop of canterbury. in england and wales there are several classes of notaries. english notaries who, like solicitors, barristers, legal executives and licensed conveyancers, are also commissioners for oaths, also acquire the same powers as solicitors and other law practitioners, with the exception of the right to represent others before the courts ( unless also members of the bar or admitted as a solicitor ) once they are licensed or commissioned notaries. in practice almost all english notaries, and all scottish ones, are also solicitors, but typically do not perform such services. commissioners of oaths are able to undertake the bulk of routine domestic attestation work within the uk, and many documents, including signatures for normal property transactions, do not need professional attestation of signature at all,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44019581460747503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.702686"} {"text": "do not perform such services. commissioners of oaths are able to undertake the bulk of routine domestic attestation work within the uk, and many documents, including signatures for normal property transactions, do not need professional attestation of signature at all, a lay witness being sufficient. in practice the need for notaries in purely english legal matters is very small ; for example they are not involved in normal property transactions. since a great many solicitors also perform the function of commissioners for oaths and can witness routine declarations etc. ( all are qualified to do so, but not all offer the service ), most work performed by notaries relates to international matters in some way, and documents needing to be used abroad, and many of the small number of english notaries have strong foreign language skills and often a foreign legal qualification. the work of notaries and solicitors in england is separate although most notaries are solicitors. the notaries society gives the number of notaries in england and wales as \" about 1, 000, \" all but seventy of whom are solicitors. there are also scrivener notaries, who get their name from the scriveners ' company ; until 1999, when they lost this monopoly, they were the only notaries permitted to practise in the city of london. they used not to have to first qualify as solicitors, but they had knowledge of foreign laws and languages. currently to qualify as a notary public in england and wales it is necessary to have earned a law degree or qualified as a solicitor or barrister in the past five years, and then to take a two - year distance - learning course styled the postgraduate diploma in notarial practice. at the same time, any applicant must also gain practical experience. the few who go on to become scrivener notaries require further study of two foreign languages and foreign law and a two - year mentorship under an active scrivener notary. the other notaries in england are either ecclesiastical notaries whose functions are limited to the affairs of the church of england or other qualified persons who are not trained as solicitors or barristers but satisfy the master of the faculties of the archbishop of canterbury that they possess an adequate understanding of the law. both the latter two categories are required to pass examinations set by the master of faculties. the regulation of notaries was modernized in the 1990s as a result of section 57 of the courts and legal services act 1990. notarial services generally include : - attesting the signature and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4109525768979329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.703712"} {"text": "required to pass examinations set by the master of faculties. the regulation of notaries was modernized in the 1990s as a result of section 57 of the courts and legal services act 1990. notarial services generally include : - attesting the signature and execution of documents - authenticating the execution of documents - authenticating the contents of documents - administration of oaths and declarations - drawing up or noting ( and extending ) protests of happenings to ships, crews and cargoes - presenting bills of exchange for acceptance and payment, noting and protesting bills in cases of dishonour and preparing acts of honour - attending upon the drawing up of bonds - drawing mercantile documents, deeds, sales or purchases of property, and wills in english and ( via translation ), in foreign languages for use in britain, the commonwealth and other foreign countries - providing documents to deal with the administration of the estate of people who are abroad, or owning property abroad - authenticating personal documents and information for immigration or emigration purposes, or to apply to marry, divorce, adopt children or to work abroad - verification of translations from foreign languages to english and vice versa - taking evidence in england and wales as a commissioner for oaths for foreign courts - provision of notarial copies - preparing and witnessing powers of attorney, corporate records, contracts for use in britain or overseas - authenticating company and business documents and transactions - international internet domain name transfers notaries public have existed in scotland since the 13th century and developed as a distinct element of the scottish legal profession. those who wish to practice as a notary must petition the court of session. this petition is usually presented at the same time as a petition to practice as a solicitor, but can sometimes be earlier or later. however, to qualify, a notary must hold a current practising certificate from the law society of scotland, a new requirement from 2007, before which all scottish solicitors were automatically notaries. whilst notaries in scotland are always solicitors, the profession remains separate in that there are additional rules and regulations governing notaries and it is possible to be a solicitor, but not a notary. since 2007 an additional practising certificate is required, so now most, but not all, solicitors in scotland are notaries - a significant difference from the english profession. they are also separate from notaries in other jurisdictions of the united kingdom. the profession is administered by the council of the law society of scotland under the law reform ( miscellaneous provisions ) ( scotland ) act 1990. in scotland, the duties and services provided by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45720763101091766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.706079"} {"text": "are also separate from notaries in other jurisdictions of the united kingdom. the profession is administered by the council of the law society of scotland under the law reform ( miscellaneous provisions ) ( scotland ) act 1990. in scotland, the duties and services provided by the notary are similar to england and wales, although they are needed for some declarations in divorce matters for which they are not in england. their role declined following the law agents ( scotland ) amendment act 1896 which stipulated only enrolled law agents could become notaries and the conveyancing ( scotland ) act 1924 which extended notarial execution to law agents. the primary functions of a scottish notary are : - oaths, affidavits, and affirmations - affidavits in undefended divorces and for matrimonial homes - maritime protests - execution or certification for foreign jurisdictions, e. g., estates, court actions, powers of attorney, etc. - notarial execution for the blind or illiterate - entry of a person to overseas territories - completion of the documentation required for the registration of a company in certain foreign jurisdictions ; and - drawing for repayment of bonds of debenture in the united states, a notary public is a person appointed by a state government, e. g., the governor, lieutenant governor, state secretary, or in some cases the state legislature, and whose primary role is to serve the public as an impartial witness when important documents are signed. since the notary is a state officer, a notary ' s duties may vary widely from state to state and in most cases bars a notary from acting outside his or her home state unless they also have a commission there as well. in 32 states the main requirements are to fill out a form and pay a fee ; many states have restrictions concerning notaries with criminal histories, but the requirements vary from state to state. notaries in 18 states and the district of columbia are required to take a course, pass an exam, or both ; the education or exam requirements in delaware and kansas only apply to notaries who will perform electronic notarizations. a notary is almost always permitted to notarize a document anywhere in the state where their commission is issued. some states simply issue a commission \" at large \" meaning no indication is made as to from what county the person ' s commission was issued, but some states do require the notary include the county of issue of their commission as part of the jurat, or where seals are required,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4720228742329774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.707552"} {"text": "at large \" meaning no indication is made as to from what county the person ' s commission was issued, but some states do require the notary include the county of issue of their commission as part of the jurat, or where seals are required, to indicate the county of issue of their commission on the seal. merely because a state requires indicating the county where the commission was issued does not necessarily mean that the notary is restricted to notarizing documents in that county, although some states may impose this as a requirement. some states ( montana, wyoming, north dakota, among others ) allow a notary who is commissioned in a state bordering that state to also act as a notary in the state if the other allows the same. thus someone who was commissioned in montana could notarize documents in wyoming and north dakota, and a notary commissioned in wyoming could notarize documents in montana, a notary from wyoming could not notarize documents from north dakota ( or the inverse ) unless they had a commission from north dakota or a state bordering north dakota that also allowed north dakota notaries to practice in that state as well. notaries in the united states are much less closely regulated than notaries in most other common - law countries, typically because u. s. notaries have little legal authority. in the united states, a lay notary may not offer legal advice or prepare documents - except in louisiana and puerto rico - and in most cases cannot recommend how a person should sign a document or what type of notarization is necessary. there are some exceptions ; for example, florida notaries may take affidavits, draft inventories of safe deposit boxes, draft protests for payment of dishonored checks and promissory notes, and solemnize marriages. in most states, a notary can also certify or attest a copy or facsimile. the most common notarial acts in the united states are the taking of acknowledgements and oaths. many professions may require a person to double as a notary public, which is why us court reporters are often notaries as this enables them to swear in witnesses ( deponents ) when they are taking depositions, and secretaries, bankers, and some lawyers are commonly notaries public. despite their limited role, some american notaries may also perform a number of far - ranging acts not generally found anywhere else. depending on the jurisdiction, they may : take depositions, certify any and all petitions ( me ), witness third - party", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4561635181276608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.708579"} {"text": "limited role, some american notaries may also perform a number of far - ranging acts not generally found anywhere else. depending on the jurisdiction, they may : take depositions, certify any and all petitions ( me ), witness third - party absentee ballots ( me ), provide no - impediment marriage licenses, solemnize civil marriages ( me, fl, sc ), witness the opening of a safe deposit box or safe and take an official inventory of its contents, take a renunciation of dower or inheritance ( sc ), and so on. \" an acknowledgment is a formal [ oral ] declaration before an authorized public officer. it is made by a person executing [ signing ] an instrument who states that it was his [ or her ] free act and deed. \" that is, the person signed it without undue influence and for the purposes detailed in it. a certificate of acknowledgment is a written statement signed ( and in some jurisdictions, sealed ) by the notary or other authorized official that serves to prove that the acknowledgment occurred. the form of the certificate varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but will be similar to the following : before me, the undersigned authority, on this _ _ _ _ _ _ day of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, 20 _ _ personally appeared _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, to me well known to be the person who executed the foregoing instrument, and he / she acknowledged before me that he / she executed the same as his / her voluntary act and deed. oath, affirmation, and jurat a jurat is the official written statement by a notary public that he or she has administered and witnessed an oath or affirmation for an oath of office, or on an affidavit - that is, that a person has sworn to or affirmed the truth of information contained in a document, under penalty of perjury, whether that document is a lengthy deposition or a simple statement on an application form. the simplest form of jurat and the oath or affirmation administered by a notary are : - jurat : \" sworn ( or affirmed ) to before me this _ _ _ _ _ _ _ day of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, 20 _ _. \" - oath : \" do you solemnly swear that the contents of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46170738218280283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.709526"} {"text": ": \" sworn ( or affirmed ) to before me this _ _ _ _ _ _ _ day of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, 20 _ _. \" - oath : \" do you solemnly swear that the contents of this affidavit subscribed by you are correct and true? \" - affirmation ( for those opposed to swearing oaths ) : \" do you solemnly, sincerely, and truly declare and affirm that the statements made by you are true and correct? \" in the u. s., notarial acts normally include what is called a venue or caption, that is, an official listing of the place where a notarization occurred, usually in the form of the state and county and with the abbreviation \" ss. \" ( for latin scilicet, \" to wit \" ) normally referred to as a \" subscript \", often in these forms : state of....... ) ) ss : county of....... ) state of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ county of _ _ _ _ _ _ _, to - wit : the venue is usually set forth at the beginning of the instrument or at the top of the notary \u2019 s certificate. if at the head of the document, it is usually referred to as a caption. in times gone by, the notary would indicate the street address at which the ceremony was performed, and this practice, though unusual today, is occasionally encountered. the california secretary of state, notary public & special filings section, is responsible for appointing and commissioning qualified persons as notaries public for four - year terms. prior to sitting for the notary exam, one must complete a mandatory six - hour course of study. this required course of study is conducted either in an online, home study, or in - person format via an approved notary education vendor. both prospective notaries as well as current notaries seeking reappointment must undergo an \" expanded \" f. b. i. and california department of justice background check. various statutes, rules, and regulations govern notaries public. california law sets maximum, but not minimum, fees for services related to notarial acts ( e. g., per signature : acknowledgment $ 10, jurat $ 10, certified power of attorney $ 10, et cetera ). a finger print ( typically the right thumb ) may be required in the notary journal based on the transaction in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44190040588586216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.710454"} {"text": "signature : acknowledgment $ 10, jurat $ 10, certified power of attorney $ 10, et cetera ). a finger print ( typically the right thumb ) may be required in the notary journal based on the transaction in question ( e. g., deed, quitclaim deed, deed of trust affecting real property, power of attorney document, et cetera ). documents with blank spaces cannot be notarized ( a further anti - fraud measure ). california explicitly prohibits notaries public from using literal foreign language translation of their title. the use of a notary seal is required. notarial acts performed in colorado are governed under the notaries public act, 12 - 55 - 101, et seq. pursuant to the act, notaries are appointed by the secretary of state for a term not to exceed four years. notaries may apply for appointment or reappointment online at the secretary of state ' s website. a notary may apply for reappointment to the notary office 90 days before her commission expires. beginning in early 2010, all new notaries will be required to take a training course and pass an examination to ensure minimal competence of the notaries public act. a course of instruction approved by the secretary of state may be administered by approved vendors and shall bear an emblem with a certification number assigned by the secretary of state ' s office. an approved course of instruction covers relevant provisions of the colorado notaries public act, the model notary act, and widely accepted best practices. in addition to courses offered by approved vendors, the secretary of state offers free certification courses at the secretary of state ' s office. to sign up for a free course, visit the notary public training page at the following link. a third party seeking to verify the status of a colorado notary may do so by visiting the secretary of state ' s website at the following link. constituents seeking an apostille or certificate of magistracy are requested to complete the form found on the following page before sending in their documents or presenting at the secretary of state ' s office. florida notaries public are appointed by the governor to serve a four - year term. new applicants and commissioned notary public must be bona fide residents of the state of florida and first time applicants must complete a mandatory three - hour education course administered by an approved educator. florida state law also requires that a notary public post bond in the amount of $ 7, 500. 00. a bond is required in order", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.445631136610488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.711473"} {"text": "of florida and first time applicants must complete a mandatory three - hour education course administered by an approved educator. florida state law also requires that a notary public post bond in the amount of $ 7, 500. 00. a bond is required in order to compensate an individual harmed as a result of a breach of duty by the notary. applications are submitted and processed through an authorized bonding agency. florida is one of three states ( maine and south carolina are the others ) where a notary public can solemnize the rites of matrimony ( perform a marriage ceremony ). the department of state appoints civil law notaries, also called \" florida international notaries \", who must be florida attorneys who have practiced law for five or more years. applicants must attend a seminar and pass an exam administered by the department of state or any private vendor approved by the department. such civil law notaries are appointed for life and may perform all of the acts of a notary public in addition to preparing authentic acts. notaries public in illinois are appointed by the secretary of state for a four - year term. also, residents of a state bordering illinois ( iowa, indiana, kentucky, missouri, wisconsin ) who work or have a place of business in illinois can be appointed for a one year term. notaries must be united states citizens ( though the requirement that a notary public must be a united states citizen is unconstitutional ; see bernal v. fainter ), or aliens lawfully admitted for permanent residence ; be able to read and write the english language ; be residents of ( or employed within ) the state of illinois for at least 30 days ; be at least 18 years old ; not be convicted of a felony ; and not had a notary commission revoked or suspended during the past 10 years. an applicant for the notary public commission must also post a $ 5, 000 bond, usually with an insurance company and pay an application fee of $ 10. the application is usually accompanied with an oath of office. if the secretary of state ' s office approves the application, the secretary of state then sends the commission to the clerk of the county where the applicant resides. if the applicant records the commission with the county clerk, he or she then receives the commission. illinois law prohibits notaries from using the literal spanish translation in their title and requires them to use a rubber stamp seal for their notarizations. the notary public can then perform his or her duties anywhere in the state, as long as the notary resides ( or works or does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4634123112484755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.712495"} {"text": "literal spanish translation in their title and requires them to use a rubber stamp seal for their notarizations. the notary public can then perform his or her duties anywhere in the state, as long as the notary resides ( or works or does business ) in the county where he or she was appointed. louisiana notaries public are commissioned by the governor. they are the only notaries to be appointed for life. the louisiana notary public is a civil law notary with broad powers, as authorized by law, usually reserved for the american style combination \" barrister / solicitor \" lawyers and other legally authorized practitioners in other states. a commissioned notary in louisiana is a civil law notary that can perform / prepare many civil law notarial acts usually associated with attorneys and other legally authorized practitioners in other states, except represent another person or entity before a court of law for a fee ( unless they are also admitted to the bar ). notaries are not allowed to give \" legal \" advice, but they are allowed to give \" notarial \" advice - i. e., explain or recommend what documents are needed or required to perform a certain act - and do all things necessary or incidental to the performance of their civil law notarial duties. they can prepare any document a civil law notary can prepare ( to include inventories, appraisements, partitions, wills, protests, matrimonial contracts, conveyances, and, generally, all contracts and instruments in writing ) and, if ordered or requested to by a judge, prepare certain notarial legal documents, in accordance with law, to be returned and filed with that court of law. maine notaries public are appointed by the secretary of state to serve a seven - year term. maine is one of three states ( florida and south carolina are the others ) where a notary public can solemnize the rites of matrimony ( perform a marriage ceremony ). maryland notaries public are appointed by the governor on the recommendation of the secretary of state to serve a four - year term. new applicants and commissioned notaries public must be bona fide residents of the state of maryland or work in the state. an application must be approved by a state senator before it is submitted to the secretary of state. the official document of appointment is imprinted with the signatures of the governor and the secretary of state as well as the great seal of maryland. before exercising the duties of a notary public, an appointee must appear before the clerk of one of maryland '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4618702903650893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.713531"} {"text": "official document of appointment is imprinted with the signatures of the governor and the secretary of state as well as the great seal of maryland. before exercising the duties of a notary public, an appointee must appear before the clerk of one of maryland ' s 24 circuit courts to take an oath of office. a bond is not required. a notary is required to keep a log of all notarial acts, indicating the name of the person, their address, what type of document is being notarized, the type of id used to authenticate them ( or that they are known personally ) by the notary, and the person ' s signature. the notary ' s log is the only document for which a notary may write their own certificate. minnesota notaries public are commissioned by the governor with the advice and consent of the senate for a five - year term. all commissions expire on 31 january of the fifth year following the year of issue. citizens and resident aliens over the age of 18 years apply to the secretary of state for appointment and reappointment. residents of adjoining counties in adjoining states may also apply for a notary commission in minnesota. notaries public have the power to administer all oaths required or authorized to be administered in the state ; take and certify all depositions to be used in any of the courts of the state ; take and certify all acknowledgments of deeds, mortgages, liens, powers of attorney and other instruments in writing or electronic records ; and receive, make out and record notarial protests. the secretary of state ' s website ( ) provides more information about the duties, requirements and appointments of notaries public. montana notaries public are appointed by the secretary of state and serve a four - year term. a montana notary public has jurisdiction throughout the states of montana, north dakota, and wyoming. these states permit notaries from neighboring states to act in the state in the same manner as one from that state under reciprocity, e. g., as long as that state grants notaries from neighboring states to act in their state. [ montana code 1 - 5 - 605 ] the secretary of state is charged with the responsibility of appointing notaries by the provisions of chapter 240 of the nevada revised statutes. nevada notaries public who are not also practicing attorneys are prohibited by law from using \" notario \", \" notario publico \" or any non - english term to describe their services. ( 2005 changes to nrs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45375778767747255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.714778"} {"text": "of the nevada revised statutes. nevada notaries public who are not also practicing attorneys are prohibited by law from using \" notario \", \" notario publico \" or any non - english term to describe their services. ( 2005 changes to nrs 240 ) nevada notary duties : administer oaths or affirmations ; take acknowledgments ; use of subscribing witness ; certify copies ; and execute jurats or take a verification upon oath or affirmation. the state of nevada notary division page provides more information about duties, requirements, appointments, and classes. notaries are commissioned by the state treasurer for a period of five years. notaries must also be sworn in by the clerk of the county in which he or she resides. one can become a notary in the state of new jersey if he or she : ( 1 ) is over the age of 18 ; ( 2 ) is a resident of new jersey or is regularly employed in new jersey and lives in an adjoining state ; ( 3 ) has never been convicted of a crime under the laws of any state or the united states, for an offense involving dishonesty, or a crime of the first or second degree, unless the person has met the requirements of the rehabilitated convicted offenders act ( njsa 2a : 168 - 1 ). notary applications must be endorsed by a state legislator. notaries in the state of new jersey serve as impartial witnesses to the signing of documents, attests to the signature on the document, and may also administer oaths and affirmations. seals are not required ; many people prefer them and as a result, most notaries have seals in addition to stamps. notaries may administer oaths and affirmations to public officials and officers of various organizations. they may also administer oaths and affirmations in order to execute jurats for affidavits / verifications, and to swear in witnesses. notaries are prohibited from pre - dating actions ; lending notary equipment to someone else ( stamps, seals, journals, etc. ) ; preparing legal documents or giving legal advice ; appearing as a representative of another person in a legal proceeding. notaries should also refrain from notarizing documents in which they have a personal interest. by statute, new jersey attorneys may administer oaths and affirmations. new york notaries are empowered to administer oaths and affirmations ( including oaths of office ), to take affidavits and depositions,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4511849574400931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.716381"} {"text": "personal interest. by statute, new jersey attorneys may administer oaths and affirmations. new york notaries are empowered to administer oaths and affirmations ( including oaths of office ), to take affidavits and depositions, to receive and certify acknowledgments or proof of deeds, mortgages and powers of attorney and other instruments in writing ; to demand acceptance or payment of foreign and inland bills of exchange, promissory notes and obligations in writing, and to protest these ( that is, certify them ) for non - acceptance or non - payment. they are not empowered to marry couples, their notarization of a will is insufficient to give the will legal force, and they are strictly forbidden to certify \" true copies \" of documents. every county clerk ' s office in new york must have a notary public available to serve the public free of charge. admitted attorneys are automatically eligible to be notaries in the state of new york, but must make an application through the proper channels and pay a fee. new york notaries initially must pass a test and then renew their status every 4 years. oregon notaries public are appointed by the governor and commissioned by the secretary of state to serve a four - year term. oregon notaries are empowered to administer oaths, jurats and affirmations ( including oaths of office ), to take affidavits and depositions, to receive and certify acknowledgments or proof of deeds, mortgages and powers of attorney and other instruments in writing ; to demand acceptance or payment of foreign and inland bills of exchange, promissory notes and obligations in writing, and to protest these ( that is, certify them ) for non - acceptance or non - payment. they are also empowered to certify \" true copies \" of most documents. every court clerk in oregon is also empowered to act as a notary public, although they are not required to keep a journal. oregon formerly required that impression seals be used, but now it is optional. the ink seal must be in black ink. beginning in 2001, all oregon notaries were required to pass an open - book examination to receive their commission. beginning in 2006, new notary applicants were also required to complete a free three - hour online or live in - person instructional seminar, however this requirement is waived for notaries who are renewing their commissions, as long as the commission is renewed before its expiration date. oregon law", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44007809800302783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.717908"} {"text": "applicants were also required to complete a free three - hour online or live in - person instructional seminar, however this requirement is waived for notaries who are renewing their commissions, as long as the commission is renewed before its expiration date. oregon law specifically prohibits the use of the term \" notorio publico \" by a notary in advertising his or her services, but translation of the title into other languages is not restricted. a notary in the commonwealth of pennsylvania is empowered to perform seven distinct official acts : take affidavits, verifications, acknowledgments and depositions, certify copies of documents, administer oaths and affirmations, and protest dishonored negotiable instruments. a notary is strictly prohibited from giving legal advice or drafting legal documents such as contracts, mortgages, leases, wills, powers of attorney, liens or bonds. pennsylvania is one of the few states with a successful electronic notarization initiative. for more information, visit the secretary of the commonwealth ' s website. note that as of 9 jan 2011 pennsylvania is accepting new applicants for this program. south carolina notaries public are appointed by the governor to serve a ten - year term. all applicants must first have that application endorsed by a state legislator before submitting their application to the secretary of state. south carolina is one of three states ( florida and maine are the others ) where a notary public can solemnize the rites of matrimony ( perform a marriage ceremony ). utah notaries public are appointed by the lieutenant governor to serve a four - year term. utah used to require that impression seals be used, but now it is optional. the seal must be in purple ink. a virginia notary must either be a resident of virginia or work in virginia, and is authorized to acknowledge signatures, take oaths, and certify copies of non - government documents which are not otherwise available, e. g. a notary cannot certify a copy of a birth or death certificate since a certified copy of the document can be obtained from the issuing agency. changes to the law effective 1 july 2008 imposes certain new requirements ; while seals are still not required, if they are used they must be photographically reproducible. also, the notary ' s registration number must appear on any document notarized. changes to the law effective 1 july 2008 will permit notarization of electronic signatures. on july 1, 2012, virginia became the first state to authorize a signer to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48898339824206627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.719068"} {"text": "prosecutions in such cases are difficult, as the victims are often deported and thus unavailable to testify. certain members of the united states armed forces are given the powers of a notary under federal law ( 10 u. s. c. section 1044 ). some military members have authority to certify documents or administer oaths, without being given all notarial powers. in addition to the powers granted by the federal government, some states have enacted laws granting notarial powers to commissioned officers. civil law jurisdictions the role of notaries in civil law countries is much greater than in common law countries. civilian notaries are full - time lawyers and holders of a public office who routinely undertake non - contentious transactional work done in common law countries by attorneys / solicitors, as well as, in some countries, those of government registries, title offices, and public recorders. the qualifications imposed by civil law countries are much greater, requiring generally an undergraduate law degree, a graduate degree in notarial law and practice, three or more years of practical training ( \" articles \" ) under an established notary, and must sit a national examination to be admitted to practice. typically, notaries work in private practice and are fee earners, but a small minority of countries have salaried public service ( or \" government \" ) notaries ( e. g., baden - wurttemberg in germany, certain cantons of switzerland ). civil law notaries have jurisdiction over strictly non - contentious domestic civil - private law in the areas of property law, family law, agency, wills and succession, and company formation. the point to which a country ' s notarial profession monopolizes these areas can vary greatly. on one extreme is france ( and french - derived systems ) which statutorily give notaries a monopoly over their reserved areas of practice, as opposed to austria where there is no discernable monopoly whatsoever and notaries are in direct competition with attorneys / solicitors. in the few united states jurisdictions where trained notaries are allowed ( such as louisiana, puerto rico ), the practice of these legal practitioners is limited to legal advice on purely non - contentious matters that fall within the purview of a notary ' s reserved areas of practice. upon the death of president warren g. harding in 1923, calvin coolidge was sworn in as president by his father, john calvin coolidge, sr., a vermont notary public. however, as there was some controversy as to whether a state notary public had the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4378570062204359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.721424"} {"text": "warren g. harding in 1923, calvin coolidge was sworn in as president by his father, john calvin coolidge, sr., a vermont notary public. however, as there was some controversy as to whether a state notary public had the authority to administer the presidential oath of office, coolidge took the oath, again, upon returning to washington. - articles about common notarial certificates ( varies by jurisdiction ) : - peace commissioner - justice of the peace - medallion signature guarantee - \" notaries public \", montgomery county, alabama probate judge : [ dead link ], retrieved on 20 january 2009. - \" history of the nna \". retrieved 9 july 2006. - notary. ( 2008 ). kent, england : warners law llp. retrieved on 22 january 2009. - chapter 1 of brooke ' s notary ( 13th edition, stevens, london, 2010 ) - \" an application by marilyn reyes bos to be a public notary no. scciv - 02 - 1688 sasc 320 ( 12 september 2003 ) \". australasian legal information institute, a joint facility of uts and unsw faculties of law. retrieved 21 may 2011. - the society of notaries public of bc. ( 2011 ). : becoming a notary. - notaries and commissioners act - nova scotia commissioners of oaths | justice | government of nova scotia - a general overview of the notarial profession in quebec : taken from the website of the chambre des notaires du quebec. - the main page for the chambre des notaires du quebec. - the notaries rules, 1956 - the hindu business line : notes on the notary - the notaries society ( england & wales ) - the difference between a notary and a solicitor? - law society of scotland [ dead link ] - david a. brand & michael p. clancy, the modern notary public in scotland : guidance for intrant notaries, thth edn. ( 2009 ), the law society of scotland. - issues and trends in state notary regulation. ( 2011 ). national association of secretaries of state. pp. 6, 17 \u2013 18. - piombino, alfred e. ( 1996 ). notary public handbook : a guide for vermont. n. p. : east coast press. 91. - california government code \u00a7 8200. - california secretary of state. ( n. d. ). notary public check list. [ dead link ] viewed 9 january 2008. - california", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41375348819155333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.723578"} {"text": ". n. p. : east coast press. 91. - california government code \u00a7 8200. - california secretary of state. ( n. d. ). notary public check list. [ dead link ] viewed 9 january 2008. - california government code \u00a7 8201. 1. - california government code \u00a7 8211. - notary public disciplinary guidelines. ( 2001 ). california secretary of state. p. 25. - [ dead link ] - [ dead link ] - colorado secretary of state - verify a notary - [ dead link ] - florida department of state. ( n. d. ). marriage ceremony. viewed 3 december 2006. - illinois secretary of state. 2010 ). notary public handbook. pp. 4 - 5. - illinois secretary of state. ( 2010 ). notary public handbook. pp. 5 - 6. - louisiana notary association - maine department of the secretary of state. ( n. d. ). notary public handbook. p. 8 viewed 3 december 2006. - [ dead link ] - [ dead link ] - south carolina office of the secretary of state. ( 2005 ). duties of a south carolina notary public - a handbook for virginia notaries public. [ dead link ] ( 2009 ). richmond, virginia : office of the secretary of the commonwealth. - \" chapter 834 \". retrieved 2011 - 04 - 06. - \" frequently asked questions about becoming a virginia electronic notary \". - \" revised code of washington chapter 42. 44 \" - [ dead link ] - \" notarial services \". u. s. army. 10 april 1997. retrieved 4 june 2009. - short guide for vermont notaries public. ( 2011 ). vermont secretary of state. p. i.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45413405713500554, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.724283"} {"text": "chewa, also known as nyanja, is a language of the bantu language family. the gender prefix chi - is used for languages, so the language is also known as chichewa and chinyanja ( spelled cinyanja in zambia ), and locally nyasa in mozambique. chewa is the national language of malawi. it is also one of the seven official african languages of zambia, where it is spoken mostly in the eastern province. it is also spoken in mozambique, especially in the provinces of tete and niassa, as well as in zimbabwe where, according to some estimates, it ranks as the third - most widely used local language, after shona and northern ndebele. it was one of the 55 languages featured on the voyager. an urban variety of nyanja, sometimes called town nyanja, is the lingua franca of the zambian capital lusaka and is widely spoken as a second language throughout zambia. this is a distinctive nyanja dialect with some features of nsenga, although the language also incorporates large numbers of english - derived words, as well as showing influence from other zambian languages such as bemba. town nyanja has no official status, and the presence of large numbers of loanwords and colloquial expressions has given rise to the misconception that it is an unstructured mixture of languages or a form of slang. the fact that the standard nyanja used in schools differs dramatically from the variety actually spoken in lusaka has been identified as a barrier to the acquisition of literacy among zambian children. ischool. zm, which develops online educational content in zambian languages, has begun making ' lusaka nyanja ' available as a separate language of instruction after finding that schoolchildren in lusaka do not understand standard nyanja. chinyanja has its origin in the eastern province of zambia from the 15th century to the 18th century. the language remained dominant despite the breakup of the empire and the nguni invasions and was adopted by christian missionaries at the beginning of the colonial period. in zambia, chewa is spoken by other peoples like the ngoni and the kunda, so a more neutral name, chinyanja \" ( language ) of the lake \" ( referring to lake malawi ), is used instead of chewa. the first grammar, a grammar of the chinyanja language as spoken at lake nyasa with chinyanja \u2013 english and english \u2013 chinyanja vocabulary, was written by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4462765600058485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.730821"} {"text": "\" ( referring to lake malawi ), is used instead of chewa. the first grammar, a grammar of the chinyanja language as spoken at lake nyasa with chinyanja \u2013 english and english \u2013 chinyanja vocabulary, was written by alexander in 1880 and partial translations of the bible were made at the end of 19th century. further early grammars and vocabularies include a vocabulary of english \u2013 chinyanja and chinyanja \u2013 english : as spoken at likoma, lake nyasa and a grammar of chinyanja, a language spoken in british central africa, on and near the shores of lake nyasa, by george henry ( 1891 ). the whole bible was translated by william percival johnson and published as buku lopatulika ndilo mau a mulungu in 1912. a strong historical link of the nyanja, bemba and yao people to the shona empire, who can point their earlier origins to mashonaland, proves linguistically evident today. the ancient shonas who temporarily dwelt in malambo, a place in the drc, eventually shifted into northern zambia, and then south and east into the highlands of malawi. | | town nyanja ( lusaka ) | how are you? | | nili bwino / nili mushe | what ' s your name? | | dzina lanu ndani? | | zina yanu ndimwe bandani? | my name is... | | dzina langa ndine... | | zina yanga ndine... | how many children do you have? | | muli ndi ana angati? | | muli na bana bangati? | i have two children | | ndili ndi ana awiri | | nili na bana babili | how much is it? | see you tomorrow - ^ nationalencyklopedin \" varldens 100 storsta sprak 2007 \" the world ' s 100 largest languages in 2007 - ^ jouni filip maho, 2009. new updated guthrie list online - ^ cf. kiswahili for the swahili language. - ^ williams, e ( 1998 ). investigating bilingual literacy : evidence from malawi and zambia ( education research paper no. 24 ). department for international development. - ^ woodward, m. e. 1895. - ^ henry, george. 1891. - ^ the umca in malawi, p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46098173965277217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.731719"} {"text": "investigating bilingual literacy : evidence from malawi and zambia ( education research paper no. 24 ). department for international development. - ^ woodward, m. e. 1895. - ^ henry, george. 1891. - ^ the umca in malawi, p 126, james tengatenga, 2010 : \" two important pieces of work have been accomplished during these later years. first, the completion by archdeacon johnson of the bible in chinyanja, and secondly, the completed chinyanja prayer book in 1908. \" - paas, steven, 2012. 3rd edition. dictionary / mtanthauziramawu. english \u2013 chichewa / chinyanja / / chichewa / chinyanja \u2013 english. vtr publications. isbn 978 - 3 - 941750 - 87 - 6 - mchombo, sam, 2004. the syntax of chichewa. cambridge syntax guides - hetherwick, alexander ( 1907 ). a practical manual of the nyanja language.... society for promoting christian knowledge. retrieved 25 august 2012. - gray, andrew ; lubasi, brighton ; bwalya, phallen ( 2013 ). town nyanja : a learner ' s guide to zambia ' s emerging national language. - henry, george, 1904. a grammar of chinyanja, a language spoken in british central africa, on and near the shores of lake nyasa. - laws, robert ( 1894 ). an english \u2013 nyanja dictionary of the nyanja language spoken in british central africa. j. thin. pp. 1 \u2013. retrieved 25 august 2012. - rebman, john ; church missionary society ( 1877 ). dictionary of the kiniassa language. gregg. pp. 65 \u2013. retrieved 25 august 2012. - riddel, alexander ( 1880 ). a grammar of the chinyanja language as spoken at lake nyassa : with chinyanja \u2013 english and english \u2013 chinyanja vocabularies. j. maclaren & son. retrieved 25 august 2012. - woodward, m. e., 1895. a vocabulary of english \u2013 chinyanja and chinyanja \u2013 english as spoken at likoma, lake nyasa. society for promoting christian knowledge. - missionarios da companhia de jesus 1963. dicionario cinyanja \u2013 portugues. junta de investigacoes do ultramar.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4544131888500898, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.732765"} {"text": "| | this article has multiple issues. please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. in software development and product management, a user story is one or more sentences in the everyday or business language of the end user or user of a system that captures what a user does or needs to do as part of his or her job function. user stories are used with agile software development methodologies as the basis for defining the functions a business system must provide, and to facilitate requirements management. it captures the ' who ', ' what ' and ' why ' of a requirement in a simple, concise way, often limited in detail by what can be hand - written on a small paper notecard. user stories are written by or for the business user as that user ' s primary way to influence the functionality of the system being developed. user stories may also be written by developers to express non - functional requirements ( security, performance, quality, etc. ), though primarily it is the task of a product manager to ensure user stories are captured. user stories are a quick way of handling customer requirements without having to create formalized requirement documents and without performing administrative tasks related to maintaining them. the intention of the user story is to be able to respond faster and with less overhead to rapidly changing real - world requirements. a user story is an informal statement of the requirement as long as the correspondence of acceptance testing procedures is lacking. before a user story is to be implemented, an appropriate acceptance procedure must be written by the customer to ensure by testing or otherwise whether the goals of the user story have been fulfilled. some formalization finally happens when the developer accepts the user story and the acceptance procedure as a work specific order. creating user stories when the time comes for creating user stories, one of the developers ( or the product owner in scrum ) gets together with a customer representative. the customer has the responsibility for formulating the user stories. the developer may use a series of questions to get the customer going, such as asking about the desirability of some particular functionality, but must take care not to dominate the idea - creation process. as the customer conceives the user stories, they are written down [ by whom? ] on a note card ( e. g. 3x5 inches or 8x13 cm ) with a name and a description which the customer has formulated. if the developer and customer find a user story deficient in some way ( too large, complicated, imprecise ), it is rewritten until it is satisfactory -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4670784348748015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.740755"} {"text": ", description, amount, and any comments regarding the expense. at any time the consultant can do any of the following options : ( 1 ) when the consultant has finished entering the expense, the consultant will \u201c submit \u201d. if the expense is under fifty ( < 50 ), the expense will go directly to the system for processes. ( 2 ) in the event the consultant has not finished entering the expense, the consultant may want to \u201c save for later \u201d. the entered data should then be displayed on a list ( queue ) for the consultant with the status of \u201c incomplete \u201d. ( 3 ) in the event the consultant decides to clear the data and close the form, the consultant will \u201c cancel and exit \u201d. the entered data will not be saved anywhere. as a central part of many agile development methodologies, such as in xp ' s planning game, user stories define what has to be built in the software project. user stories are prioritized by the customer to indicate which are most important for the system and will be broken down in tasks and estimated by the developers. when user stories are about to be implemented the developers should have the possibility to talk to the customer about it. the short stories may be difficult to interpret, may require some background knowledge or the requirements may have changed since the story was written. every user story must at some point have one or more acceptance tests attached, allowing the developer to test when the user story is done and also allowing the customer to validate it. without a precise formulation of the requirements, prolonged nonconstructive arguments may arise when the product is to be delivered. xp and other agile methodologies favor face - to - face communication over comprehensive documentation and quick adaptation to change instead of fixation on the problem. user stories achieve this by : - being very short. they represent small chunks of business value that can be implemented in a period of days to weeks. - allowing developer and the client representative to discuss requirements throughout the project lifetime. - needing very little maintenance. - only being considered at the time of use. - maintaining a close customer contact. - allowing projects to be broken into small increments. - being suited to projects where the requirements are volatile or poorly understood. iterations of discovery drive the refinement process. - making it easier to estimate development effort. - require close customer contact throughout the project so that the most valued parts of the software get implemented. story maps a story map is the graphical, two - dimensional product backlog. at the top of the map are big", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47984122243348004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.742984"} {"text": "easier to estimate development effort. - require close customer contact throughout the project so that the most valued parts of the software get implemented. story maps a story map is the graphical, two - dimensional product backlog. at the top of the map are big user stories, which can sometimes be considered \" epics \u201d as mike cohn describes them and other times correspond to \" themes \" or \" activities \". these grouping units are created by orienting at the user \u2019 s workflow or \" the order you ' d explain the behavior of the system \". vertically, below the epics, the actual story cards are allocated and ordered by priority. the first horizontal row is a \" walking skeleton \" and below that represents increasing sophistication. in this way it becomes possible to describe even big systems without losing the big picture. some of the limitations of user stories in agile methodologies : - they can be difficult to scale to large projects. - they are regarded as conversation starters. user stories and use cases while both user stories and use cases serve the purpose to capture specific user requirements in terms of interactions between the user and the system, there are major differences between them. | user stories | | use cases | see also - acceptance testing - extreme programming - use case - kanban board - agile software development - invest mnemonic - daniel h. steinberg and daniel w. palmer : extreme software engineering, pearson education, inc., isbn 0 - 13 - 047381 - 2 - mike cohn, \" user stories applied \", 2004, addison wesley, isbn 0 - 321 - 20568 - 5 - mike cohn : agile estimating and planning, 2006, prentice hall, isbn 0 - 13 - 147941 - 5 - davies, rachel. \" non - functional requirements : do user stories really help? \". retrieved 12 may 2011. - patton, jeff. \" the new user story backlog is a map \". retrieved 4 march 2013. - cockburn, alistair. \" walking skeleton \". retrieved 4 march 2013. - \" story mapping \". agile alliance. retrieved 4 march 2013. - advantages of user stories for requirements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5287458825235537, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.743871"} {"text": "family : hirundinidae, swallows view all from this family description adult has bluish black cap and white - lined bluish black back. note the pale collar, reddish orange cheeks, and dark throat ; forehead is white in most birds. rump is buffy and square - ended tail is dark. underparts are mostly pale with darker spots on undertail coverts. juvenile duller than adult, with unmarked back ; lacks reddish elements of facial plumage and has paler rump. throat is dark ( cf. juvenile cave ). dimensions length : 5 - 6 \" ( 13 - 15 cm ) habitat common summer visitor ( mainly apr - sep ) to a wide range of habitats. winters in south america. observation tips easy to find. range texas, rocky mountains, southwest, southeast, alaska, california, eastern canada, mid - atlantic, florida, great lakes, northwest, western canada, plains, new england voice utters various soft twittering notes. discussion compact swallow with broad - based, triangular, and relatively short wings. pale orange - buff rump, obvious in flight, is diagnostic across much of range, but beware of confusion with cave swallow within that species ' limited north american range. nests colonially, making mud nests on cliffs and manmade structures. catches flying insects on the wing. sexes are similar.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40539620331509846, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.745294"} {"text": "the price of european immigration frontpage magazine 28 june 2012 in his 2008 book et delt folk ( \" a nation divided \u201d ), the danish historian and writer morten uhrskov jensen carefully went through publicly available sources. he demonstrated that the opening up of his country for mass immigration was arranged by just part of the population, sometimes in the face of considerable popular opposition. roughly speaking, those representing the political and media establishment and the upper classes were in favor of open borders, whereas those from the lower classes were often opposed. this divide is viewed by those from the upper segments of society as caused mainly by racism, prejudice, ignorance and xenophobia. since the educated classes enjoyed a virtual hegemony over public debate, they were able to define all opposition as hate and intolerance, exemplified by people such as pia kjarsgaard of the danish people \u2019 s party. the well - to - do themselves rarely lived in areas with many immigrants and could afford to move, at least for a while, if that was needed. they focused on the abstract and allegedly humanitarian aspects of mass migration. immigrants are simply referred to as \" new countrymen, \u201d who as if by magic always seem to enrich the natives with their presence. in denmark, multiculturalists have successfully managed to establish the neologism nydansker or \" new danes, \u201d a vibrant new breed of people currently displacing the tired and boring \" old danes. \u201d for poorer people, immigration was a concrete issue, as immigrants moved into their neighborhoods and went to school with their children. to put it bluntly, for those with money, globalization initially meant that they could travel on holidays to exotic lands and treat the world as their playground. for those who were less well off, it meant that the entire world suddenly moved into their street and took over their children \u2019 s local playground. when the titanic during her maiden voyage across the atlantic ocean struck an iceberg just before midnight on 14 april 1912, the first people who could see the water pouring in were the third - class passengers who happened to be situated closest to the waterline. meanwhile, the richest passengers at the top were drinking fine cognac long after the ship had started sinking. they didn \u2019 t realize what was going on for quite some time, because they were further removed from the physical problem. the poor passengers still unfortunately suffered the highest fatality rates, because the wealthy benefitted from having privileged access to the lifeboats. we see the same phenomenon on display today, on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47026979470750224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.753281"} {"text": "some time, because they were further removed from the physical problem. the poor passengers still unfortunately suffered the highest fatality rates, because the wealthy benefitted from having privileged access to the lifeboats. we see the same phenomenon on display today, on a much larger scale. having islamophobia in europe today is just as rational as having icebergophobia on board the titanic in 1912. uhrskov jensen in 2012 published another book, indvandringens pris ( \" the price of immigration \u201d ) about how much money non - european mass immigration costs his native denmark. his conclusion is that this cost is great in terms of welfare payments and rising crime combined with declining efficiency and technological innovation. he shows through carefully researched statistics that only certain asian immigrants are able to keep up with northern europeans in the educational system. a few skilled immigrants from india or elsewhere can compete, but mainly those from east asia : japanese, koreans, chinese, and to some extent vietnamese. all other non - western immigrants show lower levels of skill and competence than europeans, many of them a lot lower. it should be mentioned here that these numbers correlate quite well with average iq, where a few other asians can compete with europeans, but primarily east asians. other ethnic groups cannot do so. although it has become taboo to say this in the modern western world, it is well - documented fact that iq correlates well with economic level, for individuals as well as for nations. the scholar charles murray has written much about this. former professor helmuth nyborg at aarhus university in denmark has conducted controversial research on the subject of the genetic inheritance of intelligence. his conclusion is that today \u2019 s mass immigration of non - europeans will lead to an overall marked decline in the average intelligence of the population, and by extension a significant decline in social and economic competence, scientific progress, as well as technological innovation. for decades westerners have been told that immigration from less developed third world countries is \" good for the economy \u201d and will \" pay for future pensions. \u201d morten uhrskov jensen proves conclusively that this claim is fundamentally wrong, not just regarding denmark or scandinavia but for other western countries, too. certain private companies may enjoy short - term benefits by having access to cheap labor and borderless export markets. socialist parties can cynically import a reliable voter base of backward peoples who overwhelmingly vote for left - wing parties so they can receive generous welfare payments from the high tax payments extracted from the majority population, essentially forcing the white natives to fund", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5374712795845615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.754332"} {"text": "genuinely critical journalists in norway who later published a fairly realistic biography of muhammed, in 2006 cited a report from nho, the confederation of norwegian enterprise. nho warned that the current immigration policies constitute a serious threat to the country \u2019 s economy. norway is one of the world \u2019 s largest exporters of oil and natural gas due to its offshore resources in the north sea and elsewhere. yet according to nho, there is a risk that much of the profit norway earns from selling oil could be spent on paying welfare for its rapidly growing immigrant population. these warnings were left unheeded by political leaders, yet the problem hasn \u2019 t gone away. in 2012, the business daily dagens n\u00e6ringsliv reported that researcher erling holm\u00f8y from statistics norway together with senior advisor birger str\u00f8m studied how immigration affects government budgets. they concluded that in the long run it would prove to be very costly, stating that mass immigration bears certain similarities to a pyramid scheme. author morten uhrskov jensen states that the basic trends are identical in sweden, france, germany and the usa. the only reasonable conclusion to be drawn from this is, in his view, to stop all non - western mass immigration. yet the western political elites continue to promote such mass immigration, in spite of mounting evidence that this is greatly harmful to their own countries. this dangerous stubbornness could be due to ideological blindness, or may be because the political elites see their positions, prestige and personal privileges tied to maintaining the status quo. in the end, the historian uhrskov jensen fears that only a massive traumatic event or a major shock to the system can change the direction the western world is currently headed and reestablish reasonable and sensible immigration policies that are in line with the long - term interests of the european majority population.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4698772316742076, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.758007"} {"text": "an ancient proverb says that the gloom is heaviest immediately before the dawn. indeed, in the history of bulgaria, the year 1876 was seemingly one of the gloomiest eras, filled with bloodshed, suffering, and horrors. why? \u201c when the fruit is brought forth, \u201d the ( heavenly ) farmer \u201c immediately... putteth in the sickle, because the harvest is come \u201d ( st. mark 4 : 29 ). a russian newspaper thus wrote the following, with regard to this fateful year : \u201c recently, in neighboring bulgaria, a pogrom has been underway against the christians, which \u2014 in the words of one of our hierarchs \u2014 has taken us back to the times of the ancient christian martyrs. hundreds of bulgarian towns and villages are in throes and have been drowned in blood. thousands of men, tens of thousands of old people and women, maidens and children, have been slaughtered, burned alive, or taken into captivity as slaves. many of the enslaved were forcefully converted to islam, though not a few preferred death to islam. in the monasteries and convents, monks and nuns have been cut to pieces ; on the roads innocent children are murdered only for having crossed themselves as orthodox christians ; virgins are raped and burned alive at the stake ; unborn babies are cut out of their mothers \u2019 bellies with the sword ; and infants are slashed in two or impaled on the yataghan ; those whose bulgarian faith has remained ineradicable are uprooted from amongst the living. \u201d from amongst the unknown martyrs for faith and kin in 1876, alustrous constellation shines over the land of bulgaria even to this day : that of batak, a name both dear and unforgettable for every bulgarian christian soul! the duration of the batak massacre was but several days. on the night of may 1, 1876 ( old style ), batak shone forth like a new sun from the conflagration of the bashibazouks \u2019 vengeance, illuminating henceforth and for all ages, by its martyrdom, our christian history. the batak golgotha began from the lower end of the village \u2014 from the martyrs in bogdan \u2019 s house. disarmed by means of deception, the citizens of batak, lively at the outset, now become christ \u2019 s lambs, doomed to slaughter. only those children who immediately agreed to accept islam, upon being asked, were spared their lives. the torturers took even the last shirt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4429477152083565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.762556"} {"text": "the citizens of batak, lively at the outset, now become christ \u2019 s lambs, doomed to slaughter. only those children who immediately agreed to accept islam, upon being asked, were spared their lives. the torturers took even the last shirt or chemise from the martyrs \u2019 backs, as though to let their souls fly toward the heavens unburdened of all earthly weight. and, by god \u2019 s grace, moments before their demise, heavenly peace descended into the souls of these sufferers ( who until then had been weeping and screaming ), by their firm decision to be faithful to christ unto death. one by one, they went to the chopping block in silence. some pressed their necks tightly to the block, so that the blow might more definitely separate their souls from the flesh. a few mothers pushed their own children forward to be slain before they themselves were killed, so as to be assured that their children would not be taken into moslem households and lose their faith, together with their souls. when attempts were made to ravish them moments before their deaths, the maidens of batak resisted like lionesses, so as to preserve their virginal purity to the last breath. thus, they were slashed into pieces. at one side of the chopping block rose mountains of martyred bodies, swimming in pools of blood ; and separately, on the other side, lesser mountains, consisting of the martyrs \u2019 heads, with their eyes half - open, as if looking up towards heaven itself. read the full article here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4285338206379129, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.764425"} {"text": "a special child well - being index ( cwi ) report from duke university tracks trends over time of middle and high school students exposed to peer - to - peer violence in schools. key findings include : - from 1991 - 2009, more teens in middle and high schools were threatened than actually injured ; these trends have now merged, in 2010, so that both threats and injuries occur at the same level. - trends in numbers of middle and high school students exposed to violence began to increase in 2002 and 2003, peaked between 2007 and 2008, and began to decrease around 2008 and 2009. violence in schools increased in the early 1990s - prior to the more recent peaks. - the annual numbers of teens injured without a weapon showed the greatest fluctuation. injury without a weapon increased dramatically from 2003 - 2007, flattened out in 2008 - 2009, and decreased slightly in 2009 - 2010. visit our website to read more about the report. new book on the cwi! the well - being of america ' s children : developing and improving the child and youth well - being index, edited by kenneth c. land, has been released by springer. this is the first book to address the development and refinement of the cwi to understand how the well - being of america ' s children can be measured and improved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45391262197814997, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.765840"} {"text": "how strong is the strong force? i bet you think you asked a simple question. the simple answer is that the strength depends on the range over which it is acting. at short distances the strong force is weak and at long distances it is strong. that is completely different from the other three forces and arises because the forces transmitters, called gluons, are massless and carry strong force charge. i hope that you are still interested in the more complicated answer given below in which i try to explain how this can be so. the strong force attraction between two protons has a complicated shape which depends on the distance between the protons. the strong force between two protons is partially offset by the repelling electromagnetic forces. the strong force binds the protons with about 25 mev of energy. the electromagnetic forces repel it with slightly less. the result is that about 1 mev of energy would be required to split the two protons apart. in the rest of this reply i discuss the fundamental forces in more detail so you can get an idea why the strong force is different from the others. the four forces of nature are the strong force, the electromagnetic force, the weak force, and the gravitational force. we study the first three ( and experience the last ) at fermilab. we are most familiar with gravity and second - most familiar with the electromagnetic force in our daily routine. so i will start by comparing the strength of them and then show how they compare to the weak and strong forces. first of all, the strength of a force depends on the distance over which it is acting. for gravity, the force exerted by one object on another drops according to the square of the distance between the two objects. the equation for the force exerted by gravity is : where g is a small constant, and m and m are the masses of the two objects. the minus sign merely indicates the force is attractive. we say the \" range \" of the gravitional force is \" unlimited \" because it is exertible over an arbitrarily large distance. it just gets smaller the further the two objects are from each other. the electromagnetic force has a similar formula. the replusive force between two electrons is : where c is a big constant, and e ( typed in once for each of the two charges ) is the charge of the electron. notice the strength of the force drops with the distance between the charges in a way identical to gravity. also, if we were talking about an electron and an anti - electron", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6152063299865289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.777055"} {"text": "in once for each of the two charges ) is the charge of the electron. notice the strength of the force drops with the distance between the charges in a way identical to gravity. also, if we were talking about an electron and an anti - electron ( which has the opposite charge ), then there would be a minus sign indicating the force between opposite charges is attractive. we can compare the strength of the gravitational force to the electromagnetic force on two electrons by taking the ratio between the two forces. the distance - squared cancels out and we are left with : f ( gravity ) / f ( em ) = gmm / cee. i intentionally dropped the minus sign ; i will simply remember that the gravitional force between the electrons is attractive and the electromagnetic force between the two electrons is replusive. anyway, when i plug in the values for g, m, c, and e, the ratio is 2. 4x10 ^ ( - 43 ). in words that is pronounced two - point - four times ten to the minus forty - three. that is a very small number. in other words, the gravitational force between two electrons is feeble compared to the electromagnetic force. the reason that you feel the force of gravity, even though it is so weak, is that every atom in the earth is attracting every one of your atoms and there are a lot of atoms in both you and the earth. the reason you aren ' t buffeted around by electromagnetic forces is that you have almost the same number of positive charges as negative ones, so you are ( essentially ) electrically neutral. the weak force is misnamed. it ' s thought to be just as strong as the em force but, unlike the em force, it ' s a short - ranged force. in fact, the range is only about 1 / 100 the size of an atomic nucleus. the weak force is outside the realm of our everyday experience. we study it at fermilab by using the accelerator to produce the particles which transmit the force. these are real particles called the w - boson and the z - boson. because they are very massive, we need a high - energy accelerator to produce them. the large mass of the w - boson and the z - boson is also the reason the force has a short range. incidentally, the particle which carries the em force is called the photon ( yes, light ). because photons are massless, the em force has a long range as i described above. the weak force and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6351612190023117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.778119"} {"text": "the force has a short range. incidentally, the particle which carries the em force is called the photon ( yes, light ). because photons are massless, the em force has a long range as i described above. the weak force and the em force have been found to be linked at high - energy or, equivalently, short range. they both can be described by one set of equations which we call the \" electro - weak \" theory. this was discovered in 1967 - 1971 by steven weinberg, sheldon glashow, and abdus salam. they got the nobel prize in physics for unifying those forces. finally i am ready to talk about the strong force. this is way out of the experience we get in everyday life ( not that it doesn ' t have everyday life consequences ), so i will be a little more long - winded in describing it. remember that a proton or neutron is composed of three quarks? these quarks have strong charge and are bound together by the strong force. unlike the case of the em force, where there is one electric charge and one anti - charge ( plus and minus charges ) there are three strong force charges and three anti - charges. we call the strong force charges \" red \", \" blue \", and \" yellow \" and the anti - charges are called \" anti - red \" and so forth. the particles which transmit the force are called gluons. gluons are massless, like the photon. but unlike the photon, which is electrically neutral, the gluons carry strong charge and a different strong anti - charge. a gluon could be \" red - anti - blue \", for example, and there are eight kinds of gluons. we call the three charges \" colors \" even though they have nothing to do with how we see. because the gluon is massless, at first you might think the range of the strong force is infinite, like the em force. but if you study the behavior of the strong force, you find that the three quarks in a proton or neutron behave almost as if they were bouncing around freely in a relaxed, elastic spherical container. none of the quarks can escape the container because when the quark reaches the boundary of the proton or neutron, the force begins to act and gets stronger and stronger the further away the that quark gets from the others. that is very different from the other forces which get weaker at longer distances and it occurs because the gluons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6411926102388924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.779093"} {"text": "of the proton or neutron, the force begins to act and gets stronger and stronger the further away the that quark gets from the others. that is very different from the other forces which get weaker at longer distances and it occurs because the gluons have the color and anti - color charge. the strong force also acts between protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus much in the same way that simple chemicals are held together by the electric force. a nucleus such as helium, which has two ( positively em - charged ) protons, is stable because the strong force overcomes the electromagnetic forces. the strong force binds the two protons with about 25 - 35 mev of energy. the electromagnetic forces try to push the protons apart. the net result is that approximately 1 million electron - volts of energy are needed to separate the two protons. in contrast, an electron is bound to a proton in a hydrogen atom by only a few electron - volts. by now you know enough to consider the size of the nucleus in comparison to the size of an atom to judge if this is truly a fair comparison! the strong force is, indeed, strong. we think that if we could study the electroweak and strong forces at high enough energy we would find out they were linked together somehow, like electricity and magnetism are to form em, and like em and the weak force are to form electro - weak. such a theory would be called a grand - unified theory. and we also think that it may be possibe to include gravity with the other three. such a theory would be called a super - grand - unified theory and there is a candidate for that called \" superstrings \". so you asked a simple question : \" how strong is the strong force? \". the answer is that it depends on the range. at short distances it is weak and at long distances it is strong. that effect is completely different from the other three forces and arises because the forces transmitters, called gluons, are massless and have strong - charge and different strong anti - charge. if you want to learn more about particle physics and the work we do at fermilab, the book \" the god particle \" by leon lederman and dick teresi gives a very good and readable explanation. | last modified 1 / 11 / 1999 firstname. lastname @ example. org |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6350287995604034, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.780226"} {"text": "you hold in your hands the definitive version of writings of halfard. it is one of the most famous books in history, and with good reason, being chronicle of a period of time in the fourth fused universe, 1419 - 1819. this was, of course, the time of puff. this version of the book holds all materials ever incorporated into it. this means it will be quite thicker than most university editions, which are non - definitive. halfard was puffs elfish secretary. he lived from about 40, 000, 000 bc to 2487 ad. it is unclear of the circumstances in which he wrote this, but it may be assumed that most of it was written off his notes, and the rest was gradually fitted in between his writing and the posthumous publication in 2493 ad. halfard was an interesting person, in that he wrote such an important book, but was barely mentioned in other writings, or even in this. we shall, sadly, know very little about him, but what we do is sufficient for now. since halfard was an elf, we do fortunately have that odd elfish style which is a sure sign of anyone \u2019 s origin. this is mainly how we know certain things were added after the original writing. if halfard is interesting, puff is more so. he was born in the dark depths of russia, and his family emigrated to england in the yaga - gnomic war of the 800 \u2019 s. st. george then promptly killed his family. this leads to an interesting thought. puff is known for being a great lover of freedom and equality of peoples. but he intensely hated knights, and, during his government, launched wars for their destruction. these contradictions are interesting, but i should not deign to address everything in the introduction. good reading. john kivvers, editor. all material in this book, except that written by myself, was originally written in a foreign language. i have attempted to translate it as literally as possible without making it unintelligible. if a line has been left in its original language, that is because it is a foreign language to the author, and intentionally written in that language. any of these will be translated in the appendix.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5211592803238637, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.783121"} {"text": "to successfully manage our valued resources the following efforts are being undertaken : encouraging a healthy natural community which increases both plant and wildlife diversity and strengthen the communal eco - system of each is the goal of our forestry management efforts. professional forestry management is critical in managing the division \u2019 s natural resources including : in partnership with wildlife resource division and usda wildlife services, state parks & historic sites has been managing deer populations since 2003. our primary method of deer reduction is to enlist the use of hunters during managed quota hunts. in coordination with forestry management and deer population control, prescribed fire is a major tool in both habitat health and diversification of species. in 2006, through an arrangement with the vegetative management services section of georgia power, the division arranged a contract that provides access to arborist, tree crews, emergency equipment and certified operators 24 hours a day in any location within the state. this service is funded through timber revenue. two significant restoration grants funded by the national fish and wildlife foundation include : this project was designed to attract birds, especially sand hill cranes, to overnight in a protected habitat area on their traditional migrating routes. the project created a 15 - acre seasonally inundated impoundment with gated water controls that allow park staff to control water levels at times of flooding. this project began in 2005. the five sites were identified. slash or plantation type pine stands were removed and, planting containerized long leaf pine seedlings and wire grass to restore a traditional long leaf - wiregrass community. the usda, wildlife services provides many wildlife management services through an annual contractual agreement. wildlife services has worked with our division as a critical team member in our red top mountain deer reduction program. additional services provided are the lethal control of beavers and impounded waterways and streams which can cause flooding or endanger structures. many sites require the services of the removal of feral cats, diseased raccoons and pigeons. annually, wildlife services re - locates 150 + canada geese from our swimming beaches, day - use areas and golf courses. the re - location eliminates fecal contaminate issues for swimmers, picknickers, boaters and golfers. in 2007 wildlife services partnered with us to remove wildlife predators that were endangering newly hatched gopher tortoises at reed bingham state park. this work proved very successful in increasing our survival rates to the highest levels on record.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42955462273915296, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.786481"} {"text": "no one seemed less well - cast for the role of reformer, in an age of reform, than abraham lincoln. to begin with, he was a stranger, emotionally and intellectually, to evangelical christianity, the great engine of reform in the nineteenth century. raised in a household of uncompromisingly calvinistic baptists who abhorred slavery, the young lincoln rejected the authority of any religion and never joined any religious congregation. his stepmother, sarah bush lincoln, remembered that her stepson \u201c had no particular religion, \u201d and when pressed on the subject, lincoln himself would only say that \u201c when he did good he felt good, when he did bad he felt bad. \u201d that, said lincoln, \u201c is my religion. \u201d lacking that impetus, lincoln had little interest in the network of reform movements spun - off by evangelical revivals. he was a tee - totaller, but largely on the grounds of health rather than moral purity, since drink, to him, tasted \u201c unpleasant and always leaves me flabby and undone. \u201d he shunned all of the temperance societies of his day, except for the washington temperance society, and even then, he espoused the washingtonian movement only because of their secularized strategy of persuasion rather than condemnation. \u201c the warfare heretofore waged against the demon of intemperance, has... been erroneous, \u201d lincoln said to a gathering of the local washingtonians in 1842. \u201c too much denunciation against dram sellers and dram \u2011 drinkers was indulged in, \u201d and precious few flies were attracted by the vinegar of damnation, compared to the washingtonians \u2019 preference for the sugar of persuasion. no would - be reformer should demand such a moral volte - face from the sinner ; this would be to \u201c expect a reversal of human nature, \u201d and lincoln had none of the reformers \u2019 enthusiastic confidence that people could be upbraided into acts of disinterested benevolence. \u201c what an ignorance of human nature does it exhibit, to ask or expect a whole community to rise up and labor for the temporal happiness of others, \u201d lincoln warned. show full essayhide full essay in the same way, lincoln opposed slavery, going on record against it for the first time in 1837 when he joined with one other member of the illinois state legislature in criticizing \u201c the institution of slavery \u201d as \u201c both injustice and bad policy, \u201d and twenty - seven years later, he would still be insisting that \u201c i am naturally anti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4003455419114653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.809553"} {"text": "time in 1837 when he joined with one other member of the illinois state legislature in criticizing \u201c the institution of slavery \u201d as \u201c both injustice and bad policy, \u201d and twenty - seven years later, he would still be insisting that \u201c i am naturally anti \u2011 slavery. if slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong. i cannot remember when i did not so think, and feel. \u201d but he joined no anti - slavery society, and he condemned as reckless the abolitionists \u2019 demands for an immediate elimination of slave - holding. his 1837 protest against slavery was followed immediately by the balancing concession that \u201c the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than to abate its evils. \u201d as late as 1862, he told horace greeley that the most effective way to end slavery was through a stage - by - stage buy - out by the federal government. ending slavery should have \u201c three main features \u2013 gradual \u2013 compensation \u2013 and [ the ] vote of the people, \u201d and should be urged \u201c persuasively, and not menacingly, upon the south. \u201d there was, deep in the grain of lincoln \u2019 s temperament, a prudence that resisted the demand that conversion and enlightenment be embraced now, totally, without any reckoning of the cost. he chided \u201c free soil men \u201d in 1848 for \u201c declaring that they would \u2018 do their duty and leave the consequences to god, \u2019 \u201d since this proclamation of the relentless principle of fiat justitia ruat coelum ( \u201c do justice though the heavens fall \u201d ) merely gave an excuse for taking a course that they were not able to maintain by a fair and full argument. to make this declaration did not show what their duty was. if it did we should have no use for judgment, we might as well be made without intellect, and when divine or human law does not clearly point out what is our duty, we have no means of finding out what it is by using our most intelligent judgment of the consequences. much as he might cheer - on temperance and emancipation, lincoln was too much a \u201c fatalist, \u201d too much a believer that human behavior was guided by selfishness and self - interest, to be confident that the key to the new jerusalem lay within americans \u2019 grasp, if only they would put forth the will to seize it. abolitionists feared that view as the real enemy to their cause. the brahmin abolitionist wendell phillips complained angrily against \u201c these men \u201d who \u201c are ever parading their wish to draw a line between themselves and us, because they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4627766407664269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.810555"} {"text": "to seize it. abolitionists feared that view as the real enemy to their cause. the brahmin abolitionist wendell phillips complained angrily against \u201c these men \u201d who \u201c are ever parading their wish to draw a line between themselves and us, because they must be permitted to wait, - to trust more to reason than feeling, \u2014 to indulge a generous charity, \u2014 to rely on the sure influences of simple truth, uttered in love, & c., & c. \u201d it was the duty of convinced abolitionists, wrote arthur tappan ( the wealthy bankroller of the american & foreign anti - slavery society ) in 1832, to \u201c inculcate everywhere, the great fundamental principle of immediate abolition, \u201d to \u201c insist principally on the sin of slavery, \u201d and \u201c reprobate the idea of compensation to slave holders, because it implies the right of slavery.... the duty of whites in regard to this cruel prejudice is not to indulge it, but to repent and overcome it. \u201d let \u201c the woful, blood - stained facts \u201d about slavery \u201c be spread out \u201d and \u201c let the tale of a slave \u2019 s wrongs enter the ear, \u201d declared elizur wright a year later, and converts to the gospel of abolition would \u201c rise up \u201d to overthrow the idol of slavery \u2014 and, as lincoln feared, \u201c trust god for the consequences. \u201d no wonder, then, that so many of the abolitionist faithful found lincoln unexciting. \u201c i do not believe in the anti - slavery of abraham lincoln, \u201d wrote the black illinois abolitionist h. ford douglass, \u201c because he is on the side of this slave power... that has possession of the federal government. \u201d wendell phillips dismissed lincoln as \u201c not an abolitionist, hardly an antislavery man, \u201d and tolerable only to the extent that he \u201c consents to represent an antislavery idea. \u201d and yet, it is the name of abraham lincoln that appears at the bottom of the most sweeping act of reform in the american nineteenth century, the emancipation proclamation ; and it was abraham lincoln who, as president, strong - armed a reluctant congress to adopt a thirteenth amendment to the federal constitution banning slavery completely. \u201c there are four millions of people in this country who now regard abraham lincoln as their deliverer from bondage, \u201d declared massachusetts congressman george boutwell, four days after lincoln \u2019 s death, \u201c and whose prosperity, through all the coming centuries, will render tribute of praise to his name and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4336077144857481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.811528"} {"text": "country who now regard abraham lincoln as their deliverer from bondage, \u201d declared massachusetts congressman george boutwell, four days after lincoln \u2019 s death, \u201c and whose prosperity, through all the coming centuries, will render tribute of praise to his name and memory. \u201d but the contrast between the reality of a chilly and uncommitted lincoln on one hand and the image of the great emancipator on the other continues to pose far more difficulties for placing lincoln in the line of reformers than boutwell anticipated. the principal difficulty in understanding lincoln \u2019 s place as a reformer may lie in how easy it is to miss his enthusiasm for a kind of reform that later generations have not often classified as a reform at all, but which was the real engine behind lincoln \u2019 s anti - slavery beliefs. when the american republic emerged from its colonial cocoon as an independent nation, its economic structure remained very much as british imperial planners had designed it \u2014 overwhelmingly agricultural, chronically dependent on imported manufactures, with poor internal transportation, and very little in the way of banks and investment capital to fund economic growth. when the united states went to war a second time with great britain in 1812, its feeble economic infrastructure virtually collapsed under british pressure. as early as the 1790s, alexander hamilton, the first secretary of the treasury, argued for the promotion of manufacturing and banking by the federal government as the surest road to security from the great empires all around america \u2019 s frontiers. but hamilton encountered strenuous resistance from thomas jefferson, the first secretary of state, who argued that an agricultural economy was precisely what promoted civic virtue and discouraged a different kind of peril to liberty within, from concentrations of too much economic power in too few hands. in a republic where farmers made up 90 percent of the population, jefferson \u2019 s arguments had long innings. however, the debacle of the war of 1812 convinced many americans that economic backwardness spelled an imperiled future for american liberty and independence. by the mid - 1830s, american politics had become polarized into two well - organized political parties, democrats ( the heirs of jefferson and acolytes of andrew jackson ) and whigs ( led by henry clay ). the whigs promoted a three - point program of banking ( to generate the capital needed for creating new manufacturing enterprises ), tariffs ( to protect the new manufactures from foreign competition ) and \u201c internal improvements \u201d ( transportation projects, funded by the government, to connect the rural hinterlands with manufacturers, and connect farmers with markets instead of merely sub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47399815455092603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.812769"} {"text": "creating new manufacturing enterprises ), tariffs ( to protect the new manufactures from foreign competition ) and \u201c internal improvements \u201d ( transportation projects, funded by the government, to connect the rural hinterlands with manufacturers, and connect farmers with markets instead of merely subsisting on their own produce ). and from his first moments of political awakening, it was the whigs to whom lincoln gravitated. when the whig party foundered in the mid - 1850s, lincoln attached himself to the new republican party because of its anti - slavery stance ; but he was also attracted by how the republicans embraced the whigs \u2019 economic policies. what the republican agenda offered lincoln was an entirely different species of reform \u2014 the transformation of the self. people like lincoln, born in backwoods poverty, could climb the economic ladders of opportunity offered by markets and economic development to make for themselves landscapes entirely different from the isolated drudgery of the hinterlands. \u201c we stand at once the wonder and admiration of the whole world, \u201d lincoln said in 1856. and why? \u201c this cause is that every man can make himself. \u201d liberty, for lincoln, was economic liberty, and the genius of the american republic was the allowance it made for everyone to re - make themselves. and no better example of that re - making existed than lincoln himself. \u201c there is no permanent class of hired laborers amongst us, \u201d lincoln insisted in 1859 : twenty - five years ago, i was a hired laborer. the hired laborer of yesterday, labors on his own account to - day ; and will hire others to labor for him to - morrow. advancement \u2014 improvement in condition \u2014 is the order of things in a society of equals. lincoln was less afraid than his democratic peers that a society in which some people could transform themselves into the prosperous and wealthy meant that others would be transformed downward into poverty. \u201c i don \u2019 t believe in a law to prevent a man from getting rich, \u201d he told an audience of workingmen in 1860, \u201c we do not propose any war upon capital. \u201d what he wished instead was to give \u201c the humblest man an equal chance to get rich with everybody else. \u201d and he did not mind aiding \u201c the humblest man \u201d through the three - fold government - sponsored mechanism of \u201c internal improvements, \u201d banking, and tariffs. government could \u2014 and should \u2014 \u201c do for a community of people, whatever they need to have done, but cannot do, at all, or cannot, so well do, for themselves \u2014 in their separate, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4815050333985307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.813912"} {"text": ", \u201d banking, and tariffs. government could \u2014 and should \u2014 \u201c do for a community of people, whatever they need to have done, but cannot do, at all, or cannot, so well do, for themselves \u2014 in their separate, and individual capacities. \u201d but that responsibility pointed government in the direction of economic enablement, not ( as the jacksonians wanted ) economic restraint, and if after all the efforts of enablement had been expended, some people still remained mired in poverty, lincoln saw no virtue in shedding tears over the failures. \u201c if any continue through life in the condition of the hired laborer, it is not the fault of the system, \u201d he told the wisconsin state agricultural fair in 1859, \u201c but because of either a dependent nature which prefers it, or improvidence, folly, or singular misfortune. \u201d some of you will be successful, and such will need but little philosophy to take them home in cheerful spirits ; others will be disappointed, and will be in a less happy mood. to such, let it be said, \u201c lay it not too much to heart. \u201d let them adopt the maxim, \u201c better luck next time ; \u201d and then, by renewed exertion, make that better luck for themselves. it was exactly the unpredictable spiraling of \u201c better luck \u201d in markets and manufacturing that appalled jacksonian democrats and fueled their resistance to banks, tariffs, and highways. and among slaveholders in the american south, the whig agenda generated fears that a government big enough to build roads, levy tariffs, and charter banks would also turn out to be a government big enough to emancipate their slaves. and so a fateful alliance was struck between jackson \u2019 s democrats and the plantation oligarchy of the south that persisted all the way to the doorstep of the civil war. but it was also lincoln \u2019 s advocacy of a market - driven society that lay at the root of his hostility to slavery, for if slavery was anything, it was a loathsome determination on the part of the slaveholder to deny at least one class of human beings \u2014 namely, black slaves \u2014 all hope of self - transformation, or even to deny that african americans had even the capacity to improve themselves. like most white americans of his day, lincoln took the superior \u201c intellectual endowment \u201d and \u201c physical difference \u201d of white people for granted ; unlike many white americans, however, he also insisted that \u201c there is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4738873012104829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.814928"} {"text": "day, lincoln took the superior \u201c intellectual endowment \u201d and \u201c physical difference \u201d of white people for granted ; unlike many white americans, however, he also insisted that \u201c there is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the declaration of independence, \u201d and that especially included the right to economic self - improvement \u2014 \u201c to eat the bread, without the leave of anybody else, which his own hand earns. \u201d what slavery symbolized to lincoln was stasis \u2014 a society in which people were assigned a status, and in which government existed to preserve that status and prevent any disruption of it, using either the carrot of subsidy ( for poorer whites who did not own slaves ) or the stick of force ( to suppress slave restlessness and restrain the possibility of black - white alliances ). slavery was the badge of a society that looked with suspicion upon self - transformation, as well as the labor that made it possible. slavery \u201c betokened not only the possession of wealth but indicated the gentleman of leisure who was above and scorned labour. \u201d slaveholding was \u201c highly seductive to the thoughtless and giddy headed young men \u201d of america because it taught them that work, enterprise, and money - making was \u201c vulgar and ungentlemanly. \u201d it represented a receding from the high promise of the american republic into \u201c a british aristocratic \u201d pattern. and when the southern states attempted to secede from the union in order to insulate slavery from federal tampering, he made very clear what he thought the stakes in the ensuing civil war were about, at the highest level : on the side of the union, it is a struggle for maintaining in the world, that form, and substance of government, whose leading object is, to elevate the condition of men \u2014 to lift artificial weights from all shoulders \u2014 to clear the paths of laudable pursuit for all \u2014 to afford all, an unfettered start, and a fair chance, in the race of life. lincoln, unlike wendell phillips, saw slavery as an economic problem more than a racial one. but on either count, he found it difficult to prescribe a means for ending it. slavery was legal in fifteen states in 1860, when lincoln was nominated for the presidency, and in each case, its legalization was a matter of state statute, rather than federal law. \u201c according to our political system, as a matter of civil administration, the general government had no lawful power to effect emancipation in any state,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49062627314553353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.816165"} {"text": "presidency, and in each case, its legalization was a matter of state statute, rather than federal law. \u201c according to our political system, as a matter of civil administration, the general government had no lawful power to effect emancipation in any state, \u201d he acknowledged. back in 1856, when he was prominent only in illinois political circles, he had admitted that \u201c if all earthly power were given me, i should not know what to do, as to the existing institution. \u201d he clung to the hope that \u201c systems of gradual emancipation might be adopted, \u201d especially if slavery was prevented from expanding into the western territories. but legalizing slavery in the territories was precisely what had been sanctioned by the kansas - nebraska act in 1854 ( the event that galvanized lincoln politically ) and been protected by the supreme court \u2019 s decision in dred scott v. sanford in 1857. even after his election as president, lincoln understand all - too - clearly that he had no civil authority to interfere with slavery ; and if the south was successful in its fight to tear away from the union, slavery would be even further beyond the reach of the united states government to deal with. lincoln \u2019 s impulse, in 1861, was to implement his federally funded buy - out plan in delaware ( one of the four slave states that remained loyal to the union ), as a way of showing how state legislatures could back their way painlessly out of slavery. but the delaware legislature failed to act, and in the spring of 1862, the other loyal slave states \u2014 kentucky, maryland, and missouri \u2014 rejected lincoln \u2019 s proposal with contempt. by the summer of 1862, lincoln \u2019 s mind revolved to a different, but much more constitutionally controversial strategy \u2014 a \u201c war powers \u201d proclamation of emancipation, issued on the strength of his constitutional designation as commander in chief, and based on the premise that freeing the south \u2019 s slaves would constitute a legitimate blow to the southern ability to carry on the war. no such proclamation had ever been issued by an american president \u2014 no such \u201c war powers \u201d had even been defined judicially \u2014 but by that time lincoln \u201c had about come to the conclusion that we must free the slaves or be ourselves subdued. \u201d on july 22, 1862, lincoln laid before his cabinet a preliminary draft of an emancipation proclamation, declaring that \u201c all persons held as slaves within any state, or designated part of a state, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the united states, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free. \u201d his secretary of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43004944634805936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.817395"} {"text": ", declaring that \u201c all persons held as slaves within any state, or designated part of a state, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the united states, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free. \u201d his secretary of state, william h. seward, urged him to sit on the proclamation until a union military victory could bolster its credibility. but when such a victory came at antietam on september 17, 1862, lincoln waited only until he had confirmation of the event before re - assembling his cabinet and issuing the proclamation as military law, to become effective on january 1, 1863. on the other hand, invoking the \u201c war powers \u201d as a justification limited lincoln to freeing slaves only \u201c within any state, or designated part of a state, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the united states, \u201d and so he was forced to exempt kentucky, maryland, delaware, and missouri from its application ( they were not, after all, at war with the united states ) plus a number of zones within the south occupied by federal forces that were already under the civil jurisdiction of \u201c reconstruction \u201d governments. as he explained to his impatient abolitionist secretary of the treasury, salmon chase, he could not extend the proclamation further than \u201c any state, or designated part of a state \u201d actually in rebellion without undermining the legal rationale of using his \u201c war powers. \u201d and that would leave the whole emancipation project liable to interference from the same supreme court that had given the nation the dred scott decision. \u201c the exemptions were made because the military necessity did not apply to the exempted localities, \u201d lincoln explained. if, as commander in chief, he tried to emancipate slaves outside the war zones, he would have no more justification for doing so than saying, \u201c i think the measure politically expedient, and morally right. \u201d this would surrender \u201c all footing upon constitution or law \u201d and plunge him into \u201c the boundless field of absolutism. \u201d abolitionists might not worry about the consequences of absolutism, but he did. at the same time, though, as many slaves as he could free, would be free forever. he assured one inquirer in july 1863, that \u201c i think [ the proclamation ] is valid in law, and will be so held by the courts, \u201d but even if not, \u201c i think i shall not retract or repudiate it. those who shall have tasted actual freedom, i believe,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4266385022327608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.818457"} {"text": "[ the proclamation ] is valid in law, and will be so held by the courts, \u201d but even if not, \u201c i think i shall not retract or repudiate it. those who shall have tasted actual freedom, i believe, can never be slaves, or quasi - slaves again. \u201d and he frankly warned congress in his annual report at the end of 1864 that any move which required him to step back from the proclamation would result in his resignation. \u201c if the people should, by whatever mode or means, make it an executive duty to re - enslave such persons, another, and not i, must be their instrument to perform it. \u201d finally, in january 1865, he was able to obtain from congress what he described as the \u201c king \u2019 s cure for all the evils \u201d of slavery \u2014 an amendment to the constitution, not merely emancipating slaves, but abolishing the entire legal institution of slavery throughout the nation. perhaps it was only an after - thought on lincoln \u2019 s part to have included in the emancipation proclamation a recommendation to the newly freed slaves that their next step as free men and women should be into the openness of the markets, that \u201c in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages. \u201d even in what he termed \u201c an act of justice, \u201d lincoln still saw the ultimate realization of freedom in economic terms. this raises the potent question for modern americans about what constitutes reform itself, and whether the emergence of the united states as a great world market - power in the 150 years since lincoln \u2019 s day should be considered a reform, or the object of reform \u2014 whether the operation of market - driven forces carries within it more hope of ameliorating injustice than political ones. these divergent strategies formed the substance of the great debate between w. e. b. du bois and booker t. washington over civil rights in the early twentieth century ; it formed the core of the argument over the new deal and the great society ; and it continues to agitate voices all along our political spectrums. at least we know where lincoln placed himself in this debate, and where he believed the ultimate reformation of american life would always lie. william henry herndon interview with sara bush lincoln ( september 8, 1865 ) and dillard c. donnohue interview with jesse weik ( february 13, 1887 ), in herndon \u2019 s informants : letters, interviews and statements about abraham lincoln, eds. douglas l. wilson and rodney o. davis ( urbana :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4271484633344625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.819516"} {"text": "dillard c. donnohue interview with jesse weik ( february 13, 1887 ), in herndon \u2019 s informants : letters, interviews and statements about abraham lincoln, eds. douglas l. wilson and rodney o. davis ( urbana : university of illinois press, 1998 ), 107, 602 ; herndon, in jesse weik, the real lincoln : a portrait ( boston : houghton mifflin, 1922 ), 110 ; lincoln, \u201c temperance address \u201d ( february 22, 1862 ), in collected works of abraham lincoln, ed. roy f. basler et al ( new brunswick, nj : rutgers university press, 1953 ), 1 : 271 - 272, 274. lincoln, \u201c protest in illinois legislature on slavery \u201d ( march 3, 1837 ) and \u201c to albert g. hodges ( april 4, 1864 ), in collected works, 1 : 75, 7 : 281. lincoln, \u201c to horace greeley \u201d ( march 24, 1862 ), in collected works, 5 : 169. lincoln, \u201c speech at worcester, massachusetts \u201d ( september 12, 1848 ), in collected works, 2 : 3 - 4. phillips, \u201c philosophy of the abolition movement \u201d ( january 27, 1853 ) in speeches, lectures, and letters ( boston : j. redpath, 1863 ), 100 ; tappan, \u201c particular instructions, \u201d to theodore dwight weld, in letters of theodore dwight weld, angelina grimke weld, and sarah grimke, 1822 - 1844, eds. g. barnes and d. l. dumond ( new york : d. appleton - century, 1934 ), 1 : 124 - 128 ; elizur wright, the sin of slavery and its remedy ; containing some reflections on the moral influence of african colonization ( new york : elizur wright, 1833 ), 9, 39. h. ford douglass, in james m. mcpherson, the negro \u2019 s civil war : how american negroes felt and acted during the war for the union ( new york : pantheon books, 1965 ), 7 ; phillips, \u201c lincoln \u2019 s election \u201d ( november 7, 1860 ), in speeches, lectures, and letters, 294. lincoln, \u201c speech at kalamazoo, michigan \u201d ( august 27, 1856 ) and \u201c fragment on free labor \u201d ( september 17, 1859 ), in collected works, 2 : 364 and 3 : 462. lincoln, \u201c fragment on government \u201d ( july 1, 1854 ), \u201c address before the wisconsin state agricultural society, milwaukee,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38086712876680834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.820512"} {"text": "on free labor \u201d ( september 17, 1859 ), in collected works, 2 : 364 and 3 : 462. lincoln, \u201c fragment on government \u201d ( july 1, 1854 ), \u201c address before the wisconsin state agricultural society, milwaukee, wisconsin \u201d ( september 30, 1859 ), and \u201c speech at new haven, connecticut \u201d ( march 5, 1860 ), in collected works, 2 : 220, 3 : 479, 481, and 4 : 24. lincoln, \u201c first debate with stephen a. douglas at ottawa, illinois \u201d ( august 21, 1858 ), in collected works, 3 : 16. joseph gillespie to w. h. herndon ( january 31, 1866 ), in herndon \u2019 s informants, 183 ; lincoln, \u201c fragment on free labor \u201d ( september 17, 1859 ) and \u201c message to congress in special session \u201d ( july 4, 1861 ), in collected works, 3 : 462 and 438 lincoln, \u201c speech at peoria, illinois \u201d ( october 16, 1854 ) and \u201c annual message to congress \u201d ( december 8, 1863 ), in collected works, 2 : 255 - 256 and 7 : 49 gideon welles, diary entry for july 13, 1862, in the diary of gideon welles, ed. john t. morse ( boston : houghton mifflin, 1911 ) 1 : 70 ; lincoln, \u201c preliminary emancipation proclamation \u201d ( september 22, 1862 ) and \u201c to salmon p. chase \u201d ( september 3, 1863 ), in collected works, 5 : 434, 6 : 428 - 429. \u201c to stephen a. hurlbut \u201d ( july 31, 1863 ) and \u201c annual message to congress \u201d ( december 8, 1864 ) and \u201c response to a serenade ( february 1, 1865 ) in collected works, 6 : 358 and 8 : 152, 254. lincoln, \u201c emancipation proclamation ( january 1, 1863 ), in collected works, 6 : 30 allen c. guelzo is the henry r. luce professor of the civil war era and director of the civil war era studies program at gettysburg college. he received the lincoln prize in 2000 for abraham lincoln : redeemer president ( 1999 ) and in 2005 for lincoln \u2019 s emancipation proclamation : the end of slavery in america ( 2004 ). make gilder lehrman your home for history already have an account? please click here to login and access this page. how to subscribe click here to get a free subscription if you are a k - 12 educator or student,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4285651568636983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.822209"} {"text": "). make gilder lehrman your home for history already have an account? please click here to login and access this page. how to subscribe click here to get a free subscription if you are a k - 12 educator or student, and here for more information on the affiliate school program, which provides even more benefits. otherwise, click here for information on a paid subscription for those who are not k - 12 educators or students. make gilder lehrman your home for history become an affiliate school to have free access to the gilder lehrman site and all its features. click here to start your affiliate school application today! you will have free access while your application is being processed. individual k - 12 educators and students can also get a free subscription to the site by making a site account with a school - affiliated email address. click here to do so now! make gilder lehrman your home for history why gilder lehrman? your subscription grants you access to archives of rare historical documents, lectures by top historians, and a wealth of original historical material, while also helping to support history education in schools nationwide. click here to see the kinds of historical resources to which you ' ll have access and here to read more about the institute ' s educational programs. individual subscription : $ 25 click here to sign up for an individual subscription to the gilder lehrman site. k - 12 school subscription : $ 195 click here to sign up for an institutional subscription, which allows site access to all faculty and students in a single school, or all visitors to a library branch. make gilder lehrman your home for history upgrade your account we ' re sorry, but it looks as though you do not have access to the full gilder lehrman site. all k - 12 educators receive free subscriptions to the gilder lehrman site, and our affiliate school members gain even more benefits! how to subscribe k - 12 educator or student? click here to edit your profile and indicate this, giving you free access, and here for more information on the affiliate school program. not a educator or student? click here for more information on purchasing a subscription to the gilder lehrman site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44320723486275704, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.824024"} {"text": "in 1900 sperry glacier had an area of 3. 39 km2. by 1938 it had diminished to 1. 58 km2 and by 1946 it was only 1. 34 km2 in area. the estimated loss in volume between 1938 and 1946 was a 23 meter reduction in the level of the surface of the lower half of the glacier during that period. recession proceeded at an annual rate of 15. 3 m. be\u00actween 1938 and 1945 ; 11. 9 m. from 1945 to 1947 ; 10. 5 m. from 1947 to 1948 ; and 12. 9 m. from 1948 to 1949 ( dyson, 1950 ). recession of sperry glacier continued from about 1950 - 1970 and has been accompanied by loss of volume of the lower part of the glacier. sperry glacier has been examined in reconnaissance ( johnson, 1958, 1960, 1964 ). comparison of longitudinal and transverse profiles shows that since 1947 the upper part of the glacier has increased in vol\u00acume during some years and remained constant during others, whereas the lower part has decreased in volume. throughout this time span slow terminal recession has been continuous. surface ice velocities on sperry glacier average about 3 m. / year. sperry glacier retreated at a slower rate of 5 m / a, from 1950 - 1979 ( cararra and mcgrimsey, 1981 ). the retreat has ranged from 3 - 5 m / a from the 1979 - 1993 period ( key, fagre and menicke, 2002 ). in 1993 0. 87 square kilometers remained. this glacier still has crevasses and is not merely stagnant and melting away. a comparison of imagery from 1991 top ( orange line for terminus ), 2003 middle ( green line ) and 2005 bottom ( blue line ) indicate the marginal changes during this 14 year interval. these images are all from google earth using the historic imagery function. marginal recession averages 95 meters in this period ranging from 20 - 200 meters. the glacier was 1200 meters long in 1990 so this is close to a 10 % loss in length. the current rate of retreat is slightly higher than the 3 - 5 m / a average fro the 1979 - 1993 period. the image in 1991 is from aug. 25th, the glacier still has 70 % of its area covered with snow from the previous winter. this is called the accumulation area ratio and in general must be above 60 at the end of the summer for the glacier to not lose mass. in 2003 the accumulation area ratio is about 30 and this is on sept. 25th", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46279020177217495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.827831"} {"text": "snow from the previous winter. this is called the accumulation area ratio and in general must be above 60 at the end of the summer for the glacier to not lose mass. in 2003 the accumulation area ratio is about 30 and this is on sept. 25th at the end of the melt season. in 2005 the accumulation area ratio is 30 at the most. both years this limited a snowcover would lead to a significant negative mass balance, volume loss. the thinning in the upper portion of the glacier appears limited. there is not an evident change in the upper margin of the glacier. the crevassing which is indicative of movement has also not decreased much suggesting limited changes in the dynamics of the upper glacier. the comparatively slow changes in the accumulation zone, suggests a glacier that still has a consistent accumulation zone and is not likely to melt away rapidly, within the next 30 years, given the current climate. the glacier is showing no signs that it is approaching equilibrium, and that it can survive the current climate. this is in contrast to nearby harrison glacier which is receding quite slowly. there are new outcrops appearing at points a and b in the 2005 image indicating thinning and retreat is continuing. annual layers are evident at point c in the 2005 image. crevassing in the same area at point d is evident in each image. the usgs and the nps have made sperry glacier a focus of field study beginning in 2005. the long term record of glacier area and glacier retreat makes it a good candidate. to date no mass balance data has been completed or reported. this data is essential to understand future terminus and volume responses. this project has been particular good at acquiring historic images to compare to current images 1913 and 2008. bob sihler captured the lack of snow remaining on sperry glacier in 2009., with a month still left in the melt season.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46381573282210453, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.829111"} {"text": "world war two fashion the impact of war on 1940 \u2032 s fashion in the usa. by tia craig - click world war two influence on 1940s fashion to read the full article from the beginning or to download the free ebook. 4. 1940s silhouette and style changes the spring of 1942 was when the war production board and the civilian production administration \u201c issued a series of rules for the garment industry that were identified by a number preceded by the letter l, for limitation order. women were able to adjust to it by utilizing fewer amounts of fabric and different colored dyes. the reduction in fabric amount changed the overall silhouette so that clothing would become more practical as women needed more versatility with their wardrobe. there were very strict guidelines on the fashion such as \u201c a woman \u2019 s skirt could be no wider than 198cm around. sleeves could measure no more than 36cm around. belts had to be less than 5cm wide. ruffles, pleats, and extra pockets were banned. for women, trim, knee - length skirts replaced long gowns. \u201d ( lindop ). further more, \u201c a reduction in the number of fashion colors, especially for wool, was required to conserve chemicals needed for wartime use. \u201d ( walford ). as a result, dyes were so scarce that blacks, browns, and white replaced the brightly colored attire. however, \u201c the textile color association of the united states released a palette for fall of 1942 that included a number of shades with patriotic names such as \u2018 victory gold \u2019, \u2018 gallant blue \u2019, and \u2018 patriot green \u2019. \u201d ( walford ). these restrictions caused new styles to emerge such as the military look which \u201c included short jackets, narrow skirts, wide shoulders, pantsuits, low - heeled shoes, berets, and peaked caps. \u201d ( lindop ). this style was primarily worn by women who served in the war as nurses and other military services. another style that appeared was called utility clothing which was the more standard look for women. it included \u201c squared shoulders, narrow hips, and skirts that ended just below the knee. tailored suits were the dominant form of utility fashion. \u201d ( the university of vermont ). for the women working in the factories, there was a dress code for them but that will be explained in further detail later on. an additional note to add to the style change was that pants became more popular during this time. many still wore skirts or dresses but pants had become an article of clothing that had a sense of practicality. copyright tia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42707113179065337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.831663"} {"text": "hepatitis is a contagious disease that is preventable. basic preventive principles include avoiding contact with other people \u2019 s blood or bodily fluids and practicing good sanitation. in addition, vaccines are available to prevent some types of hepatitis. they are given to people at high risk of contracting the disease. avoid contact with blood and bodily fluids infected blood and bodily fluids can spread hepatitis. to avoid contact : - do not inject illicit drugs, especially with shared needles. seek help to stop using drugs. - do not have sex with partners who have hepatitis or other sexually transmitted diseases. - practice safe sex using latex condoms or abstain from sex. - limit your number of sexual partners. a mutually monogamous relationship is best. - avoid sharing personal hygiene products ( eg, toothbrushes, razors ). - avoid handling items that may be contaminated with hepatitis - infected blood. - donate your own blood before elective surgery so it can be used if you need a blood transfusion. - avoid getting a tattoo or a body piercing. if you get a tattoo or body piercing, make sure the artist or piercer properly sterilizes the equipment. you might get infected if the tools have someone else ' s blood on them. - if you are a healthcare professional, always follow routine barrier precautions and safely handle needles and other sharp instruments and dispose of them properly. wear gloves when touching or cleaning up bodily fluids on personal items, such as : - tampons, sanitary pads, diapers - cover open cuts or wounds. - use only sterile needles for drug injections, blood draws, ear piercing, and tattooing. - if you are pregnant, have a blood test for hepatitis b. infants born to mothers with hepatitis b should be treated within 12 hours after birth. travelling to countries where the risk of hepatitis is higher, follow proper precautions, such as : - only drinking bottled water - not using ice cubes - avoiding certain foods, like shellfish, unpasteurized milk products, and fresh fruits and vegetables practice good sanitation good sanitation can prevent the transmission of some forms of hepatitis. - wash your hands with soap and water after using the bathroom or changing a diaper. - wash your hands with soap and water before eating or preparing food. - carefully clean all household utensils after use. get a vaccine, if recommended get immune globulin ( ig ) injection, if recommended ig, available for hepatitis a and b, is an injection that contains antibodies, which help provide protection. this shot is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4979280803384472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.834396"} {"text": "last week, in one of the most densely populated places on earth, 150 people addressed a topic usually left to pasture : the future of agriculture. at one point, melina shannon - dipietro, director of the yale sustainable food project, asked the audience, \u201c how many of you have worked in a garden in the past month? \u201d over three - quarters of the room raised our hands. shannon - dipietro also said that yale university currently offers 30 classes related to food and agriculture. as recently as 2003, that number was zero. what is happening here and why now? the group in the nyc room was attending agriculture 2. 0 : the conference for innovators & investors, hosted by newseed advisors and spin - farming. there is much to explore, and for now, a few facts have percolated to the top : - many estimate the world \u2019 s population will grow to 9 billion by 2050. as a result, the asset management arm of deutsche bank foresees a 50 % increase in global caloric demand. we aren \u2019 t ready. - every year, as the mississippi river flows into the gulf of mexico, the agricultural run - off creates a vast \u201c dead zone \u201d in the water. the dead zone can get as large as the state of mississippi and nothing survives in it. - tod murphy of the farmers diner said that as americans consume food carted from thousands of miles away, we eat about 19 % of our country \u2019 s fossil fuel usage. robert fireman of sky vegetables framed the issue another way : every year, the average american intakes 350 gallons of oil with his meals. we have never had issues like these before in human history. but innovators live in the solution. we have also never been as connected and accessible to one another as we are now. thus, in the spirit of the pioneers at agriculture 2. 0, we have never had opportunities like this before. more to come.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48492580814683245, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.837381"} {"text": "list of chinese inventions china has always prided itself with its ancient and ground breaking discoveries. in fact, some of the world \u2019 s most important inventions were made by the chinese. their inventions have shaped our history. a cursory look at the list of chinese inventions will give you a sense of how critical these discoveries were when it came to building civilizations. joseph needam, a british scholar, recognized the importance of these discoveries. he studied these inventions extensively, even listing four of them as being the greatest inventions of ancient china. these include the compass, gunpowder, paper, and printing. the list of chinese inventions includes familiar tools and some lesser known materials. a lot of these are even still used today. many more are considered as direct descendants of modern day tools and methods. let \u2019 s take a look at some of these inventions shall we? first up on our list of chinese inventions is the compass. without a doubt, this tool has greatly expedited and eased how our ancestors navigated the globe. to this day, the compass is still considered as an important navigation tool, and little has changed on how compasses are manufactured. next up on our list is gunpowder. it was first discovered in china during 1000 a. d. this was about 300 years before the first recorded gunpowder use in europe. unlike their european brethren, the chinese never really pursued the use of explosives as a weapon. this was a tragic irony for the chinese ; since with the aid of gunpowder, the europeans went on to win their wars against the chinese. another important material included in the list of chinese inventions is paper. first invented somewhere around 105 a. d., we can all thank the chinese for this wonderful and infinitely important piece of discovery. printing was also first discovered by the chinese. this includes both moveable type, and block printing. europeans seem to have learned about block printing from the chinese playing cards which they introduced to europe. tea lovers should be thankful to the chinese since tea drinking was first invented in china. two other forms of beverage \u2013 this time alcoholic ones \u2013 also originated in china, brandy and whiskey. distillation was discovered in china during the seventh century a. d., well before its twelfth century discovery in the west. these are but a few of the items included in the list of chinese inventions. some of them have been of significant import to us, others, well we can do without. one thing is for certain, those ancient chinese inventors made a lot of impact on our history. \u201c this article is brought to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42366085388069885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.841172"} {"text": "the wandering is over haggadah - the four children the four children as we tell the story, we think about it from all angles. our tradition speaks of four different types of children who might react differently to the passover seder. it is our job to make our story accessible to all the members of our community, so we think about how we might best reach each type of child : what does the wise child say? the wise child asks, what are the testimonies and laws which god commanded you? you must teach this child the rules of observing the holiday of passover. what does the wicked child say? the wicked child asks, what does this service mean to you? to you and not to himself! because he takes himself out of the community and misses the point, set this child \u2019 s teeth on edge and say to him : \u201c it is because of what god did for me in taking me out of egypt. \u201d me, not him. had that child been there, he would have been left behind. what does the simple child say? the simple child asks, what is this? to this child, answer plainly : \u201c with a strong hand god took us out of egypt, where we were slaves. \u201d what about the child who doesn \u2019 t know how to ask a question? help this child ask. start telling the story : \u201c it is because of what god did for me in taking me out of egypt. \u201d do you see yourself in any of these children? at times we all approach different situations like each of these children. how do we relate to each of them?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44863554343913203, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.844127"} {"text": "create organic farm, aquaponics, vermiculture, larvae entrapment projects - provide aquaponic systems for a families of four. collect unwanted 55 gallon drums and wooden pallets that would normally end up in landfills and have kahuku high and intermediate school students transform them into perpetual food source that will provide local families and communities with fresh, organic vegetables, fruit, herbs and fish in their own backyards powered by a small photovoltaic system. - provide scholarship money for students building the systems instead of paying an hourly wage ( use student payment model used by ma \u2019 o farms ). partner with experts on aquaponics, sustainability systems, recycling, etc and use them as mentors for students so they can enter college and obtain a meaningful career that will support themselves and their families. - if requested, provide aquaponic systems for church properties, social service providers ( salvation army ), schools, etc. our latest initiative, innovative education, is comprised of filmmakers, scientists, kupuna and agricultural teachers ( dr. don sand, dr. clyde tamaru, dr. kai fox, dr. kendra martin, christian wilson and ben shaffer ) is an additional branch of keac that is writing curriculum and delivering educational programs that engage, inspire, create learning experiences using student relevant subjects such as digital media, current youth issues, sustainability, aquaponics, organic farming, participatory learning and life skills. the \u201c film club \u201d is our after school program that currently has 27 active members. our new kahuku sustainability club named halau haloa currently has 20 members. community need being addressed the students living in the ko \u2019 olauloa district ( ka \u2019 a \u2019 awa, punalu \u2019 u, hau \u2019 ula, laie, kahuku and sunset beach ) have unmet needs for educational experiences that are relevant to several rapidly growing modern industries such as film, digital media and the sustainability industry. these are fields that will provide jobs and advanced education for those students who are allowed to learn these skill sets early. the traditional school system is slower in responding to these relevant programs that we are helping to bring now, today. the innovation education branch is dedicated to helping students receive programs in these 21st century industries. the programs are developed and delivered in creative, participatory methods that are based on living projects in self - directed ways. it is believed that the students not only learn advanced knowledge in these relevant industries but that they develop actual skills sets needed to become valued", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4897160794258244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.853806"} {"text": "are developed and delivered in creative, participatory methods that are based on living projects in self - directed ways. it is believed that the students not only learn advanced knowledge in these relevant industries but that they develop actual skills sets needed to become valued employees. the students learn business world and college world \u201c people skills \u201d, project management skills, leadership, teamwork, time management and problem solving. each target student groups can be inspired accelerate their educational productivity. the \u201c at risk \u201d students find that there are reasons for learning traditional subjects in school and the advanced students are allowed to enhance their gifts and dreams. what we do funds and support would help increase capacity of our after school programs including the kahuku sustainability and film clubs and building living sustainability projects. we will continue to develop new advance curriculum and film the student projects as a \u201c students teaching students \u201d educational video series a portion of the funds would be used to hold contests around renewable energy issues that would inspire students to learn using a camera as a fun learning tool. our intended participants the goal is to bring these educational experiences to at least 100 per year in the sustainability programs and 100 students in the film - digital media programs. the students will be selected from those attending khis, while 100 more students will be offered program experiences from kahuku elementary school.. outcomes we you expect the outcomes would be measured in terms of the number of students in the programs, learning projects, and learning contests. we will continue to build a platform in kahuku that will become a major pipeline for innovative learning programs, mentors, internships, and courses in 21st century careers skills and knowledge. benefits to students will include a decrease in drop out students, improvement of grades, and more gifted students entering the competitive smart technological fields that add to the quality of life in the islands. how we will measure the expected outcomes the success of our program can be measured by the number of students taking the sustainability and renewable energy classes and the digital media courses. we will also measure the number of students that have received certifications and have participated in our learning experience projects, contests, and field trips. motivation of the students in our programs can be measured by attendance, improvement in grades, and placement in colleges. these accumulated certifications, interactions with mentors, new letters of recommendations, sustainability and digital media contests won will go far to improve the chances of students being accepted in colleges and receiving scholarships. how funds are spent the aquaponic projects will require the purchase of all materials to build the working model including pumps,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.517955664085078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.858005"} {"text": "of recommendations, sustainability and digital media contests won will go far to improve the chances of students being accepted in colleges and receiving scholarships. how funds are spent the aquaponic projects will require the purchase of all materials to build the working model including pumps, foundation, scaffolding, sun screens, tubs, soil, starter fish and plant seed. a portion of the funds would be used to develop more curriculum in both digital media and agriculture. student incentives would include prizes for the contests and token fees for mini - internships. because of hawaii \u2019 s ideal location and temperature, its residents can become masters of sustainability and stop being dependent on the grid by paying the most expensive electricity, gas and food in the nation. local food production use simplicity and affordability of aquaponics and vermiculture to encourage the growing organic food in backyards or apartment lanai \u2019 s of hawaii residents. social transformation in the above areas we need to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels by growing our own food where we live thus reducing the need to : - ship from the mainland and to stores from warehouses, and from warehouse to grocery stores, - drive to a grocery stores and gas stations we need to grow our own produce so we can know : - the source of the food - we can be assured the food is not genetically modified - contaminated with unsafe fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides ( organically grown and harvested ) - we can prepared for a disaster when gas, food and money is not available - we need to be examples to our children and grandchildren that it is possible to live off the food we grow ourselves demonstrate innovation and local leadership our organization will consist of a partnership of forward - thinking individuals who see the value of assisting the youth of our communities to take aquaponics and sustainability as a way of life. they will also recognize the value of the educational process they will be engaged in along the way. have the potential for growth and success due to our involvement it will be relatively easy to scale for growth since aquaponics uses very little space and few resources. every family in hawaii should have access to inexpensive, fresh organic produce. every student in hawaii deserves the chance to learn about aquaponics and fulfill the doe rubrics at the same time. stem from ideas and inspiration that are born in hawai \u2019 i to meet the needs of hawai \u2019 i ancient hawaiians were masters of sustainability. we need to re - create how hawaiians turned the most remote islands into sustaining over a million people without modern technology. - employ scala", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4799833826710815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.860064"} {"text": "cloud computing is either a revolutionary it management tool or a nebulous puff of marketing hype, depending on whom you ask. for now, we \u2019 re thinking it \u2019 s puffery \u2014 but intriguing developments are under way. a cloudy concept rather than house your own it servers or rent the maximum processing and storage capacity you \u2019 ll ever need, why not pay only for what you use, when you use it? that \u2019 s the basic idea behind cloud computing \u2014 and it \u2019 s an alluring possibility for many reasons, not least the desire to contain costs and reduce energy consumption. but it turns out that much of the appeal is based on a murky understanding of the concept. according to research by gartner group vice president mark mcdonald, the percentage of cios interested in cloud computing has grown considerably, from 5 % in 2009 to 37 % earlier this year. and the bigger the company, the more likely management is to say that cloud computing is a top - five it priority. interest in cloud computing but three out of four respondents who profess interest in cloud computing report little to none in three of the key technologies it entails : server virtualization, service - oriented architecture, and software as a service. further, nearly half the respondents equate cloud computing with virtualization alone, which shows that many executives have an incomplete view of it. cloud computing has rapidly risen to what mcdonald calls \u201c the peak of inflated expectations. \u201d and where is it headed next? the \u201c trough of disillusionment, \u201d he says. that \u2019 s because few people can even seem to agree on what cloud computing is, never mind how on earth it should work. the national institute of standards and technology ( nist ) it laboratory \u2019 s definition, version 15, is more than 760 words long and includes five characteristics, three service models, four deployment models, and a disclaimer saying, in essence, that the definition will change again soon. is the cloud greener? despite all the confusion about cloud computing, the it laboratory at nist lays out some figures that make a compelling environmental case for it. according to one nist presentation, the number of servers in traditional data centers in the u. s. doubled from 2001 to 2006. power consumption per server quadrupled in the same time period, even though servers typically operate at only 15 % of capacity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5635400995964754, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.863279"} {"text": "despite our best efforts to replicate hormones, slow the ageing process and map the human brain, our bodies are smarter than we ' ll likely ever understand. but not everything is so complex. when we ' re feeling tired, stressed or rundown, our bodies let us know with some very basic signals. ignore them at your peril writes rosalind scutt. in a perfect world we ' d live long, healthy lives, free from illness and disease. although developments in medical science are bringing us closer to that point, there is still much we do not understand about our own physiology how it works, and why it breaks down. while we ' re waiting for research to unlock the secrets to infinitely good health, it ' s reassuring to know that very often, before our bodies do malfunction, we ' re likely to see some obvious warning signs associated with a weakening immune system. some common physical symptoms include sweating, headaches, cold sores, thrush and other skin inflammation such as eczema, while emotional symptoms include feelings of irritability, anxiety, aggression or fatigue. these indicators should serve as a serious warning that we require additional rest and care, but many of us are inclined to take a cold and flu tablet and solider on. valiant though this may seem, a growing body of research suggests that this approach may jeopardise our health in the long term with potentially fatal consequences. earlier this year a study titled chronic stress, glucocorticoid receptor resistance, inflammation, and disease risk found that stress affects the body ' s ability to protect against illness by directly impacting the immune system. in particular, the study, which was published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, found that cortisol ( a hormone produced during times of stress ) temporarily suppresses the immune system and reduces the body ' s natural inflammatory response to viruses and bacteria. \" the immune system ' s ability to regulate inflammation predicts who will develop a cold, but more importantly it provides an explanation of how stress can promote disease, \" lead researcher, sheldon cohen, of carnegie mellon university in pittsburgh said. \" when under stress, cells of the immune system are unable to respond to hormonal control, and consequently, produce levels of inflammation that promote disease. because inflammation plays a role in many diseases such as cardiovascular, asthma and autoimmune disorders, this model suggests why stress impacts them as well. \" dr mark smyth of the peter maccallum cancer centre in melbourne, australia ' s only public hospital", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5349573966535195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.867216"} {"text": "inflammation plays a role in many diseases such as cardiovascular, asthma and autoimmune disorders, this model suggests why stress impacts them as well. \" dr mark smyth of the peter maccallum cancer centre in melbourne, australia ' s only public hospital solely dedicated to cancer treatment, research and education agrees. \" proper immune function is now appreciated as another important factor in preventing development of some cancers, \" he said. understanding more about how stress can impact our immune system may help us learn to listen to our bodies and recognise when they are telling us to slow down. and while maintaining a healthy immune system can help to prevent an individual from contracting disease, it is also hoped that immunotherapy can one day be used to treat and manage existing disease. \" we may one day be able to use immunotherapy to artificially induce equilibrium and convert cancer into a chronic, but controllable disease, \" smyth said. so, next time you feel the itch of a re - occurring rash, the twitch of a cold sore, or general malaise associated with ongoing fatigue, stop and listen to your body. a course of antibiotics may solve your problem in the short term, but your body is really telling you it needs some urgent nurturing attention and if cohen ' s findings are correct, that attention could be the all that stands between you a life of blissful longevity. - is shopping for beauty products is overwhelming? for the lowdown on products that are right for you and a little beauty news via a free digital magazine check out the beauty advisor app now! - life is full of amazing moments. share your own and read about others \u2019 on the olay facebook page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4937919864486297, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.867917"} {"text": "( source : washington university school of medicine in st. louis, news release, aug. 30, 2012 ) tuesday, sept. 4 ( healthday news ) - - at least seven antibiotic - resistant genes have recently passed between soil bacteria and bacteria that cause human disease, according to a new study. further research is needed to determine how widespread this sharing is, and to what extent it could make disease - causing bacteria harder to control, said the researchers at washington university school of medicine in st. louis. \" it is commonplace for antibiotics to make their way into the environment. our results suggest that this may enhance drug resistance in soil bacteria in ways that could one day be shared with bacteria that cause human disease, \" first author and graduate student kevin forsberg said in a university news release. for this study, the researchers analyzed the dna of bacteria in soil samples collected at various locations in the united states. the findings were published recently in the journal science. the researchers said it ' s important to find the answers to many questions, such as : did the genes pass from soil bacteria to human pathogens or vice versa? are the genes just the tip of a vast reservoir of shared resistance? did some combination of luck and a new technique for studying genes across entire bacterial communities lead to the discovery of the shared resistance genes? while humans only mix their genes when they have children, bacteria regularly exchange genes throughout their lifecycles. that means that when a strain of bacteria develops resistance to antibiotics, it can share this ability not only with its descendants but also with other bacteria, the researchers explained. \" i suspect the soil is not a teeming reservoir of resistance genes. but if factory farms or medical clinics continue to release antibiotics into the environment, it may enrich that reservoir, potentially making resistance genes more accessible to infectious bacteria, \" study senior author gautam dantas, an assistant professor of pathology and immunology, said in the news release. the u. s. food and drug administration has more about antibiotic resistance. copyright \u00a9 2013 scoutnews, llc. all rights reserved. healthdaynews articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. healthfinder. gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories. for more information on health topics in the news, visit health news on healthfinder. gov.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5196206056782433, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.870367"} {"text": "introduction to web conferencing view as a pdf what is web conferencing? while skype provides audio and video conferencing and a chat tool, web conferencing software provides a broader set of synchronous communication tools. some of these additional features include : - multi - point audio and video - you can have several people in different locations using cameras and microphones. - desktop sharing - you can give live demonstrations of software, go over an assignment in real - time with a student, or even control a participant ' s application remotely. - whiteboard - participants in multiple locations can work together on the same whiteboard - import presentation - you can import a powerpoint file right into the tool, which is useful for giving presentations to remote audiences. - classroom management - you can control the privileges of participants in a session. - ability to record sessions - you can record part or all of a session for later reference. there are several web conferencing tools available on the market, including elluminate, centra, interwise, and webex. at nmu we have licenses for a product called adobe acrobat connect professional. when is web conferencing useful? educational uses of web conferencing range from one - on - one meetings with students to full class sessions. some specific applications where it can be an appropriate tool include : - blended online courses where some aspects are conducted asynchronously on educat ( e. g., assignments, assessments ) and others, such as student presentations, are conducted live via web conferencing. - bringing in a guest speaker - virtual office hours with students in an asynchronous online class. - live distance learning courses that utilize a high level of interaction among students. - live distance learning courses where remote students don ' t have access to itv tools. the \" 7 things you should know about virtual meetings \" handout from eli outlines some specific applications and scenarios for web conferencing use. who can use acrobat connect? ( licensing ) most commercial software used at nmu has either a site license, meaning anyone on campus can use it ( examples include microsoft office and webct ) or individual licenses, meaning that nmu must have a license assigned to anyone who uses it ( examples include camtasia and adobe photoshop ). acrobat connect is a little different. nmu has a limited number of \" named host \" licenses for acrobat connect, which are only assigned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4890087500065883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.876651"} {"text": "license assigned to anyone who uses it ( examples include camtasia and adobe photoshop ). acrobat connect is a little different. nmu has a limited number of \" named host \" licenses for acrobat connect, which are only assigned to faculty. named hosts have the ability to create virtual meetings and invite other participants to them. participants ( such as students ) in meetings do not get a license. there can be up to 100 people in any meeting session. the named host can create as many meetings as he or she wants, but only one can be in session at a given time. adobe connect is web - based and cross platform ; it runs through a web browser and the flash plug - in, which are both standard on nmu laptops. a free add - in is needed to do some functions, but to install it you just need to click \" yes \" when prompted to install it. it will then install in just a few seconds - no trip to the help desk needed. signing up for a free trial of acrobat connect because each named host account costs nmu a licensing fee, we only assign them to faculty members who have definite plans to use web conferencing. adobe offers a free, 30 day trial of acrobat connect pro that allows faculty to \" test drive \" the software before requesting a named host account. for the purposes of the workshop, each of you will sign up for the trial. if, after becoming familiar with acrobat connect, you decide that want to use it with your classes in the fall, contact the cite to request a named host account. here is the url for signing up for the free trial : follow the steps on - screen. your account will be active within a few minutes. a representative from adobe may contact you within a few days of your registering to see if you have questions or if you want to buy a license. just explain to them that your university has a limited number of licenses and that you are evaluating the software before deciding whether to request one. adobe has a nice set of tutorials, documentation ( some of which is provided in your handouts ), and tips in their acrobat connect pro resource center, at http : / / www. adobe. com / resources / acrobatconnect / please be aware that in addition to acrobat connect pro information, there are some references to companion products ( e. g., adobe presenter, audio teleconferencing ) to which nmu does not sub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4667734512441932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.880305"} {"text": "how are hbsls used? concentrations of contaminants in water are compared to human - health benchmarks in screening - level assessments to provide an initial perspective on the potential relevance of detected contaminants to human health and to help prioritize further investigations. two human - health benchmarks are used in usgs screening - level assessments : u. s. environmental protection agency ' s ( usepa ) maximum contaminant levels ( mcls ) and usgs ' s health - based screening levels ( hbsls ). concentrations of regulated contaminants ( those with mcls ) are compared to their mcls and concentrations of unregulated contaminants ( those without mcls ) are compared to their hbsls, when available. see \" guidance on use of benchmarks in screening - level assessments \" and sir 2007 - 5106 for more information. comparisons of measured contaminant concentrations in water to mcls and hbsls are useful for local, state, and federal water - resource managers and others charged with protecting and managing drinking - water resources. for example, these comparisons can indicate when measured concentrations may be of potential human - health concern and can provide an early indication of when contaminant concentrations in ambient water resources may warrant further study or monitoring.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48852924812389165, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.882302"} {"text": "the environmental interpretation centre is located on the shores of the faja da caldeira de santo cristo on sao jorge island on the azores archipelago of portugal. the islands are very remote and located smack dab in the middle of the atlantic and not particularly well - known, but are quite beautiful. the government is trying to increase tourism and education of their parks and the centre is one of their projects to aid that effort. the centre will help provide information on the area, serve as an education center on the local environment, support architectural heritage and serve as a center to further study the local flora and fauna. design work began on the environmental interpretation centre in 2007 with construction starting in 2009. the original property features a one story stone building, which was used as the foundation for the reconstruction. this building was faithfully restored using the original plans, but adding a second story and then an additional building behind it. the main building serves as the education center and the building behind is a temporary apartment for visiting researchers. thick stone walls act as thermal mass to slow the transfer of heat and keep the interior comfortable. deep window wells provide natural light but minimize heat gain. in the future a campsite will be created and the interpretation centre will serve as its headquarters. images \u00a9fg + sg \u2013 fotografia de arquitectura", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4615886242623334, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.883769"} {"text": "nothing! optional ; cards of the letters you want to practice. students are divided into teams. the target sounds are written on the blackboard as letters. the first student from each group stands up in front of the blackboard with a fan. the teacher says a word which uses a target sound, and the students have to hit the letter which makes that sound. the first student to hit the correct letter is the winner. have the students stand in lines to save time while taking turns. vowel sound variationedit this variation of the game distinguishes between different vowel sounds. instead of using letters, use picture cards to represent the particular sounds. the teacher will say a word, and the students have to hit the picture with the same vowel sound. this variation concentrates on the ' y ' sound. write the kanji for ' year ' ( \u5e74 ( \u306d\u3093 - nen? ) ) and ' ear ' ( \u8033 ( \u307f\u307f mimi? ) ) on the blackboard. say the word ' year ' or ' ear ', and students have to hit the correct kanji. this variation concentrates on only two words. write two similar words on the blackboard, such as ' right ' and ' light ' and the students have to hit the correct word. see pronunciation problems for a comprehensive list. in a similar fashion to how karuta is played, students in a group have the cards in front of them and try to be the first to hit them. this variation enables a higher level of student involvement. this lesson plan was taken from the sixth edition of team taught pizza.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5022037320245171, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.886693"} {"text": "in preparation for the fifth centenary of the reformation in 2017, the vatican and the world lutheran federation are preparing a joint document on the course of events in the early sixteenth century. the humboldt university in berlin is also building up to the centenary with lectures and discussions. i was honored to take part in a disputatio with professor notger slencka, a foremost connoisseur of luther \u2019 s work, under the auspices of the romano guardini foundation, on may 7, 2012, in which i took the side of erasmus as we re - argued the famous discussion on free will between the humanist and the reformer. the epoch of the renaissance and the reformation sought to overcome scholastic metaphysics by a return to the sources, a purification of language, and a new encounter with the realities of human experience and biblical revelation. overcoming metaphysics in theology means protecting the biblical language and the biblical phenomena against the insidious falsification brought about by metaphysical habits of thought. the late scholasticism that both luther and erasmus resisted lives on today in the usa among analytical philosophers of religion who believe that it is the sole business of theology of puzzles over metaphysical riddles such as a the apparent incompatibility between divine simplicity and the multiplicity of divine attributes and actions, or between divine omnipotence and the existence of evil, or between divine foreknowledge and predestination and the reality of free will. these philosophers think that modern theology has lost its intellectual grip through its strategy of avoiding these hard problems. thanks to the reformation and to historical biblical scholarship, theology today is more richly based in scripture than was the case in the middle ages. before getting caught up in metaphysical conundrums, theologians test them against the biblical vision of god and the world. they discern that the god of analytical neoscholastic philosophy is very remote from the god of abraham, isaac, and jacob, the living, saving god presented in church preaching. the analytical debate about god is a factory for producing refined philosophical concepts and arguments, but its value for christian theology remains slight. in his ratio verae theologiae ( 1519 ), erasmus taught that scripture contains all christian doctrine and dogmas. he influenced his fellow humanist and luther \u2019 s comrade in arms, philip melanchthon, who in his loci communes ( 1521 ) sought to draw all the essential theological truths from an exegesis of the epistle to the romans. erasmus felt he stood on solid ground, then, when he challenged luther", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5075206569895105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.916459"} {"text": "melanchthon, who in his loci communes ( 1521 ) sought to draw all the essential theological truths from an exegesis of the epistle to the romans. erasmus felt he stood on solid ground, then, when he challenged luther \u2019 s denial of free will exclusively on the basis of biblical texts, in his diatribe de libero arbitrio ( discussion on the freedom of the will ) in 1524. luther \u2019 s powerful riposte, in de servo arbitrio ( on the bondage of the will ) in 1525, showed that he understood the return to the bible in a far more radical sense than erasmus did. a truly biblical view of god and humanity, he showed, would overthrow not only the scholastics but also the quiet humanistic reasonableness of erasmus. luther finds erasmus to be radically defective as a theologian, due to a lack of existential authenticity, and an evasive and diluting attitude to the claim of the biblical word. both luther and erasmus thought that they had left scholastic metaphysics behind, but both of them reached back to scholastic distinctions in the course of their discussion. paradoxically, luther, the scorner of philosophy, uses starkly metaphysical arguments to bolster his biblical case. his deep sense of human weakness and divine power leads him to adopt a primitive metaphysical determinism that both reflects and reinforces a deeply problematic aspect of his thinking. defenders of de servo arbitrio try to play down this metaphysics and the extremism it reflects, focusing instead on luther \u2019 s witness to biblical realities. luther himself saw this text, along with the commentary on galatians ( 1531 / 1535 ), as his most important work, so the stakes are high. luther was certainly a great witness to the gospel and offered the church a priceless treasure in his doctrine of justification. but there is also a dark and unwholesome side to his thought, and it is on display in this classic text. i shall formulate three criticisms of his metaphysical utterances : they override the dignity of human freedom ; they imply a fatalistic, deterministic view of reality ; they project a monstrous image of god. the dignity of human freedom erasmus is usually seen as a great loser in the history of theology, yet today his tolerance and humanism seem a blessed oasis amid the violence and fanaticism of the sixteenth century. luther \u2019 s reaction to erasmus \u2019 s mild and modest intervention augured ill : \u2018 i will kill the satan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4973020501773943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.917569"} {"text": "the history of theology, yet today his tolerance and humanism seem a blessed oasis amid the violence and fanaticism of the sixteenth century. luther \u2019 s reaction to erasmus \u2019 s mild and modest intervention augured ill : \u2018 i will kill the satan with my feather, as i killed munzer, whose blood lies at my throat. \u2019 erasmus was doomed to lose, for the age of humanistic reason was ceding to one of sectarian absolutism. his very long reply to de servo arbitrio, the hyperaspistes or \u2018 shield, \u2019 has received shamefully little attention. some claim that luther detected in erasmus a champion of what was to be the great heresy of the modern world, a proud emphasis on human autonomy. in reality there is nothing revolutionary about erasmus \u2019 s recognition of \u2018 a power of human willing, through with man can turn to that which leads to eternal salvation or can turn away from it \u2019 ( ausgewahlte werke, darmstadt = aw iv, 37 ). this is little more than a quotation from origen, who in the third century defended free will against a gnostic determinism based on inborn \u2018 evil natures \u2019 ( de principiis iii, 1, 18 ). for revolutionary modernity in this period, one should look rather to pico della mirandola, who sees humans as created without fixed identity, called to be self - shapers and self - surpassers, an ideal that recurs in fichte and sartre. schleiermacher is a follower of luther when he objects to fichte that there is no unconditional sense of freedom, but that freedom is always subordinate to a sense of unconditional dependence ( on god ). luther might score valid points against the modern absolutization of freedom - from at the expense of freedom - for. nonetheless, what luther saw as heresy is the orthodoxy of the modern world. \u2018 man is born free, \u2019 wrote rousseau in 1762 ( the social contract ), \u2018 and everywhere he is in chains \u2019 \u2014 chains he can break. who remembers archbishop christophe beaumont and cardinal gerbil, defenders of original sin against rousseau? who would wish to return of bossuet \u2019 s view that \u2018 all men are born subjects \u2019? we have embraced the credo that \u2018 all men are created equal, \u2019 with rights to \u2018 liberty and the pursuit of happiness \u2019 ( declaration of independence, 1776 ). the inviolability of human freedom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.458124591739664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.918737"} {"text": "\u2018 all men are born subjects \u2019? we have embraced the credo that \u2018 all men are created equal, \u2019 with rights to \u2018 liberty and the pursuit of happiness \u2019 ( declaration of independence, 1776 ). the inviolability of human freedom is a central theme of christian preaching today. there is no stepping back to a pre - modern mentality of subservience. how did luther understand the words : \u2018 for freedom christ has set us free \u2019 ( gal 5 : 1 )? \u2018 it is freedom from the law, sins, death, from the power of the devil, the wrath of god, the last judgment, \u2019 and all other freedoms are but droplets in comparison with \u2018 the majesty of theological freedom \u2019 ( weimarer ausgabe = wa 40 / ii, 3 ). this freedom is negatively defined, in relation to fear that is overcome, and in strict distinction from \u2018 freedom of the flesh \u2019 and \u2018 political freedom. \u2019 in the de servo arbitrio we do not hear much even about this negative freedom. luther had found warmer tones in on the freedom of a christian ( 1520 ), but in the year of the peasants \u2019 revolt, in which he had played a grisly role, he was no longer so freedom - friendly. an enslaved will, moved by grace as if it were a puppet, would be a travesty of evangelical freedom, \u2018 the glorious freedom of the children of god \u2019 ( rom 8 : 21 ). erasmus celebrates instead the freed will of the redeemed. he holds that human digntiy and also the dignity of the holy spirit require that grace acts only though awakening and empowerment of human freedom. he follows origen, who saw the multiplicity of human characters and the corresponding multiplicity of divine handlings of the human soul. as souls are innumerable, \u2019 wrote origen, \u2018 so are the mores, decisions, movements, drives, desires of each one \u2019 ( de principiis iii, 1, 14 ). he uses greek philosophical words, ethe, protheseis, kinemata, hormai, epiboulai, giving them a pluralistic twist. this pluralism of experience is not irreconcilable with the conviction that everything depends on god \u2019 s grace, or that justification consists only in believing acceptance of the merits of christ. luther, too, seems to respect the dignity of human freedom when he writes : \u2018 through his spirit we are made slaves and captives ( which however is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4465896515683827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.919933"} {"text": "on god \u2019 s grace, or that justification consists only in believing acceptance of the merits of christ. luther, too, seems to respect the dignity of human freedom when he writes : \u2018 through his spirit we are made slaves and captives ( which however is royal freedom ), so that we want and gladly do what he wants \u2019 ( wa 18, 635 ). he suggests that just as the sinner is not free to break with sin, so too, as long as the spirit and grace last, the saint is not free to turn away from god, both are enthralled by their own willing dedication. unfortunately, there follows immediately the image of the draught animal ( iumentum ), whom either god or satan rides, which again undermines human dignity, and also implies a manichean equilibrium between god and satan. according to erasmus, origen teaches that \u2018 whether we turn to salvation or turn away lies in our hand \u2019 ( hyperaspistes ii, opera omnia, louvain, x, 1501d ). in origen \u2019 s own words : \u2018 there is placed in us the power to give ourselves either to a praiseworthy or a culpable life \u2019 ( de principiis iii, 1, 1 ). this does suggest an underestimation of the bondage of the will and the power of grace. elsewhere origen is anxious to tie election to merits, accrued in past lives, which led st jerome to characterize him as the father of pelagianism. but the common lutheran perception of erasmus as ( at least ) a semi - pelagian is unfair. erasmus can cite augustine with empathy, and he distances himself from his friend st john fisher, who claimed that man could contribute to his salvation \u2018 from merely natural powers \u2019 ( 1480a ). he holds that the fallen will was \u2018 so degraded that it could not recall itself by its own resources to a better course, but having lost liberty was forced to serve sin, to which it voluntarily bound itself \u2019 ( aw iv, 40 ). he explains : \u2018 i ascribed nothing to free will except that it responds to the grace that knocks, cooperates with the grace that operates, and that it can turn away from both \u2019 ( 1480b ). \u2018 when i say that free will does some good, i link it with grace ; as long as it obeys grace it is happily acted on and acts ; when it resists, it merits to be deserted by grace, and when deserted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4677996425907198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.920970"} {"text": "). \u2018 when i say that free will does some good, i link it with grace ; as long as it obeys grace it is happily acted on and acts ; when it resists, it merits to be deserted by grace, and when deserted it does only evil acts \u2019 ( aw iv, 414 - 16 ). here he presents not a neutral, independent will, which decides sovereignly by itself whether to obey grace or its own vices, addictions, obsessions, and bad habits. the unfreedom of the will lies deeper than these, in the fundamental option by which one \u2019 s life is directed. erasmus does not preach a will that always remains free to choose between the proud, self - centered motivation and the orientation to god \u2019 s will and his kingdom. he sees that the will can be freed from self - bondage only through grace, though he lacks luther \u2019 s concrete feeling for this tragic servitude and for how little we have the power of choice in our own hands. luther was shocked that erasmus referred to the question of the role played by free will in the process of salvation as a matter of superfluous speculation. the genre of the diatribe gave the impression that he wanted to treat the role of free will as a quaestio disputata, in which the pelagians also were given a respectful hearing. his defense of free will sounds as if it is merely a question of correct, approved opinion, rather than a matter of ultimate concern. luther found this detachment intolerable. this was not because the bible had given a clear and unambiguous answer, as luther wanted to believe, but more because augustine and the church had detected and denounced the pelagian error of giving the primary role in salvation to our free will. luther \u2019 s years as an augustinian monk and theologian shaped his reception of scripture. erasmus must also claim, like luther, that the bible gives a clear answer, since the holy spirit \u2018 cannot fight with itself \u2019 ( aw iv, 156 ), and he, too, underestimates the plurality and contradictoriness of the biblical statements. luther shows that the sinner is totally enslaved, and he gives to the righteous only a freedom that comes from outside, the freedom of passive obedience, not that of creative cooperation with divine grace. a synergy between human freedom and divine grace in the event of justification is what he most vigilantly excludes, and perhaps there is no real contradiction on this particular issue between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.50158912454157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.923566"} {"text": "freedom of passive obedience, not that of creative cooperation with divine grace. a synergy between human freedom and divine grace in the event of justification is what he most vigilantly excludes, and perhaps there is no real contradiction on this particular issue between him and erasmus, trent, and modern catholic theology. but that grace works in and through creative human freedom is the best insight of christian humanism, which luther, at least in de servo arbitrio, holds at a distance. it is true that the text does refer occasionally to cooperation between god and human freedom, but only in a muted and concessive way, emphasizing so massively the asymmetry between the divine and human element, that the latter scarcely attains any vivid profile. only grudgingly and in subclauses does he use expressions such as \u2018 whereby the creature cooperates with god who operates \u2019 ( 18, 753 ), whereas it is with great rhetorical and existential force that he declares, \u2018 our freedom is nothing \u2019 ( 18, 720 ). had luther made an effort to build on what he and erasmus had in common, the future of lutheran and ecumenical theology might have been brighter. erasmus notes luther \u2019 s concessions, but likewise fails to build on them, preferring to see them as contradictions : luther said first that free will had only the power to sin, then that \u2018 it is nothing at all, \u2019 and finally, that \u2018 as if reborn, free will cooperates with grace in good works and with the aid of grace can do all things \u2019 ( 1480 ). luther uses weak metaphysical arguments to boost his case. he asks how the will can be free if neither angels nor humans can exist for a moment by their own power ( 18, 662 ), as if it were impossible for god to create and sustain free beings. even adam and eve, made in the divine image, had no free will. the fall is not a loss of free will but a consequence of its absence. adam and eve were unhappy that god had given them no power of free decision in regard to their relationship with him. even the editors of the weimar edition note that luther \u2019 s claim that augustine was totally on his side ( wa 18, 640 ) comes to grief here, since augustine denies the necessity of adam \u2019 s sin. luther \u2019 s thesis of the non - existence of free will is not biblical, and needs to be shored up by metaphysical arguments, which are constructed ad hoc. erasmus saw that when luther spoke as a scholastic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5121593700571643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.924911"} {"text": "the necessity of adam \u2019 s sin. luther \u2019 s thesis of the non - existence of free will is not biblical, and needs to be shored up by metaphysical arguments, which are constructed ad hoc. erasmus saw that when luther spoke as a scholastic, in defense of his exaggerations, he had lost the authentic biblical perspective. later melanchthon, who remained on good terms with erasmus to the end, would considerably tone down this radical denial of freedom, and he met no resistance from luther, who had perhaps realized that the metaphysical claim was not so important or so certain as he had claimed. aquinas distinguishes between a necessitas consequentiae and a necessitas consequentis. what god knows from eternity cannot fail to happen, but in the realm of secondary causes contingency and freedom remain real. luther dismisses this as vain words ( wa 56, 382 ), and indeed it does seem rather feeble. he himself tends to emphasize a stark contrariety between divine power and human freedom. but in scarcely noticeable concessions he seems close to the scholastic distinction in that he denies that god \u2019 s predetermination of our acts implies any compulsion ( coactio ). yet he also uses deterministic language that seems to deny human freedom altogether, even the normal freedom we enjoy in everyday affairs, which he generally upholds. erasmus also speaks contemptuously of the scholastic distinctions : \u2018 it was wrong to plunge with irreligious curiosity into those recondite, not to say superfluous matters \u2014 whether god foreknows something contingently, whether our will effects something in the things that pertain to eternal salvation, or merely undergoes the action of grace \u2019 ( aw iv, 12 ). however he let his colleague louis ber persuade him to use the scholastic distinction in defending the freedom of judas, who contingently, freely betrays christ, though the act is necessary in view of divine foreknowledge. luther sees this as a concession to his own view : \u2018 they are compelled to concede that all things are done by necessity, with the necessitas consequentiae ( as they say ), but not with the necessitas consequentis. thus they elude the violence of this question \u2019 ( wa 18, 616 ). he himself denies that judas suffers any necessitas coactionis, and affirms rather a necessitas immutabilitatis, a necessitas infallibilitatis ad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4935601889987117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.925915"} {"text": "question \u2019 ( wa 18, 616 ). he himself denies that judas suffers any necessitas coactionis, and affirms rather a necessitas immutabilitatis, a necessitas infallibilitatis ad tempus, which does not impinge on judas \u2019 s freedom ( 720 - 1 ). here again erasmus might have built on a rough agreement between luther and himself, but instead he rejects luther \u2019 s proposal as philosophically feeble ( x, 1424 ). in tit for tat style he mocks luther as a metaphysician in several places, and pounces on his inconsistencies : \u2018 judas willingly betrayed the lord, luther admits, though he elsewhere teaches that the human will performs nothing either in good or evil \u2019 ( 1424 ). what turned judas from being a faithful apostle into a traitor? luther would answer, \u2018 the divinely willed withdrawal of grace. \u2019 erasmus sees this as \u2018 a kind of force, \u2019 and insists that \u2018 judas could have not taken up the will to betray, or having taken it up he could have put it down again \u2019 ( 1425 ). this sounds self - evident, but for luther it is blasphemy, not only because it underestimates the power of sin to bind the will and the inability of the will to free itself, but because it takes the salvation or damnation of the sinner out of god \u2019 s hands. yet in insisting that judas is nonetheless not forced, luther implicitly refers to the same double register that he has denounced as eluding the violence of the question. when he reached for the weapons of metaphysics to defend grace from the claims of human autonomy, luther thought he could use them tactically, in the service of the biblical matter, without having to bow to the rigors of classical metaphysical logic. he often imaginatively gives scholastic terminology a surprising new concrete and biblical meaning, but at the price of much inaccuracy and ambiguity. in de servo arbitrio his high - handed way with metaphysical terms and arguments boomerangs on him, causing a distortion of his message, which takes on the monstrous appearance of a metaphysical determinism. his true aim was not to profess a metaphysical determinism but to make grace alone the cause of salvation, excluding any contribution from human agency. this sounds like a false problem, solved long ago by augustine, who saw grace as acting through the free acts whereby sinners are enabled to respond to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.508331164334946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.926966"} {"text": "determinism but to make grace alone the cause of salvation, excluding any contribution from human agency. this sounds like a false problem, solved long ago by augustine, who saw grace as acting through the free acts whereby sinners are enabled to respond to it. in any case, his metaphysics led luther into a view of freedom that has little to do with sin or grace. he argues that humans are unfree, not because of sin or the sovereignty of grace, but because god \u2019 s infallible foreknowledge entails that all things happen of necessity. the drama of sin and grace is flattened out and becomes one instance of the deterministic character of god \u2019 s rule. what led luther into this unbiblical blind alley? can luther \u2019 s philosophical determinism be cleanly separated from his theological concern? \u2018 everything we do, everything that happens, even when it seems to us to happen mutably and contingently, in reality happens necessarily and immutably, if one considers god \u2019 s will... to happen contingently, however, means... not that the work itself happens contingently, but rather that it happens through a contingent and mutable will, such as is not found in god \u2019 ( wa 18, 615 - 16 ). here luther makes the same kind of distinctions as boethius and aquinas, leaving free play to contingency and putting the necessity of the divine will in the background. this ultimate necessity does not seem to affect the foreground realities of freedom and choice at all. luther could have presented the phenomenology of the enslaved will just as effectively without drawing on it at all. a short work on free will by the humanist scholar lorenzo valla, edited in 1518, had an influence on luther \u2019 s deterministic thinking. valla finds the medieval harmonization of omnipotence and free will to be shallow, and quotes romans 9 : 11 - 21 to show that the contradiction between them is unsolvable for human thought. \u2018 god lays no necessity on us, nor does he rob us of freedom of will, when he hardens the one and has mercy on the other, for he does this in great wisdom and holiness. the basis for it, however, he has as it were stored away and hidden in a treasure chamber. \u2019 this is intended as a blow against the metaphysical complacency of boethius and others who serenely harmonized omnipotence and free will. humility", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5077114345749127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.927989"} {"text": ", he has as it were stored away and hidden in a treasure chamber. \u2019 this is intended as a blow against the metaphysical complacency of boethius and others who serenely harmonized omnipotence and free will. humility before the unsearchable divine mystery and trust in christ is the path that opens up when our thinking is thus left in the lurch by philosophy. yet valla \u2019 s own account of the abysses of predestination is more a metaphysical construction than a datum of biblical revelation. luther praised valla \u2019 s \u2018 steadfastness and sincere zeal for the christian faith \u2019 ( wa 6, 183 ). melanchthon followed valla in his loci communes of 1521, in which he sharpened the deterministic ideas he received from luther, but in the last edition of the loci he declares that valla \u2019 s rejection of freedom and contingency comes from stoic philosophy and has no place in the church. melanchthon also rejects the \u2018 stoic necessity \u2019 of the geneva theologians, which in calvin \u2019 s eyes meant that melanchthon had fallen away from biblical thought back into metaphysical rationalism. justification as a free act of divine mercy is an event that cannot be brought under a philosophical concept. for calvin, predestination and the eternal divine decree are the seal of the gratuity of this event, but many lutherans see theorizing about predestination as a falling back into the search for metaphysical grounds. luther himself, from 1528 on, played down the predestinarian excesses of de servo arbitrio. in a sermon of 1540 he says that to think that god does not give blessedness to everyone is despairing or godless. the believer looks to christ and find in him assurance of divine election. a preaching that undermines this confidence in a skeptical way must be problematic. karl barth \u2019 s judgment is telling : the thesis on the bondage of the will is not a decision for determinism : \u2018 that this is not clear in luther \u2018 s de servo arbitrio is the objection that one cannot fail to make to this famous text, and also to the conceptions of zwingli and calvin \u2019 ( kirchliche dogmatik iv / 2 : 559 ). the hidden god luther constructs, behind the phenomena of biblical revelation, a hidden story going on in the wings. he distinguishes between the god who is \u2018 preached, revealed,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5176984741456396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.928909"} {"text": "( kirchliche dogmatik iv / 2 : 559 ). the hidden god luther constructs, behind the phenomena of biblical revelation, a hidden story going on in the wings. he distinguishes between the god who is \u2018 preached, revealed, presented, and revered by us \u2019 and the god who is \u2018 not preached, not revealed, not presented, not revered, \u2019 with whom we have no concern ( wa 18, 683 ). in other texts luther celebrates the \u2018 joyous exchange, \u2019 whereby christ takes on our sins to share with us his own righteousness. but as if this good news were merely the surface, he now stresses that we must \u201a keep separate the god who stands with us in exchange and sharing, insofar as he is preached and revered, and the god who is not revered and preached, that is, god as he is in his nature and majesty \u2019 ( 685 ). we can rise above the preached god, but \u2018 nothing can rise above the god who is not honored, not preached, as he is in his nature and majesty, but all is under his mighty hand. \u2019 but the bible does proclaim the divine nature and majesty, and nowhere suggests that there is another way of seeing them. luther goes on to say that we should not concern ourselves with the hidden divine majesty but only with god as he robes himself in his word. this preached god seeks to take away sin and death but the hidden god \u2018 neither laments death nor takes it away, but effects life, death and everything whatsoever, \u2019 as a blind, indifferent force. the preached god wants all to be saved, but the hidden god does not intervene to save them, for inscrutable reasons of his own ( wa 18, 685 - 6 ). \u2018 god is light, and in him there is no darkness at all \u2019 ( 1 jn 1 : 5 ). if luther were to say that this text speaks only of the revealed god, he would be radically undercutting the integrity of biblical revelation much as the ancient gnostics did. he would probably say, \u2018 i am obliged to believe that god is light, but when i think of his hidden face, i am tempted by the idea that god is darkness. \u2019 the allegedly hidden face actually impinges forcefully on his imagination in the doctrine of predestination : \u2018 i myself have more than once been offended by it even unto the depth and abyss of despair \u2019 ( wa 18, 719 ). only when the light of glory is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49723085373135545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.929833"} {"text": "latter. in the name of a biblical literalism, luther overrides a basic principle of christian ontology, namely, that a good god can never create evil or be responsible for sin. luther may have felt that in doing so he was overcoming metaphysics in a liberating way, but in reality he instead becomes captive of a bad metaphysics. confusing evangelical assurance with metaphysical certitude, he accuses anyone who queries his understanding of biblical texts of being a pelagian and a doubter of divine omnipotence. any objection to the arbitrariness he ascribes to god is seen not a criticism of himself but as an offense against god or an attempt to replace the active, free, sovereign god of scripture with the cold and indifferent god of aristotle. luther sticks to his rigid metaphysics, to provoke and annoy the minds of those whose dislike of his doctrine is interpreted as a sign of rebellious resentment against god. the bible presents a god who is always working for the welfare and salvation of his creatures. luther succumbs to a bad metaphysics when he probes behind this revelation, seeking its ultimate ground in the hidden depths of the divinity, which may even contradict the revealed, gracious face of god. but when believers think of the ultimate source of revelation, they should follow the lines of the biblical word that point back to the gracious mystery of the loving father, rather than impose models of divine ineffability and incomprehensibility drawn from platonism, or worse, from ancient ideas of cruel and inevitable fate. the biblical sense of gracious divine mystery may seem vague and soft to the hard - headed philosopher, but in the case of god we are always learning the basic phenomena, and are never ready to overleap them to an ambitious speculation on the workings of the divine mind. schleiermacher \u2019 s location of god as the \u2018 whence \u2019 of our existence, of whose absolute goodness it would be senseless to doubt, is ultimately saner and more biblical than the image of sinners caught in the hands of an inscrutable, unpredictable, and angry deity. biblical passages such as romans 9 - 11, which nourished so much predestinarian brooding from augustine on, must be interpreted in this perspective of indubitable divine goodness. dark pages such as john 8, which suggests that some are predestined by their very nature to be children of the devil, must be put aside, as we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.537048804727521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.932966"} {"text": "on, must be interpreted in this perspective of indubitable divine goodness. dark pages such as john 8, which suggests that some are predestined by their very nature to be children of the devil, must be put aside, as we learn to know the gracious countenance of god ever better. \u2018 scripture is its own interpreter, \u2019 luther taught ; it is also its own corrector. as always, when one reviews a bitter controversy from church history, one is left wondering if there was any value in the discussion and whether it has not become entirely meaningless today. it is depressing to think that so much ink, not to mention blood, was spilt over such arcane disputes. the best way to salvage something from that past is to focus on the most vibrant and persuasive witness offered by the disputants. stefan zweig has done this for erasmus, in a monograph of 1935, where he upholds erasmus \u2019 tolerance and humanity over against the barbaric fanaticism of luther. karl barth, known as a critic of luther, is also his best defender, in that he quotes him two hundred times ( often from de servo arbitrio ) in the first part of the church dogmatics, using luther to light up the experience of encountering the word of god. for despite his vehemence, misstatements, and exaggerations, luther did attest to the power of the biblical word, and did draw from it a luminous clarification of the gospel. his tragic vision of human weakness and bondage has enough truth to ensure its perpetual relevance, and his defense of the sovereignty of grace, in the spirit of augustine, retains its power to free us from the prison of anxious pelagian efforts at self - justification. published in the japan mission journal, june, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48483855917397195, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.933635"} {"text": "thank the simple wasp for that complex glass of wine originally published on mon october 22, 2012 9 : 33 am that ' s because those big scary flying insects whose stings can be especially painful may be the secret to the wonderful complex aroma and flavor of wine. \" wasps are indeed one of wine lovers ' best friends, \" says duccio cavalieri, a professor of microbiology at the university of florence in italy. cavalieri and his colleagues discovered that these hornets and wasps bite the grapes and help start the fermentation while grapes are still on the vines. they do that by spreading a yeast called saccharomyces cerevisiae \u2014 commonly known as brewer ' s yeast and responsible for wine, beer and bread fermentation \u2014 in their guts. when the wasps bite into the fruit, they leave some of that yeast behind. cavalieri says one of the reasons the discovery is so exciting for him is that it ' s an example of just how connected the natural world is and how humans rely on this interconnection in ways we simply cannot perceive. \" it ' s important because it ' s telling to me it ' s crucial to look at conservation and the study of biodiversity, \" says cavalieri, one of the authors who published his findings in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences recently. \" everything is linked, \" he adds. of course, cavalieri says, winemakers can add yeast later. but wines would not taste the same without wasps. different yeasts applied at different times have a big impact on flavors. the wasps also introduce other microorganisms to the grapes, which add flavors to the wine. \" one of the most beautiful things of wine is the fact that basically it ' s complex ; it ' s made of several parts and it communicates to several parts of your brain, \" he says, which could be lost without the wasps and hornets. cavalieri comes by his interest in wine naturally. he ' s from a family of winemakers in the chianti region of italy. he first had the inkling of hornets ' special role when he saw them piercing the skin of grapes during field research in the region 15 years ago. insects have long helped out with wine and other crops, we just didn ' t know why. at least since the time of the ancient romans, winemakers have planted flowers near their vines to lure certain insects. the researchers were able to unwrap the mystery of the insects ' role by using dna sequencing techniques to analyze the genes of the yeast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.411247954122872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.942181"} {"text": "at least since the time of the ancient romans, winemakers have planted flowers near their vines to lure certain insects. the researchers were able to unwrap the mystery of the insects ' role by using dna sequencing techniques to analyze the genes of the yeast, then tracing them to the guts of wasps. they even did a lab experiment to see if hornets could pass the yeast to their offspring, and they did. other insects and birds also carry the yeast, cavalieri says. but hornets seem to play a special role because they both harbor the yeast over winters and can pass them along to their offspring. you can imagine a vineyard might be interested in pest control \u2014 but perhaps it should be careful about which bugs it considers pests. evolutionary biologist anne pringle of harvard, who was not involved in the study, says the findings have two strong messages : great wines need bugs and people still know almost nothing about ecology. \" if you ' d like to have your grapes fermented by local yeasts, which i think many vineyards do, then you have to have these insects around, \" she says. steve inskeep, host : before the next time you take a sip of wine, you might want to make a toast to wasps. those big scary insects play a key role in making wine, we ' re told. npr ' s elizabeth shogren reports new research reveals their special function and suggests that preserving biodiversity might be more important than you think. elizabeth shogren, byline : years ago, italian microbiologist duccio cavalieri was doing field research in the vineyards of the chianti region, and he noticed something special about the relationship between grapes and wasps, particularly a type of wasp called the european hornet. duccio cavalieri : if you are looking at the berry and who was eating the berry, who could actually eat the berry were these big hornets. shogren : other insects couldn ' t pierce grape skin. cavalieri had an inkling that he was observing an important secret about wine. it took nearly 15 years and some sophisticated dna sequencing to prove his hunch. cavalieri : wasps are indeed one of wine lovers ' best friends. shogren : it turns out wasps have yeast in their bellies and they regurgitate it into the grapes they bite. yeast is the stuff that turns grape juice into wine. the type of yeast a winemaker uses will affect the way it tastes. so the yeast in the wasps gut gets passed into the wine and imbues it with the flavor of the region. cavalier", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4558095041615742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.943360"} {"text": "is the stuff that turns grape juice into wine. the type of yeast a winemaker uses will affect the way it tastes. so the yeast in the wasps gut gets passed into the wine and imbues it with the flavor of the region. cavalieri : since the times of the romans we have realized that it was important to improve some qualities and characteristics of the wine to have flowers and insects around the vineyard. and now we really know more about it. shogren : cavalieri comes from a family of winemakers in the chianti region, so he ' s delighted to be able to unveil one of the mysteries of wine. he published his team ' s results in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. he says what ' s really important to him about his discovery is that it hints at just how interconnected the natural world is. cavalieri : i think everything is linked. shogren : those links aren ' t always apparent to us. winemakers never knew that wasps were kicking off the fermentation process for them. cavalieri : yet, if we lose this, we lose complexity. and one of the most beautiful things of wine is the fact that basically it ' s complex, it ' s made of several parts and it communicates to several parts of your brain. shogren : harvard evolutionary biologist anne pringle wasn ' t involved in the research, but she says it sends a warning to wine growers who might be inclined to use pesticides to get rid of wasps and hornets. anne pringle : if you ' d like to have your grapes fermented by local yeasts, which i think many vineyards do, then you have to have these insects around. shogren : pringle says there ' s a larger message. pringle : personally, what this tells me is how little we know about how the world works and we ' re running out of time. shogren : the natural world is changing quickly because of stresses like climate change, invasive species, habitat loss and pollution. and pringle says many species already have been lost or may soon vanish before we learn what magic they perform for earth ' s ecology. elizabeth shogren, npr news. transcript provided by npr, copyright national public radio.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4707028082112582, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.944277"} {"text": "pelvic inflammatory disease ( pid ) is a serious infection of the female reproductive system that can develop from an untreated sexually transmitted disease ( std ). in most cases, it occurs when bacteria from the std in the vagina or cervix move into the uterus and upper genital tract. the most common organisms that lead to pid are gonorrhea and chlamydia, both of which are highly contagious stds. untreated pid can damage the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and uterus, which can lead to chronic pelvic pain and serious damage to the reproductive system. pid is the most common, preventable cause of infertility, and can also lead to ectopic pregnancies. the good news is that when pid causes symptoms, it can be diagnosed and treated with antibiotics. the essential part is to detect it before it leads to serious health problems. however, since symptoms can be mild, many cases of pid are unrecognized and, therefore, may be untreated if people aren ' t screened for stds. so women who are sexually active should take precautions to keep from contracting stds, and eventually pid, and be screened for stds regularly. signs and symptoms of pid can range from mild to severe, and can appear weeks after exposure to an std. sometimes, there are no symptoms at all. when symptoms of pid occur, they may include : abnormal vaginal discharge, possibly with an odor pain during urination or more frequent urination aching pain in the lower abdomen pain in the upper abdomen or more frequent urination fever and chills nausea and vomiting irregular menstrual bleeding pain during sex if your daughter complains of any symptoms associated with pid, she should see her doctor as soon as possible. you should be especially alert to these symptoms if she has had pid before because they may signal a repeat infection. the stds that can lead to pid are very contagious. all sexual partners of someone who is diagnosed with chlamydia or gonorrhea should be notified and treated with antibiotics, even if they have no signs or symptoms. if pid is not treated or goes unrecognized, it can continue to spread through a girl ' s reproductive organs. untreated pid may lead to long - term reproductive problems, including : scarring in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and ut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4805989168136641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.950005"} {"text": "unrecognized, it can continue to spread through a girl ' s reproductive organs. untreated pid may lead to long - term reproductive problems, including : scarring in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus. widespread scarring may lead to infertility ( the inability to have a baby ) and chronic pelvic pain. a teen girl or woman who has had pid multiple times has more of a chance of being infertile. ectopic pregnancy. if someone who has had pid does get pregnant, scarring of the fallopian tubes may cause the fertilized egg to implant in one of the tubes rather than in the uterus. the fetus would then begin to develop in the tube, where there is no room for it to keep growing. this is called an ectopic pregnancy. an untreated ectopic pregnancy could cause the fallopian tube to burst suddenly, which might lead to life - threatening bleeding. tubo - ovarian abscess ( toa ). a toa is a collection of bacteria, pus, and fluid that occurs in the ovary and fallopian tube. a woman with a toa often looks sick and has a fever and pain that makes it difficult to walk. the abscess will be treated in the hospital with antibiotics, and surgery may be needed to remove it. because stds can lead to pid, the best way to prevent it is to abstain from having sex ( abstinence ). sexual contact with more than one partner or with someone who has more than one partner increases the risk of contracting any std. when properly and consistently used, condoms decrease the risk of stds. latex condoms provide greater protection than natural - membrane condoms. the female condom, made of polyurethane, is also considered effective against stds. although birth control pills offer no protection against stds, they may provide some protection against pid by causing the body to create thicker cervical mucus, making it more difficult for bacteria to reach the upper genital tract. using douche can actually increase a female ' s risk of contracting stds and developing pid because it can change the natural flora of the vagina and flush bacteria higher into the genital tract. a teen who is being treated for pid also should be tested for other stds, and should have time alone with the doctor to openly discuss things like sexual activity. not all teens will be comfortable talking with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43355399813739226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.950950"} {"text": "bacteria higher into the genital tract. a teen who is being treated for pid also should be tested for other stds, and should have time alone with the doctor to openly discuss things like sexual activity. not all teens will be comfortable talking with parents about these issues. but it ' s important to encourage them to talk to a trusted adult who can provide the facts. pid can be treated with antibiotics, which kill the bacteria that cause the disease. if damage has already occurred in the reproductive organs, antibiotics will not be able to reverse it but will stop further spread of the infection. in some cases, girls with pid do have to be hospitalized, particularly if they develop a high fever, severe nausea, and vomiting ; if they need intravenous antibiotics ; or if the diagnosis is uncertain. in trying to diagnose pid, the doctor will likely ask questions about your daughter ' s medical history, method of birth control, and her sexual activity and that of her partner. the doctor may then perform a pelvic exam to find out if her reproductive organs are tender or swollen and to identify the location of the infection. it \u2019 s not always easy to diagnose pid. some other conditions, like appendicitis, can cause symptoms similar to pid. during the pelvic exam, the doctor may take samples to look for the germs that cause gonorrhea and chlamydia infections. blood tests also may be done. other procedures may be required to determine whether the fallopian tubes are swollen or if an abscess ( collection of pus ) is present. prompt treatment of pid and follow - up care can cure the infection and prevent complications. rest can help your daughter recover. hot baths and heating pads applied to the lower back and abdomen can help relieve discomfort. your daughter should finish all medicines as prescribed because the pid infection may continue even after the symptoms disappear. to prevent re - infection, her partner also should be examined and treated. it ' s important to abstain from sex until treatment of both partners is completed and the doctor determines that the infection is gone. if your teen is thinking of becoming sexually active or already has started having sex, it ' s important to discuss it. make sure your teen knows how stds can be spread ( during anal, oral, or vaginal sex ) and that these infections often don ' t have symptoms, so a partner might have an std without knowing it. it can be difficult to talk about stds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40953073136832147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.951935"} {"text": "yesterday, your son sounded like he ' s always sounded \u2014 like a boy. but today, you heard that first crack in his voice. he ' s started puberty and several things about him are changing. along with obvious changes in physical appearance, his voice will start sounding a whole lot different. for a while, he might have difficulty controlling it and he ' ll make all sorts of odd noises when trying to speak. it ' s the larynx ( or voice box ) that ' s causing all that noise. as the body goes through puberty, the larynx grows larger and thicker. it happens in both boys and girls, but the change is more evident in boys. girls ' voices only deepen by a couple of tones and the change is barely noticeable. boys ' voices, however, start to get significantly deeper. the science behind the squeaking the larynx, which is located in the throat, plays the major role in creating the sound of the voice. two muscles, or vocal cords, are stretched across the larynx and they ' re kind of like rubber bands. when a person speaks, air rushes from the lungs and makes the vocal cords vibrate, which in turn produces the sound of the voice. the pitch of the sound produced is controlled by how tightly the vocal cord muscles contract as the air from the lungs hits them. if you ' ve ever plucked a small, thin rubber band, you ' ve heard the high - pitched twang it makes when it ' s stretched. a thicker rubber band makes a deeper, lower - pitched twang. it ' s the same process with vocal cords. before a boy reaches puberty, his larynx is pretty small and his vocal cords are kind of small and thin. that ' s why his voice is higher than an adult ' s. but as he goes through puberty, the larynx gets bigger and the vocal cords lengthen and thicken, so his voice gets deeper. along with the larynx, the vocal cords grow significantly longer and become thicker. in addition, the facial bones begin to grow. cavities in the sinuses, the nose, and the back of the throat grow bigger, creating more space in the face in which to give the voice more room to resonate. as a boy ' s body adjusts to this changing equipment, his voice may \" crack \" or \" break. \" this process lasts only a few months. once the larynx is finished growing, your son ' s voice won", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44049596926331464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.957612"} {"text": "resonate. as a boy ' s body adjusts to this changing equipment, his voice may \" crack \" or \" break. \" this process lasts only a few months. once the larynx is finished growing, your son ' s voice won ' t make those unpredictable sounds. those croaks and squeaks in a boy ' s voice are just a part of this normal and natural stage of growth. as a boy gets used to these big changes, his voice can be difficult to handle and it may take a lot of effort to keep it in control. just as he ' s getting used to the big changes in his body, he has to adapt to the sound of what he ' s saying. as puberty continues, his body adjusts to the new size of the larynx, and the croaks and squeaks begin to taper off. after that, the new, deeper voice becomes much more stable and easier to control. along with several other obvious changes in the way he looks, you might recognize a significant change in appearance in a boy ' s throat area. when his larynx grows bigger, it tilts to a different angle inside the neck and part of it sticks out at the front of the throat. this is the \" adam ' s apple. \" in girls, the larynx also grows bigger but not as much as a boy ' s does, which is why girls don ' t have prominent adam ' s apples. everyone ' s timetable is different, so some boys ' voices might start to change earlier and some might start a little later. a boy ' s voice typically begins to change between ages 11 and 14\u00bd, usually just after the major growth spurt. some boys ' voices might change gradually, whereas others ' might change quickly. if your son is concerned, stressed, or embarrassed about the sound of his voice, let him know that it ' s only temporary and that everyone goes through it to some extent. after a few months, he ' ll likely have a resonant, deep, and full voice just like an adult!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3994799324670608, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.958403"} {"text": "lisa ' s son jack had always been a handful. even as a preschooler, he would tear through the house like a tornado, shouting, roughhousing, and climbing the furniture. no toy or activity ever held his interest for more than a few minutes and he would often dart off without warning, seemingly unaware of the dangers of a busy street or a crowded mall. it was exhausting to parent jack, but lisa hadn ' t been too concerned back then. boys will be boys, she figured. but at age 8, he was no easier to handle. it was a struggle to get jack to settle down long enough to complete even the simplest tasks, from chores to homework. when his teacher ' s comments about his inattention and disruptive behavior in class became too frequent to ignore, lisa took jack to the doctor, who recommended an evaluation for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ). adhd is a common behavioral disorder that affects an estimated 8 % to 10 % of school - age children. boys are about three times more likely than girls to be diagnosed with it, though it ' s not yet understood why. kids with adhd act without thinking, are hyperactive, and have trouble focusing. they may understand what ' s expected of them but have trouble following through because they can ' t sit still, pay attention, or attend to details. of course, all kids ( especially younger ones ) act this way at times, particularly when they ' re anxious or excited. but the difference with adhd is that symptoms are present over a longer period of time and occur in different settings. they impair a child ' s ability to function socially, academically, and at home. the good news is that with proper treatment, kids with adhd can learn to successfully live with and manage their symptoms. adhd used to be known as attention deficit disorder, or add. in 1994, it was renamed adhd and broken down into three subtypes, each with its own pattern of behaviors : 1. an inattentive type, with signs that include : inability to pay attention to details or a tendency to make careless errors in schoolwork or other activities difficulty with sustained attention in tasks or play activities apparent listening problems difficulty following instructions problems with organization avoidance or dislike of tasks that require mental effort tendency to lose things like toys, notebooks, or homework forgetfulness in daily activities 2. a hyperactive - impulsive type, with signs that include : fidgeting or squirming difficulty remaining seated excessive running or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4518143765699973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.970087"} {"text": "that require mental effort tendency to lose things like toys, notebooks, or homework forgetfulness in daily activities 2. a hyperactive - impulsive type, with signs that include : fidgeting or squirming difficulty remaining seated excessive running or climbing difficulty playing quietly always seeming to be \" on the go \" blurting out answers before hearing the full question difficulty waiting for a turn or in line problems with interrupting or intruding 3. a combined type, which involves a combination of the other two types and is the most common although it can be challenging to raise kids with adhd, it ' s important to remember they aren ' t \" bad, \" \" acting out, \" or being difficult on purpose. and they have difficulty controlling their behavior without medication or behavioral therapy. because there ' s no test that can determine the presence of adhd, a diagnosis depends on a complete evaluation. many children and adolescents diagnosed with adhd are evaluated and treated by primary care doctors including pediatricians and family practitioners, but your child may also be referred to one of several different specialists ( psychiatrists, psychologists, neurologists ) especially when the diagnosis is in doubt, or if there are other concerns, such as tourette syndrome, a learning disability, anxiety, or depression. to be considered for a diagnosis of adhd : a child must display behaviors from one of the three subtypes before age 7 these behaviors must be more severe than in other kids the same age the behaviors must last for at least 6 months the behaviors must occur in and negatively affect at least two areas of a child ' s life ( such as school, home, daycare settings, or friendships ) the behaviors must also not only be linked to stress at home. kids who have experienced a divorce, a move, an illness, a change in school, or other significant life event may suddenly begin to act out or become forgetful. to avoid a misdiagnosis, it ' s important to consider whether these factors played a role in the onset of symptoms first, your child ' s doctor may perform a physical examination and take a medical history that includes questions about any concerns and symptoms, your child ' s past health, your family ' s health, any medications your child is taking, any allergies your child may have, and other issues. the doctor may also check hearing and vision so other medical conditions can be ruled out. because some emotional conditions, such as extreme stress, depression, and anxiety, can also look like adhd, you ' ll likely be asked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.463566834640167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.971106"} {"text": ", and other issues. the doctor may also check hearing and vision so other medical conditions can be ruled out. because some emotional conditions, such as extreme stress, depression, and anxiety, can also look like adhd, you ' ll likely be asked to fill out questionnaires to help rule them out. you ' ll be asked many questions about your child ' s development and behaviors at home, school, and among friends. other adults who see your child regularly ( like teachers, who are often the first to notice adhd symptoms ) probably will be consulted, too. an educational evaluation, which usually includes a school psychologist, may also be done. it ' s important for everyone involved to be as honest and thorough as possible about your child ' s strengths and weaknesses. adhd is not caused by poor parenting, too much sugar, or vaccines. adhd has biological origins that aren ' t yet clearly understood. no single cause has been identified, but researchers are exploring a number of possible genetic and environmental links. studies have shown that many kids with adhd have a close relative who also has the disorder. although experts are unsure whether this is a cause of the disorder, they have found that certain areas of the brain are about 5 % to 10 % smaller in size and activity in kids with adhd. chemical changes in the brain also have been found. research also links smoking during pregnancy to later adhd in a child. other risk factors may include premature delivery, very low birth weight, and injuries to the brain at birth. some studies have even suggested a link between excessive early television watching and future attention problems. parents should follow the american academy of pediatrics ' ( aap ) guidelines, which say that children under 2 years old should not have any \" screen time \" ( tv, dvds or videotapes, computers, or video games ) and that kids 2 years and older should be limited to 1 to 2 hours per day, or less, of quality television programming. one of the difficulties in diagnosing adhd is that it ' s often found in conjunction with other problems. these are called coexisting conditions, and about two thirds of kids with adhd have one. the most common coexisting conditions are : oppositional defiant disorder ( odd ) and conduct disorder ( cd ) at least 35 % of kids with adhd also have oppositional defiant disorder, which is characterized by stubbornness, outbursts of temper, and acts of defiance and rule breaking. conduct disorder is similar but features more severe hostility and aggression", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4522163250714579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.973208"} {"text": "( cd ) at least 35 % of kids with adhd also have oppositional defiant disorder, which is characterized by stubbornness, outbursts of temper, and acts of defiance and rule breaking. conduct disorder is similar but features more severe hostility and aggression. kids who have conduct disorder are more likely to get in trouble with authority figures and, later, possibly with the law. oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder are seen most commonly with the hyperactive and combined subtypes of adhd. about 18 % of kids with adhd, particularly the inattentive subtype, also experience depression. they may feel inadequate, isolated, frustrated by school failures and social problems, and have low self - esteem. anxiety disorders affect about 25 % of kids with adhd. symptoms include excessive worry, fear, or panic, which can also lead to physical symptoms such as a racing heart, sweating, stomach pains, and diarrhea. other forms of anxiety that can accompany adhd are obsessive - compulsive disorder and tourette syndrome, as well as motor or vocal tics ( movements or sounds that are repeated over and over ). a child who has symptoms of these other conditions should be evaluated by a specialist. about half of all kids with adhd also have a specific learning disability. the most common learning problems are with reading ( dyslexia ) and handwriting. although adhd isn ' t categorized as a learning disability, its interference with concentration and attention can make it even more difficult for a child to perform well in school. if your child has adhd and a coexisting condition, the doctor will carefully consider that when developing a treatment plan. some treatments are better than others at addressing specific combinations of symptoms. adhd can ' t be cured, but it can be successfully managed. your child ' s doctor will work with you to develop an individualized, long - term plan. the goal is to help a child learn to control his or her own behavior and to help families create an atmosphere in which this is most likely to happen. in most cases, adhd is best treated with a combination of medication and behavior therapy. any good treatment plan will require close follow - up and monitoring, and your doctor may make adjustments along the way. because it ' s important for parents to actively participate in their child ' s treatment plan, parent education is also considered an important part of adhd management. sometimes the symptoms of adhd become less severe as a person grows older. hyperactivity tends to get less as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4379660652304336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.974423"} {"text": "important for parents to actively participate in their child ' s treatment plan, parent education is also considered an important part of adhd management. sometimes the symptoms of adhd become less severe as a person grows older. hyperactivity tends to get less as people grow up, although the problems with organization and attention often remain. more than half of kids who have adhd will continue to have symptoms as young adults. several different types of medications may be used to treat adhd : stimulants are the best - known treatments \u2014 they ' ve been used for more than 50 years in the treatment of adhd. some require several doses per day, each lasting about 4 hours ; some last up to 12 hours. possible side effects include decreased appetite, stomachache, irritability, and insomnia. there ' s currently no evidence of long - term side effects. nonstimulants represent a good alternative to stimulants or are sometimes used along with a stimulant to treat adhd. the first nonstimulant was approved for treating adhd in 2003. they may have fewer side effects than stimulants and can last up to 24 hours. antidepressants are sometimes a treatment option ; however, in 2004 the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) issued a warning that these drugs may lead to a rare increased risk of suicide in children and teens. if an antidepressant is recommended for your child, be sure to discuss these risks with your doctor. medications can affect kids differently, and a child may respond well to one but not another. when determining the correct treatment, the doctor might try various medications in various doses, especially if your child is being treated for adhd along with another disorder. research has shown that medications used to help curb impulsive behavior and attention difficulties are more effective when combined with behavioral therapy. behavioral therapy attempts to change behavior patterns by : reorganizing a child ' s home and school environment giving clear directions and commands setting up a system of consistent rewards for appropriate behaviors and negative consequences for inappropriate ones here are examples of behavioral strategies that may help a child with adhd : create a routine. try to follow the same schedule every day, from wake - up time to bedtime. post the schedule in a prominent place, so your child can see what ' s expected throughout the day and when it ' s time for homework, play, and chores. get organized. put schoolbags, clothing, and toys in the same place every day so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4386269886329997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.975382"} {"text": "schedule in a prominent place, so your child can see what ' s expected throughout the day and when it ' s time for homework, play, and chores. get organized. put schoolbags, clothing, and toys in the same place every day so your child will be less likely to lose them. avoid distractions. turn off the tv, radio, and computer games, especially when your child is doing homework. limit choices. offer a choice between two things ( this outfit, meal, toy, etc., or that one ) so that your child isn ' t overwhelmed and overstimulated. change your interactions with your child. instead of long - winded explanations and cajoling, use clear, brief directions to remind your child of responsibilities. use goals and rewards. use a chart to list goals and track positive behaviors, then reward your child ' s efforts. be sure the goals are realistic ( think baby steps rather than overnight success ). discipline effectively. instead of yelling or spanking, use timeouts or removal of privileges as consequences for inappropriate behavior. younger kids may simply need to be distracted or ignored until they display better behavior. help your child discover a talent. all kids need to experience success to feel good about themselves. finding out what your child does well \u2014 whether it ' s sports, art, or music \u2014 can boost social skills and self - esteem. currently, the only adhd therapies that have been proven effective in scientific studies are medications and behavioral therapy. but your doctor may recommend additional treatments and interventions depending on your child ' s symptoms and needs. some kids with adhd, for example, may also need special educational interventions such as tutoring, occupational therapy, etc. every child ' s needs are different. a number of other alternative therapies are promoted and tried by parents including : megavitamins, body treatments, diet manipulation, allergy treatment, chiropractic treatment, attention training, visual training, and traditional one - on - one \" talking \" psychotherapy. however, scientific research has not found them to be effective, and most have not been studied carefully, if at all. parents should always be wary of any therapy that promises an adhd \" cure. \" if you ' re interested in trying something new, speak with your doctor first. parenting a child with adhd often brings special challenges. kids with adhd may not respond well to typical parenting practices. also, because adhd tends to run in families, parents may also have some problems with organization and consistency themselves and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.434354455801301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.976365"} {"text": "doctor first. parenting a child with adhd often brings special challenges. kids with adhd may not respond well to typical parenting practices. also, because adhd tends to run in families, parents may also have some problems with organization and consistency themselves and need active coaching to help learn these skills. experts recommend parent education and support groups to help family members accept the diagnosis and to teach them how to help kids organize their environment, develop problem - solving skills, and cope with frustrations. training can also teach parents to respond appropriately to a child ' s most trying behaviors with calm disciplining techniques. individual or family counseling can also be helpful. as your child ' s most important advocate, you should become familiar with your child ' s medical, legal, and educational rights. kids with adhd are eligible for special services or accommodations at school under the individuals with disabilities in education act ( idea ) and an anti - discrimination law known as section 504. keep in touch with teachers and school officials to monitor your child ' s progress. in addition to using routines and a clear system of rewards, here are some other tips to share with teachers for classroom success : reduce seating distractions. lessening distractions might be as simple as seating your child near the teacher instead of near the window. use a homework folder for parent - teacher communications. the teacher can include assignments and progress notes, and you can check to make sure all work is completed on time. break down assignments. keep instructions clear and brief, breaking down larger tasks into smaller, more manageable pieces. give positive reinforcement. always be on the lookout for positive behaviors. ask the teacher to offer praise when your child stays seated, doesn ' t call out, or waits his or her turn instead of criticizing when he or she doesn ' t. teach good study skills. underlining, note taking, and reading out loud can help your child stay focused and retain information. supervise. check that your child goes and comes from school with the correct books and materials. sometimes kids are paired with a buddy to can help them stay on track. be sensitive to self - esteem issues. ask the teacher to provide feedback to your child in private, and avoid asking your child to perform a task in public that might be too difficult. involve the school counselor or psychologist. he or she can help design behavioral programs to address specific problems in the classroom. helping your child you ' re a stronger advocate for your child when you foster good partnerships with everyone involved in your child ' s treatment \u2014 that includes teachers, doctors,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.406913203401258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.977438"} {"text": "the percentage of overweight children in the united states is growing at an alarming rate, with 1 out of 3 kids now considered overweight or obese. many kids are spending less time exercising and more time in front of the tv, computer, or video - game console. and today ' s busy families have fewer free moments to prepare nutritious, home - cooked meals. from fast food to electronics, quick and easy is the reality for many people. preventing kids from becoming overweight means adapting the way your family eats and exercises, and how you spend time together. helping kids lead healthy lifestyles begins with parents who lead by example. is your child overweight? body mass index ( bmi ) uses height and weight measurements to estimate a person ' s body fat. but calculating bmi on your own can be complicated. an easier way is to use a bmi calculator. once your child ' s bmi is known, it can be plotted on a standard bmi chart. kids ages 2 to 19 fall into one of four categories : underweight : bmi below the 5th percentile normal weight : bmi at the 5th and less than the 85th percentile overweight : bmi at the 85th and below 95th percentiles obese : bmi at or above 95th percentile bmi calculations aren ' t used to estimate body fat in babies and young toddlers. for kids younger than 2, doctors use weight - for - length charts to determine how a baby \u2019 s weight compares with his or her length. any child who falls at or above the 85th percentile may be considered overweight. bmi is not a perfect measure of body fat and can be misleading in some situations. for example, a muscular person may have a high bmi without being overweight ( extra muscle adds to body weight \u2014 but not fatness ). also, bmi might be difficult to interpret during puberty when kids are experiencing periods of rapid growth. it ' s important to remember that bmi is usually a good indicator \u2014 but is not a direct measurement \u2014 of body fat. if you ' re worried that your child or teen may be overweight, make an appointment with your doctor, who can assess eating and activity habits and make suggestions on how to make positive changes. the doctor also may decide to screen for some of the medical conditions that can be associated with obesity. depending on your child ' s bmi ( or weight - for - length measurement ), age, and health, the doctor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43478445453605397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.984330"} {"text": "to make positive changes. the doctor also may decide to screen for some of the medical conditions that can be associated with obesity. depending on your child ' s bmi ( or weight - for - length measurement ), age, and health, the doctor may refer you to a registered dietitian for additional advice and, possibly, might recommend a comprehensive weight management program. obesity increases the risk for serious health conditions like type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol \u2014 all once considered exclusively adult diseases. obese kids also may be prone to low self - esteem that stems from being teased, bullied, or rejected by peers. kids who are unhappy with their weight may be more likely than average - weight kids to : develop unhealthy dieting habits and eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia be more prone to depression be at risk for substance abuse overweight and obese kids are at risk for developing medical problems that affect their present and future health and quality of life, including : high blood pressure, high cholesterol and abnormal blood lipid levels, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes bone and joint problems shortness of breath that makes exercise, sports, or any physical activity more difficult and may aggravate the symptoms or increase the chances of developing asthma restless or disordered sleep patterns, such as obstructive sleep apnea tendency to mature earlier ( overweight kids may be taller and more sexually mature than their peers, raising expectations that they should act as old as they look, not as old as they are ; overweight girls may have irregular menstrual cycles and fertility problems in adulthood ) liver and gall bladder disease cardiovascular risk factors present in childhood ( including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes ) can lead to serious medical problems like heart disease, heart failure, and stroke as adults. preventing or treating overweight and obesity in kids may reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease as they get older. a number of factors contribute to becoming overweight. genetics, lifestyle habits, or a combination of both may be involved. in some instances, endocrine problems, genetic syndromes, and medications can be associated with excessive weight gain. much of what we eat is quick and easy \u2014 from fat - laden fast food to microwave and prepackaged meals. daily schedules are so jam - packed that there ' s little time to prepare healthier meals or to squeeze in some exercise. portion sizes, in the home and out, have grown greatly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41624385837439104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.985324"} {"text": "- laden fast food to microwave and prepackaged meals. daily schedules are so jam - packed that there ' s little time to prepare healthier meals or to squeeze in some exercise. portion sizes, in the home and out, have grown greatly. plus, now more than ever life is sedentary \u2014 kids spend more time playing with electronic devices, from computers to handheld video game systems, than actively playing outside. television is a major culprit. kids younger than 6 spend an average of 2 hours a day in front of a screen, mostly watching tv, dvds, or videos. older kids and teens average 4. 5 hours a day watching tv, dvds, or videos. when computer use and video games are included, time spent in front of a screen increases to over 7 hours a day! kids who watch more than 4 hours a day are more likely to be overweight compared with kids who watch 2 hours or less. not surprisingly, tv in the bedroom is also linked to increased likelihood of being overweight. in other words, for many kids, once they get home from school, virtually all of their free time is spent in front of one screen or another. the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) recommends that kids over 2 years old not spend more than 1 - 2 hours a day in front of a screen. the aap also discourages any screen time for children younger than 2 years old. many kids don ' t get enough physical activity. although physical education ( pe ) in schools can help kids get up and moving, more and more schools are eliminating pe programs or cutting down the time spent on fitness - building activities. one study showed that gym classes offered third - graders just 25 minutes of vigorous activity each week. current guidelines recommend that kids over 2 years old get at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week. babies and toddlers should be active for 15 minutes every hour ( a total of 3 hours for every 12 waking hours ) each day. genetics also play a role \u2014 genes help determine body type and how your body stores and burns fat just like they help determine other traits. genes alone, however, cannot explain the current obesity crisis. because both genes and habits can be passed down from one generation to the next, multiple members of a family may struggle with weight. people in the same family tend to have similar eating patterns, maintain the same levels of physical activity, and adopt the same attitudes toward being overweight. studies have shown that a child", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45018916947973286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.986350"} {"text": "to the next, multiple members of a family may struggle with weight. people in the same family tend to have similar eating patterns, maintain the same levels of physical activity, and adopt the same attitudes toward being overweight. studies have shown that a child ' s risk of obesity greatly increases if one or more parent is overweight or obese. the key to keeping kids of all ages at a healthy weight is taking a whole - family approach. it ' s the \" practice what you preach \" mentality. make healthy eating and exercise a family affair. get your kids involved by letting them help you plan and prepare healthy meals, and take them along when you go grocery shopping so they can learn how to make good food choices. and avoid falling into these common food / eating behavior traps : don ' t reward kids for good behavior or try to stop bad behavior with sweets or treats. come up with other solutions to modify their behavior. don ' t maintain a clean - plate policy. be aware of kids ' hunger cues. even babies who turn away from the bottle or breast send signals that they ' re full. if kids are satisfied, don ' t force them to continue eating. reinforce the idea that they should only eat when they ' re hungry. don ' t talk about \" bad foods \" or completely eliminate all sweets and favorite snacks from kids ' diets. kids may rebel and overeat these forbidden foods outside the home or sneak them in on their own. recommendations by age additional recommendations for kids of all ages : birth to age 1 : in addition to its many health benefits, breastfeeding may help prevent excessive weight gain. though the exact mechanism is not known, breastfed babies may be more able to control their own intake and follow their own internal hunger cues. ages 1 to 5 : start good habits early. help shape food preferences by offering a variety of healthy foods. encourage kids ' natural tendency to be active and help them build on developing skills. ages 6 to 12 : encourage kids to be physically active every day, whether through an organized sports team or a pick - up game of soccer during recess. keep your kids active at home, too, through everyday activities like walking and playing in the yard. let them be more involved in making good food choices, such as packing lunch. ages 13 to 18 : teens like fast food, but try to steer them toward healthier choices like grilled chicken sandwiches, salads, and smaller sizes. teach them how to prepare healthy meals and snacks at home. encourage teens to be active every", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48658900010385286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.987569"} {"text": "when you hear of plastic surgery, what do you think of? a hollywood star trying to delay the effects of aging? people who want to change the size of their stomachs, breasts, or other body parts because they see it done so easily on tv? those are common images of plastic surgery, but what about the 4 - year - old boy who has his chin rebuilt after a dog bit him? or the young woman who has the birthmark on her forehead lightened with a laser? what is plastic surgery? just because the name includes the word \" plastic \" doesn ' t mean patients who have this surgery end up with a face full of fake stuff. the name isn ' t taken from the synthetic substance but from the greek word plastikos, which means to form or mold ( and which gives the material plastic its name as well ). plastic surgery is a special type of surgery that can involve both a person ' s appearance and ability to function. plastic surgeons strive to improve patients ' appearance and self - image through both reconstructive and cosmetic procedures. - reconstructive procedures correct defects on the face or body. these include physical birth defects like cleft lips and palates and ear deformities, traumatic injuries like those from dog bites or burns, or the aftermath of disease treatments like rebuilding a woman ' s breast after surgery for breast cancer. - cosmetic ( also called aesthetic ) procedures alter a part of the body that the person is not satisfied with. common cosmetic procedures include making the breasts larger ( augmentation mammoplasty ) or smaller ( reduction mammoplasty ), reshaping the nose ( rhinoplasty ), and removing pockets of fat from specific spots on the body ( liposuction ). some cosmetic procedures aren ' t even surgical in the way that most people think of surgery \u2014 that is, cutting and stitching. for example, the use of special lasers to remove unwanted hair and sanding skin to improve severe scarring are two such treatments. why do teens get plastic surgery? most teens don ' t, of course. but some do. interestingly, the american society of plastic surgeons ( asps ) reports a difference in the reasons teens give for having plastic surgery and the reasons adults do : teens view plastic surgery as a way to fit in and look acceptable to friends and peers. adults, on the other hand, frequently see plastic surgery as a way to stand out from the crowd. according to the asps, more than 300, 000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48222116678575644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.994624"} {"text": "teens view plastic surgery as a way to fit in and look acceptable to friends and peers. adults, on the other hand, frequently see plastic surgery as a way to stand out from the crowd. according to the asps, more than 300, 000 people 18 years and younger had either major or minor plastic surgical procedures in 2012. some people turn to plastic surgery to correct a physical defect or to alter a part of the body that makes them feel uncomfortable. for example, guys with a condition called gynecomastia ( excess breast tissue ) that doesn ' t go away with time or weight loss may opt for reduction surgery. a girl or guy with a birthmark may turn to laser treatment to lessen its appearance. other people decide they want a cosmetic change because they \u2019 re not happy about the way they look. teens who have cosmetic procedures \u2014 such as otoplasty ( surgery to pin back ears that stick out ) or dermabrasion ( a procedure that can help smooth or camouflage severe acne scars ) \u2014 sometimes feel more comfortable with their appearance after the procedure. the most common procedures teens choose include nose reshaping, ear surgery, acne and acne scar treatment, and breast reduction. is plastic surgery the right choice? reconstructive surgery helps repair significant defects or problems. but what about having cosmetic surgery just to change your appearance? is it a good idea for teens? as with everything, there are right and wrong reasons to have surgery. cosmetic surgery is unlikely to change your life. most board - certified plastic surgeons spend a lot of time interviewing teens who want plastic surgery to decide if they are good candidates for the surgery. doctors want to know that teens are emotionally mature enough to handle the surgery and that they ' re doing it for the right reasons. many plastic surgery procedures are just that \u2014 surgery. they involve anesthesia, wound healing, and other serious risks. doctors who perform these procedures want to know that their patients are capable of understanding and handling the stress of surgery. some doctors won ' t perform certain procedures ( like rhinoplasty ) on a teen until they are sure that person is old enough and has finished growing. for rhinoplasty, that means about 15 or 16 for girls and about a year older for guys. girls who want to enlarge their breasts for cosmetic reasons usually must be at least 18 because saline implants are only approved for women 18 and older. in some cases, though, such as when there ' s a tremendous size difference between the breasts or one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45021402385454184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.995581"} {"text": "want to enlarge their breasts for cosmetic reasons usually must be at least 18 because saline implants are only approved for women 18 and older. in some cases, though, such as when there ' s a tremendous size difference between the breasts or one breast has failed to grow at all, a plastic surgeon may get involved earlier. things to consider here are a few things to think about if you ' re considering plastic surgery : - almost all teens ( and many adults ) are self - conscious about their bodies. almost everyone wishes there were a thing or two that could be changed. a lot of this self - consciousness goes away with time. ask yourself if you ' re considering plastic surgery because you want it for yourself or whether it ' s to please someone else. - a person ' s body continues to change through the teen years. body parts that might appear too large or too small now can become more proportionate over time. sometimes, for example, what seems like a big nose looks more the right size as the rest of the person ' s face catches up during growth. - getting in good shape through appropriate weight control and exercise can do great things for a person ' s looks without surgery. it ' s never a good idea to choose plastic surgery as a first option for something like weight loss that can be corrected in a nonsurgical manner. gastric bypass or liposuction may seem like quick and easy fixes compared with sticking to a diet. both of these procedures, however, carry far greater risks than dieting, and doctors should reserve them for extreme cases when all other options have failed. - some people ' s emotions have a really big effect on how they think they look. people who are depressed, extremely self - critical, or have a distorted view of what they really look like sometimes think that changing their looks will solve their problems. in these cases, it won ' t. working out the emotional problem with the help of a trained therapist is a better bet. in fact, many doctors won ' t perform plastic surgery on teens who are depressed or have other mental health problems until these problems are treated first. if you ' re considering plastic surgery, talk it over with your parents. if you ' re serious and your parents agree, the next step is meeting with a plastic surgeon to help you learn what to expect before, during, and after the procedure \u2014 as well as any possible complications or downsides to the surgery. depending on the procedure, you may feel some pain as you recover, and temporary swelling or bruising", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4187822975716583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.996521"} {"text": "surgeon to help you learn what to expect before, during, and after the procedure \u2014 as well as any possible complications or downsides to the surgery. depending on the procedure, you may feel some pain as you recover, and temporary swelling or bruising can make you look less like yourself for a while. procedures and healing times vary, so you ' ll want to do your research into what ' s involved in your particular procedure and whether the surgery is reconstructive or cosmetic. it ' s a good idea to choose a doctor who is certified by the american board of plastic surgery. cost will likely be a factor, too. elective plastic surgery procedures can be expensive. although medical insurance covers many reconstructive surgeries, the cost of cosmetic procedures almost always comes straight out of the patient ' s pocket. your parents can find out what your insurance plan will and won ' t cover. for example, breast enlargement surgery is considered a purely cosmetic procedure and is rarely covered by insurance. but breast reduction surgery may be covered by some plans because large breasts can cause physical discomfort and even pain for many girls. plastic surgery isn ' t something to rush into. if you ' re thinking about plastic surgery, find out as much as you can about the specific procedure you ' re considering and talk it over with doctors and your parents. once you have the facts, you can decide whether the surgery is right for you. share this page using : note : all information on teenshealth\u00ae is for educational purposes only. for specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. \u00a9 1995 - the nemours foundation. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44315095735771204, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:03.997155"} {"text": "most active stories krwg. org - the region ' s home page sat january 14, 2012 the inquisition : alive and well after 800 years when we talk of inquisition it is usually prefaced with a definite article \u2014 as in, the inquisition. but, as vanity fair editor cullen murphy points out in his new book, god ' s jury, the inquisition wasn ' t a single event but rather a decentralized, centuries - long process. murphy says the \" inquisitorial impulse \" is alive and well today \u2014 despite its humble origins with the cathars in france, where it was initially designed to deal with christian heretics. \" the temptation, i think, is to think of the inquisition as a kind of throwback, \" murphy tells guy raz, host of weekends on all things considered. \" nothing quite says ' medieval ' the way the word ' inquisition ' does. and my view is that you should actually adjust the lens fairly substantially. \" when you look at the inquisition, he says, what you really see is the beginning of the modern world. \" there ' s always been persecution, there ' s always been hatred, \" murphy says. the inquisition, however, was such an enormous, sustained effort that it required an infrastructure to collect and retrieve information \u2014 over centuries. it was this institutionalizing of the inquisition that revolutionized record - keeping and surveillance techniques, murphy says. modern day parallels if you open a modern day interrogation manual for the police force or the military and place an interrogation manual from the spanish inquisition by its side, murphy says, you ' d be shocked by the similarities. \" there isn ' t a trick that is used nowadays that wasn ' t in use by the inquisition. the psychology of interrogation, the ruses that people would use when you ' re questioning, there ' s nothing new under the sun when it comes to interrogation, \" he says. interrogation at guantanamo, for example, illustrates that the spirit of the spanish inquisition is alive and well today, murphy says. \" the inquisition tried to put restraints on torture. the problem was that in the moment, when people are trying to get information, those boundaries keep being pushed, \" he says. \" people think, ' you know, one more turn of the screw will get us one more little piece of information '... and torture creeps and creeps and creeps. \" are we in danger? murphy says the key ingredients for a modern day inquisition exist today. in order for an inquisition to succeed, he says,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4273738884460151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.005918"} {"text": "more little piece of information '... and torture creeps and creeps and creeps. \" are we in danger? murphy says the key ingredients for a modern day inquisition exist today. in order for an inquisition to succeed, he says, there must be an individual or a group of people who believe they are in the right and want everyone else to toe the line. \" but that moral certainty isn ' t enough, \" murphy says. there must also be a bureaucracy and methods of surveillance to sustain the persecution. \" all of those things are much more advanced right now by an order of magnitude than they were centuries ago, \" murphy says. \" nowadays [ surveillance ] is done almost automatically \u2014 every time you hit the keyboard on your computer or every time you walk by a camera on the street. \" murphy fears what could happen if that moral certainty meets the kinds of monitoring tools that exist today. \" in the wrong hands, the tools of repression are just more available and dangerous than they have been in a long time, \" he says. guy raz, host : it ' s weekends on all things considered from npr news. i ' m guy raz. a few yeas ago, writer cullen murphy took a long, hard look at america ' s place in the modern world, and then he asked a simple question : are we rome? he went on to write a book with that very title, looking at the ancient world and the modern one and concluding not much has changed. well, murphy ' s back on the case. this time, he takes on the inquisition - or, rather, the inquisitions with an s. the book is called \" god ' s jury, \" and in it, murphy argues that the inquisitions that began in the 12th century were actually a harbinger of the modern world. cullen murphy : the temptation, i think, is to think of the inquisition as a kind of throwback. nothing quite says medieval the way the word inquisition does. and my view is that you should actually adjust the lens fairly substantially. if you do, you begin to see that the inquisition has a lot of characteristics that are not really medieval but in fact modern. you know, there ' s always been persecution, there ' s always been hatred, but the inquisition is something that is institutionalized. and institutions require a kind of infrastructure. you need to be able to keep records, to, you know, amass information, and then you need to be able to find it. and the fact is that in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48041884949653424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.007861"} {"text": "is something that is institutionalized. and institutions require a kind of infrastructure. you need to be able to keep records, to, you know, amass information, and then you need to be able to find it. and the fact is that in the late medieval world, these kinds of tools are finally coming into existence once again. raz : surveillance, data collecting. murphy : surveillance would be another. keeping tabs on what people are doing, keeping tabs on what people are thinking. so finally, these tools emerge. we see them around us in our own day all the time. we take them for granted. but it ' s not very often that we ask when did governments, when did other institutions begin to have these tools. and the inquisition is a good way to begin to answer that question because it relied on them, you know, essentially. raz : what ' s fascinating is that certain techniques were so proscribed during the inquisition. you talked about these inquisition manuals, and you draw comparisons between those and modern manuals for interrogation. murphy : it ' s uncanny. there ' s an inquisitor named bernard gui. he compiled an inquisition manual, you know, for use by other inquisitors, and it became the basis of many such manuals. and if you look at that and then you look at modern manuals for, for instance, police forces or the military, you begin to see that there isn ' t a trick that is used nowadays that wasn ' t in use by the inquisition, you know, the psychology of interrogation, the ruses that people would use when you ' re questioning. there ' s, you know, there ' s nothing new under the sun when it comes to interrogation. raz : my guest is cullen murphy. he has written a new book. it ' s called \" god ' s jury : the inquisition and the making of the modern world. \" at one point in the book you draw a comparison between guantanamo and the spanish inquisition. can you explain that? murphy : guantanamo has been a symbol worldwide of many things, but one of them is interrogation gone wrong. and to me, it illustrates something that always happens when you try to put restrictions on a kind of behavior that is inherently problematic. the inquisition tried to put restraints on torture. the problem was that in the moment when people are trying to get information, those boundaries keep being pushed. people think, you know, one more turn of the screw will get us one more little piece of information,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5353909864160179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.009018"} {"text": "tried to put restraints on torture. the problem was that in the moment when people are trying to get information, those boundaries keep being pushed. people think, you know, one more turn of the screw will get us one more little piece of information, and that will justify this very messy procedure that, you know, we really wish we didn ' t have to resort to. so that happens again and again, and torture creeps and creeps and creeps. the same thing happened at guantanamo. if you look at the early history, the attempts to get information from detainees, you see the same kind of creep. so that is one thing that guantanamo illustrates where i think the parallel with the way in which the inquisition proceeded is very close. raz : towards the end of the book, you write that not only do all the ingredients for a modern day inquisition exist today but also that they are more prevalent than ever before. how so? murphy : well, this is a real worry of mine. there ' s one thing that every inquisition needs, and that is a person, people, who are possessed of an idea. they think they ' re in the right about something that they want everyone else to toe the line. and you see this in religion, you see this in totalitarian regimes, but that moral certainty isn ' t enough. you need to have something that sustains it that gives it life over time. and those things, like having a bureaucracy, having methods of surveillance, information technology, all of those things are much more advanced right now by an order of magnitude than they were centuries ago. and many of these things are, you know, more or less on cruise control. you know, we know what bureaucracies are like. they don ' t shrink. they expand. we know what surveillance is like. nowadays, it ' s done almost automatically every time you hit the keyboard on your computer or every time you walk by a camera on the street. and so my worry is what happens when you combine that idea of moral certainty with the kinds of tools that exist nowadays? you know, it does seem to me that in the wrong hands, the tools of repression are just more available and dangerous than they have been for a long time. raz : i should probably mention that you are a catholic and a practicing catholic. is that fair to say? raz : and as you point out, many accounts of the inquisition have been biased, either overly critical of the church or overly defensive. and understandably, the church", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.514205132337978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.010496"} {"text": "that you are a catholic and a practicing catholic. is that fair to say? raz : and as you point out, many accounts of the inquisition have been biased, either overly critical of the church or overly defensive. and understandably, the church has been prickly about accounts of the inquisition, but what does the inquisition tell us about the modern day catholic church? murphy : well, the church certainly has been prickly about the inquisition, and there ' s a lot to be defensive about. there ' s no way that you can paint the inquisition in a lovely light. i ' m a catholic who has, you know, long had issues with his church, and one of those issues has to do with a basic mindset. and you can think of it this way : is the church and its teachings fundamentally about absolute certainty that brooks no discussion, or is it fundamentally about something else? it is about humility? does it have a place for tolerance and for doubt in a constructive sense? and these two traditions fight with each other throughout the history of the church. and for a long time, the first tradition has been in the ascendant. and i think it ' s time for the second tradition to emerge. raz : that ' s vanity fair editor - at - large cullen murphy. his new book is called \" god ' s jury : the inquisition and the making of the modern world. \" cullen murphy, thank you so much. murphy : thank you, guy. transcript provided by npr, copyright national public radio.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4263751498865156, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.011456"} {"text": "john singleton copley \u2019 s famous painting watson and the shark was commissioned by brook watson to document a harrowing event at age 14 as a maritime sailor. while swimming alone off havana cuba in 1749, watson was repeatedly attacked by a shark. the shark first removed some flesh from watson \u2019 s right calf, then bit off his entire left foot at the ankle. rescued by his shipmates, the teenager subsequently had to have his left leg amputated below the knee. in the painting copley has depicted watson as a romanticized ghostly, nude figure on his back, woefully vulnerable to the more powerful beast acting on animal instinct. one seldom sees a more graphic vision of the classic theme man versus nature. in los angeles we have made an art form of controlling our environment : manicured palm trees, diverted river water, flood channels, fire breaks. however, once in a while angelenos are starkly reminded of natural threats in our midst \u2014 say, by this los angeles times photo last october of a shark breaching in santa monica bay near gladstone \u2019 s restaurant. as a regular ocean swimmer in this area, such photos are of immense interest to me. in chatting with the photographer, randy wright, i found he has recorded several more shark sightings there. on the shark research committee website, local surfers have posted dozens of similar accounts, including some nibbles by smaller sharks. i hide from my swim buddies the fact that a sea lion pup with head cleanly sheared off was discovered in our redondo beach training area. of course, such photos and reports generate countless theories within the swim / surf community of what provokes a shark attack, or doesn \u2019 t. for instance, \u201c they will attack if attracted by sparkly jewelry, or by wetsuits resembling seals. \u201d \u201c they won \u2019 t savagely attack humans because we \u2019 re not blubbery enough. \u201d \u201c they \u2019 ll only strike in deep water because they spring up from below. \u201d almost 250 years since copley \u2019 s painting, shark tales continue to ignite the imagination. it seems there are only three facts everyone can agree on : 1 ) sharks are an important part of the ecosystem unfairly maligned and overhunted. 2 ) swimmers must respect the ocean for what it is \u2014 the wild \u2014 and acknowledge one \u2019 s limitations, even a few yards off gladstone \u2019 s. and 3 ) one \u2019 s chances of being attacked or being fatally wounded are extremely rare, aggravated by swimming alone \u2014 watson \u2019 s mistake.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47586972189905175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.014621"} {"text": "post - traumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a traumatic event or ordeal in which actual physical or emotional harm occurred or was threatened. events that can trigger ptsd include violent personal assaults, such as rape or mugging, natural or human - caused disasters, accidents, or military combat. ptsd can be extremely disabling. many people with ptsd repeatedly re - experience the ordeal in the form of flashback episodes, memories, nightmares, or frightening thoughts, especially when they are exposed to events or objects reminiscent of the trauma. anniversaries of the event can also trigger symptoms. people with ptsd also experience emotional numbness and sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety, and irritability or outbursts of anger. feelings of intense guilt are also common. most people with ptsd try to avoid any reminders or thoughts of the ordeal. ptsd is diagnosed when symptoms last more than one month. co - occurring depression, alcoholabuse, substance abuse, or another anxiety disorder is not uncommon. the likelihood of treatment success is increased when these other conditions are appropriately identified and treated as well. what are the risk factors for ptsd? what are the symptoms of ptsd? how is ptsd diagnosed? what are the treatments for ptsd? how can i reduce my risk of ptsd? what questions should i ask my doctor? what is it like to live with ptsd? where can i get more information about ptsd? - reviewer : rimas lukas, md - review date : 11 / 2012 - - update date : 11 / 26 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5006002040705545, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.016357"} {"text": "stay hydrated and gradually adapt your body to high temperatures, expert says saturday, june 30 ( healthday news ) - - during hot weather, people who exercise outdoors need to take steps to avoid heat injury, according to the american council on exercise. staying hydrated is essential, and can be accomplished by drinking a large amount of fluids ( until you ' re just short of feeling bloated ) 30 minutes before exercising, drinking at least six ounces of fluids every 20 minutes during exercise and drinking beyond the point where you are no longer thirsty after exercise, dr. cedric bryant, the council ' s chief science officer, said in a council news release. water is generally the best fluid, unless your exercise session lasts longer than an hour. in that case, a sports drink may be more beneficial. another tip from the council is to gradually adapt your body to exercising in hot weather. this usually takes 10 to 14 days and can greatly reduce your risk for heat injury. once your body is acclimatized, you will sweat sooner, produce more sweat and lose fewer electrolytes, bryant said. the benefits of acclimatization include a lower body core temperature, a decreased heart rate during exercise and a reduced risk of dehydration. reducing your exercise intensity level during hot weather - - especially during the acclimatization period - - is another good idea, the council suggests. also, don ' t wear rubberized sweat suits or any other clothing that is impermeable to water. this type of clothing prevents the evaporation of sweat from the skin, increasing the risk of heat injury, bryant said. respect the conditions. in general, you should consider forgoing exercise when the temperature is above 90 degrees fahrenheit and the relative humidity is above 60 percent. the texas department of public safety has more about exercising safely in hot weather ( http : / / www. txdps. state. tx. us / trainingacademy / recruiting / hotweatherexercise. htm ). source : american council on exercise, news release, june 19, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42623939492822877, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.018607"} {"text": "- academic search complete provides full text for more than 4, 000 scholarly publications covering academic areas of study including social sciences, humanities, education, computer sciences, engineering, language and linguistics, arts & literature, medical sciences, and ethnic studies. this database is updated daily. - accessible archives a site devoted to primary source material in american history. information archived is from leading historical periodicals and books, and includes eyewitness accounts of historical events, vivid descriptions of daily life, editorial observations, commerce as seen through advertisements, and genealogical records. an online encyclopedia that provides full - text access to articles, research updates, and dictionary terms in all areas of science and technology. also contains biographies, weekly updates on hot topics and discoveries, a student center with resource guides, and links to related sites. updated daily. this resource is available for the kent, salem, and tuscarawas campuses only. - accunet / ap multimedia archive available under its new name, ap images. contains approximately 500, 000 photos and selections of pictures from the ap image and print negative library. pictures cover local, state, national and international subjects. - acm digital library provides bibliographic information, abstracts, index terms, reviews, and the full - text for acm conference proceedings. acm journals, magazines, and newsletters are also available at this site, as well as through the ohiolink electronic journal center. note : not available off - campus. - african american newspapers, 1827 - 1998 part of the readex america ' s historical newspapers collection, african american newspapers, 1827 - 1998 was created from african american newspaper archives of the wisconsin historical society, kansas state historical society and the library of congress. beginning with freedom ' s journal ( ny ), the first african american newspaper published in the united states, the titles in this resource include the colored citizen ( oh ), rights of all ( ny ), wisconsin afro - american, new york age, virginia journal and alexandria advertiser, richmond planet, cleveland gazette, the appeal ( mn ) and hundreds of others from every region of the u. s - african cultural heritage sites and landscapes subsection of the aluka online digital library of scholarly resources from and about africa. focuses on high - quality visual, contextual, and spatial documentation of african heritage sites. - african - american poetry contains the full - text of nearly 3, 000 poems written between 1760 and 1900. provides extensive coverage of age and age - related issues. updated 3 times per year. produced by the national agricultural library, agric", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46825038112792683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.033228"} {"text": "sites. - african - american poetry contains the full - text of nearly 3, 000 poems written between 1760 and 1900. provides extensive coverage of age and age - related issues. updated 3 times per year. produced by the national agricultural library, agricola contains book and journal article citations in the areas of agriculture and related disciplines, including plant and animal sciences, forestry, entomology, soil and water resources, agricultural economics, agricultural engineering, agricultural farming products, alternative farming practices and food and nutrition. - ahfs consumer medication information published by the american society of health - system pharmacists, this resource includes over one thousand drug information monographs written in lay language for consumers. includes \u201c how to \u201d monographs for administering different types of medications such as eye drops and inhalers. updated monthly. - aldrich / acd library of ft nmr spectra ( pro version ) electronic version of the print title the aldrich library of 13 c and 1 h ft nmr spectra 3 vol. set ( qd96. f68 p67 1993 ). the electronic library contains cnmr and hnmr spectra of 11, 828 organic compounds as well as information about their physico - chemical properties. you can browse through the database, perform searches according to catalog parameters ( catalog number, cas number, formula, name, and book references, print spectrum, as well as perform some basic operations with a spectrum ( peak picking and integration ). in addition there are features such as multi - level searching using search lists, searching according to molecular weight, chemical properties ( boiling point, melting point, etc. ), structures and sub - structures, spectral parameters ( peaks and solvent ), searching for portions of the spectrum, and substructure search. it is also possible to create and modify reports using the acd / chemsketch chemical graphics application. this database focuses on the many perspectives of complementary, holistic and integrated approaches to health care and wellness. it covers both scholarly and popular resources, with peer - reviewed materials comprising about 25 %. it is possible to limit to scholarly journals only if desired. an online digital library of scholarly resources from and about africa, aluka includes a wide variety of high - quality scholarly materials ranging from archival documents, periodicals, books, reports, manuscripts, and reference works, to three - dimensional models, maps, oral histories, plant specimens, photographs, and slides. one of the site ' s primary objectives is to provide african scholars and students with access", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4970452156792048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.034600"} {"text": "documents, periodicals, books, reports, manuscripts, and reference works, to three - dimensional models, maps, oral histories, plant specimens, photographs, and slides. one of the site ' s primary objectives is to provide african scholars and students with access to scholarly materials originally from africa. - amateur athletic foundation sport library digitized content from several sport - related publications undertaken by the amateur athletic foundation of los angeles. indexed and searchable. - america ' s news magazines ( newsbank ) with this resource, you can search the full text of 22 popular and news magazines. date ranges vary by magazine ; some go back to the early 1990s. - america : history and life provides a complete bibliographic reference to the history of the united states and canada from prehistory to the present. - american & english literature : poetry, drama and prose contains many works of poetry, drama, and prose, based on books and other sources originally published in print. collections include : african - american poetry 1700 - 1900 ; 20th century african - american poetry ; american poetry 1600 - 1900 ; 20th century american poetry ; english poetry ; 20th century english poetry ; american drama ; english prose drama 1280 - 1915 ; english verse dramas 13th - 19th centuries ; early american fiction 1774 - 1850 ; 18th century fiction 1700 - 1800 ; bibliography of american literature ; editions and adaptations of shakespeare ; william butler yeats collection ; the bible in english. - american drama american dramatic literature from 1714 to the present. the database contains more than 2, 000 full - text plays written by over 300 american dramatists. - american folklore this site contains one or more folktales from each state. the target audiences are storytellers, teachers, folklore fans and students. the site is updated regularly. the folktales were rewritten by s. e. schlosser. - american history in video online collection of video available for the study of american history allowing students and researchers to analyze historical events, and their presentation over time, through commercial and governmental newsreels, archival footage, public affairs footage, and important documentaries. - american national biography online covers more than 18, 000 people from all eras who have influenced and shaped american history and culture. includes illustrations and links to select web sites. also includes articles from the oxford companion to united states history, which gives context to the lives included in anb online. all articles originally included in the anb online were on biographical subjects who died before the end of 1995. articles on important figures who have died since 1995 are being added", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4707563798563582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.035854"} {"text": "to united states history, which gives context to the lives included in anb online. all articles originally included in the anb online were on biographical subjects who died before the end of 1995. articles on important figures who have died since 1995 are being added in quarterly updates, b - american periodicals series online american periodicals series online contains page images of more than 1, 100 historic american magazines, journals, and newspapers. these resources illuminate the development of american culture, politics, and society across some 150 years. articles can be searched by author, source, and words in the complete text. updated quarterly. - american poetry database contains the full text of over 40, 000 poems by more than 200 writers from the 17th century to the early 20th century. - american social movements ( sharpe reference online ) this full - text reference encyclopedia examines significant social movements in american history. search, browse or use the topic finder to locate entries. - ancestry library edition available on campus only genealogical database covering u. s., canada and the u. k. includes census records, vital records, immigration records, family histories, military records, court and legal documents, directories, photos and maps. - annual bibliography of english language and literature ( abell ) indexes monographs, journal articles, book reviews, and more on the language, literature, bibliography, and culture of english - speaking areas of the world. coverage includes materials published from the late 19th century to the present. - annual reviews contains critical reviews of significant primary literature in the areas of biology, biomedicine, chemistry, physics, sociology, and related disciplines. published yearly, this is the online, full - text version of the printed annual review of... series. ( 1998 - present ) - anthropology plus anthropology plus combines the anthropological literature ( from harvard university ) with the anthropological index ( from the royal anthropological institute ). gives extensive worldwide indexing of journal articles, reports, commentaries, edited works, and obituaries in the fields of social, cultural, physical, biological, and linguistic anthropology, ethnology, archaeology, folklore, material culture, and interdisciplinary studies. coverage is from the late 19th century to the present. - ap images contains approximately 500, 000 photos and selections of pictures from the ap image and print negative library. pictures cover local, state, national and international subjects. ( formerly accunet / ap multimedia archive. ) - art and architecture database contains approximately 3000 art and architectural images. collections include greek and roman sculpture and architecture, minoan art", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46831879693288747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.036887"} {"text": "library. pictures cover local, state, national and international subjects. ( formerly accunet / ap multimedia archive. ) - art and architecture database contains approximately 3000 art and architectural images. collections include greek and roman sculpture and architecture, minoan art, artists throughout history, and selected images from several art history textbooks. part of the digital media center ( ohiolink ). - art and architecture from the university of cincinnati including works by eisenman, fellheimer & wagner, latrobe, elizabeth nourse, and frank lloyd wright. - art full text [ 1984 - ] this offers full text plus abstracts and indexing of an international array of peer - selected publications, now with expanded coverage of latin american, canadian, asian and other non - western art, new artists, contemporary art, exhibition reviews, and feminist criticism. full text coverage for selected periodicals is also included. reproductions of works of art that appear in indexed periodicals is also included. also includes access to art index retrospective. - art index retrospective [ 1929 - 1984 ] art index retrospective provides searchable indexing of art journalism from international publications, reflecting coverage provided from 1929 through 1984. cites sources published in french, italian, german, spanish, and dutch, as well as english. in addition to periodicals, users will find data from select yearbooks and museum bulletins. - artbibliographies modern artbibliographies modern contains abstracts of journal articles, books, exhibition catalog and reviews and dissertations. its scope covers impressionism up to the late 20th century. emphasis is on adding new and lesser - known artists and coverage for foreign - language literature. about 13, 000 new entries are added each year. - artfl project consists of 2000 texts in the french language ranging from classic works of french literature to various kinds of non - fiction prose and technical writing. - articlefirst ( oclc ) contains citations to journal articles covering the humanities, popular culture, science, technology, business and the social sciences. updated daily. - arts and humanities citation index this \" web of science \" database covers the journal literature of the arts and humanities, indexing 1, 100 of the world ' s leading arts and humanities journals, and relevant items from over 6, 800 major science and social science journals. updated weekly. artstor is a digital library of nearly one million images in the areas of art, architecture, the humanities, and social sciences with a set of tools to view, present, and manage images for research and pedagogical purposes. images are available for use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4714375104283297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.039387"} {"text": "is a digital library of nearly one million images in the areas of art, architecture, the humanities, and social sciences with a set of tools to view, present, and manage images for research and pedagogical purposes. images are available for use in presentations for educational or other noncommercial uses. - atla ( ebsco access ) a premier index to journal articles, book reviews, and collections of essays in all scholarly fields of religion representing all the major religious faiths, major denominations, and numerous language groups. major areas of coverage include : archaeology & antiquities, bible, church history, human culture & society, missions & ecumenism, pastoral ministry, philosophy & ethics, religious studies, theology, and world religions. updated twice per year. - audit analytics audit analytics provides detailed research on over 20, 000 public companies and more than 1, 500 accounting firms in the us. ksu subscribes to two modules : audit & compliance and corporate & legal. audit & compliance covers current or past auditor firms, auditor changes, fees, opinions, sox 302 disclosure controls, sox 404 internal controls, legal cases, director and officer changes, company history, share price details, income statement and compliance difficulties. the corporate & legal module is an integrated collection of databases focused on actions, disclosures and correspondence by companies, advisors, regulators and investors. the module is composed of five data sets : sec comment letters, bankruptcies, litigation, shareholder activism and tax footnotes. - audit analytics - through wrds provides detailed research on over 20, 000 public companies and more than 1, 500 accounting firms in the us. kent state university subscribes to two audit analytics products : audit & compliance and corporate & legal. audit & compliance. additional information on the modules is available here : audit & compliance datasheet and corporate & legal datasheet. - avery index to architectural periodicals the avery index to architectural periodicals database offers a comprehensive listing of journal articles on architecture and design, including bibliographic descriptions. it contains over 600, 000 entries surveying over 2, 500 american and international journals, including many that are peer reviewed. publications from professional associations and regional periodicals are also included. - l ' annee philologique core database for scholarship in the study of greek and roman civilization. this includes literature ; linguistics ; political, economic, and social history ; attitudes and daily life ; religion ; cultural and artistic life ; law ; philosophy ; science and technology ; the history of classical studies and more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46400612994663926, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.040531"} {"text": "in memory of john hope franklin ( 1915 - 2009 ) and in honor of black history month, this exhibit touches on four periods crucial to understanding the history of african americans in the united states, exploring their dimensions - in a necessarily brief manner - through the words of john hope franklin and the many forms of historical documentation in the collections of the rare book, manuscript and special collections library. through these displays, we can reflect on our past and at the same time, as dr. franklin so strongly urged us, look to the present for the means to free ourselves from injustice, fear, and hatred. \" the writing of history reflects the interests, predilections, and even prejudices of a given generation. this means that at the present time there is an urgent need to re - examine our past in terms of our present outlook. \" ( john hope franklin, from african american biography, volume 2, 1994 ) exhibit curated by paula jeannet mangiafico and janie morris, with support from the john hope franklin research center for african and african american history and culture : http : / / library. duke. edu / specialcollections / franklin / some material on this page may be protected by copyrights not held by the duke university libraries, all other material is copyright 2009 by duke university libraries. for complete information about use and reproduction of duke materials, please read our use and reproduction policy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5083198888900169, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.042182"} {"text": "although perl remains a vibrant language with a fiercely loyal following, it has undergone many changes to keep up with new technologies and applications that were not anticipated when perl was first introduced in 1987. through its community - based development model, perl has kept up with changing times and remained fresh when other languages might have stagnated. internally, however, there have remained kinks and stumbling blocks that developers have needed to sidestep, long - abandoned features that have been maintained only for backwards compatibility, misdirected phrasings that have hindered more intuitive syntax structures, and a cacophony of modules that sometimes work well together, but occasionally don ' t. perl continues to have a strong following devoted to its development, but in the meantime, a group of core perl developers have begun working on perl 6, a complete rewrite of the perl language. while perl ' s creative philosophy and common - sense syntax are sure to remain in perl 6, everything else in the language is being re - examined and recreated. perl 6 essentials provides an overview of the current state of perl 6 for those who await its release. written by members of the perl 6 core development team, the book offers an explanation of the various stages of the project, with reference material for programmers who are interested in what changes are planned or who may want to contribute to the project. the book will satisfy their curiosity and show how changes in the language will make it more powerful and easier to use. perl 6 essentials is the first book that offers a peek into the next major version of the perl language. this book is essential reading for anyone interested in the future of perl.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.543528599482451, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.043892"} {"text": "by kevin simmons \u2013 the canopy stretches in all directions as far as the eye can see. a gentle breeze rustles the leaves to life in waves, and a shifting light peeks through to illuminate thousands of subtle shades within. the meditative swaying transfixes, one of those moments where time slows and the air is undeniably magically charged. this is what is it like 100 feet above the jungle floor at the top of the rainforest discovery center \u2019 s observation tower in soberania national park, just 30 minutes outside of panama city. this treetop world is usually reserved for biologists with scientific equipment and a considerable degree of courage. but, in january of 2008, the eugene eisenmann avifauna foundation introduced the rainforest discovery center and a unique ecotourism and educational experience. named to honor panamanian ornithologist eugene eisenmann, the avifauna foundation \u2019 s primary mission is to protect the birds of panama and their habitat with a commitment to conservation through sustainable tourism. situated on a 50 acres within the national park at the entrance to the pipeline road, the rainforest discovery center offers nature lovers an extensive network of guided trails, a lake for kayaking and canoeing and a visitor \u2019 s center with a small gift shop and cafeteria. additional educational exhibits are scheduled to open next year. conceptualized by patrick dillon, the lead panamanian architect for panama \u2019 s museum of biodiversity, the design plays with height and proportion to create a stunning example of expansiveness, ambition and restraint. the center is energy self - sufficient with solar panels and a rainwater collection system from the roof. much of the materials used to build the structures were recycled from old houses in the canal area. the tour begins at the visitor center, built in a small jungle clearing. out on the breezy balcony, the rapid - fire patter of wings is mesmerizing. hummingbirds of all shapes, size and color surround the half dozen feeders perched on the recovered - wood railings. sunlight glints off iridescent plumages of orange, violet, aquamarine, deep red and celadon shine. some of the beaks are perfectly arced while others angle sharply like carnival masks. others still are perfectly straight and seem to be three times as long as the birds \u2019 fragile bodies. there are 59 known species of hummingbird in panama, one of the knowledgeable guides says. just down a gravel pathway is the 100 - foot observation tower. a 174 - step staircase spirals up the iron", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.438102787433567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.048042"} {"text": "long as the birds \u2019 fragile bodies. there are 59 known species of hummingbird in panama, one of the knowledgeable guides says. just down a gravel pathway is the 100 - foot observation tower. a 174 - step staircase spirals up the iron structure into the forest, with resting and observation platforms every 25 feet, providing a rare view into the forest habitat. each altitudinal level is home to a distinct variety of plants and animals, many of which spend their entire life cycles without ever stepping outside their level. in some cases, a species \u2019 home may be as small as a pool of water gathered inside the leaves of a bromeliad. the variations in humidity, precipitation, and solar radiation at different heights create unique environmental conditions. at the topmost layer of the forest, plants and animals must be highly resistant to extreme variations in weather conditions, including cold nights, intense daytime heat, and violent rainstorms. at these altitudes, canopy - dwelling creatures such as toucans also often display brighter colors to arouse the attention of potential mates. through an alliance between the avifauna foundation and the university of panama, each level of the tower will soon have its own small meteorological station to measure and display these weather conditions. and, far above the tower are the data points to monitor and count the approximately 300, 000 birds of prey that fly over the tower every year. tagging select birds helps to assess the health of the forests, the stability of their migration patterns and the continuity of the population. other avifauna projects include an educational program designed for school children, ages 12 to 18, and working with the panamanian association for sustainable tourism on a certification program to train naturalist guides, the first of its kind in panama. the inaugural course will begin in may and will involve more than 400 hours of training. \u201c we are developing a complete curriculum, using teachers from the united states as well as panama, \u201d says beatriz schmitt, the executive director of the avifauna foundation. \u201c it will be very intensive, and provide certification and skills that will be recognized internationally. \u201d the organization is also consulting with private reserves, including one in coronado, to design and create trail systems and educational displays that will connect residents to their natural environment. at soberania, back on the jungle floor, the apricot light of late afternoon reflects off the lake \u2019 s glassy surface. far below the riotous abundance of life of the panamanian rainforest, stillness reigns supreme, broken only by the leaves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43808951823319897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.049028"} {"text": "add to phr a home blood pressure test allows you to keep track of your blood pressure at home. blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood inside an artery. a blood pressure measurement is taken by temporarily stopping the flow of blood in an artery ( usually by inflating a cuff around the upper arm ) and then listening for the sound of the blood beginning to flow through the artery again as air is released from the cuff. as blood flows through the artery, it can be heard through a stethoscope placed on the skin over the artery. blood pressure is recorded as two measurements. these two pressures are expressed in millimeters of mercury ( mm hg ) because the original devices that measured blood pressure used a column of mercury. blood pressure measurements are recorded as systolic / diastolic ( say \" systolic over diastolic \" ). for example, if your systolic pressure is 120 mm hg and your diastolic pressure is 80 mm hg, your blood pressure is recorded as 120 / 80 ( say \" 120 over 80 \" ). the general types of blood pressure monitors commonly available are manual and automatic. manual models are similar to those that your doctor might use to take your blood pressure. called a sphygmomanometer, these devices usually include an arm cuff, a squeeze bulb to inflate the cuff, a stethoscope or microphone, and a gauge to measure the blood pressure. blood pressure is displayed on a circular dial with a needle. as the pressure in the cuff rises, the needle moves clockwise on the dial. as the cuff pressure falls, the needle moves counterclockwise. electronic battery - operated monitors use a microphone to detect blood pulsing in the artery. you do not need to listen with a stethoscope. the cuff, which is attached to your wrist or upper arm, is connected to an electronic monitor that automatically inflates and deflates the cuff when you press the start button. the type of blood pressure monitor typically found in supermarkets, pharmacies, and shopping malls is an electronic device. ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ( abpm ) is another method that may be ordered by your doctor if other methods do not give consistent results. it is often used if there is a big difference between the blood pressure readings you get at home and your readings in your doctor ' s office. an ambulatory blood pressure monitor is a small device that is worn throughout the day, usually for 24 or 48 hours. the device takes your blood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5170073702345187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.061173"} {"text": "difference between the blood pressure readings you get at home and your readings in your doctor ' s office. an ambulatory blood pressure monitor is a small device that is worn throughout the day, usually for 24 or 48 hours. the device takes your blood pressure automatically. the device periodically inflates and takes blood pressure measurements, which are recorded for later printout and analysis. the devices are usually loaned by a clinic or hospital. if you are required to use an ambulatory blood pressure monitor, keep in mind that it is important for a health professional to properly size the cuff, which fits around your arm. fitting does not take long. health tools help you make wise health decisions or take action to improve your health. home blood pressure monitoring measures your blood pressure at different times and in different places ( such as at home and at work ) during the day. it may be done to : ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ( abpm ) is often used if there is a big difference between the blood pressure readings you get at home and your readings in your doctor ' s office. remember that blood pressure readings vary throughout the day. they usually are highest in the morning after you wake up and move around. they decrease throughout the day and are lowest in the evening. if you have an ambulatory blood pressure monitor, you do not need to do anything to prepare. the monitor will automatically take your blood pressure while you do your normal daily activities. when you buy a blood pressure monitor, be sure to buy the correct size. the size of the blood pressure cuff and where you place the cuff on your arm can change your blood pressure readings. if the cuff is too small or too large, the measurements will not be accurate. hospital and medical supply stores generally carry many cuff sizes and can help make sure that your cuff fits you. take your new monitor to your doctor ' s office to make sure it is working right. have your health professional take your blood pressure and then compare that result with your own device. ask your health professional to watch you use your monitor to make sure that you are using it correctly. it is a good idea to have your monitor checked every year. your blood pressure in your right arm may be higher or lower than the blood pressure in your left arm. for this reason, try to use the same arm for every reading. blood pressure readings also rise and fall at different times during the day. they are usually highest in the morning and lowest in the evening. ask your doctor if you should take your blood pressure at the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4577217847913439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.063155"} {"text": "try to use the same arm for every reading. blood pressure readings also rise and fall at different times during the day. they are usually highest in the morning and lowest in the evening. ask your doctor if you should take your blood pressure at the same time of day each time you take it, or if you should take your blood pressure at different times of the day. the instructions for using blood pressure monitors vary depending upon the type of blood pressure monitor you choose. here are some general guidelines : sit with your arm slightly bent and resting comfortably on a table so that your upper arm is on the same level as your heart. expose your upper arm by rolling up your sleeve but not so tightly as to constrict blood flow. if you are not able to roll up your sleeve, remove your arm from the sleeve or take off your shirt. wrap the blood pressure cuff snugly around your upper arm so that the lower edge of the cuff is about 1 in. ( 2. 5 cm ) above the bend of your elbow. a large artery ( called the brachial artery ) is located slightly above the inside of your elbow. you can check its location by feeling for a pulse in the artery with the fingers of your other hand. if you are using a stethoscope, place the earpieces in your ears and the bell of the stethoscope over the artery, just below the cuff. the stethoscope should not rub on the cuff or your clothing, since this may cause noises that can make your pulse hard to hear. if you are using a cuff with a built - in stethoscope bell, be sure the part of the cuff with the stethoscope is positioned just over the artery. the accuracy of a blood pressure recording depends on the correct positioning of the stethoscope over the artery. you may want to have another person who can use a stethoscope properly help you take your blood pressure. close the valve on the rubber inflating bulb. squeeze the bulb rapidly with your opposite hand to inflate the cuff until the dial or column of mercury reads about 30 mm hg higher than your usual systolic pressure. ( if you don ' t know your usual pressure, inflate the cuff to 210 mm hg or until the pulse at your wrist disappears. ) the pressure in the cuff will stop all blood flow within the artery temporarily. now open the pressure valve just slightly by twisting or pressing the valve on the bulb. the pressure should fall slowly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4585040395622252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.064746"} {"text": "mm hg or until the pulse at your wrist disappears. ) the pressure in the cuff will stop all blood flow within the artery temporarily. now open the pressure valve just slightly by twisting or pressing the valve on the bulb. the pressure should fall slowly at about 2 to 3 mm hg per second. some blood pressure devices have a valve that automatically controls this rate. as you watch the pressure slowly fall, note the level on the dial at which you first start to hear a pulsing or tapping sound through the stethoscope. the sound is caused by the blood starting to move through the closed artery. this is your systolic blood pressure. if you have trouble hearing the start of your pulse through the stethoscope, you can check your systolic blood pressure by noting the level on the dial when you are able to feel the pulse at your wrist once again. continue letting the air out slowly. the sounds will become muffled and will finally disappear. note the pressure when the sounds completely disappear. this is your diastolic blood pressure. finally, let out all the remaining air to relieve the pressure on your arm. be sure to write your numbers in your log book, along with the date and time. sit with your arm slightly bent and resting comfortably on a table so that your upper arm is on the same level as your heart. expose your upper arm by rolling up your sleeve but not so tightly as to constrict blood flow. if you are not able to roll up your sleeve, remove your arm from the sleeve or take off your shirt. wrap the blood pressure cuff snugly around your upper arm so that the lower edge of the cuff is about 1 in. ( 2. 5 cm ) above the bend of your elbow. for electronic models, press the on / off button on the electronic monitor and wait until the ready - to - measure \" heart \" symbol appears next to zero in the display window. then press the start button. the cuff will inflate automatically to approximately 180 mm hg ( unless the monitor determines that you require a higher value ). it then begins to deflate automatically, and the numbers on the screen will begin to drop. when the measurement is complete, the heart symbol stops flashing and your blood pressure and pulse readings are displayed alternately. at first it is a good idea to take your blood pressure 3 times in a row, 5 or 10 minutes apart. as you get more comfortable taking your own blood pressure, you will only need to measure it once or twice each time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48700923849327404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.065968"} {"text": "displayed alternately. at first it is a good idea to take your blood pressure 3 times in a row, 5 or 10 minutes apart. as you get more comfortable taking your own blood pressure, you will only need to measure it once or twice each time. check your blood pressure cuff frequently to see that the rubber tubing, bulb, valves, and cuff are in good condition. even a small hole or crack in the tubing can lead to inaccurate results. you may feel some discomfort when the blood pressure cuff inflates, squeezing your arm. there are no risks or complications from this test. 119 or below 79 or below 120 to 139 80 to 89 140 or above 90 or above blood pressure readings of less than 90 / 60 mm hg are normal as long as you feel well. in general, the lower your blood pressure, the better. but if you have low blood pressure and feel lightheaded, faint, or like you may vomit, talk to your doctor. reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include : blood pressure normally goes up and down from day to day and even from minute to minute, depending upon how active you are, whether you are standing up or sitting down, and what medicines you are taking. other things that can change blood pressure include being too hot or too cold, whether you have recently eaten, and whether you are relaxed or feeling stressed. home blood pressure monitoring works best when you also record your daily activities, such as the time you take medicine if you feel upset or stressed, in a diary. this can help explain changes in your blood pressure readings and help your doctor adjust your medicines. your blood pressure may only be high when you go to your doctor ' s office. this is called white - coat ( or office ) hypertension and may be caused by stress about seeing your doctor. when you regularly check your blood pressure at home, you may find that your blood pressure is lower when you are not at the doctor ' s office. visit the american heart association ( aha ) website for information on physical activity, diet, and various heart - related conditions. you can search for information on heart disease and stroke, share information with friends and family, and use tools to help you make heart - healthy goals and plans. contact the aha to find your nearest local or state aha group. the aha provides brochures and information about support groups and community programs, including mended hearts, a nationwide organization whose members visit people with heart problems and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46491615891319193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.067508"} {"text": "and plans. contact the aha to find your nearest local or state aha group. the aha provides brochures and information about support groups and community programs, including mended hearts, a nationwide organization whose members visit people with heart problems and provide information and support. the u. s. national heart, lung, and blood institute ( nhlbi ) information center offers information and publications about preventing and treating : citationsjoint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure ( 2003 ). seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure jnc express ( nih publication no. 03 \u2013 5233 ). bethesda, md : u. s. department of health and human services. other works consultedamerican heart association. ( 2005 ). recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals. part 1 : blood pressure measurement in humans. aha scientific statement. hypertension, 45 ( 1 ) : 142 \u2013 161. joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure ( 2003 ). seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure jnc express ( nih publication no. 03 \u2013 5233 ). bethesda, md : u. s. department of health and human services. pickering tg, et al. ( 2008 ). call to action on use and reimbursement for home blood pressure monitoring. a joint scientific statement from the american heart association, american society of hypertension, and preventive cardiovascular nurses association. hypertension, 52 ( 1 ) : 10 \u2013 29. last revised : april 5, 2011 author : healthwise staff medical review : e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine & robert a. kloner, md, phd - cardiology to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. print close directions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4867004428944042, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.069080"} {"text": "shinmoedake volcano : the shinmoedake cone on the kirishima mountain range erupted on sunday, the largest blast from the volcano in 52 years. when it comes to building a country, you ' d be hard - pressed to do it in a more volatile part of the world than japan. about 1, 500 earthquakes strike the island nation every year. minor tremors occur on a nearly daily basis. deadly quakes are a tragic part of the nation ' s past. the anniversary of the great kanto earthquake of 1923, for example, which killed more than 100, 000 people around tokyo, is now national disaster prevention day. more recently, a 6. 8 magnitude earthquake struck the city of kobe in 1995, killing more than 6, 000 people. japan has such a large potential for earthquakes \u2014 and disaster \u2014 because the nation sits atop four huge slabs of the earth ' s crust, called tectonic plates. these plates mash and grind together and trigger deadly earthquakes, like the 8. 9 - magnitude quake that struck on friday ( march 11 ). [ photos : japan earthquake and tsunami in pictures ] the tectonic activity has also created explosive volcanoes, like south japan ' s mount kirishima, which continued its recent eruptive streak today ( march 14 ). japan lies along the pacific ring of fire \u2014 a narrow zone around the pacific ocean where a large chunk of earth ' s earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. roughly 90 percent of all the world ' s earthquakes \u2014 and 80 percent of the largest ones \u2014 strike along the ring of fire. more than 150 aftershocks of magnitude 5 or greater have followed \u2014 including more than two dozen of magnitude 6 or greater. the number of aftershocks in japan is not uncommon for an earthquake of this size, said geologist eric geist, of the usgs, at a news conference last week, and the rumbling could last for a year or more. as a rule of thumb, an earthquake ' s largest aftershock is about one magnitude lower than the mainshock, said paul caruso, a geophysicist with the usgs. the largest aftershock from this earthquake has been a magnitude 7. 1. japan ' s tectonic shuffle earthquakes typically occur along faults, which are breaks in the rocky plates of the earth ' s crust. these faults accumulate strain over the years as two plates butt heads. japan ' s stretch of the ring of fire is where the north american, pacific, eurasian and philippine plates come together. northern japan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43310518050660923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.075312"} {"text": "in the rocky plates of the earth ' s crust. these faults accumulate strain over the years as two plates butt heads. japan ' s stretch of the ring of fire is where the north american, pacific, eurasian and philippine plates come together. northern japan is largely on top of the western tip of the north american plate. southern japan sits mostly above the eurasian plate. friday ' s temblor struck 231 miles ( 373 kilometers ) northeast of tokyo and 80 miles ( 130 km ) east of sendai, honshu, in the pacific ocean near the japan trench. the japan trench, a subduction zone, is where the pacific plate \u2014 beneath the pacific ocean \u2014 dives underneath north american plate \u2014 beneath japan. this violent movement, called thrust faulting, forced the north american plate upward in this latest quake. on average, the pacific plate is moving west at about 3. 5 inches ( 8. 9 centimeters ) per year, and the movement has produced major earthquakes in the past \u2014 nine earthquakes of magnitude 7 or greater since 1973. the largest of these was a magnitude 7. 8 earthquake in december 1994, which caused three fatalities and almost 700 injuries, approximately 160 miles ( 260 km ) to the north of friday ' s quake. in june of 1978, a magnitude 7. 7 earthquake about 22 miles ( 35 km ) to the southwest caused 22 fatalities and over 400 injuries. the rupture during friday ' s quake was almost 200 miles ( 322 km ) long, on an underwater fault that is about 220 miles ( 354 km ) long by about 60 miles ( 97 km ) wide, said tom broker, of the usgs. earthquakes along that fault can affect the rest of the world \u2014 literally. \" this is just a ginormous earthquake, \" broker said. \" it ' s really hard to grasp how big it is. \" for one, the intense temblor accelerated earth ' s spin, shortening the length of the 24 - hour day by 1. 8 microseconds, according to geophysicist richard gross at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena, calif. japan ' s earthquake research committee said the earthquake forced the north american plate eastward by about 66 feet ( 20 meters ), reported japan ' s national broadcast agency, nhk. the entire island of honshu was moved about 8 feet ( 2. 4 m ) east, according to usgs scientists. geologists in st. louis reported that their city moved up and down a fraction of an inch during the quake, but too slowly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4689669194065749, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.076380"} {"text": "entire island of honshu was moved about 8 feet ( 2. 4 m ) east, according to usgs scientists. geologists in st. louis reported that their city moved up and down a fraction of an inch during the quake, but too slowly for anyone to notice, reported the st. louis post - dispatch. friday ' s huge earthquake was about 15. 2 miles ( 24. 4 km ) deep, which was shallow enough to trigger a tsunami as the seafloor was pushed up and away from japan. as the energy from the quake rose, two waves were created. wave heights of more than 20 feet ( 6 m ) socked japan ' s coast, where the death toll is expected to exceed 10, 000, according to news reports. colliding tectonic plates not only trigger earthquakes \u2014 they also build volcanoes. about 10 percent of the world ' s active volcanoes are in japan, mostly where the pacific plate is diving below the philippine plate. about 950 miles ( 1, 500 km ) south of friday ' s earthquake, the shinmoedake cone on the kirishima mountain range erupted on sunday. the blast was the volcano ' s largest in 52 years, the bbc reported. the volcano had been active earlier in the year, and despite the renewed activity coinciding with last week ' s earthquake, any link between the two would be speculation at this time, reported the los angeles times. the pacific ring of fire is home to 452 volcanoes in total \u2014 that ' s 75 percent of the world ' s active and dormant volcanoes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41510848972144687, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.076979"} {"text": "| this document is available in : english castellano chinesegb deutsch francais nederlands turkce | by georges tarbouriech about the author : georges is a long time unix user. he loves gnustep and the tools this great framework provides. gorm and projectcenter, the gnustep rad tools rad stands for rapid application development. at the end of the 80 ' s, when nextstep was released, it came with an incredible tool, called interfacebuilder. used in conjunction with another tool, named projectbuilder, it allowed to build graphical applications in a flash. gnustep offers a free version of these tools, called gorm. app and projectcenter. app. from the computers prehistory, software development has been a great challenge. computers were quite big in size despite their very little power. they were quite expensive, not really numerous and developers were unable to use them as often as they wished since they had to share them with other people. then, researchers tried to find a way to make computers execute more than one task at a time to improve efficiency. obviously, they had to design and create programming languages from scratch, taking into account the poor resources of the available machines. thus, during the 60 ' s various new programming languages appeared : lisp, fortran, basic, algol68, bcpl, etc. next came the b language derived from the above mentioned bcpl, which soon became the c language. this last changed the world of programming. the object oriented ( smalltalk, objective c, c + +, etc ) languages appeared later, with the \" graphical era \". in the 80 ' s some machines were providing graphical oses ( apple macintosh, commodore amiga, atari st, etc ) and the x window system was in the works. at the same time, a company was working on a gui for ibm os2, called presentation manager. before finishing that job, this company released its \" own \" gui for its dos, called... windos. the first two versions were hardly usable, but... the third one started it all. the mvai ( microsoft very artificial intelligence ) was born! that is, every user became a computer scientist. since then we have seen \" great \" applications written using excel or word and visual basic : - ( never mind! fortunately, long before we reached the above situation, nextstep was born and with it, came interface buider. this tool allowed you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5053466041640341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.089389"} {"text": "then we have seen \" great \" applications written using excel or word and visual basic : - ( never mind! fortunately, long before we reached the above situation, nextstep was born and with it, came interface buider. this tool allowed you to create a gui for your application in a very short lapse of time and with great ease. from there, this kind of tools has been spreading. among others, let us mention omnis, 4d, delphi, kylix, etc. a few of them are multiplatform while the vast majority is dedicated to windos. let us also mention that there are free toolkits using such a philosophy, gtk ( gimp tool kit ) for instance. proprietary unixes also provide these sort of tools. the most important feature of these tools is that you do not have to write the code for the 200 windows of your application, but only the one to manage the data. whether you like this sort of tools or not is not the point. the development time is short : it is a fact ( hence the name, \" rapid application development \" ). gnustep provides us with free rad tools. they are called gorm and projectcenter. of course, these tools are very \" young \" but they do work. let us have a look at them. to be able to use both gorm and projectcenter, you need to install gnustep. how to do this is beyond the scope of this article. you will find everything you need at the gnustep website. this includes source code, howtos, tutorials, etc. you can also have a look at these articles : gnustep, the open source openstep and gnumail. app, the portability evidence. the tests for the present article have been done under freebsd 4. 7 with window maker 0. 80. 1, using gnustep - make - 1. 5. 0, gnustep - base - 1. 5. 0, gnustep - gui - 0. 8. 2 and gnustep - back - 0. 8. 2. these last are the latest gnustep unstable versions. you can also use the stable versions if you wish. last but not least, we used the gcc 3. 0. 4 compiler. gorm stands for graphic object relationship modeler ( or perhaps gnustep object relationship modeler, as said in the readme file ). it is a clone of the above mentioned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49119297597214173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.090529"} {"text": ", we used the gcc 3. 0. 4 compiler. gorm stands for graphic object relationship modeler ( or perhaps gnustep object relationship modeler, as said in the readme file ). it is a clone of the above mentioned nextstep interface builder ( or today ' s macos x ). gorm is the work of richard frith - macdonald who started the project. today gregory casamento is the current maintainer and he does most of the work with pierre - yves rivaille. the present version is 0. 1. 9. newer cvs snapshots are available from http : / / savannah. gnu. org / projects / gnustep. you can download the latest stable version from the gnustep website. the philosophy behind gorm ( and interface builder ) is to provide the user with objects found in palettes and drag these objects to empty windows to design the graphical components of your application. the objects can be buttons, fields, checkboxes, panels, etc. that is, everything you can add to a window to make it user - friendly. next, you can modify them using inspectors. from the inspectors, you can change the attributes, define connections, size, help and manipulate classes for the selected objects. after creating a class, you can add outlets and actions to the objects. next you instantiate the class, what creates a new object ( the instance ) in the gorm main window, and you connect the outlets and the actions to the corresponding components. you do this just by dragging the mouse from the instance to the selected object to connect outlets and from the object to the instance to connect actions. last, you create the skeleton of the class source files, and you ' re done. more on this later. projectcenter, as the name says, is the \" heart \" of a project. it is a clone of project builder found under nextstep and mac os x. projectcenter is the work of philippe c. d. robert and the present version is 0. 3. 0. like gorm, you can download it from gnustep website going to the developer apps section. of course you can get the latest cvs snapshot : we use it for this article and it is version 0. 3. 1. from projectcenter you can create a project, its interface ( using gorm ), write its source code ; you can build this project and run it ( debugging is not yet available ). in short, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49195142005795334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.091564"} {"text": ". 3. 1. from projectcenter you can create a project, its interface ( using gorm ), write its source code ; you can build this project and run it ( debugging is not yet available ). in short, you can manage all the resources required by the project : source code, documentation, libraries, subprojects, interfaces, etc. when you create a new project, you can choose its type. you can select between application, bundle, tool, library and gorm application. among other things, projectcenter provides you with an editor in which you will be able to complete the gorm skeleton code. how do gorm and projectcenter work together? very well, thank you! more seriously, we will use two examples to illustrate it. this article is not a tutorial. the idea is to show the ease of use of these tools while insisting on the fact that you will be able to use the same code for both gnustep ( that is, a lot of unix platforms... and, if you like \" struggling \", under windos too ) and macos x. the only thing you will have to do is to design the interface on every platform, since the nib ( interfacebuilder or gorm ) files are not portable ( at least for now ). the above mentioned gnumail. app article showed the portability from a user ' s point of view. this one will focus on the developer ' s point of view, still with portability in mind. that is, in gnumail. app we used the work of ludovic and friends and here we do create a gui application for both gnustep and macos x. many tutorials are available, either for macos x or gnustep. you can reach most of the gnustep ' s ones from the gnustep website or from http : / / www. gnustep. net, but let us mention a few of them. - an application using gorm and projectcenter by pierre - yves rivaille. - the nicola pero ' s tutorial page - an older tutorial on how to create a htmleditor : http : / / stepwise. com / articles / technical / htmleditor / to learn more, you can also check the source code, the nib files, etc, of the existing gnustep applications ( gorm, projectcenter, gnumail, gworkspace, etc ) and of course,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4516297140722665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.092443"} {"text": "the textview is selected ), choose size and change the values to make them match the editor window size values. these last are obtained in the same way, that is, selecting the window and checking the size in gormnswindow inspector. if you do not change the x and y values, for instance, you will not be able to use the full width of the editor, whether you resize the window or not. save all in the gorm document menu and quit to go back to projectcenter. select the build icon and click in the new build icon in the second horizontal half of the window. everything should go well if you defined the right preferences for your compiler, debugger, etc. for example, using freebsd, you must change make to gmake ( including the path ) clicking in the settings icon of projectcenter. check also the paths from the preferences menu in projectcenter. if the built succeeded ( it should have! ), just do the same with run and you will see the editor application. just play with it, writing, cutting, pasting, etc. obviously, you can restart it later using the openapp command. how long did it take? well, i should say a few minutes. nothing much to say since you will have to do the same as above. here is what it looks like while designing the gui : now we choose another example from mike beam. this time is a full working application, able to manage data : an address book. mike ' s tutorial about the address book ( like every other ) is recommended reading to understand how the \" thing \" works. also check the tutorial list since mike provides different steps of the developing process for one and the same application allowing to improve it. again we create and run the application on both gnustep and macos x. like you did for the editor example, start projectcenter. app. select a gorm application and call it addressbook. from projectcenter launch gorm by double - clicking in interfaces - > addressbook. gorm. drag a tableview from the palette to the default window. in other words, follow mike ' s tutorial like you would under macos x. you will have to adapt a few things since they work differently in gorm and in interfacebuilder. for example, the number of columns in the tableview cannot be defined from the attributes inspector in gorm. to keep things simple, just copy a column and paste it next to it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4146227022849673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.094383"} {"text": "they work differently in gorm and in interfacebuilder. for example, the number of columns in the tableview cannot be defined from the attributes inspector in gorm. to keep things simple, just copy a column and paste it next to it to get the required number ( 4 in our case ). you should end with something like this : mike beam did the whole job : what else could i add? obviously, gnustep development tools cannot be as ahead as apple ' s. apple and next represent a 15 years old experience with hundreds of developers. gnustep is the work ( for free ) of a few individuals having to do something else for a living. accordingly, do not be surprised to find, for instance, much more available classes in interfacebuilder than in gorm. remember, gorm is at version 0. 1. 9 ( or 0. 2. 0 ). furthermore, we did the tests the \" hard \" way. that is, we \" ported \" from os x to gnustep. the other way round would have been easier because of the above mentioned differences between the tools. for example, porting applications developed under macos x 10. 2 would be much more difficult since the new apple development tools have much improved. as already said, there are many new available classes or more elaborated ones. however, the tools rely on the same philosophy whether they work under gnustep or macos x... and gnustep improves every day. one thing looks very nice to me : gnustep people really work together. they do help each other when individual projects are concerned and they also contribute in improving gnustep core. this is the free software way of working i like. congratulations for such a behavior mr. fedor and friends. the goal of this article was to show the power of the gnustep \" rad \" tools, gorm. app and projectcenter. app. despite their \" youth \" they can help you develop nice applications in a very easy way. futhermore, these tools provide a very pleasant way of working while being very efficient. objective c is a very compact language and, in my opinion, much easier to learn than c + + for someone with c knowledge ( i know, i already said so! ). this allows to design nice looking applications ( well, it is a matter of taste, but i do love this look and feel ) while keeping them rather small in size. i must admit that i never recovered from the shock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46381158285093826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.095290"} {"text": "already said so! ). this allows to design nice looking applications ( well, it is a matter of taste, but i do love this look and feel ) while keeping them rather small in size. i must admit that i never recovered from the shock i received when i first met the next machine. the fact apple released a modern version of nextstep delights me. this is also why i am very fond of projects such as gnustep or window maker. however, if i love free software i am not a \" fundamentalist \" and accordingly, i am not against proprietary software ( well, maybe a bit against a specific editor... but, just a bit! ). gnustep can benefit from apple... but apple can benefit from gnustep too. gnustep is not an apple competitor, it is free software. as far as i know, free software is widely used in os x. this to say that bringing even more free software to apple cannot be a bad thing. what ludovic and friends did with gnumail. app is a very good example of what could happen. \" i had a dream \"... apple was providing most of its development tools source code to gnustep. gnustep and apple developers were working together to bring great applications to unix users. and slowly, people were realizing they could live without windos... unfortunately, it was a dream ; - ) anyway, if you do not know gnustep and its applications, feel free to give them a try. remember, gnustep is a framework and tools such as gorm and projectcenter provide you with everything to create, to invent. in other words, with a bit of imagination, you can develop \" products \" much different from what we can see nowadays : windos applications clones! we are living in a great time! to the gnustep people : a. fedor, n. pero, g. casamento, p. y. rivaille, n. roard, l. marcotte, r. frith - macdonald, p. c. d. robert, e. sersale, a. froloff, f. kiefer, m. viviani, m. guesdon and all those i forgot for the very great job either for the framework or for the applications. to window maker people : a. kojima, d. pascu and friends for bringing us a free nextstep interface for x. to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4934735641565659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.096295"} {"text": "a titanic mistake? new research sinks the \u201c women and children first \u201d myth. the titanic sank 100 years ago today, and men \u2019 s rights activists are still pissed off about it. they \u2019 re not really pissed off that it sank. they \u2019 re pissed off that the men on board were more likely to go down with the ship than the women. you know, that whole \u201c women and children first \u201d thing. some mras were so pissed off about this that they were planning to march on washington on this very day in an attempt, as they put it, to \u201c sink misandry. \u201d you don \u2019 t know how much i would have loved to see this, a dozen angry dudes marching in circles on the national mall carrying signs protesting the sinking of the titanic and demanding that in all future sinkings of the titanic that women and men be equally likely to drown in the cold waters of the north atlantic. for that would be justice at last! but, alas, due to unspecified logistical problems this march was cancelled some months back, and so misandry remains unsunk. or does it? for you see, it turns out that the whole \u201c women and children first \u201d thing was not really a thing. oh, on the titanic it was. but women unfortunate enough to be passengers on sinking ships that weren \u2019 t the titanic ( or the hms birkenhead, which sunk off the coast of south africa in 1852 ) weren \u2019 t able to push ahead to the front of the line. that, at least, is the conclusion of a new swedish study ( link is to a pdf of it ). the chivalrous code \u201c women and children first \u201d appears to have sunk with the titanic 100 years ago. long believed to be the golden standard of conduct in a shipwreck, the noble edict is in fact \u201c a myth that has been nourished by the titanic disaster, \u201d economist mikael elinder of uppsala university, sweden, told discovery news. elinder and colleague oscar erixson analyzed a database of 18 peace - time shipwrecks over the period 1852 \u2013 2011 in a new study into survival advantages at sea disasters. looking at the fate of over 15, 000 people of more than 30 nationalities, the researchers found that more women and children die than men in maritime disasters, while captains and crew have a greater chance of survival than any passengers. being a woman was an advantage on only two ships : on the birkenhead in 1852 and on the titanic in 1912. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41420317747718804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.101005"} {"text": "and children die than men in maritime disasters, while captains and crew have a greater chance of survival than any passengers. being a woman was an advantage on only two ships : on the birkenhead in 1852 and on the titanic in 1912. the notion of \u201c women and children first \u201d may have captured the popular imagination, but it \u2019 s never been an official policy for ship evacuations. it wouldn \u2019 t be fair, nor would it be an efficient way to get as many people as possible to safety. nor was \u201c women and children \u201d strictly enforced even on the titanic. true, my great - grandfather, the mystery writer jacques futrelle, was one of those who went down with the ship, while his wife and my great - grandmother, writer lily may futrelle made it off safely ( in the last lifeboat ). but there were many men who survived, and many women who died. if you want to get mad about the sinking of the titanic all those years ago, get mad at the white star line for not bothering to equip the ship with lifeboats enough for everyone on it. blame the captain, for ordering the ship to continue plowing ahead on a dark, foggy night into an area of the atlantic where numerous icebergs had just been sighted by a number of other ships. blame the crew for botching the evacuation \u2013 for the strange lack of urgency after the ship hit the iceberg, for the lifeboats leaving the sinking ship with half as many passengers as they could fit. much like the iceberg that sank the titanic, elinder and erixson \u2019 s research has poked a giant hole in the \u201c women and children first \u201d myth. of course, mras aren \u2019 t interested in historical accuracy. they \u2019 re looking for excuses to demonize women and feminists. so i imagine we \u2019 ll be hearing about the titanic from them for years to come. here \u2019 s another tragic sinking, of yet another ship without a sufficient number of lifeboats : edit : i added a couple of relevant links and fixed a somewhat egregious typo.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4032998682730543, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.102093"} {"text": "research is clear that there is an inextricable link between students ' emotional and mental health and their ability to learn. a student is not able to benefit from the educational program if the student is suicidal or if the student is preoccupied by concerns about someone who may be thinking about suicide. few events have greater impact than suicide upon students, parents, and staff. the student services and alternative programs branch staff is committed to providing technical assistance about effective youth suicide prevention, intervention, and postvention ( i. e., support and assistance for those affected by a completed suicide. ) suicide continues to be a leading cause of death in the united states and in maryland. according to the federal centers for disease control and prevention, suicide continues to be the third leading cause of death for youth in the united states and in maryland. during 2004, maryland lost 86 youth due to suicide. the results of the 2005 maryland youth risk behavior survey ( yrbs ) indicate that more than one in ten maryland high school students reported making a plan to commit suicide in the past twelve moths. the data demonstrate the importance of the statewide youth suicide prevention school program established in the annotated code of maryland \u00a7 7 - 503. the maryland program establishes a shared responsibility between educational programs at the state and local levels and community suicide prevention and crisis center agencies. the statewide program includes : - classroom instruction about warning signs of suicide and suicide prevention strategies - maryland youth crisis hotline at 1 - 800 - 422 - 0009 and local suicide and crisis hotlines - suicide intervention and postvention - data collection - teacher training", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5102751904734403, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.104530"} {"text": "i have to determine all values of h for which a is invertible and i really don ' t know what should be my first step ( if anyone could guide me through this that would be awesome. here ' s the matrix : 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2h + 1 0 1 1 h you mean then that the matrix is i see two ways to do that. one is to use the fact that a matrix is invertible if and only if its determinant is non - zero. the other is to row - reduce this to triangular form and use the fact that a matrix is invertible if and only if, reduced to triangular form, it has no zeros on its main diagonal. since a simple way of determining the determinant of a matrix is to reduce to triangular form, those are essentially the same. that will give you now you also need to note that 1 ) if you \" add a multiple of one row to another \" the determinant of a matrix 2 ) if you \" multiply one row by a number \", the determinant of a matrix is multiplied by that number. 3 ) if you \" swap two rows \", the determinant of a matrix is multiplied by - 1. since you have not \" multiplied one row by a number \", the determinant of your original matrix must be the determinant of this matrix : that is,. the determinant of your original matrix is non - zero if and only if h is non - zero.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5068466381727984, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.109667"} {"text": "a bag contains n discs, made up of red and blue colours. two discs are removed from the bag. if the probability of selecting two discs of the same colour is 1 / 2, what can you say about the number of discs in the bag? let there be r red discs, so p ( rb ) = r / n ( nr ) / ( n1 ), similarly, p ( br ) = ( nr ) / n r / ( n1 ). therefore, p ( different ) = 2r ( nr ) / ( n ( n1 ) ) = 1 / 2. giving the quadratic, 4r2 4nr + n2 n = 0. solving, r = ( nn ) / 2. if n is an odd square, n will be odd, and similarly, when n is an even square, n will be even. hence their sum / difference will be even, and divisible by 2. in other words, n being a perfect square is both a sufficient and necessary condition for r to be integer and the probability of the discs being the same colour to be 1 / 2. prove that n ( n + 1 ) / 2 ( a triangle number ), must be square, for the probability of the discs being the same colour to be 3 / 4, and find the smallest n for which this is true. what does this tell us about n and n ( n + 1 ) / 2 both being square? can you prove this result directly?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5565576381291211, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.111101"} {"text": "human reproduction is a complex and remarkable process. women \u2019 s and men \u2019 s reproductive systems compliment one another, and each is essential for reproduction. there are two types of sex cells involved in human reproduction : the male \u2019 s sperm and the female \u2019 s egg. an egg that has been fertilized by a sperm cell grows and divides in a woman \u2019 s uterus ( womb ) throughout pregnancy until childbirth. the resulting child \u2019 s genetic makeup comes from the sperm and egg cells produced by the father and mother. the female reproductive system the female reproductive system includes the : - vagina \u2014 a muscular passage that connects the cervix with the external genitals - cervix \u2014 the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina - uterus \u2014 a hollow, muscular structure in which the fertilized egg implants and fetus grows during pregnancy - ovaries \u2014 two glands that produce eggs, as well as the female hormones estrogen and progesterone - fallopian tubes \u2014 two tubes that connect the ovaries with the uterus during a woman \u2019 s menstrual cycle, which usually lasts about 28 days, her body prepares for the possibility of a pregnancy. in the first half of the menstrual cycle, estrogen levels rise to thicken the lining of the uterus. at the same time, an egg begins to mature in one of the ovaries. around the midpoint of the menstrual cycle ( for example, day 14 of a 28 - day cycle ), a surge of luteinizing hormone ( lh ), which is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain, causes the mature egg to leave the ovary, a process called ovulation. in the second half of the menstrual cycle, fingerlike projections located at the opening of the fallopian tubes sweep the released egg into the tube toward the uterus. at the same time, rising levels of progesterone help prepare the lining of the uterus for pregnancy. if sperm cells are present at this time, the egg may become fertilized. if no sperm cells are present, the egg either dissolves or is absorbed into the body, no pregnancy occurs, hormone levels drop, and the thickened lining of the uterus is shed during the menstrual period. if fertilization does occur, the fertilized egg grows and divides until it becomes a blastocyst, which is a hollow ball of cells", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5165166636415759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.114795"} {"text": ", and the thickened lining of the uterus is shed during the menstrual period. if fertilization does occur, the fertilized egg grows and divides until it becomes a blastocyst, which is a hollow ball of cells. the blastocyst moves to the uterus, where it attaches itself to the lining, in a process called implantation. the blastocyst is nourished, and continues to grow and divide until it becomes an embryo, which eventually becomes a fetus. pregnancy lasts for an average of 280 days, or about nine months, until the baby is ready for birth and moves from the uterus through the cervix and out of the vagina. the male reproductive system the male reproductive system includes the : - testicles, or testes \u2014 two oval - shaped organs that produce and store millions of tiny sperm cells, as well as male hormones, including testosterone - epididymis \u2014 two coiled tubes that connect each testicle to the vas deferens - scrotum \u2014 a pouch of skin that hangs outside the pelvis to hold and regulate the temperature of the testes - vas deferens \u2014 a muscular tube that transports sperm from the testes to the ejaculatory ducts - seminal gland and prostate gland \u2014 glands that produce seminal fluid - urethra \u2014 the tube that passes urine and semen out of the body - penis \u2014 the organ in which muscular contractions force sperm - containing semen out of the urethra when a male is stimulated, sperm cells move out of the testes, through the epididymis, and into the vas deferens. they are mixed with the whitish seminal fluid produced by the seminal and prostate glands to form semen. the penis then fills with blood and becomes erect, and muscles contract, forcing semen through the urethra and out of the male \u2019 s body, a process called ejaculation. each ejaculation can contain up to 500 million sperm. when ejaculation occurs during intercourse, semen is deposited into the female \u2019 s vagina. sperm cells \u201c swim \u201d from the vagina through the cervix and uterus, toward the fallopian tubes. if a mature egg is present in one of the fallopian tubes, a sperm may penetrate and fertilize it. - reviewer : andrea chisholm, md - review date : 11 / 2012 - - update date : 11 / 26 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.472229261449061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.115757"} {"text": "when you are pregnant, it is important to eat a well - balanced, healthful diet. this includes getting the right amount of calories and key nutrients to support both you and your baby. since the amount of calories you need will vary depending on age, weight, and physical activity among other things, talk with your doctor about a calorie plan that is right for you. along with talking about the amount of calories and types of foods you need to consume to achieve a well - balanced, healthy diet during pregnancy, your doctor may also discuss the kinds of nutrients you will need. there are some key nutrients, like folic acid and iron, which deserve extra attention during pregnancy. many women may also benefit from a vitamin supplement. women who are pregnant or may become pregnant should consume 600 micrograms of folic acid ( ie, folate ) every day. this mineral is most important during the first several weeks of pregnancy \u2014 often before a woman even knows she is pregnant. getting enough folic acid can help prevent neural tube defects, such as spina bifida. taking this vitamin may also help prevent birth defects like cleft lip and congenital heart disease you can meet this requirement by eating a variety of foods rich in folic acid. for extra insurance, you may also want to take a folic acid supplement before you become pregnant and through your first trimester. ( if you are taking a prenatal vitamin that contains folate, you do not need a separate folic acid supplement. ) foods rich in folic acid include : - fortified breakfast cereal - whole - wheat breads - orange juice and citrus fruits - green leafy vegetables ( eg, spinach, broccoli, and romaine lettuce ) iron is a mineral that helps red blood cells transport oxygen around the body. the recommended amount of iron for pregnant women is 27 milligrams ( mg ). not getting enough of this mineral can lead to iron - deficiency anemia and pregnancy complications. good sources of iron include : - lean red meat - dried fruits - fortified breakfast cereals eating vitamin c - rich foods along with iron - containing foods can help with iron absorption. on the other hand, drinking tea or coffee at the same time can inhibit iron absorption. because it can be difficult to get all the iron you need from food alone, it is often recommended that all pregnant women take a prenatal vitamin that contains the necessary iron amount. talk to your physician about iron supplementation. good sources of calcium include : -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44236339963938964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.120703"} {"text": "be difficult to get all the iron you need from food alone, it is often recommended that all pregnant women take a prenatal vitamin that contains the necessary iron amount. talk to your physician about iron supplementation. good sources of calcium include : - low - fat or nonfat dairy products ( eg, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese ) - fish canned with bones - green leafy vegetables - fortified soy milk or rice milk - fortified orange juice - other calcium - fortified foods if you do not eat dairy products or enough foods fortified with calcium, talk to your physician about calcium and vitamin d supplementation. ( vitamin d is necessary for the body to absorb and use the calcium. ) during pregnancy the body becomes extra efficient at absorbing the nutrients in food. if you are eating a variety of healthful foods every day, you may not need a supplement. but many women may benefit from taking a prenatal multivitamin. some may need only an iron or folic acid supplement. talk to your doctor about your eating and lifestyle habits to determine if you should take a vitamin supplement. no safe amount of alcohol has been shown in pregnancy. therefore, it is recommended that you abstain from drinking until after your pregnancy. most experts agree that having one or two cups of coffee or tea per day is fine during pregnancy. however some research has linked high intakes of caffeine ( more than 300 mg per day ) with greater difficulty to conceive and a higher rate of miscarriages. one cup of brewed coffee contains about 135 mg of caffeine, one shot of espresso contains about 35 mg, one brewed tea bag contains about 50 mg, and a 16 - ounce serving of cola has about 50 mg. talk to your doctor about how much caffeine you drink. seafood is an excellent source of omega - 3 fatty acids, which are essential for the proper brain development of the fetus. therefore, it is recommended that pregnant women include seafood, particularly fatty fish such as salmon, as a regular part of their diet. however, some seafood contains high amounts of mercury, a contaminant that can be harmful to the developing baby. fish that should be avoided due to their high mercury content include : tilefish, king mackerel, swordfish, albacore tuna, and shark. good choices include salmon, sardines, catfish, canned light tuna, and shrimp. these are both high in omega - 3 fatty acids and low in mercury. to avoid the risk of foodborne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4303151817172326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.121847"} {"text": "swordfish, albacore tuna, and shark. good choices include salmon, sardines, catfish, canned light tuna, and shrimp. these are both high in omega - 3 fatty acids and low in mercury. to avoid the risk of foodborne illness, which could harm you and your developing baby, it is important to pay close attention to food safety during pregnancy. here are some general guidelines : - wash your hands before eating or preparing food. - when preparing food, avoid cross - contamination of raw meats or poultry with other foods. - cook meat to recommended temperatures. - thoroughly reheat leftovers. - avoid luncheon meats and hot dogs unless reheated until steaming. - drink only pasteurized juice and milk. - avoid raw or soft cheeses. most artificial sweeteners are considered safe for use in moderation during pregnancy, including : acesulfame k ( sunett ), aspartame ( nutrasweet or equal ), and sucralose ( splenda ). but more research is needed on saccharin ( sweet \u2019 n low ) and stevia, these should, therefore, be avoided by pregnant women. staying well - hydrated is important for the health of you and your baby, so try to drink at least 6 - 8 glasses of water a day. other beverages, such as juice and soda, also contribute to hydration, but tend to be high in calories and low in nutritional value. - reviewer : dianne scheinberg rishikof ms, rd, ldn - review date : 03 / 2013 - - update date : 00 / 31 / 2013 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.408453241078164, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.124036"} {"text": "dnr to study declining moose populationby curtis gilbert, minnesota public radio st. paul, minn. \u2014 the minnesota department of natural resources is embarking on what it calls the largest study of moose deaths ever conducted. the study will help determine why minnesota ' s moose population has declined almost 50 percent in the last six years. this month the dnr will attach tracking collars and implant devices in the digestive tracts of 100 moose. both the collars and devices will alert researchers when a moose has died. scientists also plan to use gps to track moose in the northeastern part of the state. wildlife veterinarian erika butler said the goal is to autopsy each moose as quickly as possible. \" we ' re going to be doing everything we can to remove the carcass intact, \" butler said. \" and if that ' s not possible, we ' ll be doing extremely thorough field necropsies. \" butler said the dnr wants to know why moose populations are declining. \" one thing that ' s been very clear for me working for the state of minnesota is how much the state values moose as a species overall, \" she said. \" you know all you really have to do is go up to duluth or ely or grand marais, and you know walk around in the bars and the shops and see all the moose paraphernalia everywhere. we know it ' s an iconic species for minnesota, and we definitely have a connection with it. \" butler said the $ 1. 2 million study should yield results in about two years. about half of the funding comes from state lottery proceeds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4349244685379287, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.125823"} {"text": "rotary engines based on the wankel principle were developed with two fundamentally different approaches to cooling the rotor. mazda, audi, suzuki, ingersoll - rand and others used the oil - cooled rotor. it is an expensive, heavier and more complicated design, which achieved specific fuel consumption in the range of. 55 to. 6 lbs / hp hr. this is about 15 % to 20 % poorer than a typical four - stroke piston engine. the other approach taken by outboard marine corporation ( omc ), fichtel sachs and norton was to use the incoming air - fuel mixture ( \u201c charge \u201d ) to cool the rotor. this design was much lighter, less expensive and through the use of roller bearings and very low rotor cooling losses achieved a specific fuel consumption between. 45 and. 5 lb / hp hr, which was close to the 4 - stroke piston engine. historically all of the charge - cooled rotary engines that were developed used an arrangement where the fuel - air mixture passed through the rotor from one side to the other. this design cooled the rotor unevenly, which lowered engine rotor bearing life and increased friction between the rotor and the end housing. in 1985 moller international acquired the major rotary engine assets of omc. omc \u2019 s main product was the johnson and evinrude outboard engine and they were the world leader noted for their product \u2019 s reliability. omc reportedly spent over $ 200 million between 1970 and 1985 developing a number of different rotary engine models including a 530cc displacement model that went into volume production and used in a snowmobile as a test product. emissions requirements were one of the key motivators for this program. omc believed that they would not be able to meet the proposed emissions standards proposed for the late 1980 \u2019 s with their two - stroke engines and therefore chose to develop a lightweight low emission 4 - stroke rotary engine. fortunately for our company the proposed emission standards were not enacted as originally planned and omc stayed with their two - strokes, allowing moller international to purchase their rotary engine technology. since acquiring the omc charge - cooled rotary design, moller international has spent ~ $ 35 million on further development, testing and product integration efforts related to its rotary engine, preparing it for use in its aeronautical products as well as for use in a wide range of other suitable applications. freedom rotapower engine \u2022 high power to weight ratio - more than 2 hp per pound of installed weight in high - performance versions - compares with. 6 hp / lb. to 1 hp / lb. for 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5224676075607856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.130383"} {"text": "wide range of other suitable applications. freedom rotapower engine \u2022 high power to weight ratio - more than 2 hp per pound of installed weight in high - performance versions - compares with. 6 hp / lb. to 1 hp / lb. for 2 - strokes and. 3 hp / lb. to. 65 hp / lb. for 4 - stroke pistons. \u2022 high power to volume ratio - ( power output / volume ) > 100 hp per cubic foot of installed volume - compares with 36 hp / ft\u00b3 to 50 hp / ft\u00b3 for 2 - strokes and 10 hp / ft\u00b3 to 20 hp / ft\u00b3 for 4 - stroke piston engines. \u2022 few moving parts - moving parts - only 2 for single rotor engine. - compares to 7 parts for 2 - stroke and 25 parts for 4 - stroke piston with same nstantaneous output torque. \u2022 solid fuel economy - specific fuel consumption <. 45 lb. / hp - hr ~ ( stratified charge ). expect <. 4 lb. / hp - hr when both stratified charged and turbo - charged - compares to. 65 lb. / hp - hr for 2 - strokes and ~. 4 lb / hp - hr for the best 4 - stroke piston. \u2022 proven multi - fuel performer - demonstrated on gasoline, natural gas, alcohol and propane - spark - ignited diesel, kerosine and jet fuel \u2022 very low emissions levels - see emissions performance \u2022 enhanced energy at exhaust - exhaust temperatures > 1500 \u00b0f - acts like a naturally occuring thermal reactor - ideal for turbocharge / co - generation applications \u2022 low vibration levels - hard mounted engine can be used as part of the structure \u2022 modular design - stacking of rotors easily extends range of available power", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5307011651533324, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.131073"} {"text": "hilbert ' s building blocks investigating space curves to construct 3 - d forms i have been interested in the area of computer generated forms, mostly from the architectural viewpoint, for a long time. most recently i have been investigating fractals as a way of generating 3 - d forms. not having a lot of luck in getting results that could suggest reasonable 3 - d forms, i moved back to some earlier work i did in 2 - d with hilbert curves, spirolaterals, space filling curves, and recursive designs. the image above on the left is the space filling curve designed by the german mathematician david hilbert. the adjacent image shows the three line segment \" generator \" for the hilbert curve. the generator is connected to another generator by a connecting line segment. by definition, this type of curve will always remain in a two dimensional plane. if you break the generator into forward moves and turns, and then modify the angle of the turn, the lines segments will cross each other. this crossing enables the curve to trigger a move to another \" level \". this enables the determination of the curve height. variations can be developed by using a turning angle other than 90 degrees. two such variations are shown below. the second part of the this investigation is the interpretation of the curve once it is generated. each of the line segments and their vertices can be interpreted in three dimensional, architectural terms : select one the above variations to view these interpretations individually and in combination. walls, each line segment is constructed as a vertical plane floors, for each set of line segments, the minimum and maximum extends are found and constructed into a horizontal plane floor blocks, the horizontal floor plane is constructed into a volume extended walls, walls are constructed from the bottom and the top, starting at their beginning level, extending either to the bottom or top columns, volumes are constructed at the vertices of the line segments and the floor blocks beams, volumes are constructed along each line segment at the wall the more i worked with these variations and their interpretations, the more sculptural the forms became, further studies will continue in both the sculptural and architectural form possibilities. the next set of forms will use spirolaterals and more generalized recursive curves for the initial form generation. the forms currently only exist in this digital studio. my next goal is to generate stl files of the forms to send to a rapid prototyping system. another possible direction would be to rewrite the generation software in autolisp for use within autocad r13. this would also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5747637921004167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.135375"} {"text": "the sumxu is also known as the chinese lop - eared cat, droop - eared cat, drop - eared cat, or hanging - ear cat. all the names refer to its main feature - pendulous ears. nowadays, the breed is considered extinct. it is thought that the pendulous ears were a result of mutation similar to that occurred in the scottish fold. all descriptions of the breed are based on reports of travellers. in 1976, a german naturalist gave rather a detailed description of the sumxu, when a droop - eared cat had been brought from china by a traveller. the breed was described as long - haired cats with glossy black, yellow or cream coats and pendulous ears. most probably, they looked like longhair scottish folds. the cat by lady cust ( 1870 ) has this brief description : bosman relates that in the province of pe - chily, in china, there are cats with long hair and drooping ears, which are in great favour with the chinese ladies ; others say this is not a cat but an animal called ' samxces '. georges louis leclerc, comte de buffon, described the cat in the natural history of the cat ( volume 4 of histoire naturelle c. 1767, translated by william smellie, 1781 ) : our domestic cats, though they differ in colour, form no distinct races. the climates of spain and syria have alone produced permanent varieties : to these may be added the climate of pe - chi - ly in china, where the cats have long hair and pendulous ears, and are the favourites of the ladies. these domestic cats with pendulous ears, of which we have full descriptions, are still farther removed from the wild and primitive race, than those whose ears are erect. i formerly remarked, that, in china, there were cats with pendulous ears. this variety is not found any where else, and perhaps it is an animal of a different species ; for travellers, when mentioning an animal called sumxu, which is entirely domestic, say, that they can compare it to nothing but the cat, with which it has a great resemblance. its colour is black or yellow, and its hair very bright and glittering. the chinese put silver collars about the necks of these animals, and render them extremely familiar. as they are not common, they give a high price, both on account of their beauty, and because they destroy rats. jean bungartz also described the chinese lo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4479102823999065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.142512"} {"text": "silver collars about the necks of these animals, and render them extremely familiar. as they are not common, they give a high price, both on account of their beauty, and because they destroy rats. jean bungartz also described the chinese lop - eared cat or hanging - ear cat in his book die hauskatze, ihre rassen und varietaten ( housecats, their races and varieties ) from illustriertes katzenbuch ( an illustrated book of cats ) in berlin in 1896 : the chinese or lop - eared cat is most interesting, because it provides proof that by continual disuse of an organ, the organ withers. with the chinese cat the hearing and ears have deteriorated. michel says the chinese, not only admire the cat in porcelain, but also value it for culinary reasons. the cats are regarded as special morsels and enjoyed particularly with noodles or with rice. this cat is bred particularly for the purpose of meat production, and is a preferred chinese morsel ; this is not unusual if one considers that the chinese consume much the sight of which revolts the stomachs of europeans. the poor creature is confined in small bamboo cages and fattened like a goose on plentiful portions. there is extensive trade with other parts of asia and the canny chinese allow no tomcats to be exported so there is no interference in this lucrative source of income. due to the restrictive conditions that have deprived the cat of its actual use, its hearing has decreased because it is no longer needed for hunting its own food. with no need for watchfulness, it had no need of sharp hearing to listen for hidden things so its hearing became blunted and as a natural consequence its ears lost their upright nature, gradually becoming lower and becoming the hanging ear that is now the characteristic feature of the chinese cat. at first impression this is a surprising and amusing look, but this impression is lost with closer examination. if one ignores the characteristic of the ears, one sees a beauty similar to the angora cat : a long, close coat of hair, albeit less rich, covers the body. the hair is silky - soft and shining and the colour is usually isabelline or a dirty white yellow, although some have the usual colouring of the common house - cat. in size it is considerably larger and stronger than a housecat. the ears hang completely, as with our hunting dogs and are large in relation to the cat. although the chinese cat is found in considerable numbers in its homeland, it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47662773954967314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.143560"} {"text": "- cat. in size it is considerably larger and stronger than a housecat. the ears hang completely, as with our hunting dogs and are large in relation to the cat. although the chinese cat is found in considerable numbers in its homeland, it is rarely found at european animal markets. only one such cat has reached us in the flesh ; we acquired this years ago when a sailor returning from china brought it into hamburg. the accompanying illustration is based on this cat. in character it is like the angora cat and somewhat languid. it prefer to live by a warm fire, is rather sensitive to flattery, hears badly and is at its most animated when given milk or food. apart from its unusual ears, it has no really attractive characteristics and is a curious specimen of housecat. in frances simpson ' s the book of the cat ( 1903 ), contributing author h. c. brooke wrote : there is said to be a variety of chinese cat which is remarkable for its pendent ears. we have never been able to ascertain anything definite with regard to this variety. some years back a class was provided for them at a certain continental cat show, and we went across in the hope of seeing, and if possible acquiring, some specimens ; but alas the class was empty! we have seen a stuffed specimen in a continental museum, which was a half long - haired cat, the ears being pendent down the sides of the head instead of erect ; but do not attach much value to this. in 1926, h. c. brooke wrote in the magazine cat gossip that for many years continental cat shows had offered prizes for the drop - eared chinese cat. on each occasion, the cat failed to materialise and brooke considered it to be mythical. other writers suggested the folded or crumpled ears were the result of damage or haematomas. brooke wrote that although no - one ever saw the cat itself, one always met \u201c someone who knows someone whose friends has often seen them \u201d. brooke himself had been assured by a chinese gentleman he had met only once that \u201c he knew them well \u201d. hc brooke, and several other cat fanciers, contacted the chinese embassy and carl hagenbeck ' s animal exchange in hamburg and also a \u201c certain well known author, who has lived for years in china and knows that country well \u201d, but their enquiries bore no fruit. the search for this cat became so intense in the 1920s that the american express company instructed their representatives at shanghai and peking to make enquiries with the wild", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4274603112047821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.144619"} {"text": "\u25cfthe more budgets are cut and taxes increased, the weaker an economy becomes. \u25cfausterity is the government \u2019 s method for widening the gap between rich and poor, which leads to civil disorder. \u25cfuntil the 99 % understand the need for federal deficits, the upper 1 % will rule. \u25cfto survive long term, a monetarily non - sovereign government must have a positive balance of payments. \u25cfthose, who do not understand the differences between monetary sovereignty and monetary non - sovereignty, do not understand economics. unless you \u2019 re an ultra right - winger, you probably agree with the scientific consensus : we are in a period of global warming, which at least in part, is caused by humans but that brings us to the question ( s ) : is global warming negative for the world and the life on it \u2013 including humans \u2013 and should we should do everything possible to slow it, if not stop it, altogether? the media have answered, \u201c yes, \u201d and have focused on the claimed negatives, which as a result, are well known. increases in : 1. number and severity of storms \u2013 hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, rain, lightning, tsumanis 2. droughts, heat waves and ( ironically ) cold waves, desertification 3. flooding, pollution 4. volcanic activity 6. food shortages 7. species extinction 8. spread of tropical diseases but global warming is more than a simple recitation of presumed negatives. the world is enormously complex, and not only are these negatives far from certain, but perhaps too little attention has been paid to the potential positives of global warming. for instance, global warming could help prevent future glaciation periods and could open millions of acres to agriculture. maybe. tellingly, few people know that today, we live in an ice age : an ice age, or more precisely, a glacial age, is a period of long - term reduction in the temperature of the earth \u2019 s surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. glaciologically, ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in the northern and southern hemispheres. by this definition, we are still in the ice age that began 2. 6 million years ago at the start of the pleistocene epoch, because the greenland and antarctic ice sheets still exist. much of the earth \u2019 s history has been warmer than today. discussions of global warming often begin with the arctic. here are excerpts from an article in news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4894413536975609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.153836"} {"text": "ago at the start of the pleistocene epoch, because the greenland and antarctic ice sheets still exist. much of the earth \u2019 s history has been warmer than today. discussions of global warming often begin with the arctic. here are excerpts from an article in newscientist magazine : industries make a dash for the arctic 03 october 2012 by fred pearce, sara reardon and catherine brahic last week, the inuit - owned nunavut resources corporation hit wall street asking for $ 18 million to help prospect half - a - million square kilometres of the kitikmeot region in northern canada. they expect to find gold, diamonds, platinum and lithium.... the shrinking ice cap will have profound consequences for the rest of the planet \u2013 including changed weather patterns and water distribution \u2013 and the region \u2019 s biota has undergone vast transformation. most commentators expect the arctic to play a key role in meeting the world \u2019 s energy needs in the 21st century. the us geological survey ( usgs ) says the continental shelves are the largest area on the planet not yet explored for oil and gas. it estimates that the arctic contains 30 per cent of the world \u2019 s undiscovered natural gas, more than 80 per cent of it offshore. from the geology, the usgs reckons that the biggest oil and gas reserves will be off the north shore of alaska, and beneath the kara and barents seas. russia \u2019 s yamal peninsula already supplies around a fifth of the world \u2019 s natural gas. exploration and mining activities are booming, bringing infrastructure such as roads, ports and new settlements. london - based insurers lloyd \u2019 s earlier this year forecast that up to $ 100 billion of investment would pour into the arctic in the next decade. extracting hydrocarbons in the arctic is scarcely new. coal has been mined there for more than a century. but a combination of global shortages, rising prices, technical advances and the exposure of wide areas of the arctic ocean during summer melts, are triggering an explosion of activity. inevitably, as global warming melts the ice, industry will enter \u2013 and pollute. on balance, will this prove to be beneficial? and, \u201c beneficial to whom? \u201d nearly a million visitors go to the arctic each year. they account for more than 80, 000 hotel - nights on the norwegian island of svalbard. even greater numbers visit greenland, where they easily outnumber the local population of just 55, 000 people. canada \u2019 s cambridge bay \u2013 a stop on the north - west passage \u2013 has seen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4571348730675271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.155629"} {"text": "- nights on the norwegian island of svalbard. even greater numbers visit greenland, where they easily outnumber the local population of just 55, 000 people. canada \u2019 s cambridge bay \u2013 a stop on the north - west passage \u2013 has seen a 30 per cent jump in tourists visiting the town in the past five years, with six cruise ships dropping anchor annually. the world \u2013 a giant residential vessel calling itself the world \u2019 s largest private mega - yacht \u2013 sailed through the north - west passage for the first time in august. it was the largest passenger vessel to make the trip without an icebreaker to escort it. as the sea ice melts, sailing passages open, and more people not only will visit, but live in today \u2019 s remote northern climes. warmer waters and a 20 per cent increase over the past decade in the volume of algae that sustain the marine food chain means there are more fish in the arctic than ever before. and less ice means more open ocean in which to catch them. the number of voyages by fishing vessels in the canadian arctic increased sevenfold, to 221, between 2005 and 2010. the inuit of nunavut now run six factory ships trawling for turbot and other species in baffin bay and the davis strait, up from none 10 years ago. climate change is altering the region \u2019 s fish population, as warmer water temperatures further south push commercial fish stocks into the arctic circle. according to the us national oceanic and atmospheric administration \u2019 s fisheries service, six species of fish have recently extended their range north through the bering straits into the beaufort sea in the arctic. they include the pacific cod, walleye pollock and bering flounder. new fishing waters will open, providing relief to currently overfished areas. burning oil helped melt arctic ice in the first place. now the estimated 90 billion barrels beneath it \u2013 13 per cent of the world \u2019 s remaining total \u2013 promise profit to anyone able to reach them. oil companies have operated onshore in every arctic nation for decades, but the new frontier is offshore... a melted arctic pushes back the date on which we will \u201c run out of \u201d energy, giving us more time to develop new sources. mining is big business in the arctic. russia \u2019 s norilsk mine is the world \u2019 s largest producer of nickel and palladium, and alaska \u2019 s red dog mine is the world \u2019 s largest source of zinc. more record - beaters are set to break ground. last month, the nunavut environmental assessment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4324423186179983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.157030"} {"text": "the world \u2019 s largest producer of nickel and palladium, and alaska \u2019 s red dog mine is the world \u2019 s largest source of zinc. more record - beaters are set to break ground. last month, the nunavut environmental assessment agency gave the green light for the indian metals giant arcelormittal to dig an open pit iron - ore mine on 170 square kilometres of tundra at mary river on baffin bay, canada. the $ 4 billion project will be connected to a port in baffin bay by the world \u2019 s most northerly railway. the south - west coast, around kvanefjeld ( greenland ), probably holds the world \u2019 s second largest deposit of rare earth elements and huge reserves of uranium and zinc \u2013 all together valued at almost half - a - trillion dollars. last month, greenland minerals of perth, australia, announced plans to carry out a feasibility study. the project could keep miners busy for 100 years. it seems like only yesterday when we read about shortages of rare earths threatening computer development. receding sea ice is opening up the arctic to shipping. the north - east passage, linking the north atlantic to the pacific via the arctic waters north of russia, was open for five months in 2011. more than 30 ships passed through, including a 120, 000 - tonne russian gas tanker and nordic and japanese iron ore carriers taking arctic minerals to china. the shortcut to asia halves the shipping time from northern europe to china to roughly 20 days, and avoids pirate - infested shipping lanes in the indian ocean. russia expects a 40 - fold increase in shipping along the route by 2020. american analysts say it could be carrying 5 per cent of world \u2019 s shipping by 2050. bottom line : no one knows what the long term effects of global warming will be, and not knowing, no one can say whether on balance they will be beneficial or not. even the concept of \u201c on balance... beneficial \u201d is shaky. \u201c beneficial \u201d for whom and for what? even if we focus on \u201c beneficial for humans, \u201d are we talking about long term or short term? survival? life span? society? progress? happiness? is there something about global warming that will help humans to better health in the short term, but give us less ability to survive in the long term? will it assist tribal society at the expense of \u201c modern \u201d society? and what do we mean by \u201c progress \u201d and \u201c happiness \u201d? robert burns wrote : \u201c... foresight may be vain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5149630020250655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.158077"} {"text": "less ability to survive in the long term? will it assist tribal society at the expense of \u201c modern \u201d society? and what do we mean by \u201c progress \u201d and \u201c happiness \u201d? robert burns wrote : \u201c... foresight may be vain : the best - laid schemes o \u2019 mice an \u2019 men, gang aft agley, \u201d and the longer we try to peer into the future, the more \u201c agley \u201d our best - laid schemes become. the universe and our world in it, are victims of chaos, where : \u201c small differences in initial conditions ( such as those due to rounding errors in numerical computation ) yield widely diverging outcomes for chaotic systems, rendering long - term prediction impossible in general. ( wikipedia ) we can \u2019 t predict what volcanoes will erupt, nor what wars will be fought, nor the status of the stock market, nor the next coronal mass ejection, nor the next pandemic, nor scientific progress in a thousand areas. and we can \u2019 t predict the effects of global warming. at best, we can try to address our immediate problems and hope our efforts will bode well for the long term. we can and should try to reduce air, water and ground pollution. we can and should try to find cures for diseases. we can and should try to prevent wars and to make cars safer to drive, and to improve the education of our children and to explore the solar system and to save our forests. but, i suspect our efforts to reduce global warming are misplaced. we simply do not know what we are doing. global warming very well could be what saves the human species. rodger malcolm mitchell nine steps to prosperity : 1. eliminate fica ( click here ) 2. medicare \u2014 parts a, b & d \u2014 for everyone 3. send every american citizen an annual check for $ 5, 000 or give every state $ 5, 000 per capita ( click here ) 4. long - term nursing care for everyone 5. free education ( including post - grad ) for everyone 6. salary for attending school ( click here ) 7. eliminate corporate taxes 8. increase the standard income tax deduction annually 9. increase federal spending on the myriad initiatives that benefit america \u2019 s 99 % no nation can tax itself into prosperity, nor grow without money growth. monetary sovereignty : cutting federal deficits to grow the economy is like applying leeches to cure anemia. two key equations in economics : federal deficits \u2013 net imports = net private savings gross domestic product = federal spending +", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5224219574849212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.159057"} {"text": "on november 26, 1941, a white house aide named henry field was summoned to the office of franklin roosevelt \u2019 s secretary, grace tully, for what seemed like a bizarre assignment. tully instructed field, one of the president \u2019 s bright young staffers, to produce, as quickly as possible, the names and addresses of all japanese americans, whether born in japan or america. the assignment was \" of the utmost urgency, \" said tully, adding, \" use your own judgment to achieve results causing the least possible chance of a breach in security. \" this was eleven days before pearl harbor. that same day secretary of state cordell hull issued what amounted to an ultimatum to two top japanese diplomats, ambassador to the u. s. kichisaburo nomura and special envoy saburo kurusu. \" nomuru, \" writes john toland in his book infamy : pearl harbor and its aftermath, \" was too stunned to talk, \" while kurusu instantly saw that this would be regarded in tokyo as \" an insult. \" having placed japan under strain of severe economic sanctions, the united states now was showing no willingness to negotiate a way out of the impasse short of a japanese humiliation. this was the day roosevelt both ensured war with japan and began preparing for the incarceration of japanese - americans when the war came. america today is once again on a path to war \u2014 this time with iran \u2014 and the road is dotted with many of the same signposts seen in roosevelt \u2019 s path to war seventy years ago. like roosevelt in his dealings with japan, president barack obama has helped place iran under severe strain of economic sanctions. like roosevelt, he has received from the adversary signals of flexibility in the search for a mutually satisfactory solution. like roosevelt, obama has rebuffed those overtures. roosevelt was under pressure from britain \u2019 s prime minister winston churchill to hang tough, and obama is under similar pressure from israel \u2019 s benjamin netanyahu. there may be one big difference, but we can \u2019 t know for sure. while the historical record shows clearly that roosevelt actually wanted war with japan, it isn \u2019 t clear this is obama \u2019 s desired outcome. if it is, his actions make sense. if not, his approach seems reckless. for there should be no mistaking the reality that the united states and iran are on a collision course, as reflected in the ongoing negotiations between the so - called p5 + 1 ( the united states, britain, france, china, russia and germany ) and iran.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43375644692081816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.163207"} {"text": "no mistaking the reality that the united states and iran are on a collision course, as reflected in the ongoing negotiations between the so - called p5 + 1 ( the united states, britain, france, china, russia and germany ) and iran. the next session is set for june 18 \u2013 19 in moscow, and this session isn \u2019 t likely to lead to a blowup, not least because obama has a large political incentive to keep the talks going at least through the november election. but the last session in baghdad seemed to indicate that, if there is indeed any prospect for a negotiated settlement, obama and the other p5 + 1 powers aren \u2019 t demonstrating any interest in exploring it. to understand this dynamic, it is helpful to review events leading up to the next negotiating session. any such review should take into account the recent writings of seyed hossein mousavian. the former spokesman for iran \u2019 s nuclear negotiations team and also iranian ambassador to germany for seven years, mousavian now is a research fellow at princeton. he was arrested by iranian president mahmoud ahmadinejad on charges of espionage in 2007 but was acquitted by the country \u2019 s judiciary. he is the author of a recently published book called the iranian nuclear crisis : a memoir. in his writings and public speaking, mousavian disputes those in the west who declare iran is bent on developing nuclear weapons. as he said in an interview with the middle east institute, \" i am confident that iran is not seeking to have nuclear weapons. \" indeed, in the spring of 2005, iran, in negotiations with european powers, offered to convert its enriched uranium to fuel rods, which would have precluded the country from using it for nuclear weapons. that was rejected by britain at america \u2019 s insistence, says mousavian. later, in 2010 and 2011, iran offered to limit its enrichment to 5 percent if the west would provide fuel rods for peaceful nuclear uses. shortly thereafter, russia put forth a \" step - by - step \" plan designed to break the impasse. both times the united states balked, leading russia \u2019 s then prime minister vladimir putin to suggest publicly that the west \u2019 s real design was regime change in iran ( a prospect guaranteed to generate powerful nuclear incentives in tehran ). against this backdrop, mousavian sees a possible avenue of peace. iran is willing to curtail its nuclear program and accept transparency measures, he says, so long as the west recognizes iran \u2019 s right to enrich uranium up to 5 percent, which is allowed under the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4732744363354929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.164299"} {"text": "having a colonoscopy might be pretty low on latino adults \u2019 to - do lists. even hearing the term \u201c colonoscopy \u201d might make some people a bit squeamish. but it can also save your life. just take it from armida flores, a promotora \u2014 a trained community health worker \u2014 at the institute for health promotion research ( ihpr ) at the ut health science center at san antonio. flores spends her days helping latinos confront cancers and illness. she knows first - hand that latinos don \u2019 t get colon cancer screening enough. in fact, a new study found that only 28 percent of u. s. latinos have had colon cancer screening, compared to 36 percent of african - americans and 44 percent of whites. because of these things, she began to worry about her own health and decided to schedule a colonoscopy, which can help identify colon cancer. \u201c i was a little bit nervous about it but, to my surprise, the procedure was not too bad, \u201d flores said. \u201c i was asleep, so i did not feel any pain or discomfort. \u201d after explaining the procedure using simple medical terms, the doctor even offered to pray with her, an extra comfort that flores welcomed. \u201c the procedure was fast and the staff was caring. \u201d the night before the procedure, flores had trouble sleeping because of the liquid laxative solution she had to drink. however, she was surprised to discover that the liquid laxative, usually known for its horrible taste, actually wasn \u2019 t bad. \u201c the taste was okay, it was kind of salty and sweet, \u201d she recalled. the doctor found two small polyps in flores \u2019 colon that he was able to remove easily. flores eliminated potential dangers to her health just by deciding to take action. she urges latinos not to put themselves at risk just because of fear. \u201c i think people are scared because of the word or because they heard something negative about it, \u201d flores said. \u201c but a colonoscopy could save their life. \u201d amelie g. ramirez, drph, directs the institute for health promotion research at the ut health science center at san antonio, which researches latino health issues and founded the saludtoday latino health blog, twitter and facebook. dr. ramirez, an internationally recognized cancer health disparities researcher, has spent 30 years directing research on human and organizational communication to reduce chronic disease and cancer health disparities affecting latinos, including cancer risk factors, clinical trial recruitment, tobacco prevention, obesity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.39364459651825706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.166782"} {"text": "paternalism, the controlling of all aspects of an employee ' s life by the employer, was characteristic of many nineteenth - and early twentieth - century north carolina mills and factories. the roots of paternalism were evident in an earlier era, when southern slaveholders came to regard taking good care of their slaves as of primary importance. although partly a humanitarian concern, this focus on slaves ' welfare derived mostly from business considerations ; sufficient food, housing, medical care, and clothing kept slaves at least outwardly content and enabled them to work more efficiently. this understanding of the importance of the quality of life of one ' s workforce continued to motivate owners in the tenancy system and later in the creation of mill villages. paternalism was the philosophical and fiscal underpinning of many north carolina cotton mill villages, which were organized as \" company towns \" to keep workers and their families satisfied and thus loyal and more productive. paternalistic mill owners also claimed the right to discipline employees. violators of specific rules and laws were first warned, then fired and made to vacate their house after a second offense. drunkenness, spouse abuse, sexual immorality, and stealing were some of the most serious offenses, and only a small legal force, usually one man, was needed for the entire village. world war ii essentially brought an end to paternalism, as most north carolina mill villages and all of their homes, hospitals, libraries, and even community buildings were incorporated into neighboring towns. jacquelyn dowd hall and others, like a family : the making of a southern cotton mill world ( 1987 ). harriet l. herring, passing of the mill village : revolution in a southern institution ( 1949 ). oral histories of the american south - piedmont industrialization - employer paternalism. doc south, unc libraries : http : / / docsouth. unc. edu / sohp / browse / themes. html? theme _ id = 4 & category _ id = 15 & subcategory _ id = 131 free dental dispensary for school children, erlanger mills, lexington, nc, davidson county, october 1918. from the dr. george m. cooper photograph collection, north carolina state archives, call # : phc _ 41 _ 161 _ 4. available from http : / / www. flickr. com / photos / north - carolina - state - archives / 3059000658 / ( accessed october 12, 2012 ). 1 january 2006 | purcell, gene", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4863663040365985, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.170486"} {"text": "cobalamin is a family of complex molecules, consisting of a cobalt - containing tetrapyrrole ring and side nucleotide chains attached to the cobalt atom. 4 it is synthesized by anaerobic bacteria and is found in foods of animal origin ( e. g., fish, meat, dairy products, and eggs ), as well as fortified cereals. 5 \u2013 7 the recommended daily allowance ( rda ) of vitamin b12 is 2. 4 \u03bcg per day ( mcg / day ) for persons over the age of 14 years. in the united states, the average daily adult dietary intake of vitamin b12 is about 5 mcg \u2013 30 mcg, of which only 1 mcg \u2013 5 mcg are effectively absorbed, given its complex absorption process. it is estimated that only 50 % of dietary vitamin b12 is absorbed by healthy adults. 7 defects at any step of the absorption process can cause cobalamin deficiencies of varying degrees ; 50 % \u2013 90 % of cobalamin stores in the body ( 3 mg \u2013 5 mg ) are located in the liver. these stores help delay, often for up to 5 years, the onset of clinical symptoms due to insufficient cobalamin absorption. dietary cobalamin is bound to animal proteins. in the stomach, hydrochloric acid ( hcl ) and pepsin are critical for the release of free cobalamin from the proteins. glycoproteins called r - proteins ( r ) secreted from salivary glands and parietal cells bind free cobalamin in the stomach. intrinsic factor ( if ), a weak binder of cobalamin in the presence of r, is also released by parietal cells in the stomach. in the duodenum, dietary - and bile - secreted cobalamin - r complexes are cleaved by pancreatic enzymes, and free cobalamin is then bound to if with more affinity. cobalamin \u2013 if complexes are taken up by endocytosis, by adhering to cubilin receptors located on the distal ileal mucosa. once inside the cell, cobalamin dissociates from if. free cobalamin is then bound to transporter proteins : transcobalamin ( tc ) i, ii, and iii, and transported to the liver. tc ii represents about 10 % of total transcobalamin and is the only cobalamin - transport protein that reaches target cell receptors. this biologically - active form of the vitamin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5321357155470214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.194396"} {"text": "i, ii, and iii, and transported to the liver. tc ii represents about 10 % of total transcobalamin and is the only cobalamin - transport protein that reaches target cell receptors. this biologically - active form of the vitamin can be taken up by cells via endocytosis for metabolic purposes. up to 1 % \u2013 5 % of free cobalamin is also absorbed throughout the intestinal mucosa, via passive diffusion. 1 this enables the absorption of high doses ( at least 1 mg daily ) of oral supplemental cobalamin, despite absorption - disease processes. enterohepatic cobalamin absorption is another important source of vitamin b12. cobalamin released through bile is reabsorbed in the ileum on a daily basis. 8 the active forms of cobalamin ( methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin ) serve as co - factors for enzymes and exert their physiologic effects in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria. in the cytoplasm, methylcobalamin is a co - factor for methionine synthase, an enzyme necessary for two major cellular processes : 1 ) the conversion of homocysteine to methionine ; and 2 ) the conversion of methyl - tetrahydrofolate ( mthf ), the major circulating form of folate, to tetrahydrofolate ( thf ), the active form of folate, which is important for nucleotide and dna synthesis. in the mitochondria, adenosylcobalamin catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonyl coenzyme a ( coa ) to succinyl - coa, for lipid and protein metabolism. 6 disruptions in these pathways produce elevated levels of homocysteine ( hcy ) and methylmalonic acid ( mma ), respectively. hcy is known to be neurotoxic, through overstimulation of the n - methyl - d - aspartate ( nmda ) receptors, and toxic to the vasculature because of activation of the coagulation system and adverse effects on the vascular endothelium. 9 mma, a product of methylmalonyl - coa, can cause abnormal fatty - acid synthesis, affecting the neuronal membrane. 8 mma and hcy levels are elevated before any clinical manifestations of vitamin b12 deficiency and often precede low serum vitamin b12 levels. 5 neuropsychia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4688829203558081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.195333"} {"text": ", can cause abnormal fatty - acid synthesis, affecting the neuronal membrane. 8 mma and hcy levels are elevated before any clinical manifestations of vitamin b12 deficiency and often precede low serum vitamin b12 levels. 5 neuropsychiatric symptoms usually precede hematologic signs and are often the presenting manifestation of cobalamin deficiency. 10 \u2013 12 vitamin b12 deficiency definitions vary and usually rely on population statistics to establish normal serum - level thresholds ( normal range : 180 pg / ml \u2013 900 pg / ml ). this can be problematic because individual metabolic requirements may vary, and active disease can be present despite a \u201c normal level. \u201d false - negative results can also be explained because vitamin b12 levels are altered by the concentration of its binding proteins, and radioimmunoassays may detect inactive forms of cobalamin that may mask tissue deficiencies of active cobalamin. studies have found that relying on the serum levels of vitamin b12 underestimated the prevalence of elevated metabolites that indicate tissue - deficiency by as much as 50 %. 13 as deficiency develops, serum values may be maintained at the expense of tissue cobalamin. thus, a serum - cobalamin value above the lower normal cutoff point does not necessarily indicate adequate cobalamin status. a deficiency spectrum ranging from subclinical metabolic abnormalities to clinical symptoms could be better delineated by measuring hcy and mma levels2, 4, 14, 15 or by measuring cobalamin bound to tc ii ( holo - transcobalamin ) levels, which represent the active form of the vitamin. 16, 17 a recent study in elderly persons ( n = 700 ) found holo - transcobalamin ( holo - tc ) to be the best predictor for determining cobalamin deficiency, when compared with other measures ( serum cobalamin, hcy, and mma ) and was recommended as the first - line measure in assessing cobalamin status, 18 but results have been inconsistent, 19 and further research is warranted. it is estimated that between 3 % and 40 % of older adults have vitamin b12 deficiencies, where lower rates are seen in the community and higher rates in institutional settings. 1, 8, 20 \u2013 22 prevalence rates vary according to economic status, age, and dietary choices. 5, 23 in a multi - ethnic study, elderly white men had higher deficiency prevalence rates than elderly black or asian american women. 24 the elderly population is especially at risk for cobalamin deficiency,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5226001268643619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.196397"} {"text": "to economic status, age, and dietary choices. 5, 23 in a multi - ethnic study, elderly white men had higher deficiency prevalence rates than elderly black or asian american women. 24 the elderly population is especially at risk for cobalamin deficiency, given their higher prevalence of atrophic gastritis and other gi pathology, as well as the use of medications that can interfere with b12 ' s absorption and / or metabolism : 10 % to 30 % of older people are unable to adequately absorb vitamin b12 from foods. 23 currently, it is estimated that food - cobalamin malabsorption syndrome causes most vitamin b12 deficiency, accounting for 60 % \u2013 70 % of cases, followed by pernicious anemia ( pa ), an autoimmune loss of secretion of intrinsic factor, which accounts for 15 % \u2013 20 % of cases. 1 in food - cobalamin malabsorption, there is an inability to release cobalamin from food or transport proteins, thus affecting absorption, even though unbound cobalamin can be adequately absorbed. vitamin b12 status relies not only on maintaining an adequate nutritional intake, but also ensuring an appropriate absorption process. many different factors and conditions can interfere with this process, leading to deficiency states. the following are causes / risk factors for cobalamin deficiency : 1, 25 \u2013 29 1. food - cobalamin malabsorption : atrophic gastritis ( > 40 % in elderly persons ) ; chronic gastritis ; and drug interactions, including metformin or commonly - prescribed drugs that can increase gastric ph, such as histamine receptor - 2 antagonists ( h2 - blockers ), proton - pump inhibitors ( ppi ), and antacids. these drugs may also increase small - intestinal bacterial overgrowth ( sibo ), which is present in 15 % \u2013 50 % of elderly patients, which may also increase the risk of vitamin b12 deficiency. 2. autoimmune : pernicious anemia, sjogren ' s syndrome. 3. surgical : post - gastrectomy syndrome, ileal resection. 4. decreased intake or malnutrition : vegetarians ; chronic alcoholism ; elderly people. 5. intestinal malabsorption : chronic pancreatitis ( exocrine insufficiency ), crohn ' s disease, whipple ' s disease, celiac disease, amyloidosis, scleroderma, intestinal lymphoma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4589485472496634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.197446"} {"text": "vitamin b12 deficiency. a previous association has not been consistently documented, as some cohort studies have shown that low vitamin b12 level increases the risk for cognitive impairment or dementia, 65, 71 \u2013 76 whereas other studies have not demonstrated an increased risk. 37, 76 \u2013 84 the evidence is more consistent when hhcy is present, and vitamin b12 deficiency can lead to hhcy, a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia. 37 the reversibility of this dementia syndrome has also been questioned, given that studies reviewing large series of cases or decades of literature have yielded one and three cases of vitamin b12 reversibility, respectively. 39, 85 the evidence for response to treatment is better when pernicious anemia has been identified as the cause of vitamin b12 deficiency and it has been treated early in the course of the disease, before irreversible damage occurs. 37 we acknowledge that the severity and chronicity of symptoms, as well as comorbid conditions and adequacy of treatment, are all important factors affecting response and reversal of symptoms. current guidelines suggest assessing vitamin b12 levels in patients with cognitive impairment, or as part of a workup for dementia. we believe this remains a sound clinical judgment until newer evidence can clarify the issue, as vitamin b12 deficiency can lead to hhcy, a known risk factor for dementia. if vitamin b12 deficiency is diagnosed and treated early in the course of the disease, neuropsychiatric symptoms may be prevented or even reversed. the hallmark of delirium remains a fluctuating level of consciousness, with attention deficits. vitamin b12 deficiency has been associated with attention deficits, acute mental - status changes, and acute cognitive changes, with eeg abnormalities. 13, 86 case reports describe associations of vitamin b12 deficiency and delirium with or without other risk factors such as dementia and infection. 87, 88 in a prospective study of patients with mild - to - moderate dementia with low vitamin b12 levels that were supplemented, delirium risk was reduced significantly ; however, no long - term improvement was seen in cognition or behavioral problems. 89 screening for vitamin b12 deficiency should start by developing a clinical awareness of the population at risk. these include elderly persons, vegans, alcoholics, malnourished persons, and patients with gi pathology, neuropsychiatric symptoms, or autoimmune diseases. common suggestive laboratory findings include macrocytosis with or without anemia and hypersegmented neutrophil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.51647959718305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.203896"} {"text": ", malnourished persons, and patients with gi pathology, neuropsychiatric symptoms, or autoimmune diseases. common suggestive laboratory findings include macrocytosis with or without anemia and hypersegmented neutrophils. special attention should also be given to patients on medications such as ppis, h2 - receptor antagonists, antacids, metformin, colchicine, cholestyramine, and patients chronically on anticonvulsants or antibiotics. serum cobalamin levels are unreliable when assessing vitamin b12 status, and there has been a lack of scientific consensus defining cutoff values to diagnose deficiency states. 3, 90 however, until better diagnostic tools are available, initial screening should start with assessing a serum cobalamin level. an adequate supply is suggested by levels above 350 pg / ml. 22, 29 we recommend assessment of mma in elderly patients when cobalamin levels are below 350 pg / ml. 20, 26 if mma levels are elevated, rule out other possible causes of elevated mma, including renal insufficiency or intravascular volume depletion. 25 patients taking antibiotics may have low levels of mma despite vitamin b12 deficiency, as propionic acid, a precursor of mma, 14, 25 is generated by the anaerobic gut flora, which are depleted by the chronic use of antibiotics. hhcy can be more sensitive to cobalamin deficiency, but it can also reflect folate deficiency, whereas elevated mma has a similar sensitivity, but more specificity to metabolic vitamin b12 deficiency. 15 assessment of holo - tc, the active fraction of cobalamin, may also provide reliable information to evaluate vitamin b12 status, 18 but further research is warranted. vitamin b12 deficiency is suspected when serum cobalamin levels are low ( < 350 pg / ml ) and when both mma and hcy are elevated, or when mma is elevated in the absence of renal disease or volume depletion, or when hcy is elevated in the absence of folate deficiency. several conditions can falsely elevate or decrease serum cobalamin levels, but a normal mma and hcy level suggest the absence of vitamin b12 deficiency. 2 however, clinical judgment is warranted, as it has been reported that some patients may improve clinically when supplemented with vitamin b12, despite normal levels of vitamin b12, hcy, and mma, especially when pa is present. 91 when pa is suspected, or if patients fail", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48660386275942724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.207238"} {"text": ", as it has been reported that some patients may improve clinically when supplemented with vitamin b12, despite normal levels of vitamin b12, hcy, and mma, especially when pa is present. 91 when pa is suspected, or if patients fail to respond to oral, transnasal, or buccal cobalamin preparations, antiparietal cell and anti - intrinsic factor antibodies should be tested. alternatively, if the cost of assessing mma levels ( e. g., availability, financial, time ) exceeds the diagnostic benefit, we recommend doing a risk / benefit analysis to consider supplementing vitamin b12, without further testing, in patients where deficiency is suspected, and serum cobalamin levels are less than 350 pg / ml. efficacy in the treatment of vitamin b12 deficiency due to food - cobalamin malabsorption with both parenteral and oral routes has been demonstrated. a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials of oral ( po ) versus intramuscular ( im ) vitamin b12 for the treatment of cobalamin deficiency found adequate efficacy with both routes of administration ; 92 po supplementation is usually more cost - effective and convenient, and is therefore the preferred route of initial therapy. the recommended doses for po administration vary from 125 mcg / day \u2013 1, 000 mcg / day of crystalline cyanocobalamin to 1, 000 mcg / day \u2013 2, 000 mcg / day, 28, 93, 94 with a mean dose of 1, 000 mcg / day being common practice. it is reasonable to initiate therapy with vitamin b12 or a multivitamin or b - complex supplement containing at least 1, 000 mcg of cobalamin daily. transnasal and buccal cobalamin preparations are also available. the im route of replacement should be initiated in cases where po, transnasal, or buccal preparations are ineffective or compliance is limited. the parenteral treatment for most cases of vitamin b12 deficiency, where a dietary deficiency is not implicated, involves im administration of cyanocobalamin in doses of 100 mcg / month \u2013 1, 000 mcg / month, indefinitely. 8, 28, 95, 96 an alternate scheme recommends administering 1, 000 mcg / day im for 1 week, then weekly for 1 month, and then monthly thereafter. 28 once treatment has been initiated, obtain repeat plasma vitamin b12, mma, and hcy levels in 4 - to - 6 weeks to assess response to treatment. once stable mid - normal co", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4697734377039834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.208279"} {"text": "then weekly for 1 month, and then monthly thereafter. 28 once treatment has been initiated, obtain repeat plasma vitamin b12, mma, and hcy levels in 4 - to - 6 weeks to assess response to treatment. once stable mid - normal cobalamin levels are achieved, monitoring of vitamin b12 levels should be performed every 6 - to - 12 months. even though supplementation with vitamin b12 has been proven safe, hypokalemia has been reported when treating patients with severe anemia. 33, 64 evidence for the improvement or reversal of neuropsychiatric symptoms varies according to symptom severity, duration, and clinical diagnosis. it has been proposed that treating deficiencies in the early stages yields better results, as structural and irreversible changes in the brain may occur if left untreated. vitamin b12 status has been associated with severity of white - matter lesions, especially periventricular in some, 97 but not all studies. 98 the partial reversal of white - matter lesions has been documented with cobalamin treatment, 32, 91 emphasizing the importance of early detection and treatment of vitamin b12 deficiency. a correlation of vitamin b12 treatment and decreases in mma and total hcy has been shown, 10 suggesting a reversal of metabolic abnormalities. some evidence suggests that eeg, visual and somatosensory evoked potentials, and p300 latency abnormalities readily improve with treatment even if no clinical benefits are observed. 13, 33 vitamin b12 deficiency is a common and often missed problem in geriatric patients. neuropsychiatric manifestations can be the presenting and only sign of this deficiency even in the absence of hematologic abnormalities. vitamin b12 deficiency can occur despite \u201c normal \u201d serum cobalamin levels ; therefore, measuring hcy and mma can decrease false - negative findings. early detection and treatment are important to prevent structural and irreversible damage leading to treatment - resistant symptoms. oral treatment can be as efficacious as parenteral treatment even in the presence of pernicious anemia. because the neurologic damage caused by cobalamin deficiency is often irreversible, and progression of disease can be abated by cobalamin replacement, it is important to maintain plasma cobalamin levels in the mid - normal range among elderly persons. 1. screen annually for vitamin b12 deficiency in at - risk patients by measuring serum cobalamin levels. 2. measure mma levels in patients with serum cobalamin levels < 350 pg /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4883802760406388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.209227"} {"text": "levels in the mid - normal range among elderly persons. 1. screen annually for vitamin b12 deficiency in at - risk patients by measuring serum cobalamin levels. 2. measure mma levels in patients with serum cobalamin levels < 350 pg / ml. high levels, in the absence of renal insufficiency or volume depletion, are suggestive of vitamin b12 deficiency. 3. if there is no access to mma or the cost outweighs the diagnostic benefit, a clinical approach can be to supplement after a risk / benefit analysis and monitor for response when low serum cobalamin levels are present ( < 350 pg / ml ) in the context of suggestive clinical findings. 4. administer cyanocobalamin 1, 000 mcg po daily, even if pernicious anemia has been identified. an alternative parenteral treatment includes cyanocobalamin 1, 000 mcg im daily for 1 week, then weekly for 1 month, and then monthly thereafter. 5. evaluate for pernicious anemia by requesting antiparietal cell and anti - intrinsic factor antibodies in patients with clinical symptoms of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord and suggestive hematological manifestations ( e. g., macrocytic anemia ). patients with pernicious anemia require lifetime cobalamin supplementation. 6. monitor vitamin b12 serum levels at least yearly in patients who have stopped supplementation after symptoms have improved or cobalamin levels have been replenished. 7. maintain plasma vitamin b12 levels in the mid - normal range ( 400 pg / ml \u2013 500 pg / ml ) to reduce risk of developing vitamin b12 - related neuropsychiatric disorders.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45923118692343595, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.209840"} {"text": "us space agency nasa has launched two spacecraft that are expected to make the first 3d movies of the sun. cmes will typically throw a billion tonnes of matter into space the stereo mission will study violent eruptions from our parent star known as coronal mass ejections ( cmes ). the eruptions create huge clouds of energetic particles that can trigger magnetic storms, disrupting power grids and air and satellite communications. the mission is expected to help researchers forecast magnetic storms - the worst aspects of \" space weather \". \" coronal mass ejections are a main thrust of solar physics today, \" said mike kaiser, the stereo project scientist at the us space agency ' s ( nasa ) goddard space flight center. \" with stereo, we want to understand how cmes get started and how they move through the solar system. \" the mission comprises two spacecraft, lofted on a delta - 2 rocket from cape canaveral, florida. the two near - identical satellites will orbit the sun, but one of them will move slightly ahead of the other, to provide stereo vision. technical hitches have delayed previous attempts at launching. coronal mass ejections erupt when \" loops \" of solar material lifting off the sun suddenly snap, hurling a high - temperature ( hundreds of thousands of degrees ) plasma into space. the plasma is formed of electrons and ions of hydrogen and helium. a cme will contain typically a billion tonnes of matter and move away from the sun at about 400km / s. much of the time, these outbursts are directed away from the earth, but some inevitably come our way. when they do, the particles, and the magnetic fields they carry, can have highly undesirable effects. \" when a big storm hits and the conditions are just right, you can get disturbances on power grids and on spacecraft - they are susceptible to high - energy electrons and protons hitting them, \" dr kaiser told bbc news. \" these particles are hazardous to astronauts ; and even airline companies that fly polar routes are concerned about this because cmes can black out plane communications, and you can get increased radiation doses on the crew and passengers. \" if we know when these storms are going to hit, we can take preventive action. \" at the moment, solar observatories, because they look at the sun straight on, have great difficulty in determining the precise direction of a cme. by placing two spacecraft in orbit to look at the sun - earth system from two widely spaced locations, scientists will be able look at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.494334562852209, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.215298"} {"text": ", because they look at the sun straight on, have great difficulty in determining the precise direction of a cme. by placing two spacecraft in orbit to look at the sun - earth system from two widely spaced locations, scientists will be able look at the storms from the side - to work out very rapidly if a cloud of plasma is going to hit our planet. \" in solar physics, we make a remarkable leap in understanding either by producing new instruments that have better resolution, so you can probe deeper into the sun or see structures you ' ve never seen before ; or by going to a different vantage point, \" said stereo program scientist dr lika guhathakurta. \" this is where stereo comes in ; it is not that its instrumentation is a breakthrough in terms of resolution, but it will see the sun in all its 3d glory for the first time - all the way from the surface of our star out to the earth. it ' s going to be spectacular. \" the stereo spacecraft each carry 16 instruments. these include telescopes, to image the sun at different wavelengths, and technologies that will sample particles in cmes. the uk has a significant role on the mission, having provided all the camera systems on board the spacecraft. it has also delivered a heliospheric imager ( hi ) for each platform. the spacecraft are identical apart from a few structural details this instrument will follow the progress through space of a bubble of plasma by tracing its reflected light. the engineering demands on the british team have been exacting. \" the reflected light from these coronal mass ejections is extremely faint, \" explained dr chris eyles of the university of birmingham. \" it is typically a [ 100 trillion ] times fainter than the direct light from the sun ' s disc, so we have to use a sophisticated system of baffles to reject that direct light. \" critical to the hi ' s operation has been cleanliness of assembly. if we get dust particles, fibres of even hairs on critical surfaces inside the instrument, they would scatter sunlight and destroy the performance of the instrument. \" the stereo spacecraft will send their data straight to the us national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ), the agency which makes the space weather forecasts used worldwide by satellite and airline operators. the new information is expected to lengthen the advance warning forecasters are able to give - from the current few hours to a couple of days. with our ever increasing dependence on spacecraft in orbit - for communications and navigation - the stereo mission comes not a moment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4686908724067552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.216354"} {"text": "new information is expected to lengthen the advance warning forecasters are able to give - from the current few hours to a couple of days. with our ever increasing dependence on spacecraft in orbit - for communications and navigation - the stereo mission comes not a moment too soon. cleanliness is paramount in the instruments ' preparation earth ' s magnetic field gives the planet and its inhabitants a good measure of protection, but with space agencies seemingly intent on sending astronauts to the moon and even to mars in the next few decades, there is a pressing need for a fuller understanding of the sun ' s activity. moon or mars bases will have to be carefully designed shelters, and astronauts will need very good advice before deciding to venture too far from such protection. august 1972 saw a solar storm that is legendary at nasa. it occurred between two apollo missions, with one crew just returned from the moon and another preparing for launch. if an astronaut had been on the moon at the time, they might have received a 400 rem ( roentgen equivalent man ) radiation dose. not only would this have caused radiation sickness, but without rapid medical treatment such a sudden dose could have been fatal. dr chris davis from the uk ' s rutherford appleton laboratory underlined the power of cmes. \" the energy in a cme is typically about 10 - to - the - power - of - 24 joules. that is the same as a bus hitting a wall at 25mph a billion, billion times. it ' s 100 times the energy stored in the world ' s nuclear arsenal, \" he said. the spacecraft launched on a trajectory that goes past the moon the lunar swingby will position the spacecraft in widely spaced orbits one will lead the earth in its orbit, the other will lag behind over the course of their mission, the twins will continue to separate their different views will be combined to make 3d movies of cmes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4992234112739927, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.217733"} {"text": "the findings are published in today ' s issue of nature. \" this calcium transporter really is an important key to understanding how the heart is regulated, \" said dr. donald hilgemann, professor of physiology and senior author of the study. \" at every beat, calcium in heart cells increases. and it ' s calcium that is the messenger to the heart to get it to contract. \" we knew for a long time that ncx1 brings calcium into and out of heart cells by exchanging it for sodium. and in doing so it generates important electrical currents in the heart. the surprise is that this transporter dances more than just that old waltz from vienna. it knows salsa! \" the research reveals two new modes of operation of ncx1. first, the membrane protein can move sodium into heart cells without moving calcium out. this mode generates an electrical current independent of calcium transport that contributes to excitation of the heart. the second mode is to move calcium into heart cells without generating any electrical current. this mode, dr. hilgemann said, may determine the calcium that remains in heart cells after each beat and thereby determines the strength of cardiac contraction over many beats. using so - called \" giant membrane patch \" techniques together with highly sensitive ion detection techniques, both developed and implemented by dr. hilgemann, ut southwestern researchers were able to determine precisely how ncx1 works as an ion exchanger, how many calcium and sodium ions move across the membrane, when they are exchanged, and, surprisingly, when they move together. \" transporters move ions across membranes by grabbing hold of them and transferring the energy of one type of ion to another type, just one contact : amy shields ut southwestern medical center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5315369586361636, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.219527"} {"text": "photograph by george steinmetz, national geographic published november 30, 2012 this piece is part of water grabbers : a global rush on freshwater, a special national geographic news series on how grabbing land \u2014 and water \u2014 from poor people, desperate governments, and future generations threatens global food security, environmental sustainability, and local cultures. the piece is also this week ' s \" in focus \" series \u2014 stepping back, looking closer. mayor daouda sanankoua had traveled overnight by boat to see me, through flooded forests and submerged banks of hippo grass. there was no other way. sanankoua ' s domain, the district of deboye in the heart of mali in west africa, is on the edge of the sahara. yet sanankoua ' s homeland is mostly water. his people live by catching fish, grazing cattle, and harvesting crops in one of the world ' s largest and most fecund wetlands, a massive inland delta created by the meandering waters of one of africa ' s mightiest waterways, the niger river. nearly two million malians live on the delta. \" everything here depends on the water, \" said the mayor. \" but \" \u2014 and here he paused gravely, pushed his glasses down an elegant nose, and began waving a long finger \u2014 \" the government is taking our water. they are giving it to foreign farmers. they don ' t even ask us. \" what is happening here in mali is happening all over the world. people who depend on the natural flow of water, and the burst of nature that comes with it, are losing out as powerful people upstream divert the water. as the mayor talked in the schoolyard of akka village, on an island in the heart of the niger inland delta, women rushed around putting straw mats on the ground, and bringing bowls of food. by torchlight, we savored a supper of smoked fish, millet porridge, and green vegetables, all products of the waters around us. this aquatic world, a green smudge on the edge of the sahara 250 miles ( 402 kilometers ) across, seemed well. it is a major wintering ground for millions of european birds. on the way to akka, i constantly grabbed binoculars to watch birds i knew from back home. in england, kingfishers are rare ; here they seemed to be everywhere. there were other european water birds in profusion, like cormorants and herons, along with endangered local birds such as the black crowned crane. without being too", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.419802316085349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.229222"} {"text": "in england, kingfishers are rare ; here they seemed to be everywhere. there were other european water birds in profusion, like cormorants and herons, along with endangered local birds such as the black crowned crane. without being too romantic, there seemed to be a remarkable degree of harmony between nature and human needs. i saw the bozo people, the delta ' s original inhabitants, ply their canoes from dawn to dusk, casting nets that catch an estimated 100, 000 tons of fish a year \u2014 from the ubiquitous nile perch and bottom - living cichlids to favorite local species that live only amid roots in the flooded forests. the bambara, founders of the great 13th - century mali empire, planted millet and rice in the delta mud as the waters receded. by the early 19th century the fulani arrived from across west africa to graze their cattle and goats on the aquatic pastures of hippo grasses. there have been disputes, of course, but for the most part, by concentrating on different activities, the different groups have been able to respect each other ' s rights to harvest the wetland over generations. all the scientific evidence suggests that nature thrived too \u2014 until recently. for the mayor was clear that the waters are receding. fish catches are down. the flooded forests are being left high and dry. he fears his world could soon be gone. his people are doing their best to cope. the following morning, i watched the women of akka scrape channels in caked and cracked soils on the edge of the village, in an effort to persuade water from the lake to reach their kitchen gardens. each year, it got harder, they said. diverting the niger river some blame failing rains and changing climate for this crisis on the delta. not so, said the mayor. upstream diversions of water are to blame. back on dry land, i found the source of the mayor ' s ire just a few miles away, where engineers were constructing concrete barrages to tame the niger river ' s flow and digging canals to divert its water just before it enters the wetland. the aim is to provide water for chinese sugar farms, libyan rice growers, and german -, french -, and american - funded agricultural development schemes, in a region managed by a government irrigation agency called the office du niger. the government sees such development as the route to modernizing its agriculture through encouraging foreign investment. but critics say ministers in bamako, the capital, are oblivious to the shortage of water that is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4074664265652233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.230208"} {"text": "by a government irrigation agency called the office du niger. the government sees such development as the route to modernizing its agriculture through encouraging foreign investment. but critics say ministers in bamako, the capital, are oblivious to the shortage of water that is a critical constraint on achieving this goal. the office du niger already presides over a quarter of a million acres ( roughly 100, 000 hectares ) of irrigated rice fields. that land takes 8 percent of the river ' s flow, according to the agency ' s records. that figure can rise to 70 percent in the dry season, says leo zwarts, a dutch government hydrologist who is a leading authority on the niger river. the local engineer in charge of the main diversion structure on the river, the markala barrage, agrees. sitting on the riverbank beside the massive dam - like structure, lansana keita told me that he and his colleagues often failed to ensure the release of 1, 413 cubic feet ( 40 cubic meters ) a second, the official minimum flow of water downstream into the wetland. \" we do our best, but irrigation has priority, \" he said. that was evident. during the dry months, there is often more water in the canals that lead from the barrage to the fields than there is in the river itself as it heads for the delta. as a result, the delta is already diminishing. zwarts estimates that existing abstractions \u2014 diversions \u2014 have cut the area of delta that is flooded annually by an average of 232 square miles ( 600 square kilometers ), killing many flooded forests and expanses of hippo grasses. he has a pair of graphs that show how the amount of fish sold in local markets goes up and down with the size of the delta inundation the previous year. in recent years, both have been declining. but that is just the start. behind keita was a large metal sign displaying a map of the domain of the office du niger. it showed small areas painted green where there is already irrigation, and much larger areas painted yellow to show where irrigation is planned. all three main canals from the barrage were being enlarged during my visit. the government eventually wants to irrigate ten times more land than today, and is bringing in foreign companies to do it. they are offered free land and as much water as they need. zwarts predicts that the diversions could soon take the entire flow of the niger river during the dry season. add to that the impact of a hydroelectric dam planned farther", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3799048319602528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.231803"} {"text": "it. they are offered free land and as much water as they need. zwarts predicts that the diversions could soon take the entire flow of the niger river during the dry season. add to that the impact of a hydroelectric dam planned farther upstream by the government of guinea, and zwarts says the delta could dry up every fourth year. the mali government does not confirm this analysis, but its own figures show that a fall in water levels of just one foot would dry out half of the delta. in an interview, the ( now former ) head of the office du niger said the government ' s targets for minimum flows will protect the delta. but he also said his office is tasked with increasing irrigation for agriculture. when i pointed out these two goals seem to be in contradiction, he declined to comment. mali ' s water deals this won ' t all happen overnight. political unrest in the north of mali in recent months has discouraged foreign investment. a multiyear aid scheme funded by the u. s. government ' s millennium challenge corporation to irrigate some 35, 000 acres and turn herders into rice farmers was terminated a few months early, although many malians did receive farm supplies. but a 50, 000 - acre sugar scheme masterminded by the chinese state - owned china light industrial corporation for foreign economic and technical co - operation is close to completion. and other projects are expected to follow once peace returns, including the biggest of them all, a libyan plan to grow rice on a quarter - million acres ( roughly 100, 000 hectares ). the huge diversion canal for what is known as the malibya project is already dug and full of water. critics of these megaprojects say the government of mali is blind to the damage the water abstractions will do to the wetland, a mysterious region where officials seldom go. \" the government is so obsessed with getting investment for its agriculture that it cannot see when that investment will do more harm than good to its people, \" lamine coulibaly of the national coordination of peasant organizations of mali told me. jane madgwick, head of wetlands international, a science - based ngo based in the netherlands that is working with people on the delta, agrees. far from filling the bellies of malians, \" these projects will decrease food security in mali, by damaging the livelihoods of those most vulnerable, \" she says. water grabbing : a global concern? the situation in mali may be part of an emerging global pattern. from the papyrus swamps of lake victoria in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.411050627084166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.232770"} {"text": "projects will decrease food security in mali, by damaging the livelihoods of those most vulnerable, \" she says. water grabbing : a global concern? the situation in mali may be part of an emerging global pattern. from the papyrus swamps of lake victoria in east africa to the flooded forests of cambodia ' s great lake, from the dried - up delta of the colorado in mexico to the marshes of mesopotamia, those living downstream have been at the mercy of those they call water grabbers. some \u2014 like those in the niger delta \u2014 worry that they may become victims of the \" next aral sea, \" the doomed body of water in central asia that was once the world ' s fourth largest inland sea. half a century ago, soviet engineers began to grab its water to grow cotton. over a few decades, they largely emptied the sea and created a giant new desert. today, the formerly profitable fishing fleets and fertile wet - delta pastures are all gone. the surrounding region is poisoned by salt blown from the dried - up seabed, the climate is changing, the people are departing, and most of the sea is a distant memory. madgwick of wetlands international says that what mali plans for the inner niger delta would be similar, \" a human catastrophe as vicious and shameful as the drainage of the aral sea. \" out on the delta today, the bozo and bambara and fulani people await news of their fate. fred pearce is a journalist and author on environmental science. his books include when the rivers run dry and the land grabbers, both for beacon press, boston. he writes regularly for new scientist magazine, yale environment 360, and the guardian, and has been published by nature and the washington post. the world ' s water the world ' s increasing population and development of agricultural land are putting pressure on the earth ' s limited freshwater supplies. find out what ' s at stake and how you can help. learn more about the world ' s water challenge with photos, stories, videos, and more. you might be surprised to see how the daily choices you make affect critical watersheds around the world. water currents, by sandra postel and others drillers turn to alternative sources of water for fracking, but concerns remain. california ' s mountain yellow - legged frog gets new hope from captive breeding. a year in the making, this video highlights nature ' s splendor. connect with nat geo stories from experts in the field national geographic fellow zeb hogan tells us what needs to happen in order to save the region ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40739476158300847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.233777"} {"text": "research shows benefits of poverty simulation for university students march 25, 2011print - denise horton athens, ga. - an article by two university of georgia researchers in the latest issue of the journal of poverty demonstrates that students participating in a simulation \" soften their attitudes \" regarding those who live in poverty. sharon y. nickols, the janette mcgarity barber distinguished professor in the college of family and consumer sciences, and robb nielsen, an assistant professor in the college, conducted both a qualitative and quantitative study to determine whether students developed \" social empathy \" after participating in a two - and - a - half hour simulation titled, \" welcome to the state of poverty. \" during the simulation, students in nickols ' course on managing family resources are clustered into various family groups - two parents and two children ; an older woman living alone ; a single mother with two children ; and a cohabiting couple, for example. faculty members and other volunteers play the roles of community members, such as the town banker, pawn shop owner and a social services employee. during the course of the simulation, the participants must accomplish a variety of tasks, including buying groceries, paying their bills and caring for both toddlers and aging parents while subsisting on low wages and other issues, such as being unable to speak english. during the course of each 15 - minute \" month, \" new situations are randomly interjected. in some cases, these are helpful events, such as an unemployed parent receiving a job. in other cases, the events add to the families ' difficulties, such as a family without health insurance facing illness. the simulation, which is led by cooperative extension multicultural specialist sharon gibson, has been used for many years with a variety of community leaders to help them realize the complexities of poverty, but the study by nickols and nielsen is apparently the first to measure its impact on college students. in conducting their study, nickols and nielson used two ways of measuring students ' attitudes - a pre - and post - test and a reflective paper that was written after the simulation. what they found, according to nielsen, was that the students were better able to identify with the experiences and reactions of those in adverse or difficult situations. \" it wasn ' t a dramatic change, but we didn ' t expect a dramatic change, \" he said. \" these students started relatively empathetic and became more empathetic. \" among the changes, participants in the simulation shifted their opinions about whether people who are poor attempt to get out of poverty ; whether", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4928216862830064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.243434"} {"text": "expect a dramatic change, \" he said. \" these students started relatively empathetic and became more empathetic. \" among the changes, participants in the simulation shifted their opinions about whether people who are poor attempt to get out of poverty ; whether they attempt to save money ; and whether they ' d rather work than be on welfare. in addition, their views on whether the poor have equal access to health care and whether the government does enough to help those who are poor, also shifted. they gained a better understanding of the fact that there are more children than adults living in poverty. in looking at the reflective papers the students wrote a week after the simulation, the researchers found that 65 of the 75 students who wrote papers described themselves as having gained greater insights into the lives of the poor as a result of the simulation. among the remaining students, seven reported no change in their opinions ( in some cases, they stated they already were empathetic to the poor ) and the responses of three students were ambiguous. \" i began to understand and realize that it ' s not always a person ' s fault for being in a poverty - stricken lifestyle, \" wrote one student. \" just sitting in an environment of failure makes your own drive to succeed that much harder. \" another student was surprised by the difficulty of assessing social services : \" i knew very little about tanf ( temporary assistance for needy families ). i cannot imagine that everyone that is in need of help knows all about the programs available to them. \" one finding the authors hadn ' t anticipated, based on previous studies that examined empathy, was the stress the participants felt as they inhabited the roles of those living in poverty. \" the stress... was brought on entirely by my family ' s financial insecurity, \" a student said. \" i had little time to do anything other than go to work, run errands and pay the bills ; i barely saw my children or husband and never had the chance to relax. \" \" getting groceries, applying for tanf and food stamps and going to the quickcash all took so long to get accomplished, \" wrote another. \" i think that many people in poverty would feel like they were on a treadmill, not really getting anywhere. \" \" much of what students learn in the family resources class emphasizes the breadth of resources that are available, including time, space, and family and community support, in addition to the monetary and material goods we frequently think of, \" nickols said. \" part of what this simulation demonstrates is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5006979912718041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.245850"} {"text": "uga researcher developing new vaccine to fight resurging mumps virus june 13, 2012print athens, ga. - mumps may seem like a disease of a bygone era to many people in the u. s. who, thanks to immunization programs, have been spared the fever, aches and characteristic swollen jawline of the once common viral infection. biao he, a university of georgia professor of infectious diseases and a georgia research alliance distinguished investigator in the college of veterinary medicine, worries that a new strain of the virus is spreading, and it could lead to the widespread reintroduction of mumps. now, thanks in part a $ 1. 8 million grant from the national institutes of health, he and his team are working on a new vaccine to stop it. although not typically a life - threatening disease, mumps can lead to serious health problems such as viral meningitis, hearing loss and pancreatitis ; and it can cause miscarriage during early pregnancy. vaccinations diminished the number of cases dramatically, and at one point it appeared that the u. s. was on pace to eradicate the disease. but two large outbreaks of the virus in 2006 and 2010 involving thousands of confirmed cases in the midwest and northeast put the hope of eradication on hold. he is concerned that the current vaccine, which has been in use since 1967, may be showing signs of weakness. \" the virus is always evolving and mutating, and new viruses will emerge, \" he said. \" it ' s only a matter of time until the old vaccine we have doesn ' t work. \" the current vaccine is commonly called the jeryl lynn strain and is named after the daughter of inventor maurice hilleman. it is based on a specific genotype of the mumps virus called genotype a. however, the 2006 and 2010 mumps outbreaks were caused by another strain, genotype g. even more troubling is that most of the people who contracted mumps during the 2006 and 2010 outbreaks had received the recommended two - dose vaccination in their early childhood, meaning that the virus was spreading even among the vaccinated population. \" the question is : with this new genotype virus emerging in the vaccinated population, what do you do about it? \" he said. some have suggested administering a third jeryl lynn vaccine to boost immunity later in life, but it is unclear if that approach would be successful. he suggests that modern scientific techniques have made the creation of some vaccines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5298341397531856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.253230"} {"text": "you do about it? \" he said. some have suggested administering a third jeryl lynn vaccine to boost immunity later in life, but it is unclear if that approach would be successful. he suggests that modern scientific techniques have made the creation of some vaccines much easier, so producing a new mumps vaccine may be the most effective method of controlling the emerging threat. \" in the past few years, we have taken advantage of genetic engineering, and my lab is particularly good at engineering viruses, \" he said. \" we can take a virus, look at its genetic sequence, take bits and pieces away and generate a new virus with less virulence that will work as a vaccine. \" before the advent of genetic engineering, the process of creating a vaccine could be intensely laborious, as researchers would have to pass the virus through many generations of reproduction until they found a naturally occurring weakened virus. this process can take long periods of time, and there is little guarantee that the weakened virus will work as a vaccine. genetic engineering allows he ' s lab to produce an effective and safe vaccine much more quickly. vaccine safety became a topic of much discussion after british medical researcher andrew wakefield suggested that there was a link between the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine and autism. however, his claims were found to be fraudulent, and wakefield was barred from practicing medicine in the united kingdom. much of the fallout from the wakefield case remains, and some are still hesitant to have their children vaccinated, but he is insistent that administering vaccines to children is the safe and responsible thing to do. \" the no. 1 issue for us in making a pediatric vaccine is safety, \" he said. \" so far our testing suggests we are on the right track. \" once he and his laboratory have devised a safe, reliable method to create vaccines for genotype g, they can apply that knowledge to rapidly produce vaccines for the other 12 mumps genotypes currently circulating in populations throughout the world. health professionals were able to contain the outbreaks of 2006 and 2010, but he thinks that the large global population and ease with which people move from one location to another make humankind vulnerable to rapid disease spread. \" it ' s almost like a small fire ; if it stays small, we can put it out, \" he said. \" but if conditions are right, and the wind begins to blow, the fire can take over. \" research reported in this publication was supported by the national institutes of health under award number 1r01ai097368 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5055636384684248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.254738"} {"text": "cool crop circles last year, quite a complex and elaborate 100ft diameter circle appeared overnight in a field of oil seed rape near silbury hill, wiltshire cool crop circles unseasonably warm and wet spring weather has seen many summer flowers appearing earlier than usual, and, surprisingly for so early in the year as things normally go, has sparked the crop circle creationists into early action. last year, quite a complex and elaborate 100ft diameter circle appeared overnight in a field of oil seed rape near silbury hill, wiltshire, causing a bit of a stir, a fabulous floral creation of six interlocking ' petal ' like crescent shapes, the very first proper design of the season, according to expert lucy pringle. from petersfield in hampshire, lucy is a founder member of the centre for crop circle studies, widely known as an international authority on crop circles, having carried out research over several years into both physiological and psychological effects on those visiting such installations. her research has revealed that there are measurable changes to hormone levels and brain activity in humans after coming into the vicinity of these creations, which have in past years included triangles, birds, complex 3 - d geometric shapes, as well as ahidden mathematical codes, such as that found in 2008 near wroughton, wiltshire, thought to represent the first ten digits of the pi number. a massive crop circle 200ft across appeared overnight close to the age - old topic of conversation amongst scholars, stonehenge, long thought of as a hot spot for this bizarre practice, being the tallest prehistoric man - made mound in europe, iand an obvious focal point. whilst there are indeed those who believe crop circles an entirely man - made phenomenon, others believe them caused by the magnetic field of the planet, while those out on the periphery think them the work of extra - terrestrial being trying to communicate. exactly how crop circles are created is still a mystery in many ways, and enthusiasts argue that not enough night hours exist in summer to allow humans to complete the complex creations. whatever the truth is, the rash of environmental art, of sorts, which gives farmers cause to feel frustration at the mindless destruction of good crop plants, is likely to always be a feature of the summer months. whether or not somebody ever manages to establish just how they are created remains to be seen, but i personally would not bet against the e. t. idea. the truth, as they say, is out there.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.511745263394006, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.259904"} {"text": "for too many new jerseyans, addiction begins in the medicine cabinet. the new jersey division of consumer affairs has developed project medicine drop as an important component of its effort to halt the abuse and diversion of prescription drugs. it allows consumers to dispose of unused and expired medications anonymously, seven days a week, 365 days a year, at \u201c prescription drug drop boxes \u201d located within the headquarters of participating police departments. each project medicine drop box is installed indoors, affixed to the floor or wall in a secure area within police department headquarters, within view of law enforcement officers, in an area to which members of the public may be admitted to dispose of their unused medications. their prominent \u201c project medicine drop \u201d logos make the boxes highly visible and recognizable. this initiative builds on the success of the u. s. drug enforcement administration ' s national take back initiative, and the american medicine chest challenge, which is sponsored in new jersey by the dea, partnership for a drug free new jersey, and sheriffs ' association of new jersey. both programs provide single - day opportunities to drop off unused medications at pre - identified, secure locations. project medicine drop provides the opportunity to discard unused prescription medications every day throughout the year. the participating police agencies maintain custody of the deposited drugs, and dispose of them according to their normal procedures for the custody and destruction of controlled dangerous substances. they report the quantity of discarded drugs to the division of consumer affairs on a quarterly basis. the division plans to expand the program in 2012, to include police departments in each of new jersey ' s 21 counties. the facts and statistics about prescription drug abuse are staggering : - every day, 40 americans die from an overdose caused by prescription painkiller abuse, according to the u. s. centers of disease control. overdoses of opioid prescription drugs now kill more people in the u. s. than heroin and cocaine combined. - two in five teenagers mistakenly believe prescription drugs are \" much safer \" than illegal drugs, according to the dea, and three in 10 teens mistakenly believe prescription painkillers are not addictive. - in the united states, every day 2, 500 youths take a prescription pain reliever for the purpose of getting high for the very first time, according to the office of national drug control policy. - the us drug enforcement administration reports that prescription drugs, including opioids and antidepressants, are responsible for more overdose deaths than \" street drugs \" such as cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamines. - the number of american teenagers and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4873812282195982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.283653"} {"text": "the earliest record of human activity in northern europe parfitt, simon a. ; barendregt, rene w. ; breda, marzia ; candy, ian ; collins, matthew j. ; coope, g. russell ; durbridge, paul ; field, mike h. ; lee, jonathan r. ; lister, adrian m. ; mutch, robert ; penkman, kirsty e. h. ; preece, richard c. ; rose, james ; stringer, christopher b. ; symmons, robert ; whittaker, john e. ; wymer, john j. ; stuart, anthony j.. 2005 the earliest record of human activity in northern europe. nature, 438. 1008 - 1012. 10. 1038 / nature04227full text not available from this repository. ( request a copy ) the colonization of eurasia by early humans is a key event after their spread out of africa, but the nature, timing and ecological context of the earliest human occupation of northwest europe is uncertain and has been the subject of intense debate1. the southern caucasus was occupied about 1. 8 million years ( myr ) ago2, whereas human remains from atapuerca - td6, spain ( more than 780 kyr ago ) 3 and ceprano, italy ( about 800 kyr ago ) 4 show that early homo had dispersed to the mediterranean hinterland before the brunhes \u2013 matuyama magnetic polarity reversal ( 780 kyr ago ). until now, the earliest uncontested artefacts from northern europe were much younger, suggesting that humans were unable to colonize northern latitudes until about 500 kyr ago5, 6. here we report flint artefacts from the cromer forest - bed formation at pakefield ( 52\u00b0 n ), suffolk, uk, from an interglacial sequence yielding a diverse range of plant and animal fossils. event and lithostratigraphy, palaeomagnetism, amino acid geochronology and biostratigraphy indicate that the artefacts date to the early part of the brunhes chron ( about 700 kyr ago ) and thus represent the earliest unequivocal evidence for human presence north of the alps. | programmes : | | bgs programmes > other | | date made live : | | 29 nov 2011 15 : 13 | actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47635828303214783, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.344137"} {"text": "warm springs : a classic boondoggle? by harold gilliam if president carter wants to bolster his anti - inflation program by saving the government at least $ 200 million, i have a suggestion for him. the planned warm springs dam, on a tributary of the russian river in sonoma county, is a classic boondoggle, a pork barrel item that was somehow overlooked when the president compiled his nationwide ' ' hit list \" of water projects that he boldly said he would veto \u2014 and did. even in the corps of engineers ' optimistic estimate of the dam ' s benefits, warm springs is a marginal project, with a benefit - cost ratio of 1. 1. that means for every dollar of cost, there will be benefits of $ 1. 10. if the benefits were a shade less, the dam could not be financially justified as a federal project. let ' s look at the principal benefits - recreation and water supply. the federal flood - control program was born 40 years ago in an effort to do a job that no state could handle alone \u2014 prevent the kind of disastrous floods that were occurring along the mississippi, with tragic loss of life and property. what happens on the russian river is quite different. floods there come not with a rushing wall of water that wipes out whole communities but with a gradual rising of the river until it laps at the doors of buildings in resort communities like guerneville and sometimes inundates basements and ground floors. traditionally, after this kind of flood, the owners shovel out the mud and go back to work. it ' s a nuisance, but it ' s been happening on the russian river for generations, and no one buying property there has any excuse for being ignorant of the river ' s habit of rising in heavy rains. so we may wonder by what right property owners now demand the federal government bail them out. there are ways of flood - proofing buildings that would accomplish much the same results the dam would provide \u2014 lowering the high - water level by two or three feet. along the river and its tributaries there are places where the water is cutting its banks into agricultural land. riprap or other channel work could curtail the bank erosion without the dam. some of the agricultural fields along the river \u2014 mostly in grapes now \u2014 are flooded by high water, which deposits layers of silt in the vineyards. this process is precisely what caused the land to be productive in the first place, under the natural cycles of soil replenishment. stopping the process may be a convenience to growers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4440055428794339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.366009"} {"text": "high water, which deposits layers of silt in the vineyards. this process is precisely what caused the land to be productive in the first place, under the natural cycles of soil replenishment. stopping the process may be a convenience to growers, but in the long run it would amount to a death sentence on the land that is produced and sustained by river overflow. why should the federal government be subsidizing destruction of the soil ' s fertility? but even the protection that the dam would provide to existing buildings and farmlands would not add up to enough dollar benefits to pay for the dam ' s flood - control cost. that cost can only be met by an ingenious accounting gimmick : \" benefits \" to buildings and other developments that do not exist - but that might exist if the dam were built. if the dam lowers the flood crest, certain lands that otherwise would be in the flood zone could be used for building. so flood protection to those ghostly structures is counted as a benefit in order to justify the cost of the dam. why should the federal government be subsidizing development in the flood plain? why should federal taxpayers be giving handouts to those lucky landowners? even all this remarkable accounting still would not pay for the dam. to help justify the cost, the corps counts recreational benefits. boaters and other users of \" lake sonoma, \" the reservoir behind the dam, would eventually spend more than $ 1 million a year there. by some puzzling financial legerdemain these millions are counted as part of the benefits supplied by the dam. but who gets the benefits? if a typical family spends, say $ 100 a year at lake sonoma \u2014 on boats and gasoline and hot dogs \u2014 that ' s $ 100 that it won ' t spend someplace else, such as the bay area. why should the federal taxpayer be subsidizing a diversion of recreation expenditures from the bay area to lake sonoma? what possible federal benefit is involved? the dam would also supply water for use in sonorma county and adjoining areas. the water would be paid for by the water user. theoretically. actually the payment would extend over a 50 to 60 year peroid. but the dam has to be paid for when it is built, not some time in the next century. so uncle sam in effect lends the water users their share of the paid dam ' s cost, to be paid back over that 50 - 60 year period. but because the dam was originally authorized in 1967, at a time when interest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45031933765435334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.369521"} {"text": "next century. so uncle sam in effect lends the water users their share of the paid dam ' s cost, to be paid back over that 50 - 60 year period. but because the dam was originally authorized in 1967, at a time when interest rates were only 31 / 8 per cent, the water users would pay at that bargain basement rate. the federal taxpayers would have to make up the difference between that and the current market interest rate, which will be three or four times that much. and that difference over a half - century period, could amount to the biggest subsidy of all. if sonoma county wants to double or triple or quadruple its population so that the water supply available from warm springs will be used and paid for, if the people of santa rosa want that city to become another congested san jose, sprawling out into the farmlands, i suppose you could say that ' s their business. but why should the rest of us \u2014 the federal taxpayers \u2014 pay the bill? somona taxpayers will be paying for the dam on top of their other taxes for generations to come. the result will predictably be irresistible pressure on all local agencies to promote the fastest possible urbanization and industrialization of the county in order to get a broader tax base to pay the bills for the dam. growth under pressure. the dam will create jobs, yes. but if we are to rely on dams for employment, when warm springs is finished it will be necessary to build another big dam and yet another when that is finished ad infinitum. there is room for argument about how much water will be needed and where it will come from. without warm springs, water could be available from wells ( the russian river drainage, particularly the santa rosa plain, is rich in ground water ), from increasing the capacity of coyote dam on the upper russian, from conservation and waste water recycling. how much would be needed from these or other sources \u2014 including warm springs \u2014 depends on what assumptions you make about population growth and about more efficient use of existing water supplies. the warm springs task force, a sonoma county group opposed to the dam, has a court suit maintaining that the corps ' environmental impact statement does not adequately consider alternatives to the dam, earthquake risks and other matters. the 9th circuit court of appeals heard the case last spring but for some inscrutable reason has not yet spoken. meantime, the preliminary work goes on, millions have already been spent and construction on the main dam is about ready to begin. the corps has estimated that the water supply portion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43153926364525536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.374386"} {"text": "the case last spring but for some inscrutable reason has not yet spoken. meantime, the preliminary work goes on, millions have already been spent and construction on the main dam is about ready to begin. the corps has estimated that the water supply portion of the dam, to be paid for by sonoma county taxpayers, would amount to $ 60 million dollars. but the task force comes up with another figure. adding the interest to be paid over the life of the project, plus an inflation factor, plus a cost - overrun figure, the task force calculates that the dam will cost the sonoma county taxpayers $ 230 million - - almost $ 1000 added to the property tax for every man, woman and child now living in the county. no matter whose figures are accepted, warm springs seems inordinately expensive way for federal taxpayers as well as for the county to subsidize urban sprawl, riverbank landowners, subdivisions on farmland, reservior recreation, and future construction in flood - prone areas. photograph caption : site of the warm springs dam project. even the engineers consider it a marginal project with a benefit - cost ratio of 1. 1 s. f. sunday examiner & chronicle click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4061150607656118, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.381827"} {"text": "as part of the wrap - up for this course, we \u2019 re looking back at some of the first things we wrote in june ( introduction to webtools, setting the stage, and guiding principles for tech use in the classroom ). i don \u2019 t know that my thinking / philosophy on using technology has changed dramatically in the past two and a half months. i was on - board with tech use in the classroom with the goal of improved learning and connection, and i was excited to try out some new tools and learn from a new and diverse group of educators. i still am. i do have a clearer picture of some specific tools that i \u2019 d like to implement this year in my classes, and i am happy to have made many new connections in my continually - expanding pln. what has changed for me is a renewed focus on the idea that the best web tools allow us to do something completely new. i find myself coming back to three points from jeff utecht \u2019 s article \u201c evaluating technology use in the classroom \u201d : - does the technology allow students to learn from people they never would have been able to without it? - does the technology allow students to interact with information in a way that is meaningful and could not have happened otherwise? - does the technology allow students to create and share their knowledge with an audience they never would have had access to without technology? [ my emphasis ] i \u2019 ve been focused primarily on the second bullet point ( which isn \u2019 t horrible ). if that \u2019 s all we do with new technology, it still represents movement in the right direction. i \u2019 ve made some progress on the third point ( through student blogging ), but i don \u2019 t think i \u2019 ve tapped into the full potential there. my students were very excited to keep track of their blog \u2019 s page views counter, and they broadened their readership by putting their new biology blog posts up on facebook. ( which, come to think of it, is actually a pretty significant step. i wonder if they were sharing any of their history essays, spanish translations, or math problem sets on fb? ) but i want to try to find some ways to have them interact with people outside of our classroom, outside of our state and country, if possible. that \u2019 s a new goal of mine for the year. lastly, we should recognize that we \u2019 re going to ask our students to jump into this whole using tech in the classroom in new ways thing along with us. they \u2019 ll get their own crash courses in web", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5171060122637883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.398942"} {"text": "healthy diet means better mental health ( australia ) australian researchers have shown that a nutritious diet has a significant, positive effect on mental health and can even aid in the prevention and treatment of depression and anxiety. researchers from the university of melbourne have been studying the impact of teenage diets on depressive symptoms since 2005. over 2000 study participants, age 11 to 18 years, were sampled from 2005 to 2006, and again in 2007 to 2008. diet quality and mental health baselines were established at the beginning of the study and followed up throughout the project. after adjustments for sociodemographic variables and exercise, it was found that a good quality diet predicted better mental health than any other factor. furthermore, dietary changes matched mental health states during the investigation. in other words, improved diet was reflected in improved mental health and a poor quality diet filled with snacks and highly processed foods was associated with a deterioration in mental health. these results corroborate the 2010 findings of the same research team wherein diet and mental health outcomes of australian women across a wide range of ages were studied. in that investigation, researchers found that women who ate a diet of vegetables, fruit, whole grains, high quality meat and fish reduced their risk of depression, dysthymia and anxiety by more than 30 per cent. on the other hand, women eating a diet with high quantities of refined and processed foods as well as saturated fats, had a 50 per cent increased likelihood of developing depression. to read the online study, \u201c a prospective study of diet quality and mental health in adolescents \u201d, go to www. plosone. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4762964747639441, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.403434"} {"text": "water supply and water quality problems facing the city of el paso and ciudad juarez are complex and interrelated. the twin cities share the water resources of the hueco bolson, a tertiary and quaternary basin fill aquifer that spans the international border. the binational metroplex is located at the junction between the western edge of texas and the northernmost part of chihuahua, mexico. over - pumping of the hueco bolson aquifer has resulted in drawdown of the water table, encroachment of brackish groundwater, and the early retirement of wells. in response to these issues, mexican and american universities formed a partnership to study the surface and ground - water resources of the el paso / juarez area. governmental agencies are participating in the project by providing existing data, access to water wells, and other support services. the research team is applying a suite of isotopic tracers to provide an understanding of the spatial dynamics of the aquifers by tracing water from areas of recharge to regions of discharge. the team is also using a variety of geochemical and isotopic tracers to answer questions about increasing salinity in the developed parts of the aquifer. with an increased understanding of the flowpaths of the aquifer systems, the team is addressing stream - aquifer interactions between the groundwater systems and the rio grande. by combining an understanding of isotopic and geochemical changes in the river system with the information about the groundwater systems, the team is calculating fluxes of water and solutes from the groundwater system to the river system. finally, this geochemical and isotopic information is being used by the municipal partners to constrain physical and management models of groundwater to utilize the fresh and saline water resources of the hueco bolson more effectively.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48650050517107113, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.406511"} {"text": "soon he came upon a peasant singing and scything. \u2018 you there, varlet, \u2019 said shrek. \u2018 why so blithe? \u2019 \u201d \u2013 william steig, \u201c shrek \u201d \u201c shrek \u201d inspired me to let the words fly around my children. nope, i \u2019 m not talking about the movie \u201c shrek \u201d, but about william steig \u2019 s wonderful picture book \u201c shrek. \u201d and i \u2019 m not talking about using curse words around my children, but about using a more sophisticated vocabulary in ordinary conversation. the vocabulary in \u201c shrek \u201d is extravagant. it \u2019 s so baroque that i did some research to find out why steig had included phrases like \u201c shady copse, \u201d \u201c churlish knave, \u201d \u201c rosy wens, \u201d and \u201c fusty fens. \u201d had he picked words at random from a dictionary and challenged himself to work them into his story? did he have pet underused words that he was determined to bring back into favor? ( i myself have waged a losing campaign to popularize \u201c chirk. \u201d ) or had it been the product of a bet? dr. seuss wrote his masterpiece \u201c green eggs and ham \u201d using just 50 different words, after his publisher, bennett cerf, bet him $ 50 that he couldn \u2019 t compose a book with such a limited vocabulary. ( the words? a, am, and, anywhere, are, be, boat, box, car, could, dark, do, eat, eggs, fox, goat, good, green, ham, here, house, i, if, in, let, like, may, me, mouse, not, on, or, rain, sam, say, see, so, thank, that, the, them, there, they, train, tree, try, will, with, would, you. ) but while i couldn \u2019 t find an explanation for steig \u2019 s flamboyant vocabulary, i was inspired by his example \u2014 and by my daughters \u2019 unquestioning acceptance of his range \u2014 to use more sophisticated vocabulary when talking to children. it made me realize that i \u2019 d unconsciously been simplifying my language, even though my daughters were perfectly able to handle words like \u201c nacreous, \u201d \u201c nonplussed, \u201d \u201c ambivalent \u201d and \u201c palanquin. \u201d it \u2019 s a secret of adulthood : if we can express ourselves precisely, we can think precisely, and i want my", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4742643360398603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.410213"} {"text": "first, the truth is that no one really knows why some products succeed and others don \u2019 t. as the purchasing of goods in the market done by multiple individuals whose decisions are often personal and multi - factorial, direct observation and dissection of behavior is nearly impossible. there are some theories, though ( largely from van den bulte, 2007 ). so that i don \u2019 t forget, and purely for my own benefit, here \u2019 s a breakdown : 1. people who buy early are different from those who buy late. for example, the people who sit in the cold waiting to buy the new iphone on the day it is released are vastly different from those who wait until the price drops 6 months later. it \u2019 s hard to tell who \u2019 s smarter. me, i like heat. ( see rogers, 2003. ) 2. there are market leaders that other people like to follow. people buy products because they want to imitate others, who might mostly be those who pick up on fads early, i. e. there are \u201c innovators \u201d and \u201c imitators. \u201d people who bought to iphone 1 ( what did that look like? ) early showed it to their friends, who bought one, too. ( see bass, 1969 ) 3. people buy products autonomously, because of influence from above, or because of peer influence. some people buy stuff caring little for anyone else. some people buy stuff because an authority said it was a good idea. some people buy stuff because their friends do. ( see riesman, 1950 and schor, 1998 ) 4. purchase decisions depend on social status. some people buy stuff because they want to emulate those higher on the social ladder than they are. similarly, those on top buy new stuff because they don \u2019 t want to fall behind or be unseated as a high profile consumer. some people tend to want to buy slightly more car than they can afford, so that they can feel more like those with more money than they have. the stratified nature of society, thus, perpetuates a system of striving to consume more beyond one \u2019 s means. this desire is, of course, endless. ( see simmel 1971 and burt 1987 ) 5. marketing is a two step process. ads are only effective at influencing behavior of leaders, who, in turn influence their followers. i call this the \u201c economist effect. \u201d only a few sad people ( such as myself ) read the british magazine, the economist. when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5016295212308045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.415199"} {"text": "two step process. ads are only effective at influencing behavior of leaders, who, in turn influence their followers. i call this the \u201c economist effect. \u201d only a few sad people ( such as myself ) read the british magazine, the economist. when the economist endorses a presidential candidate, it would seemingly have little effect since only about. 0028 % of the american populace is paying attention. however, the readership of the economist consists of educated and well positioned people who have the capacity to influence large numbers of people who don \u2019 t read the economist. on numbers alone, an endorsement from that newspaper would seem meaningless, but as a conduit to the less engaged, the effect could be considerable. ( fortunately, though, no one cares what i think. ) ( see lazarsfeld, 1944 ) 6. there are risks to adopting new products, fashions, etc. very, very poor people are very similar to very, very wealthy people in that they have nothing to lose by taking adopting new products or behaviors. ever think about the crazy stuff that some homeless people wear? is it any crazier than high fashion? think of juggalos vs. comme de garcons. ( i don \u2019 t know anything about fashion ; that was all i could come up with ). people in the middle, however, have a lot to lose by dressing crazy, so they end up really boring. ( see homans, 1961 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4808120063271357, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.416811"} {"text": "ai and society 9 ( 1 ) : 29 - 42 ( 1995 ) | abstract | | this paper first illustrates what kind of ethical issues arise from the new information, communication and automation technology. it then argues that we may embrace the popular idea that technology is ethically neutral or even ambivalent without having to close our eyes to those issues and in fact, that the ethical neutrality of technology makes them all the more urgent. finally, it suggests that the widely ignored fact of normal responsible behaviour offers a new and fruitful starting point for any future thinking about such issues | | keywords | | no keywords specified ( fix it ) | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles thomas w. cooper ( 1998 ). new technology effects inventory : forty leading ethical issues. journal of mass media ethics 13 ( 2 ) : 71 \u2013 92. william p. cordeiro ( 1997 ). suggested management responses to ethical issues raised by technological change. journal of business ethics 16 ( 12 - 13 ) : 1393 - 1400. robin s. dillon ( 2010 ). respect for persons, identity, and information technology. ethics and information technology 12 ( 1 ). patrick feng ( 2000 ). rethinking technology, revitalizing ethics : overcoming barriers to ethical design. science and engineering ethics 6 ( 2 ) : 207 - 220. walter maner ( 1996 ). unique ethical problems in information technology. science and engineering ethics 2 ( 2 ). david wright ( 2011 ). a framework for the ethical impact assessment of information technology. ethics and information technology 13 ( 3 ) : 199 - 226. richard de george ( 2006 ). information technology, globalization and ethics. ethics and information technology 8 ( 1 ). bernd stahl, richard heersmink, philippe goujon, catherine flick, jeroen van den hoven, kutoma wakunuma, veikko ikonen & michael rader ( 2010 ). issues, concepts and methods relating to the identification of the ethics of emerging icts. communications of the iima 10 ( 1 ) : 33 - 43. michael d. myers & leigh miller ( 1996 ). ethical dilemmas in the use of information technology : an aristotelian perspective. ethics and behavior 6 ( 2 ) : 153 \u2013 160. chris gastmans ( ed. ) ( 2002 ). between technology and humanity : the impact of technology on health care ethics. leuven university press. nabila boukef charki ( forthcoming )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5226376004320203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.432958"} {"text": "( 2 ) : 153 \u2013 160. chris gastmans ( ed. ) ( 2002 ). between technology and humanity : the impact of technology on health care ethics. leuven university press. nabila boukef charki ( forthcoming ). toward an ethical understanding of the controversial technology of online reverse auctions. journal of business ethics. bernd carsten stahl, richard heersmink, philippe goujon, catherine flick, jeroen van den hoven, kutoma wakunuma, veikko ikonen & michael rader ( 2010 ). identifying the ethics of emerging information and communication technologies : an essay on issues, concepts and method. international journal of technoethics 1 ( 4 ) : 20 - 38. iordanis kavathatzopoulos ( 2003 ). the use of information and communication technology in the training for ethical competence in business. journal of business ethics 48 ( 1 ) : 43 - 51. mike cooley ( 1995 ). the myth of the moral neutrality of technology. ai and society 9 ( 1 ) : 10 - 17. matteo turilli, antonino vaccaro & mariarosaria taddeo ( 2012 ). internet neutrality : ethical issues in the internet environment. philosophy and technology 25 ( 2 ) : 133 - 151. sorry, there are not enough data points to plot this chart. added to index2010 - 08 - 30 total downloads1 ( # 277, 212 of 556, 837 ) recent downloads ( 6 months ) 0 how can i increase my downloads?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.51755223971921, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.434735"} {"text": "the easiest way is to buy yourself a 3d camera. this option has an excellent advantage : you can see the 3d effect while you compose and when reviewing your images which lets you know if the shot you take worked to give the 3d impression or not. otherwise you have to take 2 nearly identical photos with slightly different viewpoints. there are three methods to do this : - take a photo, move the camera and take a second photo keeping everything constant : focus, dof, exposure, iso, white - balance. this is easier to do with a camera with manual controls, although i suspect you can use panorama assist mode of compact - cameras too. they key is to move the camera along a level path a relatively small distance. the ideal distance between the two shots depends on focal - length, focus distance and desired perspective. - take two photos simultaneously : get two identical cameras and set everything including focus distance and focal - length to exactly the same settings. triggering them simultaneously using an ir remote is ideal. you can get away with mechanically triggering them if there are no movements in the scene. you can buy a dual tripod plate which can hold two cameras to help with this. - use an anamorphic 3d lens : these lenses capture two images side - by - side on your sensor. you need special software ( supplied with cameras that support this lens ) to transform the resulting image into an actual 3d image. the distance between the two shots has to be such that the objects in the plane of focus appear slightly different but not too much. there is no ideal distance. the further the subject you are trying to focus on appears, the wider apart the pictures must be taken. this should take into consideration actual distance and focal - length, so longer a focal - length requires less movement between the shots. you can view these images, which are actually stereoscopic images, by various means : - many new hdtv support 3d hdmi input which you can see using special glasses ( not red - blue ). some display can also display the 3d effect without viewing glasses as long as you are standing with a certain distance and angle from the screen. - you can have your images on paper using lenticular printing services. see this question. - get a 3d digital photo frame. the software you need depends on your viewing device. if you have a 3d display device you have to make sure which format they use. so far, the mpo format is most popular, although stereo jpeg ( jps ) images exist. fuji has software to convert between mpo and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4925312094781433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.446300"} {"text": "after higgs boson, scientists prepare for next quantum leapfebruary 13th, 2013 in physics / general physics a graphic distributed on july 4, 2012 by cern in geneva shows a representation of traces of a proton - proton collision measured in the search for the higgs boson. seven months after its scientists made a landmark discovery that may explain the mysteries of mass, europe ' s top physics lab will take a break from smashing invisible particles to recharge for the next leap into the unknown. seven months after its scientists made a landmark discovery that may explain the mysteries of mass, europe ' s top physics lab will take a break from smashing invisible particles to recharge for the next leap into the unknown. from thursday, the cutting - edge facilities at the european organisation for nuclear research ( cern ) will begin winding down, then go offline on saturday for an 18 - month upgrade. a vast underground lab straddling the border between france and switzerland, cern ' s large hadron collider ( lhc ) was the scene of an extraordinary discovery announced in july 2012. its scientists said they were 99. 9 percent certain they had found the elusive higgs boson, an invisible particle without which, theorists say, humans and all the other joined - up atoms in the universe would not exist. the upgrade will boost the lhc ' s energy capacity, essential for cern to confirm definitively that its boson is the higgs, and allow it to probe new dimensions such as supersymmetry and dark matter. \" the aim is to open the discovery domain, \" said frederick bordry, head of cern ' s technology department. \" we have what we think is the higgs, and now we have all the theories about supersymmetry and so on. we need to increase the energy to look at more physics. it ' s about going into terra incognita ( unknown territory ), \" he told afp. theorised back in 1964, the boson also known as the god particle carries the name of a british physicist, peter higgs. he calculated that a field of bosons could explain a nagging anomaly : why do some particles have mass while others, such as light, have none? that question was a gaping hole in the standard model of particle physics, a conceptual framework for understanding the nuts - and - bolts of the cosmos. one idea is that the higgs was born when the new universe cooled after the big bang some 14 billion years ago. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5926235131393313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.460279"} {"text": "gaping hole in the standard model of particle physics, a conceptual framework for understanding the nuts - and - bolts of the cosmos. one idea is that the higgs was born when the new universe cooled after the big bang some 14 billion years ago. it is believed to act like a fork dipped in honey and held up in dusty air. most of the dust particles interact with the honey, acquiring some of its mass to varying degrees, but a few slip through and do not acquire any. with mass comes gravity \u2014 and its pulling power brings particles together. supersymmetry, meanwhile, is the notion that there are novel particles which are the opposite number of each of the known particle actors in the standard model. this may, in turn, explain the existence of dark matter \u2014 a hypothetical construct that can only be perceived indirectly via its gravitational pull, yet is thought to make up around 25 percent of the universe. at a cost of 6. 03 billion swiss francs ( 4. 9 billion euros, $ 6. 56 billion dollars ), the lhc was constructed in a 26. 6 - kilometre ( 16. 5 - mile ) circular tunnel originally occupied by its predecessor, the large electron positron ( lep ). that had run in cycles of about seven months followed by a five - month shutdown, but the lhc, opened in 2008, has been pushed well beyond. \" we ' ve had full operations for three years, 2010, 2011 and 2012, \" said bordry. \" initially we thought we ' d have the long shutdown in 2012, but in 2011, with some good results and with the perspective of discovering the boson, we pushed the long shutdown back by a year. but we said that in 2013 we must do it. \" unlike the lep, which was used to accelerate electrons or positrons, the lhc crashes together protons, which are part of the hadron family. \" the game is about smashing the particles together to transform this energy into mass. with high energy, they are transformed into new particles and we observe these new particles and try to understand things, \" bordry explained. \" it ' s about recreating the first microsecond of the universe, the big bang. we are reproducing in a lab the conditions we had at the start of the big bang. \" over the past three years, cern has slammed protons together more than six million billion times. five billion collisions yielded results deemed worthy of further research and data from only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.632713190475736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.463758"} {"text": "in a lab the conditions we had at the start of the big bang. \" over the past three years, cern has slammed protons together more than six million billion times. five billion collisions yielded results deemed worthy of further research and data from only 400 threw up data that paved the road to the higgs boson. despite the shutdown, cern ' s researchers won ' t be taking a breather, as they must trawl through a vast mound of data. \" i think a year from now, we ' ll have more information on the data accumulated over the past three years, \" said bordry. \" maybe the conclusion will be that we need more data! \" last year, the lhc achieved a collision energy level of eight teraelectron volts, an energy measure used in particle physics \u2014 up from seven in 2011. after it comes back online in 2015, the goal is to take that level to 13 or even 14, with the lhc expected to run for three or four years before another shutdown. the net cost of the upgrade is expected to be up to 50 million swiss francs. cern ' s member states are european, but the prestigious organisation has global reach. india, japan, russia and the united states participate as observers. ( c ) 2013 afp \" after higgs boson, scientists prepare for next quantum leap. \" february 13th, 2013. http : / / phys. org / news / 2013 - 02 - higgs - boson - scientists - quantum. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5977607759444566, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.464969"} {"text": "please read how you can help keep the encyclopedia free proclus of athens ( * 412 \u2013 485 c. e. ) was the most authoritative philosopher of late antiquity and played a crucial role in the transmission of platonic philosophy from antiquity to the middle ages. for almost fifty years, he was head or \u2018 successor \u2019 ( diadochos, sc. of plato ) of the platonic \u2018 academy \u2019 in athens. being an exceptionally productive writer, he composed commentaries on aristotle, euclid and plato, systematic treatises in all disciplines of philosophy as it was at that time ( metaphysics and theology, physics, astronomy, mathematics, ethics ) and exegetical works on traditions of religious wisdom ( orphism and chaldaean oracles ). proclus had a lasting influence on the development of the late neoplatonic schools not only in athens, but also in alexandria, where his student ammonius became the head of the school. in a culture dominated by christianity, the neoplatonic philosophers had to defend the superiority of the hellenic traditions of wisdom. continuing a movement that was inaugurated by iamblichus ( 4th c. ) and the charismatic figure of emperor julian, and following the teaching of syrianus, proclus was eager to demonstrate the harmony of the ancient religious revelations ( the mythologies of homer and hesiod, the orphic theogonies and the chaldaean oracles ) and to integrate them in the philosophical tradition of pythagoras and plato. towards this end, his platonic theology offers a magisterial summa of pagan hellenic theology. probably the best starting point for the study of proclus ' philosophy is the elements of theology ( with the masterly commentary by e. r. dodds ) which provide a systematic introduction into the neoplatonic metaphysical system. - 1. life and works - 2. the commentator of plato - 3. philosophical views - 4. influence - academic tools - other internet resources - related entries since proclus ' extant works contain almost no evidence about his biography, we have to rely on the information transmitted by his direct pupil marinus of neapolis in the eulogy he devoted to his predecessor proclus or on happiness. moreover, some scattered remarks on proclus and valuable information about the schools in athens and alexandria can be found in damascius ' life of isidorus ( called by other scholars the philosophical history ). as with porphyry ' s life of plotinus, both marin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45954934917559065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.566561"} {"text": "proclus and valuable information about the schools in athens and alexandria can be found in damascius ' life of isidorus ( called by other scholars the philosophical history ). as with porphyry ' s life of plotinus, both marinus ' and damascius ' works are biographies written by students praising extensively the achievements of their teachers both in doctrine and in philosophical life. on proclus ' works see beutler ( 1957 ), 190 \u2013 208, saffrey - westerink ( 1968 ), lv \u2013 lx, rosan ( \u00b22009 ), 266 - 274, and the overview given below ( 1. 2 ). although a large part of his numerous writings is lost, some major commentaries on plato have survived ( though incomplete ) and some important systematic works. moreover, later neoplatonists such as damascius, olympiodorus, simplicius, and philoponus have conserved many extracts of lost work, but these fragments have never been collected. proclus or on happiness sets out to prove that proclus reached in his life the culmination of happiness ( eudaimonia ) and wisdom because he ascended the scale of all virtues, the natural, the ethical, the political, the purifying, the intellectual, and the so called theurgic virtues, the latter of which make humans \u2018 act with the gods. \u2019 ( the different virtues have been interpreted in various ways in the neoplatonic tradition ; ultimately they refer to different stages in the purification and ascent of the human soul, see saffrey / segonds 2001, lxix \u2013 c. ) proclus was born in constantinople / byzantium ( now istanbul ) into a rich lycian family in 412. not long after his birth his parents returned to their hometown xanthos in lycia, a maritime area of what is now southwest turkey. he began his education in xanthos and moved from there to alexandria ( egypt ) to pursue the study of rhetoric in order to become a lawyer, as was his father. however, during a journey to byzantium he discovered philosophy as his vocation. back in alexandria he studied aristotle and mathematics. marinus reports that the very gifted pupil easily learned all of aristotle ' s logical writings by heart. in 430 \u2013 431, 18 years old, proclus moved to athens, attracted by the fame of the platonic school there. he studied for two years under the direction of pl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4436017449452191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.567602"} {"text": "easily learned all of aristotle ' s logical writings by heart. in 430 \u2013 431, 18 years old, proclus moved to athens, attracted by the fame of the platonic school there. he studied for two years under the direction of plutarch ( of athens ; to be distinguished from the 1st - 2nd c. philosopher / biographer ), reading with him plato ' s phaedo and aristotle ' s de anima. after plutarch ' s death in 432, syrianus became the head of the academy. proclus followed with him the usual curriculum of the school ( going back to iamblichus ), reading first aristotle ' s works and after that entering the \u2018 greater mysteries, \u2019 the platonic dialogues. under syrianus, proclus also came into contact with the older traditions of wisdom such as the theology of the orphics and the chaldaean oracles. among syrianus ' lost works we find a treatise on the harmony of orpheus, pythagoras and plato with the chaldaean oracles. as the suda lexicon attributes a work with this title also to proclus, it is not unlikely that he published syrianus ' treatise, adding comments of his own. since syrianus and proclus worked intensively together for six years, proclus was strongly influenced by his teacher. on many occasions proclus praises the philosophical achievements of his teacher and he never criticizes him. because of this, it is almost impossible to distinguish between proclus ' original contribution and what he adopted from syrianus. after syrianus ' death ( 437 ), proclus succeeded as head of the athenian school, and he kept this position for almost fifty years until his death in 485. his tight schedule of the day, starting with a prayer to the sun at sunrise ( repeated at noontime and at sunset ), included lectures, reading seminars, discussions with students, and literary work of his own. besides his philosophical activities, marinus also portrays proclus as an experienced practitioner of theurgy ( life of proclus, \u00a7 28 \u2013 29 ; on theurgy see below 3. 6 ). the practice of these pagan rites could only be continued in the private sphere of the school ' s grounds. though proclus was in athens a highly respected philosopher and had some christian students, he had to be prudent to avoid anti - pagan reactions. marinus tells that he had to go into exile for about one year", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4395425302580545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.568551"} {"text": "school ' s grounds. though proclus was in athens a highly respected philosopher and had some christian students, he had to be prudent to avoid anti - pagan reactions. marinus tells that he had to go into exile for about one year to lydia ( in asia ) to avoid difficulties ( life of proclus \u00a7 15 ). marinus notes that proclus was an extremely industrious writer, having an \u201c unbounded love of work \u201d ( life of proclus \u00a7 22 ). apart from an impressive teaching - load and several other commitments, proclus wrote every day about 700 lines ( about 20 \u2013 25 pages ). it is unlikely that proclus published all of them. however that may be, from proclus ' extant works and the information about his lost works it emerges that he was a productive writer indeed. roughly two thirds of proclus ' output is now lost and several works, especially his commentaries on plato, have been transmitted in a mutilated form. among proclus ' surviving works we have five commentaries on plato ( on alcibiades, cratylus, republic, timaeus, and parmenides ), one commentary on euclid, two manuals on physics and metaphysics respectively ( elements of physics, elements of theology ), an astronomical work ( hypotyposis ), three monographs ( tria opuscula ) on providence, fate, and free will and the origin of evil, and the platonic theology, which offers an impressive summa of plato ' s theology, as well as theological hymns. see the supplement on proclus \u2019 works ( the main extant works ). some of his works have been completely lost, such as his commentaries on aristotle ( the organon ), of others only a few fragments remain. see the supplement on proclus \u2019 complete works ( extant, lost, and spurious ) it is difficult to establish a chronology of proclus ' works. the platonic theology is generally considered to be his last work. in writing the theology proclus heavily depends on his interpretation of the parmenides and often refers to his commentary on this dialogue, which must have been finished some time before. we know from marinus ( life of proclus \u00a7 13 ) that proclus finished his commentary on the timaeus by the age of 27. however, it cannot be excluded that proclus rewrote or modified it later. as the alcibiades came at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4486328584255464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.569756"} {"text": "proclus probably commented on all dialogues included in the curriculum of the school since iamblichus. in addition proclus wrote the commentary on the republic mentioned above. the curriculum consisted of altogether 12 dialogues distributed into two cycles. the first cycle started with alcibiades ( on self - knowledge ) and ended with the philebus ( on the final cause of everything : the good ), comprising two dialogues on ethics ( the gorgias and the phaedo ), two on logic ( the cratylus and the theaetetus ), two on physics ( the sophist and the statesman ), and two on theology ( the phaedrus and the symposium ). the second cycle included the two perfect dialogues that were considered to encompass plato ' s whole philosophy ( in tim. i 13. 14 \u2013 17 ), namely, the timaeus ( on physics ) and the parmenides ( on theology ). in the form and method of his commentaries, proclus is again influenced by iamblichus. he assumes that each platonic dialogue must have one main theme ( skopos ) to which all parts of the arguments ought to be related. to interpret the text, different approaches are possible ( theological, mathematical, physical, ethical exegesis ), but they are all interconnected according to the principle \u2018 everything in everything \u2019 ( panta en pasin ). thus, the timaeus has in all its parts as its purpose the explanation of nature ( physiologia ). even the introductory sections, the summary of the discussion in the republic and the anticipation of the story about atlantis, must be understood from this point of view ; for they contain, in the mode of \u2018 images and examples, \u2019 a description of the fundamental forces that are at work in the physical world. also the long treatise on human nature, which concludes timaeus ' exposition, has ultimately a cosmological meaning, as the human animal is a microcosmos wherein all elements and all causes of the great universe are found. more problematic was the determination of the skopos of the parmenides. in a long discussion with the whole hermeneutical tradition since middle - platonism, proclus defends a theological interpretation of the dialogue. according to him, the dialectical discussion on the one and the many ( ta alla ) reveals the first divine principles of all things. with the exception of the commentary on the cratylus, of which only a selection of notes from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4984535548094924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.573445"} {"text": "the dialogue. according to him, the dialectical discussion on the one and the many ( ta alla ) reveals the first divine principles of all things. with the exception of the commentary on the cratylus, of which only a selection of notes from the original commentary is preserved, the exegetical works of proclus have a clear structure. they divide the platonic text in different lemmata or cited passages, discussing first the doctrine exposed in the particular section ( pragmata, later called theoria ), next commenting on the formulation of the argument ( called lexis ) [ see festugiere 1963 ]. whereas modern scholars usually accept a development in plato ' s thought and distinguish between an early, middle, and late plato, the neoplatonists take the platonic corpus as the expression of a divinely inspired and unitary philosophical doctrine. this enables them to connect different platonic dialogues into one system and to see numerous cross - references within the platonic oeuvre. what may seem to be contradictions between statements made in different dialogues, can be explained by different pedagogical contexts, some dialogues being rather maieutic than expository, some elenctic of the sophistic pseudo - science, some offering a dialectical training to young students. a neoplatonic commentary offers much more than a faithful interpretation of an authoritative text of plato. plato ' s text gives the commentator an opportunity to develop his own views on the most fundamental philosophical questions, the first principles, the idea of the good, the doctrine of the forms, the soul and its faculties, nature, etc. as was said, the two culminating dialogues, the timaeus and the parmenides, offer together a comprehensive view of the whole of platonic philosophy. since the whole philosophy is divided into the study of intelligibles and the study of things within the cosmos \u2013 and quite rightly so, as the cosmos too is twofold, the intelligible and the sensible, as timaeus himself will say in what follows ( timaeus 30c ) \u2013 the parmenides comprehends the study ( pragmateia ) of the intelligibles and the timaeus the study of things within the cosmos. for the former teaches us all the divine orders and the latter all processions of things within the cosmos. ( in tim. i 12. 30 \u2013 13. 7 ) the interpretation of the parmenides thus prepares the way for the platonic theology, offering the systematic structure for a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5194996280104929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.574719"} {"text": "divine orders and the latter all processions of things within the cosmos. ( in tim. i 12. 30 \u2013 13. 7 ) the interpretation of the parmenides thus prepares the way for the platonic theology, offering the systematic structure for a scientific demonstration of the procession of all the orders of gods from the first principle. as proclus explains at theol. plat. i 2, p. 9. 8 \u2013 19, the platonic theology falls into three parts ( after a long methodological introduction ). the first part ( theol. plat. i 13 \u2013 29 ) is an investigation into the common notions ( koinai ennoiai ) of the gods as we find them in plato ' s dialogues : it is a treatise on the divine names and attributes. the second part ( theol. plat. ii \u2013 vi ), which is incomplete, unfolds in a systematic way the procession of the divine hierarchies, from the one, that is the first god, to the \u2018 higher kinds, \u2019 i. e., angels, daimones, and heroes, while the third part, which is altogether missing, was supposed to deal with the individual hypercosmic and encosmic gods. before presenting his own views, proclus usually critically evaluates the opinions and interpretations of his predecessors. in this respect, his commentaries are a rich and indispensible source for the history of middle and neo - platonism. thus, in his commentary on the timaeus proclus reports and criticizes the views of atticus, numenius, longinus, plotinus, porphyry, iamblichus, theodorus of asine and many others, ending usually in full agreement with the explanation of his master syrianus. besides, in explaining plato ' s text, proclus frequently seeks confirmation of his exegesis in the chaldaean oracles or the orphic tradition. as syrianus ( see helmig 2009 ), proclus is often very critical of aristotle and refutes his criticism of plato ' s views. he is certainly not an advocate of the \u201c harmony of plato and aristotle, \u201d which became the leading principle of the alexandrian commentaries ( of ammonius and simplicius ). proclus notes significant differences between the two philosophers in epistemology ( theory of abstraction vs. learning as recollection ), metaphysics ( first principle, theory of forms, theory of universals ), physics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5123439977508295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.576484"} {"text": "simplicius ). proclus notes significant differences between the two philosophers in epistemology ( theory of abstraction vs. learning as recollection ), metaphysics ( first principle, theory of forms, theory of universals ), physics ( plato ' s timaeus vs. aristotle ' s physics ), political philosophy ( aristotle ' s criticism of plato ' s republic ), and language ( cratylus vs. de interpretatione ). according to proclus, plato is not only far superior to aristotle in his theology ( as only plato ascended beyond the intellect to posit the one as the ineffable principle of all things ), but in all other philosophical disciplines, where we owe to him all important discoveries. whereas the peripatetics were accustomed to defend the superiority of aristotle over plato with reference to his impressive physical project, proclus considers the latter as inferior to the great achievement of plato in the timaeus ( see steel 2003 ). aristotle ' s natural philosophy is the work of a zealous admirer, a disciple who tried to be better than the master : it seems to me that the excellent aristotle emulated the teaching of plato as far as possible when he structured the whole investigation about nature. ( in tim. i 6. 21 \u2013 24 ) following plato, aristotle explains in his physics the general principles of natural things : form, matter, nature, the essence and principles of movement, time and place ; again taking inspiration from the timaeus, he studies in other works the specific principles of the distinct regions of the physical world, thus in the de caelo the celestial and the sublunary realm, and in on generation and corruption and in meteorologica the sublunary realm. in this domain, it cannot be denied, aristotle did much more than his master. according to proclus, however, he developed the subject \u2018 beyond what is needed \u2019. the same remark must be made about aristotle ' s extensive zoological research. whereas plato limited himself in the timaeus to an analysis of the fundamental principles of all living organisms, aristotle gave most of his attention to the material components of animals and scarcely, and only in few cases, did he consider the organism from the perspective of the form. plato, on the contrary, when explaining the physical world, never got lost in a detailed examination. when trying to determine proclus ' profile as a philosopher, one has to keep in mind that platonists were not keen on introducing new elements into the plato", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5260021512126665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.578636"} {"text": "the contrary, when explaining the physical world, never got lost in a detailed examination. when trying to determine proclus ' profile as a philosopher, one has to keep in mind that platonists were not keen on introducing new elements into the platonic doctrine. they despised innovation ( kainotomia ). yet it cannot be denied that neoplatonic philosophy differs considerably from what we read in plato ' s dialogues. there is also overwhelming evidence for continual discussions in the school on the right interpretation of plato or on certain doctrinal points ( such as the transcendence of the one, or the question whether the soul wholly descended from the intelligible world ). in order to evaluate proclus ' originality, one ought to compare his views with those of the neoplatonists before him, such as plotinus, porphyry, iamblichus, and syrianus. only with regard to plotinus is this possible to a great extent, because we still have the full corpus of plotinus ' writings. proclus certainly admired the first \u2018 founder \u2019 of the new platonism and even devoted a commentary to the enneads, of which, alas, we have only some fragments. he shared plotinus ' views on the three principal hypostases the one, the intellect and the soul, and often uses language inspired by his reading of plotinus, as in his description of the union of the soul with the ineffable one. yet on many points, he is very critical of plotinus, pointing to contradictions, rejecting provocative views such as the thesis that one is cause of itself ( causa sui ), the doctrine of the undescended soul, or the identification of evil with matter. another radical difference from plotinus ( and porphyry ) is the importance attributed to theurgy for the salvation of the soul and the authority of chaldaean oracles. as said before, it is very difficult to mark off proclus ' originality with regard to his teacher syrianus, the only predecessor he never criticizes. of the literary production of the latter, we have only his commentary on aristotle ' s metaphysics. it is possible that most of syrianus ' courses on plato never were published, but were continued and further worked out by proclus himself. we have, however, the commentary on the phaedrus by hermeias, who was sitting together with proclus, in syrianus ' course. one gets the impression that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5595047186907769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.580486"} {"text": "were continued and further worked out by proclus himself. we have, however, the commentary on the phaedrus by hermeias, who was sitting together with proclus, in syrianus ' course. one gets the impression that syrianus was very interested in orphic theogony, whereas for proclus the chaldaean oracles are more authoritative when developing a platonic theology. but here again, it is difficult to compare as we do not possess proclus ' own commentary. is proclus after all then not so original, but only an excellent teacher and wonderful systematizer of the new platonic doctrines which became dominant in the school since iamblichus on? we shall never know, and it is after all not so important when assessing the philosophical merits of his works. to praise proclus ' philosophical achievements, marinus devotes in life of proclus one chapter to the discussion of the doctrines we owe to him ( \u00a7 23 ). surprisingly, for all his admiration for the master, he can only enumerate a few innovative doctrines ; and they are of such a minor importance that we shall not even discuss them in this article. in late antiquity, aristotle ' s metaphysics was considered to be a theological work, because aristotle investigates in this treatise the first principles of all being. this discipline may be called theology, because the principles of beings and the first and most perfect causes of things are what is most of all divine. ( asclepius, in metaph. 4. 1 \u2013 3 ) indeed, there is precedent for this in aristotle himself, for in metaphysics vi, 1, 1026a15ff, he classifies \u201c first philosophy, \u201d or metaphysics, as theology. proclus himself often uses the term \u2018 theology \u2019 in this metaphysical sense for the study of the first ( \u2018 divine \u2019 ) principles of all things. his elements of theology can in fact be considered an introduction to his metaphysics. the work is a concatenated demonstration of 217 propositions, which may be divided into two halves : the first 112 propositions establish the one, unity without any multiplicity, as the ultimate cause of reality and lay down basic metaphysical concepts / structures such as causality, participation, the relation of wholes to parts, infinity, and eternity. the second half deals with the three kinds of true causes within reality recognized by proclus : gods ( which he calls henads or \u201c unities, \u201d see below ), intellects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.504518139087184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.581618"} {"text": "relation of wholes to parts, infinity, and eternity. the second half deals with the three kinds of true causes within reality recognized by proclus : gods ( which he calls henads or \u201c unities, \u201d see below ), intellects, and souls. this elaborate metaphysical framework makes it possible for proclus to develop a scientific theology, i. e., a demonstration of the procession and properties of the different classes of gods. in what follows we will only discuss some characteristic features of proclus ' metaphysics ( see further steel 2011 ). on the whole, proclus \u2019 doctrine of first principles is a further development of plotinus ' innovative interpretation of platonic philosophy. with plotinus, proclus recognizes three fundamental levels of reality called \u2018 hypostases \u2019 ( or self - subsistent entities ) : one, intellect, and soul. however, following a concern of his predecessor iamblichus for greater precision in the relationship and distinction between the one and intellect, proclus distinguishes between the intelligible being ( to noeton \u2014 what is the object of intellectual intuition ) and the intellective ( to noeron \u2014 what is intelligizing ), and introduces between both, as an intermediary level, the noeton - noeron ( what is being intelligized and intelligizing ). these three ontological levels thus correspond to the triad of being, life, and intellect, which already play an important role in plotinus ' and porphyry ' s speculations about the procession or \u2018 emanation \u2019 of the intelligible world from the one, without, however, being hypostasized. since zeller ( influenced by hegel ) the application of the triadic structure to reality has been seen as the characteristic feature of proclus ' system, but see dodds 19632, pp. xxii and 220, on possible sources of the doctrine. although the distinction of aspects of reality as distinct hupostases and the multiplication of triads might suggest a loss of plotinus \u2019 intuition of the unity of reality, it is important to stress that each part of the triad of being, life and intellect, mirrors within itself their triadic relationship. this redoubled triadic structure must be understood as expressing an intrinsic and essential relation between successive levels of being. the intimate relation between being, life, and intellect is the origin of the basic structure uniting all causes to their effects, namely the relation of immanence,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6058476425840419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.582609"} {"text": "ones that are participated in by something, are connected by means of \u201c the triad of triads \u201d ( elem. theol. \u00a7 23 ), the universal nature of the form can be safeguarded. proclus, however, also applies this principle to explain the most difficult problem facing neoplatonic metaphysics, namely, how to understand the procession of the manifold from the one. how can the one be wholly without multiplicity, when it must somehow be the cause of any and all multiplicity? the one remains in itself absolutely unparticipated ; the many different beings proceeding from it participate in a series of participated henads or unities ( gods ). according to some scholars it was iamblichus who introduced this innovative doctrine, others attribute it to proclus ' teacher syrianus. even if the doctrine does not originate as such from iamblichus himself, the existence of the divine henads somehow follows from his law of mean terms. this law states that \u201c every producing cause brings into existence things like to itself before the unlike. \u201c ( elem. theol. \u00a7 28 ). thus there are no leaps in the chain of being, but everything is linked together by similar terms. the henads fulfill this function, for as participated unities they bridge the gap between the transcendent one and everything that comes after it. the doctrine of the henads can thus be seen as a way of integrating the traditional gods of greek polytheistic religion into the neoplatonic metaphysics of the one. a. auxiliary and true causes. from middle platonism onwards, various attempts were made to integrate the aristotelian doctrine of causes within the platonic philosophy ( see steel 2003 ). in plato ' s work, it was argued, one can find the four types of causality that aristotle distinguishes, to wit formal, material, efficient, final, and, besides, the paradigmatic cause, which aristotle wrongly rejected. this system of causes ( with the addition of the instrumental cause as a sixth ) became standard in later neoplatonism. in his commentary on the timaeus, proclus observes that aristotle never rises to the proper level of causality. for the four causes, as aristotle understands them, can only be applied to the explanation of processes in the sublunary world. in the platonic view, however, the material and formal causes are only subservient or instrumental causes. those causes are in fact immanent in their effects and consti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5626190345498423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.585322"} {"text": "applied to the explanation of processes in the sublunary world. in the platonic view, however, the material and formal causes are only subservient or instrumental causes. those causes are in fact immanent in their effects and constitutive elements of the thing they produce. as proclus asserts in prop. 75 of the elements of theology, \u201c that which exists in the effect is not so much a cause as an auxiliary cause ( sunaition ) or an instrument of the producer. \u201d causes in the proper sense must act upon their effects from outside, while transcending them. for a proper understanding of what the true causes are of all things, proclus argues, one must follow plato, who lifts us up to the level of the transcendent forms and makes us discover the creative causality of the demiurge and the finality of the good as the ultimate explanation of all aspirations. although aristotle also discusses efficient and final causes, he falls short of a true understanding of creative causality because he abandons the hypothesis of the forms. without the transcendent forms, there can be no explanation of the being of things, only an explanation of their movement and change. given aristotle ' s narrow understanding of nature, it must come as no surprise, proclus notices, that he admits of cases of \u2018 spontaneous generation \u2019 in the sublunary realm, which again restricts the purport of efficient causality. moreover, because of his rejection of the demiurge ( and of the one ), aristotle is also forced to limit efficient causality to the sublunary realm. in fact, in his view there is no cause of existence of the celestial bodies or of the sensible world as a whole : they exist necessarily in all eternity. but, as proclus argues, such a position will force him to admit that the world has the capacity to constitute itself, which is absurd ( see below ). the neoplatonic concept of causality is therefore quite different from that of the peripatetics, even if both share the same terminology, such as final or efficient cause. aristotle ' s causes are primarily intended to explain how things move and change, come to be and cease to be, but also offer to explain what given things are. for the neoplatonists, generalizing a principle formulated in the philebus \u2014 \u201c that everything that comes to be comes to be through a cause \u201d ( 26e, cf. tim. 28a ) \u2014 causality", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5728098698832098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.586451"} {"text": "given things are. for the neoplatonists, generalizing a principle formulated in the philebus \u2014 \u201c that everything that comes to be comes to be through a cause \u201d ( 26e, cf. tim. 28a ) \u2014 causality is of much wider application than the explanation of change and motion, it is not only about what things are, but about what constitutes ( hupostatikos ) their being, and it can be, analogously, used to explain relations between all levels of being. thus we can say of the one that it is the cause of intellect, and of intellect that it is cause of soul. in the timaeus, however, the main interest is to understand what is the cause of the sensible world and all the cosmic beings : this is primarily the demiurge or creator of the world ( the one is not the \u2018 creator \u2019 of intellect ). b. corporeal and incorporeal causes. according to the stoics only bodies and powers or qualities of bodies are capable of acting and being acted upon ( see steel 2002 ). the platonists often criticized the stoic view and pointed to what they thought were the many contradictions involved, in particular, in the materialistic explanation of psychic activities or dispositions such as virtues. they defended the opposite view : all forms of causality must ultimately be explained as emanating from incorporeal entities. proclus adopts plotinus ' view ( iv, 7 8a ), that only incorporeal beings can be causes in the strict sense, and includes it among the basic theorems of his metaphysics. see elem. theol. \u00a7 80 ( cf. theol. plat. i 14, p. 61. 23 \u2013 62. 1 ) : every body has by its own nature the capacity to be acted upon, every incorporeal thing the capacity to act, the former being in itself inactive, the latter impassive ; but through association with the body, the incorporeal too is acted upon, just as bodies too can act because of the participation in incorporeal entities. in this proposition proclus first sets apart the corporeal and incorporeal as being active / impassible and passive / inactive respectively. however, the two realms are not absolutely separate from each other. the soul, which is an incorporeal substance, enters into association with the body and thus becomes itself, though only accidentally, subject to different passions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5670464124800073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.593024"} {"text": "and passive / inactive respectively. however, the two realms are not absolutely separate from each other. the soul, which is an incorporeal substance, enters into association with the body and thus becomes itself, though only accidentally, subject to different passions. the body, on the contrary, may gain great profit from the association with the incorporeal. this is evident in the case of animated bodies, which owe all their vital activities to the presence of the soul in them. but also inanimate natural bodies acquire all capacities and powers from nature and its inherent logoi or organizing rational principles ( see steel 2002 ). c. the relation of cause to its effect. the relation between a cause and its effect is characterized by both similarity and dissimilarity. for every cause produces something that is similar to it, and every effect thus resembles its cause, though in a secondary and less perfect way. but in so far as the effect is really distinguished from its cause, it acquires its own characteristic form of being, which was not yet developed on the level of its cause. for this reason each thing can be said to exist in three manners ( elem. theol. \u00a7 65 ). first, it is in itself as expressing formally its own character ( kath \u2019 hyparxin ). second, it exists in a causal manner ( kat \u2019 aitian ) being anticipated in its cause. finally, it exists as being participated ( kata methexin ) by the next level of being, which is its effect. thus life is a property of a living organism as being participated by it. life characterizes the soul formally. life also exists qua form in the divine mind. finally, proclus stresses that the higher a cause, the more comprehensive it is, and the further its effects reach ( elem. theol. \u00a7 57 ). all things, including matter, which has in itself, apart from the forms existing in it, no \u2018 being \u2019, participate in the one ; all beings participate in being ; all plants and animals participate in life ; all rational souls participate in intellect. proclus ' epistemology is firmly rooted in his theory of the soul. for proclus, souls as self - moving principles represent the lowest level of entities that are capable of reverting upon itself ( so called self - constituted beings [ authypostata ], see elem. theol. \u00a7 40 \u2013 51 ). they are incorporeal, separable from bodies and ind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5567210296438097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.596471"} {"text": "entities that are capable of reverting upon itself ( so called self - constituted beings [ authypostata ], see elem. theol. \u00a7 40 \u2013 51 ). they are incorporeal, separable from bodies and indestructible / immortal ( elem. theol. \u00a7 186 \u2013 7 ). yet, they are principles of life and of movement of bodies ( elem. theol. \u00a7 188 ). in accordance with proclus ' general metaphysical principles ( cf. above 3. 1 ), from the unparticipated soul - monad proceed different kinds of participated soul : divine souls, daemonic souls, human souls, souls of animals ). as with other platonists, proclus frequently discusses the vexed question as to why a soul would descend into a body at all ( \u2018 fall of the soul \u2019 ) ( see dorrie / baltes ( 2002. 2 ) 163 \u2013 218 ). moreover, the neoplatonist distinguishes between altogether three so - called vehicles ( ochemata ) of the soul. the rational soul is permanently housed in the luminous vehicle, while the non - rational soul is located in the pneumatic vehicle. by being incarnated in a human body, soul, or rather, the vegetative soul attains thus a ( third ) \u2018 shell - like \u2019 vehicle. the theory of the different vehicles or the psychic \u2018 astral body, \u2019 familiar nowadays from modern theosophic theories, fulfils several crucial functions in neoplatonic psychology : it explains ( a ) how an incorporeal soul can be linked to a body, ( b ) how souls can move in space, ( c ) how souls can be punished after death ( cf. plato ' s myths ), ( d ) where certain faculties of the soul such as imagination are located. proclus distinguishes between two kinds of vehicles, one mortal and the other immortal ( in tim. iii 236. 31 ff. and elem. theol. \u00a7 207 \u2013 210 ). proclus also adheres to the platonic theory of transmigration, but argues that human souls never enter animal bodies as their constitutive forms. for only animal souls can be organizing principles of animal bodies. if some rational souls are \u2018 degraded \u2019 in the next life and forced to live in an animal body because of their misdemeanour in this life, they are only \u2018 relationally \u2019 ( schesei ) present to this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5607997919448289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.599571"} {"text": "animal bodies. if some rational souls are \u2018 degraded \u2019 in the next life and forced to live in an animal body because of their misdemeanour in this life, they are only \u2018 relationally \u2019 ( schesei ) present to this animal body. proclus distinguishes between the following faculties of soul : sense perception, imagination ( phantasia ), opinion, discursive thought, and intellection. while sense perception and imagination belong to the non - rational soul, opinion forms the lowest level of rationality. the aim of epistemological ascent is to free oneself eventually from the lower psychic faculties, including the lower rational ones, in order to enjoy a state of pure contemplation. as with many other platonists, proclus ' epistemology is based on a theory of innate knowledge ( in accordance with the platonic dictum that \u2018 all learning is recollection [ anamnesis ] \u2019 ). proclus refers to the innate contents of the soul as its reason - principles ( logoi ) or forms ( eide ). these innate reason - principles constitute the essence of soul. that is why they are called \u2018 essential reason - principles \u2019 ( logoi ousiodeis ) ( steel 1997 ). the traditional translation reason - principles was chosen on purpose, because on an ontological level these same logoi serve as principles of all things. they are extended or unfolded images of the forms that exist in intellect ; and by means of them the world - soul with the assistance of nature brings forth everything. in other words, the psychic logoi are instantiations of platonic forms on the level of soul as are the logoi in nature and the forms immanent in matter. according to the fundamental neoplatonic axiom panta en pasin ( \u2018 all things are in all things \u2019 ), forms exist on all levels of reality. but the logoi in soul also offer the principles of all knowledge and are the starting points of demonstration. at in parm. iv 894. 3 \u2013 18 ( ed. steel ) proclus argues that only with reference to these notions within the soul predication is possible ( see helmig 2008 ), since they are universal in the true sense of the word. on the other hand, both transcendent platonic forms and forms in matter are not taken to be universals proper by proclus. the former are rather intelligible particulars, as it were, and cannot be defined ( steel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5730752856236394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.601761"} {"text": ". on the other hand, both transcendent platonic forms and forms in matter are not taken to be universals proper by proclus. the former are rather intelligible particulars, as it were, and cannot be defined ( steel 2004 ), while the latter are strictly speaking instantiated or individualised universals that are not shared by many particulars ( see helmig 2008, cf. above 3. 1 \u2013 2 ). for this reason, it does not make much sense to talk about \u2018 the problem of universals \u2019 in proclus. it is another crucial assumption of proclus ' epistemology that all souls share the same logoi ( elem. theol. \u00a7 194 \u2013 195 ). in terms of concept - formation this entails that psychic concepts, once they are grasped correctly, are universal, objective, and shareable ( see helmig 2011 ). moreover, if all souls share the same logoi, and these logoi are the principles of reality ( see above ), then by grasping the logoi souls come to know the true principles or causes of reality. already aristotle had written that to know something signifies to know its cause ( met. a 3, 983a25 \u2013 26 and an. post. i 2, 71b9 \u2013 12 ). in his commentary on plato ' s timaeus, proclus introduces an interesting distinction. taking his start from the problem of how we can recognise certain objects, he considers the example of an apple. the different senses tell us that there is something sweet, red, even, with a nice smell. and while common sense ( koine aisthesis ) can distinguish the different impressions of the special senses, only opinion ( doxa ) is capable of saying that the object there on the table is an apple. doxa is able to do this, because it has access to the innate logoi of the soul. however, as proclus explains ( in tim. i 248. 11 ff. ), opinion only knows the \u2018 that \u2019 ( hoti ), that is, it can recognize objects. discursive thought ( dianoia ), on the other hand, also knows the \u2018 why \u2019 ( dihoti ), that is, the causes of something. this distinction can also be rephrased in terms of concepts, implying a distinction between factual concepts that allow us to identify or recognise certain objects, and concepts that fulfil an explanatory role. on the whole, procl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5777296626012467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.603666"} {"text": "something. this distinction can also be rephrased in terms of concepts, implying a distinction between factual concepts that allow us to identify or recognise certain objects, and concepts that fulfil an explanatory role. on the whole, proclus ' reading and systematisation of plato ' s doctrine of learning as recollection makes platonic recollection not only concerned with higher learning, since already on the level of object recognition we employ concepts that originate from the innate logoi of the soul ( helmig 2011 ). proclus argues at length that the human soul has to contain innate knowledge. therefore, one should not consider it an empty writing tablet, as aristotle does ( aristotle, de anima iii 4 ). he is wrong in asserting that the soul contains all things potentially. according to proclus, the soul contains all things ( i. e., all logoi ) in actuality, though due to the \u2018 shock of birth \u2019 it may seem as if the soul has fallen to potentiality. at in crat. \u00a7 61, proclus asserts that the soul does not resemble an empty writing tablet ( agraphon grammateion ) and does not possess all things in potentiality, but in act. in eucl. 16. 8 \u2013 13 expresses the same idea : \u201c the soul is not a writing tablet void of logoi, but it is always written upon and always writing itself and being written on by the intellect. \u201d as with his philosophy of mathematics, proclus presents a detailed criticism of the view that universal concepts are derived from sensible objects ( by abstraction, induction, or collection ). in the fourth book of his commentary on plato ' s parmenides and in the two prologues of the commentary on euclid we find the most comprehensive criticism of abstractionism in antiquity ( see helmig 2010 and 2011 ). proclus devoted three entire books or \u2018 monographs \u2019 ( monobiblia ) to problems of providence, fate, free choice, and evil. the first treatise ( ten problems concerning providence ) examines ten different problems on providence that were commonly discussed in the platonic school. for proclus providence ( pronoia ) is the beneficent activity of the first principle ( the \u2018 source of goods \u2019 ) and the gods ( henads ), who have their existence before intellect ( pro - nou ). one of the problems discussed is the question of how divine foreknowledge and human free choice can be reconciled. for if god", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6199892739919464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.615026"} {"text": "\u2019 ) and the gods ( henads ), who have their existence before intellect ( pro - nou ). one of the problems discussed is the question of how divine foreknowledge and human free choice can be reconciled. for if god knows not only past and present, but also future events, the outcome of future events is already pre - determined ( as god has a determinate knowledge of all things ), and hence there is no free choice for humans. proclus ' answer, which ultimately goes back to iamblichus, consists in applying the principle that the mode of knowledge is not conditioned by the object known but by the knower. in the case of gods, this entails that they know the contingent event in a non contingent manner, the mutable immutably. they have an undivided knowledge of things divided and a timeless knowledge of things temporal ( elem. theol. \u00a7 124, cf. de decem dub. \u00a7 6 \u2013 8 ). proclus ' answer was later taken up by ammonius in his commentary on the de interpretatione ix and in boethius ' consolation of philosophy v 6 as well as in his commentary on the de interpretatione ix. the second treatise ( on providence fate and what depends on us ) replies to a letter of theodore, a former friend of proclus. in this letter theodore, an engineer, had defended with several arguments a radical determinism, thus entirely excluding free choice. before refuting theodore ' s arguments, proclus introduces some fundamental distinctions in order to solve the problems raised by his old friend. the first distinction is between providence and fate : providence is essentially a god, whereas fate is something divine, but not a god. this is because it depends upon providence and is as it were an image of it. ( de prov. \u00a7 14 ) the second distinction is that between two types of soul : the rational soul is separable from the body, the irrational resides in the body is inseparable from its substrate ; \u201c the latter depends in its being upon fate, the former upon providence \u201d ( de prov. \u00a7 15 ff. ). the third distinction concerns knowledge and truth : one type of knowledge exists in souls that are bound to the process of generation ; [ \u2026 ] another type is present in souls that have escaped from this place. ( de prov. \u00a7 3. 1 \u2013 4. 3 ) these three distinctions taken together make it possible for proclus to ultimately reconcile providence, fate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.519245375639221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.619922"} {"text": "generation ; [ \u2026 ] another type is present in souls that have escaped from this place. ( de prov. \u00a7 3. 1 \u2013 4. 3 ) these three distinctions taken together make it possible for proclus to ultimately reconcile providence, fate, and free choice. in so far as we are rational agents and let ourselves being determined in our choices only by intelligible principles, we may transcend the determinism of fate to which we belong as corporeal beings. yet, our actions are integrated into the providential order, as we willingly obey the divine principles. the third treatise ( on the existence of evils ) asks why and how evil can exist if the world is governed by divine providence. proclus argues that evil does not have an existence of its own, but only a derivative or parasitic existence ( par - hypostasis, sc. on the good ) ( de mal. \u00a7 50 ). in order to exist in a proper sense, an effect must result from a cause which proceeds according to its nature towards a goal that is intended. [ \u2026 ] whenever an effect is produced that was not intended or is not related by nature or per se to the agent, it is said to exist besides ( para ) the intended effect, parasitically upon it, as it were. ( opsomer - steel 2003, 25 ) this is precisely the case with evils, which are shortcomings and mistakes. as a failure is never intended qua failure by an agent, but is an unfortunate by - effect of its action, so is evil qua evil never caused by a cause. therefore, proclus continues, it is better to call its mode of existence a parhupostasis, rather than a hupostasis, a term that belongs to those beings \u201c that proceed from causes towards a goal. \u201d parhupostasis or \u201c parasitic existence, \u201d on the contrary, is the mode of existence of \u201c beings that neither appear through causes in accordance with nature nor result in a definite end. \u201d evils are not the outcome of goal - directed processes, but happen per accidens, as incidental by - products which fall outside the intention of the agents. [ \u2026 ] therefore it is appropriate to call such generation a parasitic existence ( parhupostasis ), in that it is without end and unintended, uncaused in a way ( anaition pos ) and indefinite. ( de mal. \u00a7 50. 3 \u2013 9, 29 \u2013 31", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5041588069823228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.625189"} {"text": "parasitic existence ( parhupostasis ), in that it is without end and unintended, uncaused in a way ( anaition pos ) and indefinite. ( de mal. \u00a7 50. 3 \u2013 9, 29 \u2013 31, transl. by opsomer - steel 2003 ) dionysius the areopagite adopted proclus ' views on evil in his work on the divine names. thanks to this adaptation proclus ' doctrine of evil had an enormous influence on the later medieval discussions on evil both in byzantium and in the latin west and dominated the philosophical debates on evil up to the 19th century. a theological physics although proclus composed a short ( presumably early ) treatise where he summarises aristotle ' s theory of movement ( elements of physics ), he does not understand physics primarily as the study of movement and change of natural phenomena, but rather seeks to connect these phenomena to their intelligible and divine causes ( physics as a kind of theology, in tim. i 217. 25 ). in the preface to his commentary on plato ' s timaeus proclus sets out to prove why plato ' s physics, as developed in the timaeus, is superior to natural science in the aristotelian sense ( see steel 2003 ). in proclus ' view plato ' s timaeus not only offers a physiologia, a science of nature in its many aspects, but also presents an explanation of the whole of nature by paying due attention to its incorporeal, divine causes : the natural world proceeds from the demiurge as the expression of an ideal paradigm and aims at the ultimate good. therefore, plato ' s physio - logy is also a sort of theo - logy : the purpose of timaeus will be to consider the universe, insofar as it is produced by the gods. in fact, one may consider the world from different perspectives : insofar as it is corporeal or insofar as it participates in souls, both particular and universal, or insofar as it is endowed with intellect. but timaeus will examine the nature of the universe not only along all those aspects, but in particular insofar as it proceeds from the demiurge. in that respect the physiology seems also to be a sort of theology, since also natural things have somehow a divine existence insofar as they are produced by the gods. ( in tim. i 217. 18 \u2013 27 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5717454086606557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.626905"} {"text": "the demiurge. in that respect the physiology seems also to be a sort of theology, since also natural things have somehow a divine existence insofar as they are produced by the gods. ( in tim. i 217. 18 \u2013 27 ) before offering an explanation of the generation of the world, timaeus sets out the fundamental principles that will govern his whole explanation of the physical world ( tim. 27d5 \u2013 28b5 ). as proclus observes, it is the task of a scientist to formulate at the start of his project the principles proper to the science in question, and not just to assume some general axioms. the science of nature too is based on specific axioms and assumptions, which must be clarified before we can move to the demonstration. in order to make phusiologia a real science, the philosopher must deduce his explanation, as does the geometer, from a set of fundamental propositions or axioms. if i may say what i think, it seems to me that plato proceeds here in the manner of the geometers, assuming before the demonstrations the definitions and hypotheses through which he will make his demonstrations, thus laying the foundations of the whole science of nature. ( in tim. i. 217. 18 \u2013 27 ) starting from these fundamental propositions, proclus argues, plato deduces the different types of causality that are required for a truly scientific understanding of nature ( efficient, exemplary, and final cause ; see steel 2003 and above 3. 2 ). time and eternity proclus discusses eternity and time in his commentary on the timaeus and in propositions 53 \u2013 55 of the elements of theology ( see steel 2001 ). aristotle had defined time as a \u201c measure of movement according to the before and after. \u201d therefore, anything measured by time must have a form of existence or activity in which a past and a future state can be distinguished. in fact, an entity in time is never wholly and simultaneously what it is, but has an existence extended in a process of before and after. opposed to it stands the eternal, which exists as a simultaneous whole and admits of no composition or change. \u201c there is no part of it, \u201d writes proclus, \u201c which has already subsisted and another that will subsist later, but as yet is not. all that it is capable of being, already possesses it in entirety without losing it or without accumulating \u201d ( elem. theol. \u00a7 52", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6055280588707499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.629342"} {"text": "already subsisted and another that will subsist later, but as yet is not. all that it is capable of being, already possesses it in entirety without losing it or without accumulating \u201d ( elem. theol. \u00a7 52 ). one must distinguish the temporality of things in process from the time by which they are measured. temporal things participate in time, without being time. \u201c time exists prior to all things in time \u201d ( elem. theol. \u00a7 53 ). with iamblichus, proclus distinguishes absolute time, which is not participated in and exists \u2018 prior \u2019 to all temporal things, from participated time, or rather the many participated times. the same distinctions must also be made regarding eternity. for eternity precedes as cause and measures the multiple eternal beings that participate in it. \u201c every eternity is a measure of things eternal, every time of things in time ; and these two are the only measures of life and movement in things \u201d ( elem. theol. \u00a7 54 ). to conclude, there are two measures of the duration of things. first there is eternity, which measures at once the whole duration of a being. second, there is time, which measures piecemeal the extension of a being that continually passes from one state to another. eternity can be seen as the prefiguration of time ; time as the image of eternity. each of them governs a separate sphere of reality, eternity the intelligible being, time the temporal ( corporeal and psychic ) world of change. notwithstanding the sharp distinction between the temporal and the eternal realm, there are beings that share in both eternity and time. as proclus notes in the corollary to elem. theol. \u00a7 55, \u201c of the things which exist in time, some have a perpetual duration. \u201d thus the universe as a whole and the celestial spheres in it are both eternal and temporal. they are eternal because they never come to existence in time and never will cease to exist. but they are temporal because they possess their being only through a process of change in a sequence of moments. the same holds true for the psychic realm : all souls are immortal and indestructible ; nevertheless, they are continually undergoing change. therefore, as proclus says, \u201c \u2018 perpetuity \u2019 ( aidiotes ) is of two kinds, the one eternal ( aionion ), the other in time ; [ \u2026 ] the one having its being concentrated in a simultaneous whole", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5320788615063436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.631885"} {"text": ", as proclus says, \u201c \u2018 perpetuity \u2019 ( aidiotes ) is of two kinds, the one eternal ( aionion ), the other in time ; [ \u2026 ] the one having its being concentrated in a simultaneous whole, the other diffused and unfolded in temporal extension ( paratasis ) ; the one entire in itself, the other composed of parts, each of which exists separately in a sequence of prior and posterior. \u201d ( elem. theol. \u00a7 55, trans. dodds, modified ). the eternity of the world against aristotle ' s critique in de caelo i 10, proclus defends the view that the cosmos is \u201c both eternal and generated ( genetos ). \u201d as a corporeal being, the universe cannot produce itself and maintain itself in being. it depends for its existence upon a superior cause, and it is for that reason \u201c generated. \u201d this does not prevent it, however, from existing for ever, in an infinite time. as we just saw, proclus distinguishes between what is eternal in an absolute sense ( the intelligible realm ) and what is eternal because it continues to exist for the whole of time, what boethius later called \u201c aevum \u201d in distinction from \u201c aeternum. \u201d as proclus notices, at the end of the physics ( 8. 10, 266a27 \u2013 28 ), aristotle himself establishes that no body can possess from itself an unlimited power to exist. if the world exists eternally, it must have this power from an incorporeal principle. therefore, aristotle too is forced to admit that the world is somehow generated, though it continues to exist for eternity. for it always receives from its cause its infinite power and never possesses it at once as a whole, because it is limited. the world is eternal, because it has an infinite power of coming to be, not because it exists of infinite power ( in tim. i 252. 11 \u2013 254. 18 ). this disagreement between plato and aristotle is ultimately due to a different view about the first principles of all things. aristotle denies the existence of platonic forms and therefore cannot admit an efficient or creative cause of the universe in the true sense of the word. efficient causality only concerns the sublunary world. the celestial bodies and the world as a whole have no efficient cause of their being, but only a final cause. from this misunderstanding about the first principles follow all the other views that distinguish aristotle from plato. one gets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5307834398652493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.633155"} {"text": "concerns the sublunary world. the celestial bodies and the world as a whole have no efficient cause of their being, but only a final cause. from this misunderstanding about the first principles follow all the other views that distinguish aristotle from plato. one gets the impression, proclus says, that aristotle, because he could not grasp the first principle of all things - the one \u2013 has always to find an explanation of things on a lower level : whatever plato attributes to the one, aristotle attributes to the intellect : that it is without multiplicity, that it is object of desire, that it does not think of secondary things. whatever plato attributes to the demiurgic intellect, aristotle attributes to the heaven and the celestial gods. for, in his view, creation and providence come from them. whatever plato attributes to the substance of heavens [ sc. time ], aristotle attributes to their circular motion. in all these issues he departs from the theological principles and dwells upon the physical explanations beyond what is needed. ( in tim. i 295. 20 \u2013 27 ) the celestial bodies and the place of the universe related to the eternity of the world is the question of the nature of the celestial bodies. aristotle argues in de caelo i 2 that the celestial bodies, which move with a natural circular motion, must be made of a simple substance different from the four sublunary simple bodies ( whose natural movements are in a straight line : up or down ). this \u2018 fifth element, \u2019 which is by nature imperishable, is the ether. with this explanation aristotle seems to oppose the view plato defends in timaeus where it is said that the demiurge made the divine celestial bodies \u201c mostly out of fire \u201d ( 40a2 \u2013 4 ). proclus admits that the heaven is composed out of the four elements with a preponderance of fire, but he insists that the elements are not present in the celestial bodies in the same mode as they exist in the sublunary bodies. therefore aristotle is right when he considers the heavens to constitute a fifth nature besides the four elements. \u201c for in the heavens the elements are not the same as they are here, but are rather the summits of them \u201d ( in tim. ii 49. 27 \u2013 29 ). if one counts the whole heaven composed out of the best of the elements as one nature and adds to it the four sublunary elements, we may speak of five natures altogether. contrary to aristotle, proclus argues that the whole universe ( to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5633980706746644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.634391"} {"text": "one counts the whole heaven composed out of the best of the elements as one nature and adds to it the four sublunary elements, we may speak of five natures altogether. contrary to aristotle, proclus argues that the whole universe ( to pan ) is in a place ( topos ). he can do this because his conception of place differs in many respects from aristotle ' s own. the latter defined place as \u201c the unmoved limit of the surrounding body \u201d ( physics iv 4, 212a21 \u2013 22 ). from this it follows as a necessary corollary that the universe as a whole cannot be in a place, because there is simply nothing outside it. aristotle ' s definition, as we learn from simplicius ' and philoponus ' corollary on place, had been criticized by all later neoplatonists ( syrianus, proclus, damascius, simplicius, and philoponus ). it is notable that proclus ' own theory of place, as reported by simplicius, differs considerably from other neoplatonic theories in that he considered place an immaterial \u2018 body \u2019, namely a special kind of immobile light. as emerges from proclus ' commentary on plato ' s republic, his theory took inspiration from the column of light mentioned at republic x, 616b. since the heavenly bodies were considered divine, because they are eternal and living beings, the study of the heavens was of special importance to neoplatonists. in the preface to his treatise on astronomical hypotheses ( a summary and evaluation of astronomical views of his time ), proclus makes it clear that his approach is based on plato ' s remarks on astronomy ( especially in the republic and in the laws ). he feels the need to go through the different theories, because one can observe a great disagreement among ancient astronomers on how to explain the different phenomena ( hyp. i \u00a7 33 ). fundamental to proclus ' approach is the distinction between two kinds of astronomy ( hyp. i \u00a7 1 \u2013 3 ). the first kind contents itself with observing the heavenly phenomena and formulating mathematical hypotheses to explain them and make calculations and prognostics possible. this is the astronomy as practiced by the most famous astronomers before proclus ' time ( aristarchus, hipparchus, and ptolemy ). the second, which is developed by plato in the timaeus, and is confirmed by the tradition of the \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5681910500537324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.635610"} {"text": "astronomy as practiced by the most famous astronomers before proclus ' time ( aristarchus, hipparchus, and ptolemy ). the second, which is developed by plato in the timaeus, and is confirmed by the tradition of the \u201c chaldaeans and egyptians, \u201d investigates into the intelligible causes of heavenly movements. an example for this approach can be found in his commentary on plato ' s republic ( in remp. ii 227. 23 \u2013 235. 3 ). there, proclus explains that the seemingly irregular movements of the planets ought not to be explained by means of ptolemy ' s complicated theory of excentric spheres and epicycles, but are rather due to the fact that the planets are moved by intelligent souls which express in the movements of their bodies \u201c the invisible powers of the forms \u201d ( 232. 1 \u2013 4 ). yet proclus appreciates ptolemy ' s astronomy as long as it is seen only as a mathematical - mechanical construction making it possible to calculate and predict the positions of planets, and as long as it does not claim to have any real explanatory value. for the history of astronomy proclus ' astronomical hypotheses remains a most valuable document, since it represents one of the best introductions to ptolemy ' s almagest extant from antiquity and since it explains the most important ancient astronomical theories, in order finally ( in chapter seven of the work ) to evaluate them critically. proclus ' arguments also played an important role in the scientific discussion of the ptolemaic hypotheses in the 16th and 17th century. proclus ' distinctively non - empirical approach towards physics and astronomy also influences his philosophy of mathematics, which is set out in the two prologues to his commentary on the first book of euclid ' s elements. the first prologue deals with the mathematical sciences in general, while the second prologue focuses on geometry proper. proclus argues in great detail that the objects of mathematical sciences cannot be derived from sensible particulars by means of abstraction. because of the imperfect and deficient character of the sensible objects one cannot derive from them objects that are as perfect and as precise as mathematical objects are. therefore, mathematical objects reside primarily in intellect and secondarily in souls ( as logoi ). as universal concepts ( cf. 3. 2 ) we can grasp mathematical objects by means of recollection ( anamnesis ). since geometrical objects are not universal, but particulars, and since by definition they possess extension,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5376597826603711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.637080"} {"text": "). as universal concepts ( cf. 3. 2 ) we can grasp mathematical objects by means of recollection ( anamnesis ). since geometrical objects are not universal, but particulars, and since by definition they possess extension, proclus argues that their place is human imagination ( phantasia ). imagination acts as a mirror and provides the mathematical objects which are projected into it by the soul with intelligible matter. by means of the latter geometrical objects gain extension and particularity. as with physics and astronomy, the ultimate aim of geometry is not the study of these extended, material objects. rather, geometry serves an anagogical task ( just as in plato ' s republic ), leading the soul upwards to a study of the true and unextended causes of geometrical objects in the divine mind ( in eucl. 54. 14 \u2013 56. 22 ). relying on plato, theaetetus 176a - b late platonists saw the assimilation to god ( homoiosis theoi ) as the goal ( telos ) of philosophy. proclus was faithful to this ideal, as is attested by his biographer marinus ( life of proclus \u00a7 25 ). there was a fundamental discussion in late neoplatonism on how this assimilation to the divine was possible for humans. damascius ( in phaed. i \u00a7 172 westerink ) distinguishes two tendencies : plotinus and porphyry preferred philosophy, which makes us understand the divine principles of reality through rational explication, while others like iamblichus and his followers, syrianus, and proclus, gave priority to hieratic practice or theurgy ( theourgia, hieratike [ sc. techne ] ). their different evaluation of respectively theory and theurgy as means of salvation may be explained by their different views on the human soul and its possibilities of ascent to the divine realm. while plotinus and porphyry claimed that the superior part of the human soul always remains within the intelligible realm, in touch with the divine principles, and never completely descends into the body, iamblichus, followed by proclus, criticised such a view. the soul does indeed wholly descend into the body ( steel 1976, 34 \u2013 51 ). hence the importance of theurgic rites established by the gods themselves, to make it possible for the human soul to overcome the distance between the mortal and the divine, which cannot be done through increasing philosophical understanding. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5834428389859976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.638329"} {"text": "1976, 34 \u2013 51 ). hence the importance of theurgic rites established by the gods themselves, to make it possible for the human soul to overcome the distance between the mortal and the divine, which cannot be done through increasing philosophical understanding. in theol. plat. i 25, proclus expresses his great admiration for the power of theurgy, which surpasses all human knowledge. allegedly, neoplatonic theurgy originated with julian the theurgist, who lived in the time of emperor marcus aurelius. at first sight, theurgy seems to share many characteristics with magic ( theory of cosmic sympathy, invocations, animation of statues of gods and demons ), but it is, as far as we can judge from the extant sources, clearly different from it. in his de mysteriis iamblichus developed a theology of the hieratic rituals from platonic principles, which clearly sets them apart from the vulgar magical practices. while magic assumes that the gods can be rendered subservient to the magicians, platonic philosophers consider this impossible. according to plato ' s principles of theology ( republic ii and laws x ), the gods are immutable, unchangeable, and cannot be bribed by means of sacrifices. proclus ' views on theurgy ( of which only some fragments belonging to his treatise on hieratic art [ i. e., theurgy ] survived ) are fully in line with these fundamental platonic axioms. but how, then, does theurgy work? the theurgists take up an old belief, shared also by many philosophers, namely the natural and cosmic \u2018 sympathy \u2019 ( sumpatheia ) pervading all reality. as with an organism, all parts of reality are somehow linked together as one. another way of expressing this idea is in the neoplatonic principle, going back at least to iamblichus, that everything is in everything ( panta en pasin ). according to proclus, all reality, including its most inferior level, matter, is directed upwards towards the origin from which it proceeds. to say it in the words of theodorus of asine, whom proclus quotes in his commentary on the timaeus ( i 213. 2 \u2013 3 ) : \u201c all things pray except the first. \u201d as stated before ( cf. 3. 3 ), the human soul contains the principles ( logoi ) of all reality within itself. the soul", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5198993718128141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.639422"} {"text": "timaeus ( i 213. 2 \u2013 3 ) : \u201c all things pray except the first. \u201d as stated before ( cf. 3. 3 ), the human soul contains the principles ( logoi ) of all reality within itself. the soul carries, however, also sumbola or sunthemata which correspond to the divine principles of reality. the same symbols also establish the secret correspondences between sensible things ( stones, plants, and animals ) and celestial and divine realities. thanks to these symbols, things on different levels ( stones, plants, animals, souls ) are linked in a \u2018 chain \u2019 ( seira ) to the divine principle on which they depend, as the chain of the sun and the many solar beings, or the chain of the moon. of great importance in the rituals was also the evocation of the secret divine names. in his commentary on the cratylus, proclus compares divine names to statues of the gods used in theurgy ( in crat. \u00a7 46 ), pointing to the fact that also language is an important means in the ascent to the divine. proclus evokes the platonic background of his theurgical beliefs, namely his theory of love ( eros ) as expressed in the symposium and the phaedrus, in his treatise on hieratic art : just as lovers move on from the beauty perceived by the senses until they reach the sole cause of all beautiful and intelligible beings, so too, the theurgists ( hieratikoi ), starting with the sympathy connecting visible things both to one another and to the invisible powers, and having understood that all things are to be found in all things, established the hieratic science. ( trans. ronan, modified ) in the wake of an article of anne sheppard ( 1982 ), scholars usually distinguish between three kinds of theurgy in proclus. the first kind, as described in the above quoted treatise on hieratic art, was mainly concerned with animating statues ( in order to obtain oracles or to evoke divine apparitions ) or, in general, with activities related to physical phenomena or human affairs ( influencing the weather, healing illnesses etc. ) ( see life of proclus \u00a7 28 \u2013 29 ). as emerges from our sources, it is this kind of theurgy that involved much ritualistic practice, including hymns and prayers. the second kind of theurgy makes the soul capable of ascending up to the level of the hypercosmic gods and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5563255309630599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.641641"} {"text": "emerges from our sources, it is this kind of theurgy that involved much ritualistic practice, including hymns and prayers. the second kind of theurgy makes the soul capable of ascending up to the level of the hypercosmic gods and the divine intellect. this second kind too operates by means of prayers and invocations and it seems especially characteristic of proclus ' hymns. and finally, the third kind of theurgy establishes unity with the first principles, that is the one itself. this third kind corresponds to the level of the highest virtues ( i. e., \u2018 theurgic virtues \u2019 ) in the scale of virtues. it is not clear whether some form of ritual is involved here at all. for this last stage of the platonic homoiosis theoi the following elements are of major importance : negative theology ( culminating in the negation of the negation ), mystic silence and the intriguing notion of faith ( pistis ), which thus enters with a non - platonic meaning - though even for the latter notion proclus will search for confirmation in the platonic dialogues. those who hasten to be conjoined with the good, do no longer need knowledge and activity, but need to be established and a stable state and quietness. what then is it which unites us to the good? what is it which causes in us a cessation of activity and motion? what is it which establishes all divine natures in the first and ineffable unity of goodness? [ \u2026 ] it is, in short, the faith ( pistis ) of the gods, which ineffably unites all the classes of gods, of daemons, and of blessed souls to the good. for we should investigate the good not through knowledge ( gnostikos ) and in an imperfect manner, but giving ourselves up to the divine light, and closing the eyes, to become thus established in the unknown and occult unity of beings. for such a kind of faith is more venerable than cognitive activity, not in us only, but with the gods themselves. ( proclus, platonic theology, i 25, trans. th. taylor, modified ). in his lectures on the history of philosophy, in the chapter on alexandrian philosophy, hegel said that \u201c in proclus we have the culminating point of the neo - platonic philosophy ; this method in philosophy is carried into later times, continuing even through the whole of the middle ages. [ \u2026 ] although the neo - platonic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47499497787887174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.642819"} {"text": ". proclus continued to enjoy wide interest at the turn of the 18th century. thomas taylor ( 1758 \u2013 1835 ) translated all of proclus ' works into english ( reprinted by the prometheus trust [ london ] ) and tried to reconstruct the lost seventh book of the platonic theology. victor cousin ( 1792 \u2013 1867 ) aimed at a complete edition of his preserved work. at the beginning of the 20th century we have the great editions of commentaries in the teubner collection. renewed philosophical interest in proclus in the last century started with the edition of the elements of theology by eric robertson dodds, and carried on with the edition of the platonic theology by henry dominique saffrey, leendert gerrit westerink and, not least, in germany with the works of werner beierwaltes. lists of proclus ' works are available in the two supplements on 1. elements of theology - dodds, e. r., 1933, 19632, the elements of theology, oxford : clarendon. - boese, h., 1987, proclus : elementatio theologica, translata a guillelmo de morbecca, ( series : kul, ancient and medieval philosophy, de wulf - mansion centre, series, 1, vol. 5 ), leuven : leuven university press. 2. platonic theology - saffrey, h. d., and l. g. westerink, 1968 \u2013 1997, proclus : theologie platonicienne, 6 vol., ( series : collection des universites de france ), paris : les belles lettres. - taylor, th, 1816, proclus ' theology of plato, ( series : the thomas taylor series, viii ), london : prometheus trust. 3. - 5. tria opuscula ( latin ) - boese, h., 1960, procli diadochi tria opuscula ( de providentia, libertate, malo ) latine guilelmo de moerbeka vertente et graece ex isaacii sebastocratoris aliorumque scriptis collecta, ( series : quellen und studien zur geschichte der philosophie, 1 ), berlin : de gruyter. 3. ten problems concerning providence - isaac, d., 1977, proclus : trois etudes sur la providence, i. dix problemes concernant la", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47598816354069445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.646188"} {"text": "geschichte der philosophie, 1 ), berlin : de gruyter. 3. ten problems concerning providence - isaac, d., 1977, proclus : trois etudes sur la providence, i. dix problemes concernant la providence, ( series : collection des universites de france ), paris : les belles lettres. - opsomer, j. and steel, c., forthcoming, proclus : ten doubts concerning providence, ( series : the greek commentators on aristotle ), london : duckworth. 4. on providence, fate and what depends on us - isaac, d., 1979, proclus : trois etudes sur la providence, ii. providence, fatalite, liberte, ( series : collection des universites de france ), paris : les belles lettres. - steel, c., 2007, proclus : on providence, ( series : the greek commentators on aristotle ), london : duckworth. 5. on the existence of evils - isaac, d., 1982, proclus : trois etudes sur la providence, iii. de l ' existence du mal, ( series : collection des universites de france ), paris : les belles lettres. - opsomer, j., and c. steel, 2003, proclus : on the existence of evils, ( series : the greek commentators on aristotle, 50 ), london : duckworth. 6. commentary on plato ' s alcibiades ( up to 116b ) - segonds, a. - ph., 1985 - 1986, proclus : sur le premier alcibiade de platon, 2 vol., ( series : collection des universites de france ), paris : les belles lettres. - o ' neill, w., 1964, 19712, proclus : alcibiades i, the hague : martinus nijhoff. 7. commentary on plato ' s cratylus ( up to 407c ) - pasquali, g., 1908, proclus diadochus in platonis cratylum commentaria, ( series : bibliotheca scriptorum graecorum et romanorum teubneriana ), leipzig : teubner [ reprint stuttgart : teubner, 1994 ]. - duvick, b., 2007, proclus. on plato ' s cratylus, ( series : the ancient commentators on aristotle ), london", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4918482329618843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.647847"} {"text": ", leipzig : teubner [ reprint stuttgart : teubner, 1994 ]. - duvick, b., 2007, proclus. on plato ' s cratylus, ( series : the ancient commentators on aristotle ), london : duckworth. 8. commentary on plato ' s timaeus ( up to 44d ) - diehl, e., 1903 \u2013 1906, procli diadochi in platonis timaeum commentaria, ( series : bibliotheca scriptorum graecorum et romanorum teubneriana ), leipzig : teubner [ reprint amsterdam : hakkert, 1965 ]. - tarrant, h., 2007, proclus. commentary on plato ' s timaeus. vol 1, book i : proclus on the socratic state and atlantis, cambridge : cambridge university press. - baltzly, d., 2007, proclus. commentary on plato ' s timaeus. vol 3, book iii : proclus on the world ' s body, cambridge : cambridge university press. ( see the review by c. steel, exemplaria classica 14 ( 2010 ), 425 \u2013 433 ). - runia, d. t., and m. share, 2008, proclus. commentary on plato ' s timaeus. vol 2, book ii : proclus on the causes of the cosmos and its creation, cambridge : cambridge university press. - festugiere, a. - j., 1966 - 1968, commentaire sur le timee, 5 vol., ( series : bibliotheque des textes philosophiques ), paris : vrin. 9. commentary on plato ' s parmenides ( up to 142a ) - steel, c., 2007 \u2013 2009, procli in platonis parmenidem commentaria ( edition prepared with the collaboration of p. d ' hoine, a. gribbomont, c. mace and l. van campe ) ( series : oxford classical texts ), 3 volumes, oxford : clarendon. - segonds, a. - ph., and c. luna, 2007, proclus. commentaire sur le parmenide de platon. tome 1, 1re partie : introduction generale, 2e partie : livre i, texte, ( series : collection des universites de france ), paris : les belles let", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47361959463488446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.649590"} {"text": "sur le parmenide de platon. tome 1, 1re partie : introduction generale, 2e partie : livre i, texte, ( series : collection des universites de france ), paris : les belles lettres ( on this edition see c. steel, mnemosyne 63 ( 2010 ), 120 \u2013 142 ). - morrow, g. r., and j. m. dillon, 1987, proclus ' commentary on plato ' s parmenides, princeton ( new jersey ) : princeton university press. 10. commentary on plato ' s republic ( in different essays ) - kroll, w., 1899 \u2013 1901, procli diadochi in platonis rem publicam commentarii, 2 vol., ( series : bibliotheca scriptorum graecorum et romanorum teubneriana ), leipzig : teubner [ reprint amsterdam : hakkert, 1965 ]. - festugiere, a. - j., 1970, proclus : commentaire sur la republique, 3 vol., ( series : bibliotheque des textes philosophiques ), paris : vrin. 11. elements of physics - ritzenfeld, a., 1912, procli diadochi lycii institutio physica, ( series : bibliotheca scriptorum graecorum et romanorum teubneriana ), leipzig : teubner. - boese, h., 1958, die mittelalterliche ubersetzung der stoicheiosis phusike des proclus, ( series : deutsche akademie der wissenschaften zu berlin, institut fur griechisch - romische altertumskunde, veroffentlichungen 6 ), berlin : akademie verlag. 12. commentary on euclid ' s elements, book i - friedlein, g., 1967, procli diadochi in primum euclidis elementorum librum commentarii, ( series : bibliotheca scriptorum graecorum et romanorum teubneriana ), leipzig : teubner [ reprint hildesheim : olms, 1967 ]. - morrow, g. r., 1970, a commentary on the first book of euclid ' s elements, princeton ( n. j. ) : princeton university press [ reprinted 1992", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5145532485849098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.650783"} {"text": "reprint hildesheim : olms, 1967 ]. - morrow, g. r., 1970, a commentary on the first book of euclid ' s elements, princeton ( n. j. ) : princeton university press [ reprinted 1992, with a new foreword by i. mueller ]. - new edition prepared by c. steel, g. van riel and l. van campe, first volume forthcoming, paris, vrin. 13. exposition of astronomical hypotheses - manitius, c., 1909, procli diadochi hypotyposis astronomicarum positionum, ( series : bibliotheca scriptorum graecorum et romanorum teubneriana ), leipzig : teubner ; reprint stuttgart : teubner 1974. 14. ( frag. ) on the eternity of the world, against the christians ( 18 arguments ) - rabe, h, 1899, ioannes philoponus : de aeternitate mundi contra proclum, leipzig : teubner [ reprint hildesheim : olms, 1963 ]. - lang, h. s., macro, a. d., and j. mcginnis, 2001, proclus : on the eternity of the world ( de aeternitate mundi ), berkeley / los angeles / london : university of california press. - gleede, b., 2009, platon und aristoteles in der kosmologie des proklos. ein kommentar zu den 18 argumenten fur die ewigkeit der welt bei johannes philoponos ( series : studien und texte zu antike und christentum ) tubingen : mohr. 15. ( frag. ) commentary on hesiod, works and days - marzillo, p., 2010, der kommentar des proklos zu hesiods \u2018 werken und tagen \u2019. edition, ubersetzung und erklauterung der fragmente, tubingen : narr. - vogt, e., 1957, procli hymni accedunt hymnorum fragmenta ; epigrammata, scholia, fontium et locorum similium apparatus, indices, wiesbaden : harrassowitz. - van den berg, r. m., 2001, proclus ' hymns : essays, translations, commentary, leiden \u2013 boston \u2013 koln : brill.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5088523272565185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.654057"} {"text": "1961, la filosofia dei greci nel suo sviluppo storico, parte iii : la filosofia post - aristotelica, vol. vi : giamblico e la scuola di atene, firenze : la nuova italia, pp. 118 \u2013 196. - bastid, p., 1969, proclus et le crepuscule de la pensee grecque, ( series : bibliotheque d ' histoire de la philosophie ), paris : vrin. - le neoplatonisme, 1971, actes du colloque international organise a royaumont 9 \u2013 13 juin 1969, ( series : colloques internationaux du cnrs ), paris : editions du cnrs. - trouillard, j., 1972, l ' un et l ' ame selon proclos, ( series : collection d ' etudes anciennes ), paris : les belles lettres. - de jamblique a proclus, 1975, neuf exposes suivis de discussions, ( series : entretiens sur l ' antiquite classique, 21 ), vandoeuvres - geneve : fondation hardt. - beierwaltes, w., 1965, 1979\u00b2, proklos. grundzuge seiner metaphysik, frankfurt am main : vittorio klostermann. - pepin, j., and h. d. saffrey ( eds. ), 1987, proclus lecteur et interprete des anciens, actes du colloque international du cnrs, paris 2 \u2013 4 oct. 1985, ( series : colloques internationaux du cnrs ), paris : editions du cnrs. - boss, g., and g. seel ( eds. ), 1987, proclus et son influence, actes du colloque de neuchatel, juin 1985, zurich : editions du grand midi. - duffy, j., and j. peradotto ( eds. ), 1988, gonimos. neoplatonic and byzantine studies presented to leendert g. westerink at 75., buffalo ( new york ) : arethusa. - reale, g., introduzione a proclo, ( series : i filosofi,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4993537065158619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.658240"} {"text": "byzantine studies presented to leendert g. westerink at 75., buffalo ( new york ) : arethusa. - reale, g., introduzione a proclo, ( series : i filosofi, 51 ), roma - bari : laterza. - bos, e. p., and p. a. meijer ( eds. ), 1992, on proclus and his influence in medieval philosophy, ( series : philosophia antiqua, 53 ), leiden - koln - new york : brill. - siorvanes, l., 1996, proclus. neo - platonic philosophy and science, new haven : yale university press. - cleary, j. ( ed. ), 1997, the perennial tradition of neoplatonism, ( series : ancient and medieval philosophy, series i, 24 ), leuven : leuven university press. - segonds, a. ph., and c. steel ( eds. ), 2000, proclus et la theologie platonicienne, actes du colloque international de louvain ( 13 \u2013 16 mai 1998 ) en l ' honneur de h. d. saffrey et l. g. westerink, ( series : ancient and medieval philosophy, series i, 26 ), leuven - paris : leuven university press / les belles lettres. - perkams, m., and r. m. piccione ( eds. ), 2006, proklos. methode, seelenlehre, metaphysik, akten der konferenz in jena am 18. - 20. september 2003, ( series : philosophia antiqua, 98 ), leiden - boston : brill. - steel, c., 2006, \u201c neoplatonism \u201d and \u201c proclus, \u201d in encyclopedia of philosophy, d. m. borchert ( ed. ), detroit : macmillan reference usa, vol. 6, col. 546 \u2013 557 ; vol. 8, col. 40 \u2013 44. - beierwaltes, w., 2007, procliana. spatantikes denken und seine spuren, frankfurt am main : v. klostermann. - steel, c., 2011, \u201c proclus, \u201d in the cambridge history of philosophy in late antiquity, l. gerson ( ed. ), cambridge : cambridge university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5245322409755662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.659203"} {"text": ". sentences, l. brisson ( ed. ), 2 vol., paris : vrin, i, pp. 139 \u2013 274. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2007, \u201c the libraries of the neoplatonists. an introduction, \u201d in the libraries of the neoplatonists, proceedings of the meeting of the european science foundation \u2018 late antiquity and arabic thought : patterns in the constitution of european thought \u2019 held in strasbourg, march 12 \u2013 14, 2004, c. d ' ancona ( ed. ), ( series : philosophia antiqua, 107 ), leiden - boston : brill, pp. xiii \u2013 xxxvi. - d ' ancona, c., and r. c. taylor, 2003, \u201c liber de causis, \u201d in dictionnaire des philosophes antiques., r. goulet, j. - m. flamand, and m. aouad, paris : cnrs, pp. 599 \u2013 647. - d ' hoine, p., 2004, \u201c four problems concerning the theory of ideas : proclus, syrianus and the ancient commentaries on the parmenides, \u201d in platonic ideas and concept formation in ancient and medieval thought, g. van riel, and c. mace ( eds. ), ( series : ancient and medieval philosophy, series i, 32 ), leuven : leuven university press, pp. 9 \u2013 29. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2006, \u201c the status of the arts. proclus ' theory of artefacts, \u201d elenchos, 27 : 305 \u2013 344. - de haas, f. a. j., 1997, john philoponus ' new definition of prime matter : aspects of its background in neoplatonism & the ancient commentary tradition, ( series : philosophia antiqua, 69 ), leiden - boston - koln : brill. - di pasquale barbanti, m., 1983, 19932, proclo tra filosofia e teurgia, catania : bonanno. - dillon, j. m., 1972, \u201c iamblichus and the origin of the doctrine of henads, \u201d phronesis, 17 : 102 \u2013 106. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1986, \u201c proclus and the forty logoi of zeno, \u201d illinois classical studies, 11 : 35 \u2013 41. - dillon, j. m., and s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5948234733975574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 46, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.663061"} {"text": "( pp. 535 \u2013 550 ) ]. - gersh, s., 1973, \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. a study of spiritual motion in the philosophy of proclus, leiden : brill. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1978, from iamblichos to eriugena. an investigation of the prehistory and evolution of the pseudo - dionysian tradition, ( series : studien zur problemgeschichte der antiken und mittelalterlichen philosophie, 8 ), leiden : brill. - gerson, l. p., 1997, \u201c epistrophe eis heauton : history and meaning, \u201d documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale, 8 : 1 \u2013 32. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2005, aristotle and other platonists, ithaca \u2013 london : cornell university press. - gritti, e., 2008, proclo. dialettica, anima, esegesi, ( series : il filarete, collana die studi e testi ), milano : led. - gunther, h. - chr., 2007, die uebersetzung der elementatio theologica des proklos und ihre bedeutung fur den proklostext, leiden : brill. - hankins, j., and w. bowen ( eds. ), 2001 \u2013 2006, marsilio ficino. platonic theology, 6 vol., ( series : i tatti renaissance library ), cambridge ( mass. ) : harvard university press. - hankinson, r. j., 1998, cause and explanation in ancient greek thought, oxford : clarendon. - halfwassen, j., 1999, hegel und der spatantike neuplatonismus. untersuchungen zur metaphysik des einen und des nous in hegels spekulativer und geschichtlicher deutung, ( series : hegel studien, 40 ), bonn : bouvier. - harari, o., 2006, \u201c methexis and geometrical reasoning in proclus ' commentary on euclid ' s elements, \u201d oxford studies in ancient philosophy, 30 : 361 \u2013 389. - helmig, c., 2004, \u201c what is the systematic place of abstraction and concept formation in plato", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5785918737396603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 48, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.664774"} {"text": "proclus ' commentary on euclid ' s elements, \u201d oxford studies in ancient philosophy, 30 : 361 \u2013 389. - helmig, c., 2004, \u201c what is the systematic place of abstraction and concept formation in plato ' s philosophy? ancient and modern readings of phaedrus 249b - c, \u201d in platonic ideas and concept formation in ancient and medieval thought, g. van riel, and c. mace ( eds. ), ( series : ancient and medieval philosophy, series i, 32 ), leuven : leuven university press, pp. 83 \u2013 97. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2008, \u201c proclus and other neoplatonists on universals and predication, \u201d documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale, 19 : 31 \u2013 52. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2009, \u201c \u2018 the truth can never be refuted \u2019 \u2013 syrianus ' view ( s ) on aristotle reconsidered, \u201d in syrianus et la metaphysique de l ' antiquite tardive, a. longo ( ed. ), ( series : elenchos, 51 ), rome : bibliopolis, 347 \u2013 380. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2010, \u201c proclus ' criticism of aristotle ' s theory of abstraction and concept formation in analytica posteriora ii 19 and elsewhere, \u201d in interpreting aristotle ' s posterior analytics in late antiquity and beyond, f. a. j. de haas, and m. e. m. p. j. leunissen, and m. martijn ( eds. ), ( series : philosophia antiqua, 124 ), leiden \u2013 boston \u2013 koln : brill, 27 \u2013 54. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2011, forms and concepts \u2014 concept formation in the platonic tradition. a study on proclus and his predecessors, ( series : philosophia antiqua ), leiden \u2013 boston \u2013 koln : brill [ forthcoming ]. - klibansky, r., 1981, the continuity of the platonic tradition during the middle ages, with a new preface and four supplementary chapters together with plato ' s parmenides in the middle ages and the renaissance, with a new introductory preface, munchen : kraus. - kremer, k., 1966, 19712, die neuplatonische seinsphilosophie und ihre wirkung auf thomas von aquin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5744465305684605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 49, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.665594"} {"text": "renaissance, with a new introductory preface, munchen : kraus. - kremer, k., 1966, 19712, die neuplatonische seinsphilosophie und ihre wirkung auf thomas von aquin, ( series : studien zur problemgeschichte der antiken und mittelalterlichen philosophie, 1 ), leiden : brill. - kuisma, o., 1996, proclus ' defense of homer, ( series : commentationes humanarum litterarum, 109 ), helsinki : societas scientiarum fennica. - kutash, e., 2011, ten gifts of the demiurge : proclus on plato ' s timaeus, london / new york : bristol classical press. - lang, h. s., 2005, \u201c perpetuity, eternity, and time in proclus ' cosmos, \u201d phronesis, 50 : 150 \u2013 169. - 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o ' meara, d. j., 1986, \u201c le probleme de la metaphysique dans l ' antiquite tardive, \u201d freiburger zeitschrift philosophie und theologie, 33 : 3 \u2013 22. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1989, pythagoras revived. mathematics and philosophy in late antiquity, oxford : clarendon. - opsomer, j., 2000, \u201c proclus on demiurgy and procession. a neoplatonic reading of the timaeus, \u201d in reason and necessity. essays on plato ' s \u2018 timaeus \u2019, m. r. wright ( ed. ), london : duckworth, pp. 113 \u2013 143. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2001, \u201c proclus vs plotinus on matter ( de mal. subs. 30 \u2013 7 ), \u201d phronesis, 46 : 154 \u2013 188. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2003, \u201c la demiurgie des jeunes dieux selon proclus, \u201d les etudes classiques, 71 : 5 \u2013 49. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2006, \u201c to find the maker and father. proclus ' exegesis of plato tim. 28c3 \u2013 5, \u201d etudes platoniciennes, 2 : 261 \u2013 283. - opsomer, j., and c. steel, 1999, \u201c evil without a cause : proclus ' doctrine on the origin of evil, and its antecedents in hellenistic philosophy, \u201d in zur rezeption der hellenistischen philosophie in der spatantike, akten der 1. tagung der karl - und - gertrud - abel - stiftung vom 22. - 25. september 1997 in trier, th. fuhrer, and m. erler ( eds. ), ( series : philosophie der antike, 9 ), stuttgart : steiner, pp. 229 \u2013 260. - phillips, j., 2007, order from disorder. proclus ' doctrine of evil and its roots in ancient platonism, ( series : ancient mediterranean and medieval texts and contexts ; studies in platonism, neoplatonism, and the platonic tradition, 5 ), leiden : brill. - pichler, r., 2006, allegorese und ethik bei pro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5206842490541592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 51, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.668022"} {"text": "mediterranean and medieval texts and contexts ; studies in platonism, neoplatonism, and the platonic tradition, 5 ), leiden : brill. - pichler, r., 2006, allegorese und ethik bei proklos. untersuchungen zum kommentar zu platons politeia, ( klassische philologie, 2 ), berlin : frank & timme. - 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\u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2002, l ' heritage des anciens au moyen age et a la renaissance, ( series : histoire des doctrines de l ' antiquite classique, 28 ), paris : vrin. - sezgin, f., 2000, proclus arabus and the liber de causis ( buruklus \u2018 inda l - \u2018 arab wa - kitab al - idah fi l - khayr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48789541840132183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 52, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.669920"} {"text": ". - sezgin, f., 2000, proclus arabus and the liber de causis ( buruklus \u2018 inda l - \u2018 arab wa - kitab al - idah fi l - khayr al - mahd ), frankfurt am main : institute for the history of arabic - islamic science at the johann wolfgang goethe university. - sheppard, a. d. r., 1980, studies on the 5th and 6th essays of proclus ' commentary on the republic, gottingen : vandenhoeck & ruprecht. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1 982, \u201c proclus ' attitude to theurgy, \u201d corolla londiniensis, 32 : 212 \u2013 224. - 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\u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2001, \u201c the neoplatonic doctrine of eternity and time and its influence on medieval philosophy, \u201d in : the medieval concept of time. studies on the scholastic debate and its reception in early modern philosophy, p. porro ( ed. ), ( series : studien und texte zur geistesgeschichte des mittelalters, 75 ) leiden \u2013 new york \u2013 koln : brill", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5002774552833285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 53, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.670726"} {"text": "and its reception in early modern philosophy, p. porro ( ed. ), ( series : studien und texte zur geistesgeschichte des mittelalters, 75 ) leiden \u2013 new york \u2013 koln : brill, pp. 3 \u2013 31. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2002, \u201c neoplatonic versus stoic causality : the case of the sustaining cause ( \u2018 sunektikon \u2019 ), \u201d in quaestio 2 : causality, c. esposito, and p. porro ( eds. ), ( series : yearbook of the history of metaphysics ), turnhout : brepols, pp. 77 \u2013 93. - 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\u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2005b, \u201c proclus ' defence of the timaeus against aristotle ' s objections. a reconstruction of a lost polemical treatise, \u201d in plato ' s timaeus and the foundations of cosmology in late antiquity, the middle ages and renaissance, th. leinkauf, and c. steel ( eds. ), ( series : ancient and medieval philosophy, i 34 ), leuven : leuven university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5654127763822554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 54, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.671770"} {"text": "and the foundations of cosmology in late antiquity, the middle ages and renaissance, th. leinkauf, and c. steel ( eds. ), ( series : ancient and medieval philosophy, i 34 ), leuven : leuven university press, pp. 163 \u2013 193. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2008, \u201c proclus on the mirror as metaphor of participation, \u201d in miroir et savoir. la transmission d ' un theme platonicien, des alexandrins a la philosophie arabo - musulmane, d. de smet, m. sebti, and g. de callatay ( eds. ), leuven : leuven university press, pp. 79 \u2013 96. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2010, \u201c proclus, \u201d in the cambridge history of late ancient philosophy, l. p. gerson ( ed. ), cambridge : cambridge university press [ forthcoming ]. - tarrant, h., and baltzly, d. ( eds. ), 2006, reading plato in antiquity, london : duckworth. - trouillard, j., 1982, la mystagogie de proclos, paris : les belles lettres. - van den berg, r. m., 2008, proclus ' commentary on the cratylus in context. ancient theories of language and naming, ( series : philosophia antiqua, 112 ), leiden \u2013 boston : brill. - van liefferinge, c., 1999, la theurgie : des \u2018 oracles chaldaiques \u2019 a proclus, ( series : kernos. supplement, 9 ), liege : centre international d ' etude de la religion greque antique. - van riel, g., 2000, pleasure and the good life. plato, aristotle and the neoplatonists, ( series : philosophia antiqua, 85 ), leiden \u2013 new york \u2013 koln : brill. - watts, e. j., 2006, city and school in late antique athens and alexandria, ( series : the transformation of the classical heritage, 41 ), berkeley : university of california press. - westerink, l. g., j. trouillard, and a. p. segonds, 1990, prolegomenes a la philosophie de platon, ( series : collection des universites de france ), paris : les belles lettres", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5453389266171876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 55, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.674436"} {"text": "j. trouillard, and a. p. segonds, 1990, prolegomenes a la philosophie de platon, ( series : collection des universites de france ), paris : les belles lettres. - whittaker, j., 1975, \u201c the historical background of proclus ' doctrine of the authypostata, \u201d in de jamblique a proclus, h. dorrie, ( series : fondation hardt. entretiens tome, 21 ), geneve : vand\u0153uvres, pp. 193 \u2013 230 [ reprint in : studies in platonism and patristic thought, ( series : variorum reprints ), london : aldershot, 1984, xvi. how to cite this entry. preview the pdf version of this entry at the friends of the sep society. look up this entry topic at the indiana philosophy ontology project ( inpho ). enhanced bibliography for this entry at philpapers, with links to its database. - bibliography proclus \u2013 dwmc, university of leuven. - editions and translations proclus \u2013 dwmc, university of leuven. - repertoire des sources philosophiques antiques ( cnrs \u2013 paris ). - search on proclus at the open library. - w. j. hankey, french neoplatonism in the 20th century, in animus 4 ( 1999 ). the authors would like to thank radek chlup ( prague ), antonio luis costa vargas ( berlin ), and sabrina lange ( berlin ) for comments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5144970142008263, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 56, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.675235"} {"text": "june 22, 1976. north atlantic. at 21 : 13 gmt a pale orange glow behind a bank of towering cumulus to the west was observed. two minutes later a white disc was observed while the glow from behind the cloud persisted. high probability that this may have been caused by interferometry using 3 - dimensional artificial scalar wave? fourier expansions? as the interferers. marine observer. 47 ( 256 ), apr. 1977. p. 66 - 68. \" unidentified phenomenon, off barbados, west indies. \" august 22, 1969. west indies. luminous area bearing 310 degrees grew in size and rose in altitude, then turned into an arch or crescent. high probability that this may have been caused by interferometry using artificial scalar wave? ( ( fourier expansions. ) ) marine observer. 40 ( 229 ), july, 1970. p. 107 - 108. \" optical phenomenon : caribbean sea ; western north atlantic. \" mar. 20, 1969. caribbean sea and western north atlantic. at 23 : 15 gmt, a semicircle of bright, milky - white light became visible in the western sky and rapidly expanded upward and outward during the next 10 minutes, dimming as it expanded. high probability that this may be caused by interferometry using artificial scalar wave? fourier expansions?. marine observer, 40 ( 227 ), jan. 1970. p. 17 ; p. 17 - 18. 7b. 21 - electricity 13. 06 - triple currents of electricity 14. 35 - teslas 3 6 and 9 ( ( 16. 04 - nikola nikola tesla describing what electricity is ) ) 16. 07 - electricity is a polar exchange 16. 10 - positive electricity 16. 16 - negative electricity - russell 16. 17 - negative electricity - tesla 16. 29 - triple currents of electricity ( ( figure 16. 04. 05 and figure 16. 04. 06 - nikola nikola tesla and lord kelvin ) ) part 16 - electricity and magnetism tesla - electricity from space what electricity is - bloomfield moore page last modified on wednesday 19 of may, 2010 05 : 23 : 05 mdt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5966265105056122, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.677422"} {"text": "credit : ingram publishing / thinkstock \u201c sanitation : a global estimate of sewerage connections without treatment and the resulting impact on mdg progress \u201d environmental science & technology it may be the 21st century, with all its technological marvels, but 6 out of every 10 people on earth still do not have access to flush toilets or other adequate sanitation that protects the user and the surrounding community from harmful health effects, a new study has found. the research, published in acs \u2019 journal environmental science & technology, says the number of people without access to improved sanitation is almost double the previous estimate. jamie bartram and colleagues explain that the current definition of \u201c improved sanitation \u201d focuses on separating humans from human excrement, but does not include treating that sewage or other measures to prevent it from contaminating rivers, lakes and oceans. using that definition, 2010 united nations estimates concluded that 4. 3 billion people had access to improved sanitation and 2. 6 billion did not. the new estimates used what the authors regarded as a more realistic definition from the standpoint of global health, since untreated sewage is a major cause of disease. they refined the definition of \u201c improved sanitation \u201d by discounting sewage systems lacking access to sewage treatment. they concluded that about 60 percent of the world \u2019 s population does not have access to improved sanitation, up from the previous estimate of 38 percent.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4844593638818149, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.678875"} {"text": "this file is also available in adobe acrobat pdf format agriculture has always been absolutely necessary for the very survival of humankind. for centuries, it has provided people with food, clothing, and heating, and it has employed most of the total active population. nowadays, we dress mainly in artificial and synthetic fibers and heat themselves with fossil fuels, but the primary sector still supplies all the food we need. the available projections suggest that the world population will grow further in the next decades, while the nutritional status of the world poor must improve. thus, agricultural production has to rise, and it has to rise with little or no further environmental damage : modern agriculture has, in fact, the reputation, largely deserved, of being environment - unfriendly. the challenges ahead, however, should not let people forget the past achievements. 1 from 1800 to 2000, the world population has risen about six - to sevenfold, from less than one billion to six billion. 2 yet, world agricultural production has increased substantially faster - - at the very least, tenfold in the same period. nowadays, people are better fed than in the past : each person in the world has, in theory, 2, 800 calories available, with a minimum of some 2, 200 in sub - saharan africa. 3 famines, which haunted preindustrial times, have disappeared from most of the world. the latest survey by the food and agricultural organization ( fao ) estimates that 800 million people ( i. e., some 10 - 15 % of the world population ) are still undernourished - - but this may be an overestimation, and the proportion has drastically fallen by about a quarter since 1970. 4 furthermore, undernourishment and famine are caused much more by the skewed distribution of income ( poor entitlements in sen ' s definition ) and by political events ( international wars, civil wars, terrorism ), than by sheer lack of food. 5 actually, many oecd countries have, since the 1950s, been struggling with an overproduction of food. the achievements of agriculture appear even more remarkable if one looks at employment. agriculture employed more than 75 percent of the total workforce in traditional agrarian societies, and, as late as 1950, about two - thirds throughout the world. nowadays, in the advanced countries, the share is about 2. 5 percent - - eleven million people out of 430. 6 in the rest of the world, agricultural workers still account for almost half the labor force, with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47967971995373937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.690786"} {"text": "thirds throughout the world. nowadays, in the advanced countries, the share is about 2. 5 percent - - eleven million people out of 430. 6 in the rest of the world, agricultural workers still account for almost half the labor force, with a world total of some 1. 3 billion workers ( 775 million in china and india alone ). such a massive transfer of labor, one of the key features of modern economic growth in the past two centuries, was made possible by a dramatic increase in product per worker. in short, agriculture is an outstanding success story. its achievements have been outshone by the even faster growth of industry and services, but the latter would have been almost impossible if the workers had not had sufficient food to eat. the aim of this book is to describe this success, and to understand its causes. chapter 2 illustrates the peculiarities of agriculture. its production depends on the environment : soil, climate, and the availability of water have always determined what peasants could grow, how much they had to work, and how much they could obtain from their efforts. these constraints have been relaxed in recent times, without totally disappearing. the factor endowment, and notably the amount of land per agricultural worker, determines the intensity of cultivation. the combined effects of the environment and the factor endowment have created long - lasting and area - specific patterns of land use, crop mix, and techniques ( \" agricultural systems \" ). the next three chapters present the main statistical evidence, loosely arranged in a production - function framework. chapter 3 deals with the long - term trends in output ( which has always been growing ), relative prices ( increasing in the first half of the nineteenth century, then roughly constant or slowly declining ), and world trade in agricultural products ( increasing quite fast before 1913 and again after 1950 ). the focus then shifts to the proximate causes of this growth, the increase in the use of factors ( chapter 4 ) and productivity growth ( chapter 5 ). historians have a fairly clear idea about the long - run change in factors. the total agricultural work force remained roughly constant all over the world, with the notable exception of western settlement countries ( north america, australia, argentina, and so on ) during settlement process - - that is, until the beginning of the twentieth century. the stock of capital grew fast beginning in the late nineteenth century, as machines substituted labor. although this conventional wisdom is not exactly wrong, it is, however, inspired a bit too much by the experience of the western world. the growth of land stock has been much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5344474763447113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.692298"} {"text": "capital grew fast beginning in the late nineteenth century, as machines substituted labor. although this conventional wisdom is not exactly wrong, it is, however, inspired a bit too much by the experience of the western world. the growth of land stock has been much more geographically widespread and has lasted for longer than is commonly assumed. agricultural capital consists mainly of building, irrigation works, and the like, and thus it increased slowly but steadily throughout the period. the real process of mechanization started only in the 1950s, and the agricultural work force has gone on growing in absolute terms. thus, the growth of inputs ( extensive growth ) was the major cause of worldwide growth in agricultural production until the 1930s, but after world war ii, it slowed down. consequently, most of the big increase in total output in the past half - century has been achieved thanks to the growth in total factor productivity. the available estimates, surveyed in chapter 5, suggest that its growth has been increasing over time and that it has been faster in \" advanced \" countries than in ldcs. in the \" advanced \" countries, productivity growth has accounted for the whole of the increase in agricultural output. contrary to a common view, productivity growth has been faster in agriculture than in the rest of the economy, including manufacturing. chapter 6 focuses on the main source of this great achievement, technical progress. it starts by describing the main innovations, and then focuses on the process of their adoption. as in the rest of the economy, innovations are adopted when profitable, and profitability ultimately depends on the expected productivity gains and on factor endowment and factor prices. however, as the chapter argues, a standard neoclassical model cannot explain all the features of technical progress in agriculture. agricultural innovations depend on the environment and entail a high level of risk, and many of them yield little or no financial rewards to the inventor. these features call for a greater role of the state, both in the production and the diffusion of innovations. chapters 7, 8, and 9 deal with the institutional framework of agricultural production. \" institutions \" is a fairly vague word, which resists all attempts at a general definition. chapters 7 and 8 deal with property rights on labor and land, markets for goods and inputs ( labor, land, capital ), and agricultural co - operatives. chapter 7 is, to some extent, a general introduction to these issues and to the approaches of economists and historians to institutions. it discusses how institutions work and how they might affect the performance of agriculture. chapter 8 describes the main changes - - the creation of property rights", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.531095203672506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.693528"} {"text": ", to some extent, a general introduction to these issues and to the approaches of economists and historians to institutions. it discusses how institutions work and how they might affect the performance of agriculture. chapter 8 describes the main changes - - the creation of property rights on labor and land, the trends in the average size of farms, in landownership, and in contracts, and the development of markets for goods and factors. it also puts forward some tentative hypotheses on the likely causes of these changes and on their effects on agricultural performance - - although, it is fair to say, the discussion on these issues is surprisingly thin when compared to the attention they have received in the theoretical literature. chapter 9 focuses on the effects of agricultural policies. it argues that state intervention has only really affected agricultural development since the 1930s, and that, by and large, it has reduced the aggregate welfare of the whole population. the tenth, and last, chapter shifts the focus from agriculture to the whole economy. how did the growth of agricultural output and the change in input use affect modern economic growth? this issue has been the subject of much discussion in historical perspective, and it still looms large in the debates about the optimal development strategy for less developed countries. the chapter has no ambition to solve such a controversial issue. it sketches out the prevailing theories and deals very briefly with three case studies. the book closes with some very general remarks about the future of agriculture. the summary makes it clear that this is quite an ambitious book. it deals with many issues, and covers two centuries of agricultural history in the whole world, from monsoon asia to midwest prairies. any attempt to be comprehensive would be foolish. the potentially relevant literature spans dozens of languages, and many disciplines, from \" traditional \" agricultural economics and history to more \" trendy \" social and environmental history. just to quote an example, the fourth volume of a survey of agricultural economics literature, agriculture in economic development, contains more than two hundred pages of references. 7 assuming ( conservatively ) that there are twenty entries per page, the total sums up to almost four thousand entries. some of these works may be purely theoretical, and thus outside the scope of this book, but the majority should still be considered. the survey refers only to the less developed countries, deals ( almost ) exclusively with the post - world war ii period, lists only works in english, french, spanish, and portuguese published before 1990, and is probably, as with all surveys, not complete. a simple proportion suggests that there are thousands of potentially relevant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5074475450607959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.694643"} {"text": ") exclusively with the post - world war ii period, lists only works in english, french, spanish, and portuguese published before 1990, and is probably, as with all surveys, not complete. a simple proportion suggests that there are thousands of potentially relevant references. clearly, no one in the world ( certainly not this author ) can reasonably claim to master all the literature. and even if this miracle were possible, it would be impossible to review it thoroughly and keep the book to a reasonable size. selective reading is an imperative. thus, i have decided to focus on more general contributions, and to favor works that frame their views in economic theory and buttress their statements with data. this approach has some clear and often rehearsed shortcomings. mainstream economic theory may appear too abstract to be relevant. agriculture is a highly local activity, and specialists in agrarian history always warn against broad generalizations, which, they claim, cannot capture the peculiarities of the area that they are dealing with. many data are missing, unreliable, or sometimes plainly wrong. reliable \" historical \" ( pre - 1950 ) data are available only for some \" advanced \" countries ( those of western europe, usa, japan, etc ). international organizations such as the un, fao, world bank, and the oecd have made a magnificent effort to extract comparable data for all countries from the information provided by national statistical offices, which are sometimes incomplete and / or of dubious quality. 8 however, there are some reasons for hope. modern development economics, with its emphasis on institutions, transaction costs, information, and so on, provides powerful tools for understanding rural societies, which can also be employed to explore societies of the past. economic historians have unearthed a great deal of new data, which, in spite of all their shortcomings, do throw light on many key issues. and, last but not least, i feel that there is no real alternative. a history of agriculture based on anecdotal evidence from local case studies would be a boundless and largely meaningless list of details. but details are sometimes fascinating and are useful for illustrating general points - - to put some flesh on the bare bones of quantitative analysis, so to speak. the reader may find the selection of these examples somewhat haphazard ( why - - for example - - discuss tenure in china during the 1930s instead of that in guatemala during the 1970s? ). it is, however, guided, whenever possible, by two principles : first, to deal with \" large \" countries ( china, india,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5194331473770487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.695691"} {"text": "saturn ' s largest moon, titan, pictured to the right of the gas giant in the cassini spacecraft view. scientists have discovered methane lakes in the tropical areas of saturn ' s moon titan, one of which is about half the size of utah ' s great salt lake, with a depth of at least one meter. the longstanding bodies of liquid were detected by nasa ' s cassini spacecraft, which has been orbiting saturn since its arrival at the ringed planet in 2004. it was previously believed that such bodies of liquid only existed at the polar regions of titan. according to a report published in the journal nature, the liquid for the lakes could come from an underground aquifer. \" an aquifer could explain one of the puzzling questions about the existence of methane, which is continually depleted, \" said the lead author caitlin griffith. \" methane is a progenitor of titan ' s organic chemistry, which likely produces interesting molecules like amino acids, the building blocks of life, \" griffith noted. the lakes have remained since they were detected by cassini \u2019 s visual and infrared mapping spectrometer in 2004. only one rainfall has been recorded which shows that the lakes could not be replenished by rain. according to the theories regarding the circulation models of titan, liquid methane in the moon ' s equatorial region evaporates and is then carried by wind to the polar regions. methane is then condensed due to the colder temperatures and forms the polar lakes after it falls to the surface. \" we had thought that titan simply had extensive dunes at the equator and lakes at the poles, but now we know that titan is more complex than we previously thought, \" said linda spilker, a cassini project scientist. she further added that, \" cassini still has multiple opportunities to fly by this moon going forward, so we can ' t wait to see how the details of this story fill out. \" nasa launched the cassini spacecraft in 1997 and its mission has been extended several times, most recently until 2017.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4699710191450673, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.697890"} {"text": "west lafayette, ind. - parts of the human brain think about the same word differently, at least when it comes to prepositions, according to new language research in stroke patients conducted by scientists at purdue university and the university of iowa. people who speak english often use the same prepositions, words such as \" on, \" \" in, \" \" around \" and \" through, \" to indicate time as well as location. for example, compare \" i will meet you ' at ' the store, \" to \" i will meet you ' at ' 3 p. m. \" these examples show how time may be thought of metaphorically in terms of space. just because it ' s the same word, however, doesn ' t mean the brain thinks about it the same way, said david kemmerer, an assistant professor of psychological sciences and linguistics at purdue ' s college of liberal arts. \" there has been a lot of cognitive neuroscience research about how the brain processes language pertaining to concrete things, such as animals or tools, \" said kemmerer, who also is an adjunct faculty member at the university of iowa ' s department of neurology, where this research was conducted. \" this is the first cognitive neuroscience study to investigate brain regions for spatial and temporal relations - those involving time - used in language. \" i was interested in whether these spatial or temporal prepositions can be dissociated in individuals with brain damage. one might think that if a person ' s knowledge of the word ' at ' to describe location is impaired, then his or her ability to use that same preposition to describe time would be disrupted. but we found the words implying time are processed independently. \" this research was conducted at the benton neuropsychology laboratory in iowa ' s carver college of medicine and was funded by the purdue research foundation and the national institute for neurological disease and stroke. kemmerer ' s paper is available online at neuropsychologia. \" this study has potential implications for neurology, \" kemmerer said. \" a clinician could use information about how brain injuries in stroke patients affect specific speech components to develop therapies to help their patients. \" the four patients in kemmerer ' s study were used because of similar brain injuries, such as lesions from stroke, in the perisylvian region, which is responsible for language processing. kemmerer found the stroke subjects who passed the language tests asking about prepositions relevant to time subsequently failed when these same words reflected spatial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5683105637095401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.703015"} {"text": ", such as lesions from stroke, in the perisylvian region, which is responsible for language processing. kemmerer found the stroke subjects who passed the language tests asking about prepositions relevant to time subsequently failed when these same words reflected spatial meanings. for example, the subjects were asked to choose the correct preposition for scenarios such as, \" the baseball is ' on / in / against ' the glove. \" two subjects did not select \" in \" as the correct answer. however, they did select \" in \" as the correct preposition for \" it happened ' through / on / in ' 1859. \" the other two subjects ' test performances were the opposite. kemmerer ' s earlier research with daniel tranel, professor of neurology at iowa ' s carver college of medicine, had confirmed that the left inferior prefrontal and left inferior parietal regions of the brain play a crucial role in processing spatial prepositions. the previous research with tranel was published in october ' s cognitive neuropsychology. this work, which has explored how different types of words are retrieved by different parts of the brain, is part of a larger - scale investigation being carried out by tranel and his colleagues at the university of iowa. \" for example, we have identified the anterior left temporal lobe as being critical for proper nouns, whereas the left inferior prefrontal / premotor region is important for verbs, \" tranel said. \" the collaboration between myself, a neuropsychologist, and professor kemmerer, a neurolinguist, has yielded important breakthroughs in understanding how the brain operates language, due to the unique perspectives that these researchers bring to a common research agenda. \" three of the patients in kemmerer ' s recent study also had damage to their brains ' left hemispheres, in an area known as the parietal lobe, which houses the supramarginal gyrus. this area is involved in spatial meaning, and it is the part of the brain that guides action. for example, the supramarginal gyrus coordinates how a person moves his or her hand toward a glass of water. previous research with normal brains identifies this area as important also in the knowledge and meaning of prepositions. the patients with damage to the supramarginal gyrus did not score high on the tasks that evaluated their knowledge of prepositions that dealt with space. in comparison, the fourth patient, who did not have similar damage to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5613650354121069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.703994"} {"text": "##s. the patients with damage to the supramarginal gyrus did not score high on the tasks that evaluated their knowledge of prepositions that dealt with space. in comparison, the fourth patient, who did not have similar damage to this region of the brain, was able to demonstrate complete knowledge of spatial prepositions. kemmerer ' s next step will be looking at how the brain processes these prepositions in other languages. \" if this is true in english, then what about the 6, 000 other known languages in the world? this time - and - space metaphor is used from language to language, but how the metaphor is used does vary, \" he said. in english, months of the year are treated as containers. people say \" in january \" or \" in february. \" other languages treat months as surfaces. for example, \" on january \" or \" on february. \" despite the difference, there is a metaphor at work, kemmerer said. \" the cross - linguistic ubiquity of the metaphor suggests that people are naturally inclined to conceptualize time in terms of space, \" he said. \" nevertheless, the neuropsychological data suggest that people don ' t need to invoke the metaphor every time they use prepositions to talk about time. just as the word ' breakfast ' doesn ' t require one to think of a morning meal in terms of breaking a fast, so the sentence ' she arrived at 1 : 30 ' doesn ' t require one to think of time as a series of points on a line. \" source : eurekalert & otherslast reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved. great things are not done by impulse, but by a series of small things brought together. - - vincent van gogh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5646509212618303, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.705448"} {"text": "durham, n. c. \u2013 the amount of exercise may be more important than intensity to improve cardiovascular health, according to a new analysis of the first randomized clinical trial evaluating the effects of exercise amount and intensity in sedentary overweight men and women. this finding of the value of moderate exercise should be encouraging news for those who mistakenly believe only intense exercise can improve health, said the researchers who conducted the trial. the trial, led by researchers at duke university medical center, found that a moderate exercise regimen, such as 12 miles of brisk walking each week, can provide significant improvements in fitness levels while reducing the risks of developing cardiovascular disease. furthermore, the researchers found that any additional increase in amount or intensity can yield even more health benefits. the results of the analysis were published in the october, 2005, issue of the journal chest. \" people only need to walk up to 12 miles per week or for about 125 to 200 minutes per week to improve their heart health, \" said the lead author brian duscha. \" our data suggest that if you walk briskly for 12 miles per week you will significantly increase your cardiovascular fitness levels compared to baseline. if you increase either your mileage or intensity, by going up an incline or jogging, you will achieve even greater gains. \" the researchers said that their findings should inspire those couch potatoes who have been hesitant to begin exercising regularly - - especially since earlier analysis of the same participants ( will insert link to inactivity study ) by the same duke team found that people who do not exercise and maintain the same diet will gain up to four pounds each year. \" the participants in our study received the fitness benefits without losing any weight, \" duscha said. \" many people exercise to lose weight, and when that doesn ' t occur, they stop exercising. however, the truth is that you can improve cardiovascular fitness and reduce the risk of heart disease by exercising without losing weight. \" to better understand the effects of differing amounts of exercise, the researchers studied 133 overweight sedentary men and women who were beginning to show signs of blood lipid levels high enough to affect their health. they were randomized into one of four groups : no exercise, low amount / moderate intensity ( equivalent of 12 miles of walking per week ), low amount / vigorous intensity ( 12 miles of jogging per week ) or high amount / vigorous intensity ( 20 miles of jogging per week ). since the trial was designed solely to better understand the role of exercise, patients were told not to alter their diet during the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4711743689270127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.710106"} {"text": "/ vigorous intensity ( 12 miles of jogging per week ) or high amount / vigorous intensity ( 20 miles of jogging per week ). since the trial was designed solely to better understand the role of exercise, patients were told not to alter their diet during the course of the trial, which lasted six months for the group that did not exercise or eight - months for the exercise groups. the additional two months for the exercise group came at the beginning of trial, when participants slowly ramped up their exercise to their designated levels. the exercise was carried out on treadmills. for their analysis, the team compared two measurements of fitness \u2013 peak vo2 and time to exhaustion ( tte ) \u2013 before and after the trial. peak vo2 is a calculation that measures the maximum amount of oxygen that can be delivered by circulating blood to tissues in a given period of time while exercising. while all the exercise groups saw improvements in peak vo2 and tte after completing their exercise regimens, the researchers noticed some interesting trends. \" we found that when we compared the low amount / moderate intensity group to the low amount / vigorous intensity group, we did not see a significant improvement in peak oxygen consumption, \" duscha said. \" however, when we increased the amount of exercise from 12 to 20 miles \u2013 at the same intensity \u2013 we did see an improvement in peak oxygen consumption. \" also, although no statistically significant difference was detected between the low amount / moderate intensity group and the low amount / high intensity group, the researchers did see a trend toward both a separate and combined effect of exercise intensity and amount on increased peak vo2 levels. the duke team was led by cardiologist william kraus, m. d., who received a $ 4. 3 million grant from the national heart, lung and blood institute in 1998 to investigate the effects of exercise on sedentary overweight adults at risk for developing heart disease and / or diabetes. the results of that five - year trial, known as strride ( studies of targeted risk reduction interventions through defined exercise ), and other analyses of the data collected, began to be published in 2002. the duke team is currently enrolling patients in strride ii, in which researchers are seeking to determine the effects of weight training, alone and in combination with aerobic training, on cardiovascular health. joining duscha were duke colleagues cris slentz, ph. d., johanna johnson, daniel bensimhon, m. d., and kenneth knetzger. joseph houmard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5300668502300533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.711210"} {"text": "yifu deng of qut ' s school of public health studied the interplay between genetics, smoking and the development of parkinson ' s disease with 400 people who had parkinson ' s disease and 400 people without it. dr deng looked at the genetic background of individuals in each group for the presence of the cyp2d6 gene, which had previously been suggested to metabolise the chemical compounds found in cigarette smoke, in both groups. he found that smokers with the gene who metabolised the cigarette smoke compounds quickly were less likely to be protected than those who metabolised the chemical compounds more slowly. \" it seems that if the chemical compounds stay in the body longer they are more likely to have a preventative effect, \" dr deng said. \" it also seems that if you have the gene but you are not a smoker the gene may have no use in preventing parkinson ' s. \" dr deng said it was not known how the cigarette smoke compounds protected against parkinson ' s. he warned that there were still many smokers who suffered from parkinson ' s. additionally, smoking was notorious for causing cancers. parkinson ' s disease is a common degenerative neurological disease in the elderly, affecting up to 4. 9 percent australians aged 55 and over. \" our study findings aid in further understanding of the causes of parkinson ' s disease and may help identify people who are at higher risk of the disease, \" he said. the study is the first to look at the genetic epidemiology of parkinson ' s disease by addressing individual genetic types in relation to cigarette smoke metabolism. dr deng ' s study may provide the potential to reveal new targets for strategies of altering parkinson ' s disease risk. media contact : niki widdowson, qut media officer, + 61 7 3864 1841 or firstname. lastname @ example. org. * * high res pic of dr deng available. last reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5172613314501354, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.713262"} {"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | - main article : tomography computed tomography ( ct ), originally known as computed axial tomography ( cat or ct scan ) and body section roentgenography, ( and also known as computed axial tomography ( cat scan ) x - ray computed tomography is a medical imaging method employing tomography where digital geometry processing is used to generate a three - dimensional image of the internals of an object from a large series of two - dimensional x - ray images taken around a single axis of rotation. the word \" tomography \" is derived from the greek tomos ( slice ) and graphia ( describing ). ct produces a volume of data which can be manipulated, through a process known as windowing, in order to demonstrate various structures based on their ability to block the x - ray beam. although historically ( see below ) the images generated were in the axial or transverse plane ( orthogonal to the long axis of the body ), modern scanners allow this volume of data to be reformatted in various planes or even as volumetric ( 3d ) representations of structures. since its introduction in the 1970s, ct has become an important tool in medical imaging and neuroimaging to supplement x - rays and medical ultrasonography. although it is still quite expensive, it is the gold standard in the diagnosis of a large number of different disease entities. diagnosis of cerebrovascular accidents and intracranial hemorrhage is the most frequent reason for a \" head ct \" or \" ct brain \". scanning is done with or without intravenous contrast agents. ct generally does not exclude infarct in the acute stage of a stroke, but is useful to exclude a bleed ( so anticoagulant medication can be commenced safely ). ct is also useful in the setting of trauma for evaluating facial and skull fractures. in the head / neck / mouth area, ct scanning is used for surgical planning for craniofacial and dentofacial deformities, evaluation of cysts and some tumors of the jaws / paranasal sinuses / nasal cavity / orbits, diagnosis of the causes of chronic sinusitis, and for planning of dental implant reconstruction. for evaluation of chronic interstitial processes ( emphysema, fibrosis, and so forth ), thin sections with high spatial frequency reconstructions are used. for evaluation of the mediastinum and hilar regions for lymphadenopathy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5329824798689315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.732778"} {"text": "of chronic interstitial processes ( emphysema, fibrosis, and so forth ), thin sections with high spatial frequency reconstructions are used. for evaluation of the mediastinum and hilar regions for lymphadenopathy, iv contrast is administered. ct angiography of the chest ( ctpa ) is also becoming the primary method for detecting pulmonary embolism ( pe ) and aortic dissection, and requires accurately timed rapid injections of contrast and high - speed helical scanners. ct is the standard method of evaluating abnormalities seen on chest x - ray and of following findings of uncertain acute significance. with the advent of subsecond rotation combined with multi - slice ct ( up to 64 slices ), high resolution and high speed can be obtained at the same time, allowing excellent imaging of the coronary arteries. images with a high temporal resolution are formed by updating a proportion of the data set used for image reconstruction as it is scanned. in this way individual frames in a cardiac ct investigation are significantly shorter than the shortest tube rotation time. it is uncertain whether this modality will replace the invasive coronary catheterization. cardiac msct carries very real risks since it exposes the subject to the equivalent of 500 chest x rays in terms of radiation. the relationship of radiation exposure to increased risk in breast cancer has yet to be definitively explored. the positive predictive value is approximately 82 % while the negative predictive value is in the range of 93 %. sensitivity is about 81 % and the specificity is about 94 %. the real benefit in the test is the high negative predictive value. thus, when the coronary arteries are free of disease by ct, patients can then be worked up for other causes of chest symptoms. much of the software is based on data findings from caucasian study groups and as such the assumptions made may also not be totally true for all other populations. dual source ct scanners, introduced in 2005, allow higher temporal resolution so reduce motion blurring at high heart rates, and potentially requiring a shorter breath - hold time. this is particularly useful for ill patient who have difficult holding their breath, or who are unable to take heart - rate lowering medication. abdominal and pelvic ctedit ct is a sensitive method for diagnosis of abdominal diseases. it is used frequently to determine stage of cancer and to follow progress. it is also a useful test to investigate acute abdominal pain. renal / urinary stones, appendicitis, pancreati", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.496549823232305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.733798"} {"text": "a sensitive method for diagnosis of abdominal diseases. it is used frequently to determine stage of cancer and to follow progress. it is also a useful test to investigate acute abdominal pain. renal / urinary stones, appendicitis, pancreatitis, diverticulitis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and bowel obstruction are conditions that are readily diagnosed and assessed with ct. ct is also the first line for detecting solid organ injury after trauma. oral and / or rectal contrast may be used depending on the indications for the scan. a dilute ( 2 % w / v ) suspension of barium sulfate is most commonly used. the concentrated barium sulfate preparations used for fluoroscopy e. g. barium enema are too dense and cause severe artifacts on ct. iodinated contrast agents may be used if barium is contraindicated ( e. g. suspicion of bowel injury ). other agents may be required to optimize the imaging of specific organs : e. g. rectally administered gas ( air or carbon dioxide ) for a colon study, or oral water for a stomach study. ct has limited application in the evaluation of the pelvis. for the female pelvis in particular, ultrasound is the imaging modality of choice. nevertheless, it may be part of abdominal scanning ( e. g. for tumors ), and has uses in assessing fractures. ct is also used in osteoporosis studies and research along side dxa scanning. both ct and dxa can be used to asses bone mineral density ( bmd ) which is used to indicate bone strength, however ct results do not correlate exactly with dxa ( the gold standard of bmd measurment ). dxa is far more expensive, and subjects patients to much higher levels of ionizing radiation, so it is used infrequently. advantages and hazards edit advantages over projection radiography ( see radiography ) edit first, ct completely eliminates the superimposition of images of structures outside the area of interest. second, because of the inherent high - contrast resolution of ct, differences between tissues that differ in physical density by less than 1 % can be distinguished. third, data from a single ct imaging procedure consisting of either multiple contiguous or one helical scan can be viewed as images in the axial, coronal, or sagittal planes, depending on the diagnostic task. this is referred to as multiplanar reformatted imaging. radiation exposure edit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5209670479947945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.734753"} {"text": "either multiple contiguous or one helical scan can be viewed as images in the axial, coronal, or sagittal planes, depending on the diagnostic task. this is referred to as multiplanar reformatted imaging. radiation exposure edit ct is regarded as a moderate to high radiation diagnostic technique. while technical advances have improved radiation efficiency, there has been simultaneous pressure to obtain higher - resolution imaging and use more complex scan techniques, both of which require higher doses of radiation. the improved resolution of ct has permitted the development of new investigations, which may have advantages ; e. g. compared to conventional angiography, ct angiography avoids the invasive insertion of an arterial catheter and guidewire ; ct colonography may be as good as barium enema for detection of tumors, but may use a lower radiation dose. the greatly increased availability of ct, together with its value for an increasing number of conditions, has been responsible for a large rise in popularity. so large has been this rise that, in the most recent comprehensive survey in the uk, ct scans constituted 7 % of all radiologic examinations, but contributed 47 % of the total collective dose from medical x - ray examinations in 2000 / 2001 ( hart & wall, european journal of radiology 2004 ; 50 : 285 - 291 ). increased ct usage has led to an overall rise in the total amount of medical radiation used, despite reductions in other areas. the radiation dose for a particular study depends on multiple factors : volume scanned, patient build, number and type of scan sequences, and desired resolution and image quality. typical scan dosesedit | examination | | typical effective dose ( msv ) | | chest, abdomen and pelvis | | 9. 9 ( a ) | | cardiac ct angiogram | | 6. 7 - 13 ( b ) | | ct colongraphy ( virtual colonoscopy ) | | 3. 6 - 8. 8 | adverse reactions to contrast agents edit because ct scans rely on intravenously administered contrast agents in order to provide superior image quality, there is a low but non - negligible level of risk associated with the contrast agents themselves. certain patients may experience severe and potentially life - threatening allergic reactions to the contrast dye. the contrast agent may also induce kidney damage. the risk of this is increased with patients who have preexisting renal insufficiency, preexisting diabetes, or reduced intravascular volume. in general, if a patient has normal kidney function, then the risks of contrast nephrop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4964580013507179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.735874"} {"text": "of this is increased with patients who have preexisting renal insufficiency, preexisting diabetes, or reduced intravascular volume. in general, if a patient has normal kidney function, then the risks of contrast nephropathy are negligable. patients with mild kidney impairment are usually advised to ensure full hydration for several hours before and after the injection. for moderate kidney failure, the use of iodinated contrast should be avoided ; this may mean using an alternative technique instead of ct e. g. mri. perhaps paradoxically, patients with severe renal failure requiring dialysis do not require special precautions, as their kidneys have so little function remaining that any further damage would not be noticable and the dialysis will remove the contrast agent. x - ray slice data is generated using an x - ray source that rotates around the object ; x - ray sensors are positioned on the opposite side of the circle from the x - ray source. many data scans are progressively taken as the object is gradually passed through the gantry. they are combined together by the mathematical procedure known as tomographic reconstruction. newer machines with faster computer systems and newer software strategies can process not only individual cross sections but continuously changing cross sections as the gantry, with the object to be imaged, is slowly and smoothly slid through the x - ray circle. these are called helical or spiral ct machines. their computer systems integrate the data of the moving individual slices to generate three dimensional volumetric information ( 3d - ct scan ), in turn viewable from multiple different perspectives on attached ct workstation monitors. in conventional ct machines, an x - ray tube and detector are physically rotated behind a circular shroud ( see the image above right ) ; in the electron beam tomography ( ebt ) the tube is far larger and higher power to support the high temporal resolution. the electron beam is deflected in a hollow funnel shaped vacuum chamber. xray is generated when the beam hits a stationary target. the detector is also stationary. the data stream representing the varying radiographic intensity sensed reaching the detectors on the opposite side of the circle during each sweep is then computer processed to calculate cross - sectional estimations of the radiographic density, expressed in hounsfield units. sweeps cover 360 or just over 180 degrees in conventional machines, 220 degrees in ebt. ct is used in medicine as a diagnostic tool and as a guide for interventional procedures. sometimes contrast materials such as intravenous iodinated contrast are used. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5214821889837271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.736914"} {"text": "360 or just over 180 degrees in conventional machines, 220 degrees in ebt. ct is used in medicine as a diagnostic tool and as a guide for interventional procedures. sometimes contrast materials such as intravenous iodinated contrast are used. this is useful to highlight structures such as blood vessels that otherwise would be difficult to delineate from their surroundings. using contrast material can also help to obtain functional information about tissues. pixels in an image obtained by ct scanning are displayed in terms of relative radiodensity. the pixel itself is displayed according to the mean attenuation of the tissue ( s ) that it corresponds to on a scale from - 1024 to + 3071 on the hounsfield scale. pixel is a two dimensional unit based on the matrix size and the field of view. when the ct slice thickness is also factored in, the unit is known as a voxel, which is a three dimensional unit. the phenomenon that one part of the detector can not differ between different tissues is called the partial volume effect. that means that a big amount of cartilage and a thin layer of compact bone can cause the same attenuation in a voxel as hyperdense cartilage alone. water has an attenuation of 0 hounsfield units ( hu ) while air is - 1000 hu, cancellous bone is typically + 400 hu, cranial bone can reach 2000 hu or more ( os temporale ) and can cause artefacts. the attenuation of metallic implants depends on atomic number of the element used : titanium usually has an amount of + 1000 hu, iron steel can completely extinguish the x - ray and is therefore responsible for well - known line - artefacts in computed tomogrammes. windowing is the process of using the calculated hounsfield units to make an image. the various radiodensity amplitudes are mapped to 256 shades of gray. these shades of gray can be distributed over a wide range of hu values to get an overview of structures that attenuate the beam to widely varying degrees. alternatively, these shades of gray can be distributed over a narrow range of hu values ( called a narrow window ) centered over the average hu value of a particular structure to be evaluated. in this way, subtle variations in the internal makeup of the structure can be discerned. this is a commonly used image processing technique known as contrast compression. for example, to evaluate the abdomen in order to find subtle masses in the liver, one might use liver windows. choosing 70 hu as an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5771136761934899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.738000"} {"text": "of the structure can be discerned. this is a commonly used image processing technique known as contrast compression. for example, to evaluate the abdomen in order to find subtle masses in the liver, one might use liver windows. choosing 70 hu as an average hu value for liver, the shades of gray can be distributed over a narrow window or range. one could use 170 hu as the narrow window, with 85 hu above the 70 hu average value ; 85 hu below it. therefore the liver window would extend from - 15 hu to + 155 hu. all the shades of gray for the image would be distributed in this range of hounsfield values. any hu value below - 15 would be pure black, and any hu value above 155 hu would be pure white in this example. using this same logic, bone windows would use a wide window ( to evaluate everything from fat - containing medullary bone that contains the marrow, to the dense cortical bone ), and the center or level would be a value in the hundreds of hounsfield units. three dimensional ( 3d ) reconstructionedit because contemporary ct scanners offer isotropic, or near isotropic, resolution, display of images does not need to be restricted to the conventional axial images. instead, it is possible for a software program to build a volume by ' stacking ' the individual slices one on top of the other. the program may then display the volume in an alternative manner. this is the simplest method of reconstruction. a volume is built by stacking the axial slices. the software then cuts slices through the volume in a different plane ( usually orthogonal ). optionally, a special projection method ( maximum - intensity projection ( mip ) or minimum - intensity projection ( mip ) can be used to build the reconstructed slices. mpr is frequently used for examining the spine. axial images through the spine will only show one vertebral body at a time and cannot reliably show the intervertebral discs. by reformatting the volume, it becomes much easier to visualise the position of one vertebral body in relation to the others. modern software allows reconstruction in non - orthogonal ( oblique ) planes so that the optimal plane can be chosen to display an anatomical structure. this may be particularly useful for visualising the structure of the bronchi as these do not lie orthogonal to the direction of the scan. for vascular imaging, curved - plane reconstruction can be performed. this allows bends in a vessel to be ' straightened ' so that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.519706125270099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.739883"} {"text": "useful for visualising the structure of the bronchi as these do not lie orthogonal to the direction of the scan. for vascular imaging, curved - plane reconstruction can be performed. this allows bends in a vessel to be ' straightened ' so that the entire length can be visualised on one image, or a short series of images. once a vessel has been ' straightened ' in this way, quantitative measurements of length and cross sectional area can be made, so that surgery or interventional treatment can be planned. mip reconstructions enhance areas of high radiodensity, and so are useful for angiographic studies. mip reconstructions tend to enhance air spaces so are useful for assessing lung structure. 3d rendering techniquesedit surface rendering : a threshold value of radiodensity is chosen by the operator ( e. g. a level that corresponds to bone ). a threshold level is set, using edge detection image processing algorithms. from this, a 3 - dimensional model can be constructed and displayed on screen. multiple models can be constructed from various different thresholds, allowing different colors to represent each anatomical component such as bone, muscle, and cartilage. however, the interior structure of each element is not visible in this mode of operation. volume rendering : surface rendering is limited in that it will only display surfaces which meet a threshold density, and will only display the surface that is closest to the imaginary viewer. in volume rendering, transparency and colors are used to allow a better representation of the volume to be shown in a single image - e. g. the bones of the pelvis could be displayed as semi - transparent, so that even at an oblique angle, one part of the image does not conceal another. where different structures have similar radiodensity, it can become impossible to separate them simply by adjusting volume rendering parameters. the solution is called segmentation, a manual or automatic procedure that can remove the unwanted structures from the image. some slices of a cranial ct scan are shown below. the bones are whiter than the surrounding area. ( whiter means higher radiodensity. ) note the blood vessels ( arrowed ) showing brightly due to the injection of an iodine - based constrast agent. a volume rendering of this volume clearly shows the high density bones. after using a segmentation tool to remove the bone, the previously concealed vessels can now be demonstrated. the first commercially viable ct system was invented by godfrey newbold hounsfield in hayes, england at thorn emi central research laboratories using x - rays. houn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5331670117289531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.741028"} {"text": "a segmentation tool to remove the bone, the previously concealed vessels can now be demonstrated. the first commercially viable ct system was invented by godfrey newbold hounsfield in hayes, england at thorn emi central research laboratories using x - rays. hounsfield conceived his idea in 1967, and it was publicly announced in 1972. it is claimed that the ct scanner was \" the greatest legacy \" of the beatles ; the massive profits from their record sales enabled emi to fund scientific research. allan mcleod cormack of tufts university independently invented a similar process at the university of cape town / groote schuur hospital and they shared a nobel prize in medicine in 1979. the original 1971 prototype took 160 parallel readings through 180 angles, each 1\u00b0 apart, with each scan taking a little over five minutes. the images from these scans took 2. 5 hours to be processed by algebraic reconstruction techniques on a large computer. the first production x - ray ct machine ( called the emi - scanner ) was limited to making tomographic sections of the brain, but acquired the image data in about 4 minutes ( scanning two adjacent slices ) and the computation time ( using a data general nova minicomputer ) was about 7 minutes per picture. this scanner required the use of a water - filled perspex tank with a pre - shaped rubber \" head - cap \" at the front, which enclosed the patient ' s head. the water - tank was used to reduce the dynamic range of the radiation reaching the detectors ( between scanning outside the head compared with scanning through the bone of the skull ). the images were relatively low resolution, being composed of a matrix of only 80 x 80 pixels. the first emi - scanner was installed in atkinson morley ' s hospital in wimbledon, england, and the first patient brain - scan was made with it in 1972. in the us, the machine sold for about $ 390, 000, with the first installations being at the lahey clinic, then massachusetts general hospital, and george washington university in 1973. the first ct system that could make images of any part of the body, and did not require the \" water tank \" was the acta scanner designed by robert s. ledley, dds at georgetown university. ct technology generationsedit - first generation : these ct scanners used a pencil - thin beam of radiation directed at one or two detectors. the images were acquired by a \" translate - rotate \" method in which the x - ray source and the detector in a fixed relative position move across the patient followed by a rotation of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4795938077347367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.742098"} {"text": "a pencil - thin beam of radiation directed at one or two detectors. the images were acquired by a \" translate - rotate \" method in which the x - ray source and the detector in a fixed relative position move across the patient followed by a rotation of the x - ray source / detector combination ( gantry ) by one degree. in the emi - scanner, a pair of images was acquired in about 4 minutes with the gantry rotating a total of 180 degrees. three detectors were used ( one of these being an x - ray source reference ), each detector comprising a sodium iodide scintillator and a photomultiplier tube. some patients had unpleasant experiences within these early scanners, due to the loud sounds and vibrations from the equipment. - second generation : this design increased the number of detectors and changed the shape of the radiation beam. the x - ray source changed from the pencil - thin beam to a fan shaped beam. the \" translate - rotate \" method was still used but there was a significant decrease in scanning time. rotation was increased from one degree to thirty degrees. - third generation : ct scanners made a dramatic change in the speed at which images could be obtained. in the third generation a fan shaped beam of x - rays is directed to an array of detectors that are fixed in position relative to the x - ray source. this eliminated the time consuming translation stage allowing scan time to be reduced, initially, to 10 seconds per slice. this advance dramatically improved the practicality of ct. scan times became short enough to image the lungs or the abdomen ; previous generations had been limited to the head, or to limbs. patients have reported more pleasant experiences with the third and fourth generation ct scanners because of greatly reduced noise and vibration compared to earlier models. - fourth generation : this design was introduced, roughly simultaneously with 3rd generation, and gave approximately equal performance. instead of a row of detectors which moved with the x - ray source, 4th generation scanners used a stationary 360 degree ring of detectors. the fan shaped x - ray beam rotated around the patient directed at detectors in a non - fixed relationship. bulky, expensive and fragile photomultiplier tubes gradually gave way to improved detectors. a xenon gas ionization chamber detector array was developed for third generation scanners, which provided greater resolution and sensitivity. eventually, both of these technologies were replaced with solid - state detectors : rectangular, solid - state photodiodes, coated with a fluorescent rare earth phosphor. solid state detectors were smaller,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5513903460392939, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.743109"} {"text": "scanners, which provided greater resolution and sensitivity. eventually, both of these technologies were replaced with solid - state detectors : rectangular, solid - state photodiodes, coated with a fluorescent rare earth phosphor. solid state detectors were smaller, more sensitive and more stable, and were suitable for 3rd and 4th generation designs. on an early 4th generation scanner, 600 photomultiplier tubes, \u00bd in. ( 12 mm ) in diameter, could fit in the detector ring. three photodiode units could replace one photomultiplier tube. this change resulted in increasing both the acquisition speed, and image resolution. the method of scanning was still slow, because the x - ray tube and control components interfaced by cable, limiting the scan frame rotation. initially, 4th generation scanners carried a significant advantage - the detectors could be automatically calibrated on every scan. the fixed geometry of 3rd generation scanners was especially sensitive to detector mis - calibration ( causing ring artifacts ). additionally, because the detectors were subject to movement and vibration, their calibration could drift significantly. all modern medical scanners are of 3rd generation design. modern solid - state detectors are sufficiently stable that calibration for each image is no longer required. the 4th generation scanners ' inefficient use of detectors made them considerably more expensive than 3rd generation scanners. further, they were more sensitive to artifacts because the non - fixed relationship to the x - ray source made it impossible to reject scattered radiation. another limiting factor in image acquisition was the x - ray tube. the need for long, high intensity exposures and very stable output placed enormous demands on both the tube and generator ( power supply ). very high performance rotating anode tubes were developed to keep up with demand for faster imaging, as were the regulated 150 kv switched mode power supplies to drive them. modern systems have power ratings up to 100 kw. slip - ring technology replaced the spooled cable technology of older ct scanners, allowing the x - ray tube and detectors to spin continuously. when combined with the ability to move the patient continuously through the scanner this refinement is called helical ct or, more commonly, spiral ct. multi - detector - row ct systems further accelerated scans, by allowing several images to be acquired simultaneously. modern scanners are available with up to 64 detector rows / output channels ( depends upon the technology used by the manufacturer ). it is possible to complete a scan of the chest in a few seconds. an examination that required", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5538335307589841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.744114"} {"text": "images to be acquired simultaneously. modern scanners are available with up to 64 detector rows / output channels ( depends upon the technology used by the manufacturer ). it is possible to complete a scan of the chest in a few seconds. an examination that required 10 separate breath - holds of 10 seconds each can now be completed in a single 10 second breath - hold. multi - detector ct can also provide isotropic resolution, permitting cross - sectional images to be reconstructed in arbitrary planes ; an ability similar to mri. more anatomical volume coverage in less time is one of the key features of the latest generation md ct scanners. it is however more important to achieve better spatial resolution than only volume coverage for better reconstructed images. latest generation md ct scanners with flying x - ray tube focal spot in z - axis direction shows better image resolution. a different approach was used for a particular type of dedicated cardiac ct technique called electron - beam ct ( also known as ultrafast ct, and occasionally fifth generation ct ). with temporal resolution of approximately 50 ms, these scanners could freeze cardiac and pulmonary motion providing high quality images. only one manufacturer offered these scanners ( imatron, later ge healthcare ), and few of these scanners were ever installed, primarily due to the very high cost of the equipment and their single - purpose design. rapid development of mdct has significantly reduced the advantage of ebct over conventional systems. contemporary mdct systems have temporal resolution approaching that of ebct, but at lower cost and with much higher flexibility. because of this, mdct is usually the preferred choice for new installations. improved computer technology and reconstruction algorithms have permitted faster and more accurate reconstruction. on early scanners reconstruction could take several minutes per image, a modern scanner can reconstruct a 1000 image study in under 30 seconds. refinements to the algorithms have reduced artifacts. dual source ct uses 2 x - ray sources and 2 detector arrays offset at 90 degrees. this reduces the time to acquire each image to about 0. 1 seconds, making it possible to obtain high quality images of the heart without the need for heart rate lowering drugs such as beta blockers. a dual - source multi - detector row scanner can complete an entire cardiac study within a single 10 second breath hold. volumetric ct is an extension of multi - detector ct, currently at research stage. current mdct scanners sample a 4 cm wide volume in one rotation. volumetric ct aims to increase the scan width to 10 - 20 cm, with current prototypes using 256 detector - rows", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5441111833436783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.745129"} {"text": "extension of multi - detector ct, currently at research stage. current mdct scanners sample a 4 cm wide volume in one rotation. volumetric ct aims to increase the scan width to 10 - 20 cm, with current prototypes using 256 detector - rows. potential applications include cardiac imaging ( a complete 3d dataset could be acquired in the time between 2 successive beats ) and 3d cine - angiography. in recent years, tomography has also been introduced on the micrometer level and is named microtomography. but these machines are currently only fit for smaller objects or animals, and cannot yet be used on humans. - cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - computed tomography laser mammography ( ctlm ) - medical ultrasonography - magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) - positron emission tomography ( pet ) - single photon emission computed tomography ( spect ) - electron - beam computed tomography ( ebct ) - digitally reconstructed radiograph - synchrotron x - ray tomographic microscopy references & bibliographyedit - ctisus comprehensive ct site by dr. elliot fishman of johns hopkins university - multislice ct angiogram from angioplasty. org - radiologyinfo - the radiology information resource for patients : computed tomography - example ct scan | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5465886918292028, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.745650"} {"text": "\u00a1 cuidate! means \u201c take care of yourself. \u201d it is the theme of this culturally - based program designed to reduce hiv sexual risk among latino youth. \u00a1 cuidate! helps youth develop the knowledge, attitudes, and skills to reduce their risk of stds, hiv / aids, and unplanned pregnancy. the program emphasizes risk reduction strategies such as sexual abstinence and correct condom use through interactive activities. in oregon, \u00a1 cuidate! will include a comprehensive contraceptive learning session in addition to the program ' s emphasis on risk reduction strategies. for more information on the \u00a1 cuidate! program, select media offers the \u00a1 cuidate curriculum and training materials. \u00a1 cuidate! is an evidence based curriculum. youth in the \u00a1 cuidate! program reported having significantly : - fewer incidents of sexual intercourse, - fewer sex partners, - fewer days of unprotected intercourse, and - for youth who are sexually active, an increase in consistent condom use. in oregon youth have the opportunity to participate in the \u00a1 cuidate! evaluation. participation in the evaluation is voluntary and is not required to participate in the \u00a1 cuidate! program. to find out if \u00a1 cuidate! is offered in your area in oregon, please contact lindsay weaver at : firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48529773775929763, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.747103"} {"text": "- 46, 595 hits help me publish my book! archive of posts june 2013 m t w t f s s \u00ab mar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 green lady - ellen radical botany pages - british columbia native plants - cascadian bioregion - conifers in the cascadian bioregion - flower physiology - fungi and mushrooms - geology of cascadia - native plants and wildlife survival - northern california native plants - oregon native plants - plant identification schemes - plant roots - washington native plants - what is a native plant? tags2012 native plant education botany lessons british columbia cascades cascadia bioregion cascadian bioregion cascadian bioregion healing plants chanterelles coast range mountians connection to nature cooking wild mushrooms environmental preservation ethnobotany food foraging tools gmo plant protection missoula floods mistletoe native plant education native plant foraging native plant identification native plant pollinators native plant preservation native plants native plant seed native plant seed genetics naturalists northern california northern california native plants oregon oregon grape oregon native plants plant cell physiology plant cell structure plant evolution plant identification plant wisdom postaweek2011 recipe ring - of - fire terence mckenna washington washington native plants what is a native plant? yule greens error : twitter did not respond. please wait a few minutes and refresh this page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4972141390895195, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.748509"} {"text": "published a paper ( pdf ) comparing performance of four programming languages, c + +, its own language go, java and scala. a team at google created a \" simple and compact \" benchmark that didn ' t take advantage of language - specific features. an algorithm was implemented using each language ' s \" idiomatic container classes, looping constructs, and memory / object allocation schemes. \" google has however, the paper notes : \" while the benchmark itself is simple and compact, it employs many language features, in particular, higher - level data structures ( lists, maps, lists and arrays of sets and lists ), a few algorithms ( union / find, dfs / deep recursion, and loop recognition based on tarjan ), iterations over collection types, some object oriented features, and interesting memory allocation patterns. \" above : run - time measurements, including a few optimizations. after benchmark tests were published within google various employees took a stab at optimizing the code for specific languages. - c + + provides the best performance by far, but it requires the most extensive language - specific tuning. - scala provides the most concise notation and optimization of code complexity. - the algorithm was simplest to implement in java, but garbage collection settings make both java and scala difficult to benchmark accurately. - go offers concise notion and very fast compile time, but is still immature. the phrase \" lies, damn lies and benchmarks \" is by now a cliche. suffice it to say, benchmarks never tell the full story, and there are many factors to consider when choosing a programming language. that said, you may find parts of this paper enlightening, especially with regards to scala performance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5251365359105773, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.751423"} {"text": "the lotus symbol in buddhism the lotus ( sanskrit and tibetan padma ) is one of the eight auspicious symbols and one of the most poignant representations of buddhist teaching. the roots of a lotus are in the mud, the stem grows up through the water, and the heavily scented flower lies pristinely above the water, basking in the sunlight. this pattern of growth signifies the progress of the soul from the primeval mud of materialism, through the waters of experience, and into the bright sunshine of enlightenment. though there are other water plants that bloom above the water, it is only the lotus which, owing to the strength of its stem, regularly rises eight to twelve inches above the surface. according to the lalitavistara, \" the spirit of the best of men is spotless, like the lotus in the muddy water which does not adhere to it. \" according to another scholar, \" in esoteric buddhism, the heart of the beings is like an unopened lotus : when the virtues of the buddha develop therein, the lotus blossoms ; that is why the buddha sits on a lotus bloom. \" the lotus is one of buddhism ' s best recognized motifs and appears in all kinds of buddhist art across all buddhist cultures. scrolling lotuses often embellish buddhist textiles, ceramics and architecture. every important buddhist deity is associated in some manner with the lotus, either being seated upon a lotus in full bloom or holding one in their hands. in some images of standing buddhas, each foot rests on a separate lotus. the lotus does not grow in tibet and so tibetan art has only stylized versions of it, yet it appears frequently with tibetan deities and among the eight auspicious symbols. the color of the lotus has an important bearing on the symbology associated with it : - white lotus ( skt. pundarika ; tib. pad ma dkar po ) : this represents the state of spiritual perfection and total mental purity ( bodhi ). it is associated with the white tara and proclaims her perfect nature, a quality which is reinforced by the color of her body. - pink lotus ( skt. padma ; tib. pad ma dmar po ) : this the supreme lotus, generally reserved for the highest deity. thus naturally it is associated with the great buddha himself. - red lotus ( skt. kamala ; tib : pad ma chu skyes ) : this signifies the original nature and purity of the heart ( hrdya ). it is the lotus of love, compassion, passion and all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48400008925562316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.753944"} {"text": "one good reason to wear shower shoes is to decrease your risk of getting warts. warts are skin infections caused by the human papilloma virus family. the virus is spread by skin - to - skin contact and close physical contact in places like public showers and pools. you might have heard of hpv in the context of genital warts. only certain members of the hpv family cause genital warts and cervical problems. there are more than 100 specific types of hpv, and most cause harmless but unsightly warts on the body. there are four types of warts : \u2022 common warts usually occur on fingers, hands, knees and elbows. they might appear as a small hard bump, darker than other skin, with a rough top like cauliflower with black or brown - red dots inside. \u2022 plantar warts found on the bottom ( plantar ) surface of your foot, plantar warts might look like callouses, but they grow larger than normal until it eventually feels like you ' re walking on a small rock. it usually looks like a common wart but appears on the bottom of the foot. \u2022 filiform warts finger - like in shape, flesh - colored and found on the nose, eyelids or around the mouth, these warts are often seen on the end of witches ' noses in disney movies. \u2022 flat warts are pinhead - sized, flat - topped, smoother, pink, tan or yellow in color. flat warts might appear in clusters, usually on arms, hands or knees. how can you avoid getting warts? first, don ' t kiss any toads. just kidding. to decrease the risk of contracting hpv, wear flip - flops in the shower or at public pools. keeping your feet clean and dry also helps because the virus lives in moist environments. ragged cuticles from dry skin, nail - biting or small cuts might also provide a means for the virus to enter the body. how long does it take before you get warts if you have been exposed to the virus? depending on the health of your immune system ( the body ' s internal mechanism for fighting disease ), you might or might not develop warts after exposure to hpv. if you are susceptible, warts grow slowly, often taking weeks or months to grow to a noticeable size. most of us have been exposed to a variety of hpv viruses in childhood. sometimes the stress of college life might suppress the immune system ' s ability to keep the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4672981445953918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.761661"} {"text": "warts grow slowly, often taking weeks or months to grow to a noticeable size. most of us have been exposed to a variety of hpv viruses in childhood. sometimes the stress of college life might suppress the immune system ' s ability to keep the virus under control. if the immune system is compromised, it might allow a wart to develop many years after initial exposure. so now you know this strange, rough bump that appeared is a wart and not a cancerous or life - threatening growth. even then, it is still irritating and not cosmetically appealing. about 25 percent of warts will go away on their own in 12 to 24 months, most in two to three years. if you are impatient or uncomfortable, there are number of ways to treat warts. over - the - counter treatments with salicylic acid ( compound w, etc. ), when used properly, can be effective. soaking the wart in warm water for 10 minutes before and using a pumice or nail file to remove the excess rough skin will allow topical medication to soak into the wart. a small amount of duct tape applied directly over and around the wart is effective for some individuals, according to a report from the journal of american medical association. cryotherapy ( freezing the wart with liquid nitrogen ) is a common treatment. it generally takes two to four treatments every one to three weeks. treatments might cause some discomfort but are not usually painful. some dermatologists use laser therapy. in other instances, the wart might be cut out. this is a more drastic treatment and can leave a scar. some warts are resistant to treatment. at this time, there is no treatment that kills the virus that causes plantar warts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43072699385523017, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.762299"} {"text": "as the cedar grove school which finally became known as seton high school. the mother house is now at the college of mount st. joseph. william rosecrans \u2019 brother, sylvester horton rosecrans ( 1827 - 1878 ), was ordained a priest in rome, italy on june 5, 1853 and taught theology at the old mount st. mary \u2019 s seminary on grand avenue. he was appointed titular bishop of pompeiopolis and first auxiliary bishop of cincinnati on march 25, 1863. it is during this period that he is believed to have lived on lehman road. on october 31, 1878, bishop rosecrans was appointed the first bishop of the then new diocese with its center in columbus and was buried in that city. mrs. hoffman bought the building in 1955 and during remodeling she entered the attic and discovered a small trove of civil war mementos hidden under the floorboards. according to a 1959 newspaper clip, confirmed with her family, she found papers dealing with the court martial proceedings of awol soldiers, as well as several medical certificates. one allowed a soldier to stay in the shade for 30 days because of an aversion to sunlight. another excused a man from bathing. also recovered was a receipt showing that the army paid 6 \u00bd cents each for 600 bars of soap, and 18 cents each for 350 candles. * the above information was researched at the price hill historical society, 3640 warsaw avenue, 513 - 251 - 2888 begin _ of _ the _ skype _ highlighting 513 - 251 - 2888 | price hill will | price hill history | return to rosecrans, part 3, civilian inventor, engineer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36051393079047345, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.769963"} {"text": "posted on february 16, 2012 by safe start center as with all good campaigns, the goal is to get information to the public in the hopes that information will lead to action. with the issue of teen dating violence, campaigns and programs vary from national campaigns spotlighting the issue to local programs offering services to teens and their parents. for the rest of the week, we \u2019 re going to highlight programs that have taken on the mission to shed light on teen dating violence and provide help to those touched by it. first up, probably one of the most visible when discussing teen dating violence : liz claiborne inc. \u2019 s love is not abuse. filed under : prevention, public awareness, teen dating violence | tagged : love is not abuse, teen dating violence, teen dating violence awareness and prevention month | leave a comment \u00bb posted on february 9, 2012 by safe start center what do girls face? when you look at these posters what kinds of words or thoughts are going through your mind when you read about their situations on each red flag \u2013 sadness, fear, humiliation, jealousy, violence, pride, defiance, anger? all girls could be experiencing violence ; these pictures from the red flag campaign show what kinds of situations they might be facing. maybe they are being put down by a partner, pressured into sex, or even the one hurting their partner. these girls show that anybody could be the victim \u2013 or even perpetrator \u2013 of emotional abuse, verbal manipulation, or physical violence. it \u2019 s important to understand this in order to get the overall picture of where girls fit into the issue of teen dating violence ( tdv ). so where do they fit? \u201c approximately one in three adolescent girls in the united states is a victim of physical, emotional or verbal abuse from a dating partner \u2013 a figure that far exceeds victimization rates for other types of violence affecting youth. \u201d \u2013 futures without violence filed under : prevention, public awareness, teen dating violence | tagged : abuse, cycle of violence, girls, love is respect, prevention, red flag campaign, teen dating violence, teen dating violence awareness and prevention month, violence | 1 comment \u00bb posted on february 7, 2012 by safe start center teen dating violence ( tdv ) we opened the month in support of teen dating violence awareness and prevention month, and this week we \u2019 d like to talk more about how teen dating violence affects girls and boys. because \u201c among adolescents aged 12 to 21, almost 3 in 10 have experienced violence in opposite - sex relationships, \u201d and according to womenshealth. gov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43870033186142743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.775283"} {"text": "learning japanese is terribly rewarding. if you would like to find out any language then you ought to be ready to place in an exceedingly ton of your time, patience and determination. it is vital that you just do not build stupid mistakes when you are learning japanese. several beginners can hinder their learning expertise by not taking the correct approach. don \u2019 t learn an excessive amount of too quick it does not matter if you \u2019 re learning japanese from self - study materials or if you have got a private tutor to guide you ; if you learn an excessive amount of too quick then you will soon become overwhelmed with info, notwithstanding you do not comprehend it. if you progress on before you are prepared, then your mind will realize it laborious to method what you are learning, this may hinder your grammar and speech patterns. japanese has 3 totally different alphabet systems. talk to alternative speakers if you would like to become fluent in another language then you need to break that nervous barrier that we tend to all have when talking for the primary time. you may build mistakes, and occasionally you may feel silly, you simply have to be compelled to rise on top of it and keep pushing forward. stop worrying concerning building your vocabulary it \u2019 s far additional necessary that you just learn the way to place a sentence along than by learning a bank of words that you will likely never use. such a lot of folks attempt to learn as many words as potential, but once you initial begin learning japanese the stress ought to be on building sentences and learning straightforward phrases. knowing 1000 \u2032 s of words will not mean you will be able to have interaction in conversation. japanese grammar and speech patterns are terribly totally different to english, therefore if you think that you will be able to merely piece along a sentence from words in your memory bank, then reassess. the internet has created it terribly simple for folks to start out learning japanese.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45990121302592346, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.778784"} {"text": "type of culminating activity doctor of education in curriculum and instruction curriculum, instruction, and foundational studies jennifer snow, ph. d. critics of the american education system point to student boredom, lack of personalized and relevant instruction, and a deficit of 21st century skills as challenges to producing productive citizens of a modern, digital society ( barab et al., 2009 ; eccles & wingfield, 2002 ; ketelhut, 2007 ; u. s. department of education office of educational technology, 2010 ). digital learning, including game - based approaches, offers opportunities to bring about meaningful, engaging, individualized learning ( barab & dede, 2007 ; gee, 2005 ; squire, 2003 ). quest - based learning is an instructional design theory of game - based learning that focuses on student activity choice within the curriculum, which offers promising pedagogical possibilities in the area. this study expands upon current research of video game characteristics and variables of attractiveness in learner choice. identifying these attractive characteristics in game - based educational design can increase engagement ( barab et al., 2009 ), educational effectiveness ( sullivan & mateas, 2009 ), and impact instructional design decisions. quests were coded and tagged to identify features and attributes. an educational quest taxonomy was developed building on merrill \u2019 s knowled ge object ( redeker, 2003 ; wiley, 2000 ) classification and expanded to include current digital tools and thinking. electronically collected decision data from a quest - based learning management system was analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and data mining techniques. educational quests were differentiated by a number of data points and identified as more or less attractive using an initial interest score and a completion score. user rating was also considered for descriptive purposes. data mining and text mining highlighted the specific characteristics of attractive quests including clusters of characteristics identified as most attractive as well as their significance. suggestions for future attractive quest - based learning design are suggested. ( keywords : quests, quest - based learning, game - based learning, 3d gamelab, play styles, learner preferences, rewards, badges, gamification, mmorpgs, virtual environments, informal learning. ) haskell, charles christopher, \" design variables of attraction in quest - based learning \" ( 2012 ). boise state university theses and dissertations. paper 285.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5377162662940798, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.781528"} {"text": "herschel space observatory launch date : may 14, 2009 mission project home page - http : / / herschel. jpl. nasa. gov / herschel ' s infrared image of the andromeda galaxy shows rings of dust that trace gaseous reservoirs where new stars are forming and xmm - newton ' s x - ray image shows stars approaching the ends of their lives. both infrared and x - ray images convey information impossible to collect from the ground because these wavelengths are absorbed by earth ' s atmosphere. credits : esa / herschel / pacs / spire / j. fritz, u. gent / xmm - newton / epic / w. pietsch, mpe the herschel space observatory is a space - based telescope that is studying the light of the universe in the far - infrared and submillimeter portions of the spectrum. it is revealing new information about the earliest, most distant stars and galaxies, as well as those closer to home in space and time. it is also taking a unique look at our own solar system. herschel is the fourth cornerstone mission in the european space agency \u2019 s horizon 2000 program. ten countries, including the united states, participated in its design and implementation. launched on may 14, 2009, the mission will operate until the cryostat runs out of helium during the first half of 2013. the mission will operate until the cryostat runs out of helium, perhaps four years after launch. originally called \u201c first, \u201d for \u201c far infrared and submillimeter telescope, \u201d the spacecraft was renamed for britain \u2019 s sir william herschel, who discovered in 1800 that the spectrum extends beyond visible light into the region we today call \u201c infrared. \u201d herschel \u2019 s namesake will give scientists their most complete look so far at the large portion of the universe that radiates in far - infrared and submillimeter wavelengths. with a primary mirror 3. 5 meters ( approximately 11. 5 feet ) in diameter, herschel is the largest infrared telescope sent into space as of its launch date. using detectors cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero ( 0 degree kelvin ), the three instruments called hifi, spire, and pacs, which enables herschel to be the first spacecraft to observe in the full 60 - 670 micron range. the far - infrared and submillimeter wavelengths at which herschel observes are considerably longer than the familiar rainbow of colors that the human eye can perceive. yet, this is a critically important portion of the spectrum to scientists because it is the frequency range at which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5055574745010928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.785725"} {"text": "far - infrared and submillimeter wavelengths at which herschel observes are considerably longer than the familiar rainbow of colors that the human eye can perceive. yet, this is a critically important portion of the spectrum to scientists because it is the frequency range at which a large part of the universe radiates. much of the universe consists of gas and dust that is far too cold to radiate in visible light or at shorter wavelengths such as x - rays. however, even at temperatures well below the most frigid spot on earth, they do radiate at far - infrared and submillimeter wavelengths. stars and other cosmic objects that are hot enough to shine at optical wavelengths are often hidden behind vast dust clouds that absorb the visible light and re - radiate it in the far - infrared and submillimeter range. last updated : october 26, 2012 - esa herschel website - http : / / www. esa. int / specials / herschel / index. html - more about herschel - http : / / www. nasa. gov / mission _ pages / herschel / index. html - science @ esa - iso / herschel video - http : / / astronomy2009. esa. int / science - e / www / object / index. cfm? fobjectid = 44698 & fattributeid = 885", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5421401712102376, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.786259"} {"text": "one winter morning about two years ago, marine mammal scientist anton van helden was driving hell - for - leather up to the far north of new zealand. a thirteen - and - a - half hour haul would take him to the beach where the first pygmy killer whale to strand itself in new zealand was lying, and he wasn \u2019 t going to miss the chance to collect the skeleton and perhaps tissue samples for the museum of new zealand, where he worked. partway through the drive, he got a call. two beaked whales had been found dead at a place called opape beach. \u201c they sounded for all the world like gray \u2019 s beaked whales, \u201d he recalls, a species that washes up relatively frequently on new zealand \u2019 s shores, which sometimes see several hundred whale beachings per year thanks in part to the nation \u2019 s long coastline. \u201c maybe you can bury them, \u201d he said to the conservation department employee at the other end of the line, \u201c and we \u2019 ll have a look later, just to be sure. \u201d van helden gave the matter little thought until a few months had passed and his phone rang one morning before he had even gotten out of bed. it was rochelle constantine, a marine biologist at the university of auckland, and her graduate student kirsten thompson, who had conducted routine dna analyses on the beached whales. \u201c i hope you \u2019 re sitting down, \u201d constantine said. those animals stranded in december were not gray \u2019 s. they were instead a pair of spade - toothed beaked whales. it was a name to make a certain kind of scientist weak in the knees : the most elusive species of whale in the world, known only from several bone fragments washed up over the course of 140 years. it had never been seen in the flesh before. van helden looked up at the ceiling and swore. ( listen : beluga whale mimics human sound ) there are a lot of reasons to care about seeing the remains of so elusive a species \u2014 beyond simply the thrill of the chase and the brass - ring quality of an actual discovery. humans have made a hash of the oceans \u2014 depleting fish stocks, slaughtering dolphins and whales, pouring pollutants into coastal waters. part of the reason we are so cavalier is that so much of the ocean is invisible to us on a day - to - day basis ; if you don \u2019 t know what \u2019 s there, you don \u2019 t know what you \u2019 re destroying. the spade - toothed beak whale,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44975494203234123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.792538"} {"text": "is that so much of the ocean is invisible to us on a day - to - day basis ; if you don \u2019 t know what \u2019 s there, you don \u2019 t know what you \u2019 re destroying. the spade - toothed beak whale, which was written up in the new issue of current biology, is a lesson both in the diversity of the fragile oceans and the painstaking sleuthing that is required to study it. after van helden received his early - morning call, he and his colleagues got to work. they gathered all the information they could about the beached pair, including measurements and a set of photographs taken at the scene of the beaching. they worked with the whakatohea iwi, the maori tribe in the area where the whales had been found, and the new zealand department of conservation, to get the skeletons exhumed, and van helden produced a detailed anatomical illustration of the animal, which also appears in current biology. the pair on the beach were an adult female, measuring just over 17 ft. ( 5. 3 m ), and a juvenile male, 11. 5 ft. ( 3. 5 m ) from beak to tail fin. they lack the species \u2019 signature protruding teeth, which occur only in adult males. the shape and coloration of both specimens are subtly different from other beaked whales \u2014 subtle enough, in fact, that they would be easy to confuse with the more commonly seen gray \u2019 s. ( video : dolphins chased by killer whale ) what allowed the team to make a firm identification was the genetic information collected from the three bones that until now have been our only evidence of the spade - toothed \u2019 s existence. the first sign of the animal was a lower jaw found on new zealand \u2019 s chatham islands in 1872, bearing two jutting, triangular teeth. later on, two skulls without lower jaws, one found in 1950 in new zealand, the other found all the way across the pacific on robinson crusoe island in 1986, were proven by dna analysis to be from the same distinct species. but while scientists made educated guesses about what an intact spade - toothed would look like, extrapolating from its relatives could take them only so far. that \u2019 s why this find had the team so excited. \u201c it was the first time ever that anybody had ever had even a hint of what these things looked like, \u201d van helden says. the new discovery is a big step forward for scientists interested in beaked whales, but there is still much to learn about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5081932342444909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.793547"} {"text": "was the first time ever that anybody had ever had even a hint of what these things looked like, \u201d van helden says. the new discovery is a big step forward for scientists interested in beaked whales, but there is still much to learn about both this species and its close relatives. thompson is working on a project that uses genetic information from beached beaked whales to glean insight into the elusive creatures \u2019 familial relationships. and seeing the animal alive in the wild remains a tantalizing goal of many scientists. scott baker, a marine biologist at oregon state university and a co - author of the paper who has studied whales and dolphins for 30 years, saw his first live, open - ocean beaked whale just last month, in samoa. the sighting lasted about 4 seconds before the animal dove \u2014 too brief to tell if it was a spade - toothed. \u201c their environment is very remote, \u201d he says. \u201c it \u2019 s deep water, and they \u2019 re submerged for maybe 96 % of their lives. \u201d it \u2019 s one of the sad ironies of the marine biologist \u2019 s work that the only way to get a more lingering look at animals like these is when they wash up on beaches \u2014 like ornithologists studying birds that are invisible until they slam into a window. \u201c here we have an animal which is over 5 meters long, the size of a big car, that has to come to the surface to breathe, and yet no one has ever seen one alive, \u201d says van helden. \u201c it typifies how little we know about the ocean. \u201d the new find sheds at least a tiny bit of light on that often dark world, reminding us of an environment we have the power to destroy \u2014 and the responsibility to preserve.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4411987856865408, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.794252"} {"text": "several workers were evacuated on sunday morning at the fukushima nuclear plant after the level of radioactivity exceeded 10 million times the normal. the water used to cool the reactor number two was found extremely high amounts of particles of radioactive iodine. measured in samples from the water, found in the basement of the turbine hall located behind the reactor is milisievert 1, 000 per hour, said a spokesman for tokyo electric power company ( tepco ). \u201c this figure is ten million times greater than the radioactivity found in water in a reactor generally in good condition, \u201d he explained. according to him, the fuel in the reactor core has probably suffered damage during an onset of fusion, occurred immediately after an earthquake followed by tsunami on 11 march. the intervention teams began to use fresh water to cool reactors. this is because sea water that used to accelerate corrosion and could now pose a threat. the government in tokyo has announced that the efforts of japanese workers at fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant, to cool the reactors suffered a new blow on friday after a senior official said the reactor vessel 3 was damaged. hidehiko nishiyama, deputy director of the japanese agency for nuclear and industrial safety, explained that the possibility exists that radiation emanated from the reactor fuel \u2013 a mixture of uranium and plutonium \u2013 to be released", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5063883404140339, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.795790"} {"text": "from january 1 \u2013 14, a reddit user named vidzilla posted daily images of a zombie pandemic as depicted through screen shots of popular internet services. the lessons we can learn from the \u201c day \u201d series creative gestalt are an excellent example of why technologists, educators, and the general public should fight for positive rights to fair use. like many internet memes, each of the images from the \u201c day \u201d series is a combination of popular and folk culture, a mashup of objects from media industries with new material from the author. many of the individual parts of the \u201c day \u201d series \u2019 images are trademarked and / or subject to copyright, and thus despite the long - standing convention of fair use, the alarming upswing of attempts at regulatory control of content ( sopa, pipa, acta, tpp ) could end up crushing this form of creativity. these digital objects that made up the \u201c day \u201d series comprised a 14 day amateur take on the alternative reality game ( arg ) genre. args are interactive narratives revealed by clues delivered across multiple media formats. they are often used in viral marketing campaigns. when the \u201c day \u201d series began, some redditors wondered if the posts were viral marketing for the upcoming world war z film. vidzilla claimed to have been influenced by prior args, but emphatically denied that the \u201c day \u201d posts were part of a marketing campaign. rather, vidzilla explained, the \u201c day \u201d series was an opportunistic creation. after positive responses to an initial post to reddit about text - messaging being the start of a zombie pandemic, vidzilla spontaneously decided to develop a story by by depicting zombie - themed posts in various social media. the inclusion of clues to easter eggs ( hidden extra images, audio, and video ) in the images boosted the popularity of the later posts. reddit users moved from mere upvoting and general discussion of the posts \u2019 contents to swapping the passwords for audio and video files, debating the meaning of the ambiguous sounds and images, and developing their own responses to the story. on january 15 vidzilla ended the series and thanked the reddit community. the social media patchwork and emergency management the \u201c day \u201d series began and ended with fictious sms messages and covered virtually every form of online media in between. each image was a note - perfect slice of the pandemic from the personal to institutional. for example, these first two images", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5023889531529642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.803325"} {"text": "\u201c day \u201d series began and ended with fictious sms messages and covered virtually every form of online media in between. each image was a note - perfect slice of the pandemic from the personal to institutional. for example, these first two images from day 3 show a tweet from the world health organization and a personal facebook post with two responses. these images are great story - telling because it avoids exposition. it shows rather than tells. the juxtaposition of images leads readers to relate the bruise to the viral emergency, the particular to the general. the real - world issue, though, is how long it would take people \u2013 from emergency management professionals to the general public \u2013 to form such a link in the case of a real crisis. online crisis management conferences and research papers are already looking into ways of searching for and managing reasonably discrete crisis markers, twitter hashtags for example. however, as the \u201c day \u201d series ably demonstrates, the likely picture of an emerging crisis will be an uneven patchwork of very different objects. the \u201c day \u201d series shows them as an easily connected narrative in hindsight, but harder to connect emergently unless there are ways to predict the very complex set of possible markers. the field of online crisis management will need deep knowledge of how possible markers of a crisis can be found or predicted in the ways people fit their communication to media formats. that is not an easy task and it is complicated by the ways in which online culture is decidedly less restrained than offline culture. consider, for example, the very interesting point about how a particular chatroulette image was made. the image as uploaded by vidzilla shows a person with zombie - like appearance in the top frame and an asian woman looking shocked in the bottom frame. one way of monitoring for an emerging crisis might be to use automatic video - recognition software to search for patterns in public video feeds. unfortunately, crises can take a very large number of forms, too large, perhaps, to teach a computer to recognise. so we need something more visually stable and likely. one thing that is more stable in a crisis is the way in which people respond to crises, such as looking shocked. people can only looked shocked in a certain number of ways, so \u2018 looking shocked \u2019 is much easier to find. if real - time video feeds showed many people being shocked at once, this could trigger an alert for a human to look at the feeds or for other information. however, as one reddit user pointed out, the particular image of shock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47368664321845094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.804370"} {"text": "to find. if real - time video feeds showed many people being shocked at once, this could trigger an alert for a human to look at the feeds or for other information. however, as one reddit user pointed out, the particular image of shock in the found footage used to create the chatroulette zombie image was likely drawn from a reaction to nudity in the real chatroulette. the chance for false positives based on just \u2018 shocked looks \u2019, then, and perhaps the range of other discrete reactions, is unfortunately very high. i concede that this scenario is somewhat far - fetched. it is, nonetheless, illustrative of the complexity of sorting markers of a crisis out given the extreme nature of a large amount of the communication exchanged daily online. fiction, in this case, has unwittingly presented an interesting challenge to social media emergency management. the future of education as a communication technology educator, to me one of the most interesting aspects of \u201c day \u201d was just how much vidzilla and the responding redditors needed to know about social media to produce and engage with the story. vidzilla \u2019 s posts succeed because they clearly display generic conventions of form and content of each internet medium. from a media education standoint, such distinctions are the basis of understanding media choices and how culture is ( re ) produced online. indeed, despite the complexity of the scenario discussed above, vidzilla \u2019 s \u201c day \u201d series did, in fact, demonstrate a range of quite plausible crisis markers from which future models could be extrapolated. although vidzilla skipped the intermediate steps of literature reviews and methodology, and had no intention of conducting any analysis of the recognisablity of the markers, the positive response of redditors indicates that vidzilla was on the right track. vidzilla \u2019 s demonstration of applied media understandings goes beyond the crisis markers. many of the images reproduce famous and current internet trends and memes. vidzilla produced applied media research that many media educators would be proud to see from a student. the \u201c day \u201d series posts also mimiced typical reddit posts. reddit bills itself as \u201c the front page of the internet \u201d because it is perhaps the most mainstream aggregation of the latest internet trends and world news. vidzilla \u2019 s knew what redditors would expect to see posted during an emergent crisis. finally, vidzilla \u2019 s decision to make some of the story materials available via image hosting and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5107564640641279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.806505"} {"text": "latest internet trends and world news. vidzilla \u2019 s knew what redditors would expect to see posted during an emergent crisis. finally, vidzilla \u2019 s decision to make some of the story materials available via image hosting and media download sites also demonstrates an understanding of the increasingly broad capabilities of online infrastructure. these three sets of knowledge are very useful for anyone interested in the many communication and design - oriented research and professional fields that now rely on the internet : public relations, marketing, advertising, fashion, design, and cool - hunting etc. on the other side of the coin, the redditors who followed the \u201c day \u201d series, responded to the clues, and engaged with the story also demonstrated understandings of the knowledge sets above. the chronicle of higher education has been investigating the increasing popularity of online badges as compared to traditional certifications. similarly, vinod khosla has recently argued that gamification of educational materials should lead to a crucial reversal of educational practice : from the time - fixed and learning - variable education to the time - variable and learning - fixed. fight for positive internet education and positive fair use rights vidzilla and the redditors did all of this because they thought it was fun. they might not be able to articulate what they learned, and that will be the crucial step for educators to pass on to students, but they showed the two most crucial components of learning : motivation and creativity. laurence lessig has long argued that overly restrictive copyright regimes wither creativity, taking us from a read / write culture to a read only culture. clay shirky ended his ted talk on january 18 with a similar point. unless internet users stand not only against sopa / pipa, but what comes next, he argued, the internet will end up with promoting a consumption - only culture. this fight, however, needs to be more than a push to stop restrictive legislation. internet users the world over should be lobbying for more positive fair use and sharing rights. we \u2019 ve succeeded once, let \u2019 s go further. we need a new international convention \u2013 berne 2. 0, if you will \u2013 that provides at least as many positive rights for the sharing and fair use of any existing creative object. the creative commons project is clearly the first step in this process, but it preserves the existing notion of copyright. we need more. and that brings us, again, to education. not only do internet users themselves need to better understand the regulatory framework in which they operate, but, it seems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49451219517797906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.807579"} {"text": "by dr. john c. rao rediscovery is the best word to characterize the experience of a great number of committed catholics of the 1800 ' s. throughout the post - french revolutionary catholic world, thinkers and activists of impressive caliber demonstrated a desire to learn, develop and put into practice themes and customs which had been buried by decades and even centuries of jansenist, naturalist, and simple parochial neglect. depending upon energy, taste, and imagination, this drive led them back to the fathers of the church, to the medieval scholastics, and to a mystical, devotional, and liturgical life rich in lessons for both the catholic community and individuals. the centers of re - discoverygerman, italian, and french, for the most partwere lay / clerical circles of believers, religious confraternities, orders restored after the devastation of the revolution, university faculties, and groups gathering round those journals and newspapers that seemed to spring up everywhere in the course of the nineteenth century. it was out of this movement of rediscovery that the approach of what some have called the \" roman school \" was formed. although it is impossible in a single article to name all of this \" school ' s \" founders and proponents, one can at least orient himself historically and geographically by referring to those segments of the scholarly and popular press of the years from the 1830 ' s to the 1870 ' s which were actively engaged in popularizing it. anyone wishing to grasp the character of the roman school at its origins should examine the pages of der katholik, the historisch - politische blntter, and archiv frr katholisches kirchenrecht in the german world ; la civilto cattolica in italy ; l ' univers / le monde in france ; and the dublin review in the united kingdom. five themes may be said to have provided the \" curriculum \" of the roman school, the most basic of which was an insistence upon the impossibility of understanding anything \" natural \" without reference both to nature ' s future supernatural destiny as well as the supernatural life surging through it now as a consequence of the incarnation. the work of the editors of la civilto cattolica and of cardinal louis pie ( 1815 - 1880 ), bishop of poitiers, is extremely informative in this regard. try as modern man might, pie argued at lourdes in 1876, he could never escape the fact that he lived in a world created and redeemed at the behest of a supernatural will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49991821540022163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.841516"} {"text": "m\u00f7hler of the university of trbingen, whose works giovanni perrone ( 1794 - 1876 ), professor at the gregorian in rome from 1824 - 1863, made known to many of his influential students : carlo passaglia ( 1812 - 1887 ), clemens schrader ( 1820 - 1875 ), and johannes baptist franzelin ( 1816 - 1886 ). perrone was also a channel of m\u00f7hler ' s ecclesiology to the jesuit editors of la civilto cattolica : luigi taparelli d ' azeglio ( 1793 - 1862 ), matteo liberatore ( 1810 - 1892 ), and carlo maria curci ( 1809 - 1891 ). year after year, these jesuits churned out articles dealing with the consequences of the concepts of natural - supernatural interaction and of the church as christ - continued for all aspects of life. \" official \" acceptance of the entire argument took many decades. pius x ' s adoption of the motto \" to transform all things in christ \" and the encyclical letter of pope pius xii on the subject of the mystical body in 1943 clearly illustrated its ultimate impact. a second theme intimately connected with the doctrine of the interaction of nature and the supernatural was that of a spirituality emphasizing the friendship offered man by god, and the ascent to the divine to which every individual was invited. on a theoretical level, such a theme entailed emphasis upon the concept of individual divinization in christ. this, again, was a favorite topic of the editors of the civilto, who persistently argued that membership in the church meant participation in the life of the god - man, and hence in every conceivable perfection, human freedom and human personality thereby being raised to heights undreamed of by any rationalist. on a popular level, the theme of friendship and closeness to god, attained through humble union with the god - man, brought with it a victory for the anti - jansenist moral theology of alphonsus liguori ( 1696 - 1787 ), which recognized the importance of human labor in the upward path. brunone lanteri ( 1759 - 1830 ), inspirer of the lay / clerical amicizie cattoliche in italy, cardinal thomas marie gousset ( 1792 - 1866 ), archbishop of rheims, in his justification de la thuologie du bienheureux a. m. de liguori of 1832, in france, and the redemptorists everywhere all waged vigorous combat for the victory of li", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47960226281046925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.843770"} {"text": "of rheims, in his justification de la thuologie du bienheureux a. m. de liguori of 1832, in france, and the redemptorists everywhere all waged vigorous combat for the victory of liguorian thought. its triumphant march was accompanied by a revivification and expansion of a variety of devotions providing flesh and blood manifestations of spiritual realities loathed by jansenist and enlightened catholics of the previous era. nothing illustrated the divinization of a part of nature through incorporation into the life of a divine person better than devotion to the sacred heart of jesus. this devotion, hated by the jansenists perhaps more than any other, enjoyed enormous popularity wherever the roman school gained influence. one can follow its recovery, from strength to strength, in the fortunes of the apostolate of prayer, begun in 1844, in the pages of the sacred heart messenger ( 1861 ), in the ceremony of the consecration of the world to the sacred heart in 1875, and in leo xiii ' s encyclical letter, annum sacrum, of may 25, 1899. a very un - jansenist devotion to the saints was similarly encouraged by the roman school, with the exaltation of marian practices heading the list. the cults of the sacred heart of mary, of mary as mediatrix, of the miraculous medal, of our lady of la salette ( 1846 ) and of lourdes ( 1858 ), along with leo xiii ' s fifteen encyclicals on the rosary and the publication of the previously ignored works of louis grignion de montfort ( 1673 - 1716 ), all testify to the importance marian devotion attained in the course of the century. finally, the practice of going on pilgrimage to traditional holy places was fervently revived after having been a special target for abuse in the 1700 ' s. restoration of the pilgrimage to revere the holy coat of trier in 1844, which attracted hundreds of thousands of participants, and the use of the very modern tool of the railroad to reach pilgrimage sites, especially impressed contemporaries as unexpected but unquestionable signs of changing times. perhaps most importantand anti - jansenistof all was the renewed nineteenth - century interest in the eucharist as the prime means of uniting natural man with a supernatural god. eucharistic emphasis led to the call for an earlier introduction to and more frequent reception of the sacrament. la trrs sainte communion of gaston de sugur ( 1820 - 1881 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4709397748890188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.844861"} {"text": "as the prime means of uniting natural man with a supernatural god. eucharistic emphasis led to the call for an earlier introduction to and more frequent reception of the sacrament. la trrs sainte communion of gaston de sugur ( 1820 - 1881 ) was one of the many significant works encouraging such practices. proponents of the roman school were also active supporters of public adoration of the eucharist, both perpetual and nocturnal adoration spreading everywhere with papal approval in the years after 1850. eucharistic congresses, involving processions, adoration, and theological conferences, also began in the 1870 ' s through the work of marie tamisier ( 1834 - 1910 ), gaston de sugur and others. these gradually became international affairs, the eucharistic congress of jerusalem in 1893 foreshadowing the the world - wide significance they would attain in the 1900 ' s. liturgical revival inevitably accompanied that of eucharistic devotion. conviction of the powerful role that the liturgy was meant to play in the life of the whole christian community and in that of each of its individual members became a major theme for benedictine spirituality, its starting point being the work of dom guuranger and his annue liturgique ( 1841 ). a liturgical movement grew from its original center in solesmes ( 1838 ) to the associated abbeys of beuron ( 1862 ), in germany, under marius wolter ( 1825 - 1890 ), and maredsous ( 1872 ), in belgium, with its great liturgist, gerard van caloen ( 1853 - 1932 ). it was at maredsous that the first influential missel des fidrles was published in 1871, fourteen years after the last papal condemnation of such a translation of the mass into the vernacular, and twenty - six before prohibition was quietly dropped in 1897. eucharistic and liturgical revival were given powerful support through pius x ' s endorsement of early and frequent reception of the sacrament by a laity which knew, prayed, and sang the mass together. neo - scholasticism was a third element in the roman school ' s approach. a return to the teaching of the scholastics had been advocated since the first half of the century, when men like taparelli d ' azeglio became convinced that only a grounding in a well - organized body of christian thought would provide the catholic student with a means accurately to digest and judge the complexity of the modern anti - religious intellect. similar concerns motivated bishop wilhelm emmanuel von ketteler ( 1811 - 1877 ) of mainz,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4560629813427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.845954"} {"text": "in a well - organized body of christian thought would provide the catholic student with a means accurately to digest and judge the complexity of the modern anti - religious intellect. similar concerns motivated bishop wilhelm emmanuel von ketteler ( 1811 - 1877 ) of mainz, who was also certain that modern social problems could be efficiently addressed in a more catholic manner if tackled logically with scholastic rigor. italy and germany thus became major centers for reviving scholastic studies, which, far from being merely neglected in catholic circles during the course of the previous century, had often positively been prohibited. neo - scholastics such as joseph kleutgen ( 1811 - 1883 ), author of die theologie / philosophie der vorzeit verteidigt, became extremely active by the time of the first vatican council. although the neo - scholastic renaissance involved study of many of the different thinkers of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, most of those engaged in it became convinced of the superiority of st. thomas and of the commentaries on st. thomas produced in the sixteenth century by cardinal cajetan ( 1469 - 1534 ). leo xiii, through his encyclical letter aeterni patris of august 4th, 1879, and his patronage of the leonine edition of the works of the angelic doctor ( 1882 ), gave to thomistic studies pride of place in the catholic world. journal after journal, and catholic center after catholic center, including the great catholic university of louvain in belgium, began to dedicate itself to intellectual work in this tradition, the accademia romana di san tommaso, established 1880, providing the model for much of their labor. a fourth theme, and the one justifying the designation of the school as a whole as \" roman \", was an emphasis upon the role of the papacy in every aspect of church life, and a concomitant movement towards administrative centralization. this was inspired by theological considerations, admiration for the sufferings of pius vi and pius vii at the hands of the republican and napoleonic governments, concern for efficacious action in a world of ever more centralized, revolutionary, anti - catholic political and social forces, and frustration with the inadequacies of local ecclesiastical authorities. stirred by joseph de maistre ( 1754 - 1821 ), fulicitu de lamennais ( 1788 - 1854 ) and the mennaisiens in general, a neo - ultramontanist movement began, aided also by protestant converts to catholicism and a host of priests angry for one reason", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.470900128248791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.847145"} {"text": "1821 ), fulicitu de lamennais ( 1788 - 1854 ) and the mennaisiens in general, a neo - ultramontanist movement began, aided also by protestant converts to catholicism and a host of priests angry for one reason or another at their local ordinaries. neo - ultramontanism ' s enlistment of the papacy in its plans dates from 1831 onwards, though it really had to await the reign of pius ix ( 1846 - 1878 ) before arrival at the center of the papal stage. the first vatican council and the proclamation of the dogma of papal infallibility demonstrated its victorious progress most dramatically. vatican one also pointed the way to an extensive editing of canon law in a neo - ultramontanist sense, completed in 1917, emphasizing an ever - greater centralization of catholic activities under the holy see. finally, the roman school was charged with a sense of mission. it was convinced that it had a message for the world that could complete and exalt all of nature, a message whose neglect could only result in both supernatural and natural disaster. catholic dogma had a supernatural and natural telos which could only be fulfilled if christ were made the king of society at large and of individuals personally. an early witness to this conviction can be seen in the mennaisien olympe philippe gerbet ' s ( 1798 - 1864 ) book, considurations sur le dogme gunurateur de la foi catholique ( 1829 ). later ones appear in the writings of juan donoso cortes ( 1809 - 1853 ) and of the editors of la civilto cattolica. the sense of urgency and drama felt by all of them is well depicted in one major article of that roman jesuit journal : o dio re colla liberto, o l ' uomo re colla forza. ( \" either god as king with liberty, or man as king through force \" ). catholics had to transform the world in christ, or the world would be handed over to the perverted free will of libertine tyrants to destroy as they pleased, and sooner rather than later. two consequences flowed from this fifth of the roman school ' s themes. one was that, given the political and social activity connected with transforming the world in christ, the laity, the natural militants in secular society, had to be looked to as the church ' s chief agents in ordinary daily catholic action. the call to arms of the laity was a nineteenth century mobilization, and the proponents of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48893244810765873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.848137"} {"text": "in christ, the laity, the natural militants in secular society, had to be looked to as the church ' s chief agents in ordinary daily catholic action. the call to arms of the laity was a nineteenth century mobilization, and the proponents of the roman school were very much the recruiting sergeants. a second consequence was the great care and suspicion with which modern man and modern civilization had to be approached, given their rejection of the reality of the supernatural as an active and positive element in natural life. modernity, to the roman school, meant a desire to barricade oneself in nature alonenaturalism ; and naturalism meant the destruction of the human personality and all of the perfections offered to civilization by god. romanists could thus enthusiastically defend proposition number 80 of the syllabus of errors, which enunciated the impossibility of a reconciliation of the roman pontiff with \" liberalism, progress, and modern civilization \". such a reconciliation meant the embrace of slavery to self - deluding will and technologically - advanced barbarism. a laity armed with knowledge and grace was therefore called to a joint offensive - defensive action. many romanists allowed it wide scope for tactical experimentation in pursuit of victory, while urging retreat into catholic fortresses should success be denied. there were, indeed, flaws in the approach of the roman school which its friends ignore or deny at their own peril. in fact, in so far as these flaws were ignored or denied, they grew to undermine the very foundations of the school itself. let us briefly pause, therefore, to glance at some of them, and in a way that parallels the main themes outlined above. a conviction of the reality of the interaction of the natural and the supernatural may have encouraged many proponents of the roman school dangerously to over rely on supra - rational explanations for historical events. hence, to take but a single example, the sense that \" war in heaven \", with apocalyptic overtones, was guiding the course of nineteenth - century human history, seems to have been one of the factors contributing to french catholic inaction and resignation to the passage of anticlerical legislation during the early years of the third republic, from 1877 through the 1880 ' s. history, to some romanists, seemed to belong to god alone, and god was therefore seen to be the physician for history ' s problems, either directly or through the medium of a providential personality, such as a sacred monarch. human organization to head off disaster could be construed almost as an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48677829819967944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.849247"} {"text": "god alone, and god was therefore seen to be the physician for history ' s problems, either directly or through the medium of a providential personality, such as a sacred monarch. human organization to head off disaster could be construed almost as an insult to salvific supernatural forces. but no discernable miracles were forthcoming, and a catholic defeat which perhaps need not have taken place ensued. france was not the only land where some believers ' response to defeat involved retreat into a ghetto to await a retribution which they thought would surely fall upon the enemy from on high. thankfully, numerous french catholic luminaries, such as albert de mun ( 1841 - 1914 ), rejected this pious defeatism, and helped to prepare the way for the activism of the following century. the assistance of many more men would have been required to turn the tide in his own day. it may also be argued that the roman school was so concerned for illustrating the interaction of the supernatural and the natural in the church institutionally that a number of its most prominent spokesmen gradually ignored the consequences of the incarnation for the individual believer. while it is true that the reality of the divine element in the visible, hierarchical structure of the church is in itself so awesome as to take away the breath of the reverent believer, it is equally true that a complete understanding of the divine role of this hierarchical institution requires meditation on the transformation in christ of each of its constituent members. romanists certainly did not begin by neglecting individual \" divinization \", as consultation of the articles of la civilto cattolica clearly indicates. nevertheless, such meditations as those of its jesuit editors may have lessened as the nineteenth century moved into the twentieth. but this is hard to say. only further study of romanist journals of the time periodwhich is sadly lackingwould be able to tell for certain. again, it does appear to be true to say that the rediscovery of an incarnational piety eventually took precedence over the rediscovery of other aspects of the catholic past, thus placing the need for a scriptural, patristic, and general revival of knowledge of the theological and historical sources of the faith in still greater relief. contemporary apparitions came to resonate more in the minds of some individuals than the words of the gospel or that of councils and popes. ironically, the piety which is thus exalted is actually weakened, in the long run, if it is emphasized at the expense of familiarity with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4880626399522774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.851300"} {"text": "the minds of some individuals than the words of the gospel or that of councils and popes. ironically, the piety which is thus exalted is actually weakened, in the long run, if it is emphasized at the expense of familiarity with the apostolic and ecclesiastical testimony from which its very justification and value is derived. in other words, neglect of the ground of the faith in exchange for an exclusive or exaggerated commitment to a particular pious practice, even one which has the highest backing of the church, may well bring that specific practice itself into question over time. critics of the roman school claim that the piety thus inspired was an egotistical one, centered upon individual devotions and stressing self - sanctification at the expense of a more balanced appreciation of the unity of all believers in that communal enterprise of adoration of the true god from which personal sanctification flows. this self - centeredness was then said to stand as an obstacle to true liturgical revival. one might well note in passing, however, that such a complaint seems to contradict or at least weaken the argument that adulation of the character of the church gradually obscured interest in personal union with christ. a third potential defect of the roman school, and an ironic one, is its rationalism. despite the fact that the enlightenment and its heritage are often popularly thought to have been rationalist in character, the \" age of reason \" was, in fact, reductionist in its arguments, allowing scope for only one kind of experimental reasoning to flourish. this experimental reasoning soon began to understand human life as something hopelessly enchained to passion, will, subjective value judgment, and irrationality. nineteenth century catholicism, on the other hand, was one of the few forces defending the objective value and significance of the human reason as such. the first vatican council gave eloquent testimony to this fact with its dogmatic constitution concerning the catholic faith, which reiterated the church ' s belief that reason could prove the existence of god. the problem lay not in this defense of reason, but in the tendency by the end of the century and the beginning of the next to focus on one specific line of speculative reasoningthomistto the exclusion of other philosophical approaches. this exclusivity was accompanied by a neglect of historical and other studies which would have helped to reveal the inadequacy of such a development. thus, it was often only with great difficulty, and with accusations of suspicious orthodoxy to boot, that one could speak of the historical context in which men like st. thomas a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5256177252949684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.852311"} {"text": "would have helped to reveal the inadequacy of such a development. thus, it was often only with great difficulty, and with accusations of suspicious orthodoxy to boot, that one could speak of the historical context in which men like st. thomas aquinas wrote, suggest that this context necessarily limited the completeness of their work, and argue that their labor could well be complemented by the efforts of other thinkers of other eras. to say that the method and writings of st. thomas are not in and of themselves completely sufficient, to argue that they do not by themselves alone give the fullest possible expression to the christian faith, to discuss the historical circumstances in which st. thomas labored and how these may have limited the scope of the questions to which he directed his attention, is not at all the same as saying that thomism is wrong or beside the point. similarly, to say that knowledge of christian dogma might grow beyond the manner in which st. thomas expressed it is not the same thing as denying to dogma an objective, god - given content, anymore than appreciation of st. thomas ' s doctrinal use of aristotelian language amounts to a denial of the divine character of the non - aristotelian doctrinal statements of the apostles. still, such inferences were often drawn by many members of the roman school, with the consequence that any non - thomistic, biblical, patristic, experiential, or historically - based exploration of the faith, was often condemned as \" modernist \" or intrinsically invalid. this proved to be especially unfortunate when clever students, realizing the gaps in their education, confronted less than gifted teachers who failed to address real problems in a substantive way, and yet presented their work as \" authoritative \". it was under circumstances such as these, by the 1890 ' s, that students were seduced by true heretics with superior teaching skills and charismatic personalitiesmen such as the scriptural scholar alfred loisy ( 1857 - 1940 ). neo - ultramontanism also had its negative side which, alas, has become more clear to traditionalist catholics in recent times. like all centralizing movements, it caused problems at the diocesan level, hampering the development of local initiative. this was not so much due to the disturbing but ultimately salutary rocking of the many rather listless parochial boats of the day, as it was to a gradual encouragement of the hope that rome could handle all future problems on its own. when rome could not do so, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5298595051565826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.853277"} {"text": "to the disturbing but ultimately salutary rocking of the many rather listless parochial boats of the day, as it was to a gradual encouragement of the hope that rome could handle all future problems on its own. when rome could not do so, or when rome itself became a source of confusion, local clerical and lay stimulus to confront debilitating crises was often therefore missing. moreover, the manner in which the definition of papal infallibility was \" resolved \" at vatican one was itself problematic. official plans had called for a general schema on the nature of the church to be discussed and promulgated at the council, and it was into this schema that the issue of papal infallibility was introduced. difficulties arose, however, due to intense lobbying for and against the doctrine, inside and outside the council. problems also accompanied the lifting of the discussion of papal infallibility from the basic explanatory framework in which it was embedded, and treating it on its ownfirst, and out of context. the storm grew more violent still. when it was calmed, the resulting definition in no way met the expectations of more fervent infallibilists. fallout from the franco - prussian war then shut the holy synod down, leaving the schema on the church a schema alone. vatican one did indeed bequeath the catholic world a real understanding of the importance of papal power and prerogatives, but failed adequately to explain how these were to be practiced, and what relation they had with the work of ordinary bishops in their own dioceses. it especially left a certain confusion about how infallibility applied to the use of the ordinary magisterium, feeding that constant debate over whether or not it actually had been invoked in specific matters that we have witnessed for one hundred thirty four years. parenthetically, however, in defense of the council ' s procedure, one ought to note that all such synods have tended to treat issues as they arose, in the envelope of ecclesiastical crisis. all have thus left terrible conundrums for posterity. still, the confusion was real, and many romanists acted, unjustifiably, as though the maximalist position which had definitely not been adopted by the council was the one that \" real catholics \", in practice, were obliged to accept anyway. fifthly, the call for transformation of everything in christ through the activity of a mobilized laity had the undesired consequence of promoting laicization within the church. such difficulties were not new. they have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5285079659427954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.854239"} {"text": "practice, were obliged to accept anyway. fifthly, the call for transformation of everything in christ through the activity of a mobilized laity had the undesired consequence of promoting laicization within the church. such difficulties were not new. they have always followed upon attempts to achieve a deeper understanding of what the christian life entails for all the members of the church. they have, in fact, manifested themselves repeatedly since the tenth century, at which time the first serious attempts were made to dig deeper into the meaning and repercussions of the incarnation. roots of the dilemma go back far indeed, and the issue itself is examined in more detail in my upcoming article entitled all borrowed armor chokes us. suffice it to say, at the moment, the laity became more conscious, through the work of the roman school, of its own mission and responsibilities. that consciousness opened it to a willingness to judge its ecclesiastical guides and their performance as spiritual leaders. such judging led to many laymen and laywomen presuming that the teaching church had, herself, to be taught, and to be taught from the bottom up by the faithful as a whole. hence, ironically, a jansenist presbyterianism broke through the armor of romanist neo - ultramontanism. moreover, dangerous mennaisien influences reappeared through the medium of the roman school as well as through that of its enemies, the democratic ( though ultramontanist ) laity claiming the right to command insufficiently intransigent priests and prelates in the new age that was a - dawning. harshness of spirit and tone, attribution of nothing but bad motivation and hidden heresy to opponents, and stubborn conviction of the necessity and goodness of their own approach were, indeed, not absent from the work of many prominent standard bearers of the roman school. this was true of laity and clergy, high and low, alike. denunciation and calls for papal support of the denouncers accompanied the growth of the movement throughout the nineteenth century and into the next. but where did this spirit come from? it definitely did not come from rome. rather, it too, to a large degree, was the inheritance of that prophetic brutality of the mennaisiens, lamented from the 1820 ' s onwards by many bishops, including those who were not hostile to much that the disciples of lamennais had to say and offer. although his followers may well have condemned and abandoned their master, many seem to have found his whole brutal, prophetic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45573634691980214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.855671"} {"text": "s onwards by many bishops, including those who were not hostile to much that the disciples of lamennais had to say and offer. although his followers may well have condemned and abandoned their master, many seem to have found his whole brutal, prophetic deportment more difficult to reject. anyone interested in investigating this question further can do so by examining the rough tactics utilized by mennaisien reformers in order to rid french seminaries of gallican texts and to introduce the roman liturgy into french dioceses with different ancient traditions. a number of the criticisms of the roman school outlined above can be discovered in the writings of some of its most prominent membersthe editors of la civilto cattolica and l ' univers, theologians of the caliber of cardinal pie and cardinal victor dechamps ( 1810 - 1883 ) of malines, neo - scholastics like joseph kleutgen, liturgists such as don guuranger, the historian, ludwig von pastor, and popes leo xiii and pius xand often in very unexpected ways indeed. hence, the fervent ultramontanists, pie and dechamps, were among the most harsh judges of exaggerations of the procedure and apologetics of the infallibalists at the first vatican council ; the neo - scholastic kleutgen demonstrated an awareness of the importance of history and mystical theology ; pastor presented individual nefarious popes in his \" apologetic \" history in anything but an apologetic manner ; the \" authoritarian legalist \", pius x, was the man who actually, in practice, democratized the roman curia and encouraged the revivification of the understanding of the liturgy as the communal prayer of the church ; and the thomist leo xiii did more for historical and scriptural studies than any pontiff of the century. in fact, leo ' s insouciance regarding potential dangers emerging from uncontrolled studies underlines the absence of authoritative intervention during his long, centralizing pontificate : there are some restless and worried spirits who press the roman congregations to pronounce upon still doubtful questions. i oppose this, i stop them, because it is necessary not to prevent the intelligent from working. it is necessary to leave them the leisure to hesitate and even to err. the truth can only win by this. the church will always arrive in time to put them back onto the right path ( jedin and dolan, ix, p. 330 ). perhaps the case of dietrich von hildebrand in the twentieth century illustrates the point", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4687387144903191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.856747"} {"text": "only win by this. the church will always arrive in time to put them back onto the right path ( jedin and dolan, ix, p. 330 ). perhaps the case of dietrich von hildebrand in the twentieth century illustrates the point most clearly. von hildebrand spent much of his professional life criticizing the dominant neo - scholasticism of his contemporaries, pious practices obscuring the primary focus on adoration of the godhead essential to true transformation in christ, failures to appreciate the riches of the liturgy, and the dangers of the militant lay spirit running amok. yet while doing so, he never, for one moment, considered himself to be anything other than a fervent supporter of a roman school of thought. in fact, a meditation upon the example of von hildebrand and all the other figures noted above, might lead one to reach the conclusion that the roman school was actually a conglomerate of potentially contradictory tendencies, some of which definitely rose to the fore, though without destroying the others entirely. more than anything else, what then would appear faulty in its \" curriculum \" was a certain lack of coordination and rigorous self - examination, accompanied by a want of nuance and humor on the part of some neo - scholastics and exaggerated neo - ultramontanists holding important academic and curial positions but let us now turn to the opposition. in indicating a nineteenth century anti - roman complex, i do not intend to speak of men who merely disagreed with certain features of the roman school ' s approach, and happened to have frequent contact with those militantly rejecting it, figures like john henry newman ( 1801 - 1890 ) and fr. marie joseph lagrange ( 1855 - 1938 ). newman was indeed concerned for the history of the development of doctrine in a way that appeared to give him more in common with anti - speculative historians than with the anti - historical theologians increasingly dominating the papal entourage by the time of pius x. lagrange did indeed lament the exegetical backwardness of many powerful leaders of the roman school, who began to cause him severe difficulties when they fully realized where he was headed with his own scriptural studies by the time of the international congress of fribourg in 1897. anti - romanists admittedly did like to claim both of these men as sympathizers. nevertheless, we have already seen that \" card carrying \" romanists themselves could utter similar criticisms. moreover, the attack by newman on the kind of liberal theology which would later evolve into what is called modernism, and the assault", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48026154097621754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.857932"} {"text": "as sympathizers. nevertheless, we have already seen that \" card carrying \" romanists themselves could utter similar criticisms. moreover, the attack by newman on the kind of liberal theology which would later evolve into what is called modernism, and the assault by lagrange on loisy ' s dogmatic refusal to allow even the possibility of a perception of supernatural activity in the natural world, created an iron curtain between their attitudes and the one that i am identifying here. newman and lagrange were men who thought with the church, were sometimes unjustly treated by fellow catholics, and whose intelligent criticisms required patience and perspicacity equal to their own to digest. one has to look elsewhere to locate the real center of opposition. the truly committed foes of the roman school in the nineteenth century were a formidable lot, even if ( for a time ) defeated. many of them were heirs of enlightenment and jansenist ideas about the relationship of nature and the supernatural, piety, theological methodology, the papacy, and catholic militancy in general. others were supporters of condemned mennaisien views concerning democracy and the need to submit to \" vital \" contemporary forces, spokesmen for the supremacy of a purely historical or scriptural approach to truth, or one basing itself on philosophical systems allowing no room whatsoever for speculative theology. such thinkers bemoaned the church ' s loss of esteem in the eyes of an \" energetic \", modern, secular world which the romanists condemned. nationalists also formed an important part of the serious nineteeth - century anti - roman complex. roman universalism represented for them an obstacle to a full appreciation of the truths taught by the individual genius of each ethnic group ; \" truths \" which somehow regularly seemed to emphasize the enlightened, jansenist, democratic, vitalist, and anti - speculative attitudes indicated above. more specifically, followers of the \" kantian \" georges hermes and \" hegelian \" anton grnther ( 1783 - 1863 ), both of whom ran into certain troubles with the holy see, helped to form the nineteenth - century anti - roman complex in germany. they were joined by a few angry historians, the most famous being ignaz von d\u00f7llinger ( 1799 - 1800 ). d\u00f7llinger resented the growing flirtation of many of his fellow countryman with what he irrationally dismissed as an outdated scholastic theology. his speech on \" the past and present of theology \" at the congress of munich in september of 1863 was a declaration of war upon the roman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48558127832281783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.859074"} {"text": "growing flirtation of many of his fellow countryman with what he irrationally dismissed as an outdated scholastic theology. his speech on \" the past and present of theology \" at the congress of munich in september of 1863 was a declaration of war upon the roman school. d\u00f7llinger ' s anti - scholastic historicism had a great impact upon vehement anti - romanists outside of germany as well, lord john acton ( 1834 - 1902 ) prominent among them. many of the disciples of grnther and d\u00f7llinger formed the backbone of the schismatic old catholic church, which refused to accept the decree of vatican one on papal infallibility. admirers of the protestant biblical exegesis of david strauss ( 1808 - 1874 ) and ferdinand christian baur ( 1792 - 1860 ) increased the numbers of the anti - roman cam. so did governmental bureaucrats upset by the ecclesiastical autonomy demanded by romanists, and moralists convinced that their anti - jansenist spirituality would shape a vulgarized, superstitious, and lazy catholic flock. those stirred by german national feeling were not averse to calling in the secular authority to support their positions when they believed that such intervention could guarantee them victoryhence, the old catholic encouragement of german states engaging in kulturkampf in the 1870 ' s. the french anti - roman complex was created by an alliance between gallicans and certain mennaisiens which would have been deemed inconceivable before 1850. gallican - minded bishops had, up till that point, been deeply angered by the assault on their seminaries and their liturgies by the neo - ultramontanism of which the mennaisiens had been a major stimulus. such bishops, however, generally supported french governmental policies, whatever they might be. thus, when the second empire entered the lists against militant, anti - modernist \" romanism \", they were gradually able to make common cause with mennaisiens like the liberal catholic, charles de montalembert ( 1810 - 1870 ). montalembert ' s speech on liberal concepts of freedom and separation of church and state at the congress of malines of 1863 had the same impact, mutatis mutandis, as that of d\u00f7llinger at munich. although french bishops tended to be restrained in their outright anti - romanism, some, like henri louis maret ( 1805 - 1884 ), were quite openly eager to fight attempts by the romanists to free the church and catholics from complete submission to the civil law.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47536794286919226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.860032"} {"text": "tended to be restrained in their outright anti - romanism, some, like henri louis maret ( 1805 - 1884 ), were quite openly eager to fight attempts by the romanists to free the church and catholics from complete submission to the civil law. again, as in germany, they were joined by bureaucrats and jansenists who lamented the turn of the tide against naturalism and enlightened piety. it was only gradually that the biblical criticism of a joseph ernest renan ( 1823 - 1895 ), perfected by the work of men such as alfred loisy, and kantian - based philosophical approaches populated the ranks of the anti - romanists with a different clientele. french influences, along with those coming from germany, were then central to the formation of the anti - roman complex in other countries, italy and the united kingdom prominent among them. all - out foes of the roman school were by no means always self - interested or off - target in their attacks. however, they differed from scholars like newman and lagrange in that their perspicacity was seriously marred by a bitterness and an arrogance that were as unedifyingif not, indeed, much more sothan anything they ascribed to their opposition. every defeat rankled with them, justified or not. one sees in their writings and actions a desire for vengeance at the first available opportunity. one can almost imagine a collective unclenching of teeth in the graves of anti - romanists across christendom during the 1960 ' s, as one ecclesiastical change after another apparently vindicated their own position. conspiratorial myth - making was one of the anti - romanist fortes. this is a bit ironic. here were men who satirized as overblown and a - historical all efforts by speculative thinkers to tie together theological principles, historical developments, and pastoral approaches in modern times into some cohesive intelligible whole ; men whose dislike of speculation contributed mightily to killing that speculative schema on the church at vatican one which would have made the infallibility decree more cohesive, comprehensible, and efficacious. and yet they insisted upon belief in the existence of a murky, age - old intellectual - political plot, led by intransigent jesuits and their scholastic drones, responsible for every setback and defeat that they and progress - loving peoples everywhere experienced. one would be tempted to sayas modernists do when rejecting pius x ' s attack upon them as members of a unified alliancethat there would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47706230746488426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.860969"} {"text": "their scholastic drones, responsible for every setback and defeat that they and progress - loving peoples everywhere experienced. one would be tempted to sayas modernists do when rejecting pius x ' s attack upon them as members of a unified alliancethat there would be no \" roman school \" to criticize at all were it not for the work anti - romanists did in bringing its disparate elements together into what was actually an artificial and illusory union. though it is tempting to argue that the roman school existed only in the minds of its opponents, there were clearly those who relished the title of romanist, and felt a spirit of camaraderie with others of like mind. let us therefore, if only for their sakes, admit its substantial reality. insofar as it did exist, however, it was, as indicated repeatedly above, both a more divided and a much more nuanced and positive force than its opponents from the 1800 ' s onwards have made it out to be. what is most striking about the picture painted of the roman school by the twentieth century anti - roman complex is just how much its strong and weak features are simultaneously neglected by it. why should this be the case? a conscious desire on the part of the anti - romanists to distort \" romanism \" cannot be excluded as an hypothesis, though the effort to prove and document this would require a book - length study. in any case, there is another, ironic explanation for the shortcomings of the critique which is readily available. it is, once again, fair to say that the dominant romanists did not give to historical studies the importance that they deserved, and that despite the school ' s birth in a rediscovery of the christian past. nevertheless, infinitely more damage has been done to church history in the long run by the anti - romanists of our own day. this is due to the fact that contemporary anti - romanists have embedded the appreciation for a rigorous historical methodology which they inherited from their nineteenth century ancestors in that overall modernist vision of life which glorifies will, action, and prophetic democracy. and this vision has the contrary effect of justifying a complete disdain for the \" dead past \". in other words, twentieth century anti - romanists teach us a great deal, in practical terms, about how to research and write history in a superior manner, but they also have given us all the reasons for not bothering to take up that historical activity in the first place! history, like metaphysics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49371105770738827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.861923"} {"text": "teach us a great deal, in practical terms, about how to research and write history in a superior manner, but they also have given us all the reasons for not bothering to take up that historical activity in the first place! history, like metaphysics, is a block to a completely vital, action - centered, liberated life. it provides too many lessons, too many models to follow, all of which hamper guidance from one ' s own creative will, whose veracity and goodness is proven through success. a mennaisien faith in an emerging, evolving christianity, taught by the people and its prophets, provides another impulse to look forward and ignore what lies behind. actually, the same result follows with respect to other studies neglected or treated with restraint by the roman school, such as sociology. a powerful stimulus to rigorous sociological work is given by the critics, but fitted into that view of life which ( to paraphrase james burnham ' s critique of eleanor roosevelt ) dissolves every solid bit of evidence in a murky goo of directionless will and democratic rapture. in the last analysis, the anti - romanists of our own day seat us upon a mountain of data, and then tell us to make our judgments on the basis of what we \" will \" and \" feel \" ; whatever succeeds in giving us that which we desire. they then appeal to our \" faith - in - the - future \" to revive our flagging spirits when unhappiness ensues. where does all this lead us with respect to an accurate historical appreciation of the roman school? into a black hole. for the anti - romanist foot soldier of modernity, history is really only valid in so far as it can help to guide us to a confidence in will, action, and democratic faith. historical research into an understanding of the growth of this confidence is undertaken and praised, and, given the roman school ' s basic failure to support such confidence - building, much attention is devoted to its terrible error in this regard. positive teachings of the roman school, which explain the reasons for its theological and philosophical stance, are ignored as a useless waste of vital human time and energy. any of its true flaws that might impact badly on the modern vitalist argument are tossed into the abyss along with them. creative historical writing thus becomes the rule. to hate the roman school is to know it ; to know it in its fullness is beside the point. one all too famous history of the reign of pope pius ix devotes pages to a description of the \" vital", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4862885728606094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.862935"} {"text": "writing thus becomes the rule. to hate the roman school is to know it ; to know it in its fullness is beside the point. one all too famous history of the reign of pope pius ix devotes pages to a description of the \" vital \" and \" forward - looking \" journal l ' ere nouvelle, which lasted but briefly in 1848, while it pays scant attention to la civilto cattolica, founded in 1850, and still published today. this is because la civilto cattolica testified to the positive character of the anti - modern roman school. i, personally, had discussions at oxford with a scholar who criticized vehemently the \" obscurantist \" character of that journal, while at the same time i was enjoying the privilege of cutting open large numbers of the thousand pages of its volumes for the fifteen year period from 1850 - 1865, thus, presumably, becoming the first man actually to read them in the university library as well. i would not be surprised if the same were true for students in other libraries elsewhere. the committed opponents of the roman school have no interest in its history as such ; a scholar making a painstaking case for its achievements according to the best rules of the modern historiography to which they themselves ascribe is lost in space. a public formed in the spirit of willful, democratic, prophetic action has no time for him. it has more vital, energetic, important things to do than finding out the simple, boring, truth. the result is that very few people have any idea of the positive accomplishments of the roman school. they know little or nothing about its concern for the doctrine of the mystical body of christ and of individual divinization, concepts partly inspired by men like m\u00f7hler, whom proponents of the new theology of the 1930 ' s and 1940 ' s claimed to be rediscovering for the first time. they know little or nothing of the roman school ' s sustained fight for catholic universalism against arrogant, condescending, secularist, modernist imperialists. they leave buried in scholarly texts the record of the romanist battle versus nationalist parochialism, alongside rabid, chauvinist, progressive pronouncements which would make most twenty - first century liberals shudder. they are, in short, ignorant of the central nature of the struggle of the roman school against modernity, which was a fight for human freedom and dignity against the fraudulent gods of democracy and arbitrary willfulness. similarly, few people are aware of what i think to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4640575716398423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.864050"} {"text": "short, ignorant of the central nature of the struggle of the roman school against modernity, which was a fight for human freedom and dignity against the fraudulent gods of democracy and arbitrary willfulness. similarly, few people are aware of what i think to be the greatest ( though unwitting ) flaw of the roman school : namely, its tendency, in seeking to galvanize the entire catholic population, to open the backdoor to the carping presbyterianism and lay, democratic, mennaisien spirit which i discuss in all borrowed armor chokes us. and, finally, almost no one recognizes that the anti - roman complex is really not new at all ; that a great deal of what it stands for, both in general and in its specifics, concerning themes ranging from church organization to liturgy to the relationship of the ecclesiastical authority to the state and to common law, is actually resurrected enlightenment and jansenist theology, philosophy, and pastoral vision, gussied up in ball gowns designed by lamennais. i have often quoted louis veuillot ' s observation that catholics grow worse the farther they stray from their beliefs, while their opponents grow worse the more faithful they stay to theirs. something similar might be said for the proponents of the roman school and their enemies. the spirit of the roman school contained within it the stimulus to the rediscovery and development of the whole catholic tradition ; the narrowness and bitterness of a number of its followers led them away from that high road down limiting and even self - destructive byways. the critical spirit of many of the enemies of the roman school, on the other hand, enabled them to pass down immensely valuable insights to their present - day heirs. but that critical outlook was set to work in minds shaped essentially by bitterness, jansenism, and an adulation of the will, energetic action of whatever variety, and the religion of democracy. such minds were poisoned, and their catholic faith badly obscured, provoking understandably vigorous, though sometimes disjointed, and often equally acerbic reactions from romanists. a retreat from the cult of modernity would put the specifics of the criticisms of the anti - roman camp into rational perspective. the roman school needed better and more fully - rounded romans, something which merely critical opponents could have helped to produce. it did not need a full - scale dismantling, and the establishment of a company of enlightened, jansenist, mennaisien cheerleaders in the campus of the saints.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46615577565718264, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.865044"} {"text": "- this article, or parts of this article, has been imported from the page wikipedia : egypt. egypt ( arabic : \u0645\u0635\u0631, romanized misr, officially the arab republic of egypt, is a middle eastern country in north africa. while the country is geographically situated in africa, the sinai peninsula, east of the suez canal, is a land bridge to asia. covering an area of about 1, 001, 450 square kilometres ( 386, 560 square miles ), egypt borders libya to the west, sudan to the south, and israel and the gaza strip to the northeast ; on the north and the east are the mediterranean sea and the red sea, respectively. egypt is the sixteenth most populous country in the world. the vast majority of its 78. 8 million population ( 2006 ) live near the banks of the nile river ( about 40, 000 km\u00b2 or 15, 450 sq. miles ), where the only arable agricultural land is found. large areas of land are part of the sahara desert and are sparsely inhabited. about half of the egyptian people today are urban, living in the densely populated centres of greater cairo, the largest city in africa and the middle east, and alexandria. egypt is famous for its ancient civilization and some of the world ' s most ancient and important monuments, including the giza pyramids and the great sphinx of giza ; the southern city of luxor contains a particularly large number of ancient artifacts such as the karnak temple and the valley of the kings. today, egypt is widely regarded as the main political and cultural centre of the arab and middle eastern regions. egypt ' s popularity as a tourist destination continues to grow amongst european countries, particularly in italy, germany and the uk. whilst tourists have traditionally visited egypt in search of the ancient monuments the country is famed for, many are now drawn by the lure of the bordering red sea and the magnificent sea life within. as a result, egyptian holiday resorts including sharm el - sheikh, taba, hurghada and marsa alam are growing increasingly popular with diving enthusiasts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45140885208281034, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.867123"} {"text": "doing things with paracord has become very popular. this lesson will show you how to build a simple jig that will make tying the paracord bundle or fob much easier and how to tie a length of paracord into a small package that can quickly be undone. there is a youtube video at the bottom that shows all of this as well. - measuring and layout - selecting a drill size, a simple depth indicator and drilling holes in wood - paracord wrapping and tying - bits \u2013 twist drill type - pencil for marking - clamp ( desirable ) - board \u2013 2\u00d74 or similar at least 18 \u2033 long - two round school pencils - tape \u2013 masking or blue painters - using your ruler and pencil or sharpie measure from one end of your board and make a mark at 4 \u2033, 6 \u2033, 8 \u2033, 10 \u2033 & 16 \u2033. you want these marks to be in the center of the board. - select the drill bit the size of your pencils and hold it next to the board so that the point is a little higher than the bottom of the board and put a piece of tape on the bit even with the top of the board. this is your depth indicator. - put the bit in your drill and drill the holes, stopping when the tape reaches the top of the board. try to keep the drill a vertical as possible, this is called plumb by carpenters. - put the pencils in the holes and you are done. the advantage of a jig for anything is repeat - ability. in this case you can learn how many wraps each length of paracord needs to come out correctly. i \u2019 m not even going to try to explain how to use the jig, watch the video. however i did list the settings i \u2019 ve found to work at the bottom. you may need to adjust them for the way you tie, but this will give you a starting point that should at least work. the first hole always gets a pencil and 2nd pencil is placed in the hole that corresponds to the length of paracord you are using and then wrap the number of times indicated. again see table below the video for the values that worked for me.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42632814838433997, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.870594"} {"text": "| stylistic origins | | rock and roll \u2022 folk \u2022 rockabilly \u2022 ska \u2022 surf rock \u2022 garage rock \u2022 glam rock \u2022 pub rock \u2022 protopunk | | cultural origins | | mid - 1970s, united states, united kingdom, and australia | | typical instruments | | vocals \u2022 electric guitar \u2022 bass \u2022 drums \u2022 occasional use of other instruments | | mainstream popularity | | topped charts in uk during late 1970s. international commercial success for pop punk and ska - punk, mid - 1990s \u2013 2000s. | | derivative forms | | new wave \u2022 post - punk \u2022 gothic rock \u2022 alternative rock \u2022 grunge \u2022 emo | | anarcho - punk \u2022 art punk \u2022 christian punk \u2022 crust punk \u2022 garage punk \u2022 glam punk \u2022 hardcore punk \u2022 oi! \u2022 riot grrrl \u2022 skate punk | | 2 tone \u2022 anti - folk \u2022 avant - punk \u2022 celtic punk \u2022 chicano punk \u2022 cowpunk \u2022 folk punk \u2022 gaelic punk \u2022 gypsy punk \u2022 pop punk \u2022 psychobilly \u2022 punk blues \u2022 punk jazz \u2022 ska punk | punk rock ( or \" punk \" ) is a music genre related to rock music. it is often described as harder, louder, and cruder than other rock music. many punk rock songs have lyrics ( words ) which tell angry stories or which use rude or controversial words. about punk rock [ change ] punk rock is a style of music. many musicians and punk rock music listeners ( \" punk rockers \" ) want to protest or rebel against the norms or rules of society. punks say that people should \" do it yourself \", which means that people should try to accomplish their goals using the materials in their own communities. many punk bands make their own music recordings and distribute them without using a major record company. many punks have strong political beliefs. punk rock musicians are often mad at the government, the police, and laws. many punk rock songs protest injustice, lies, and unfairness in countries. almost all punks are leftists, who believe that a country should share the products and food that it produces with all the people in the country. some punks are vegetarian or vegans, because they believe that animals should not be killed for food. some punks are anarchists. very few punks are conservative, libertarian, or republican. punk rock developed in new york city in the mid - 1970s. bands like the ramones, television, the heartbreakers, blondie, and patti smith played loud, angry songs. many bands played at a club called cb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48182990277877774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.876443"} {"text": "libertarian, or republican. punk rock developed in new york city in the mid - 1970s. bands like the ramones, television, the heartbreakers, blondie, and patti smith played loud, angry songs. many bands played at a club called cbgb ' s. the music soon spread to australia and britain, were bands started playing punk rock in 1976 - 1977. british bands like buzzcocks, the clash, the damned, generation x, the jam, and sex pistols played punk rock music that was inspired by the music being played in new york, as well as by garage rock, pub rock, and other protopunk music. these early \" punks \" rejected the excesses of mainstream 1970s rock. they created fast, hard - edged music, with short songs, stripped - down instrumentation, and often political, anti - establishment lyrics. they often did controversial things, such as saying bad words in public. many newspapers wrote articles about the \" bad \" behavior of punk rock musicians. in the 1980s, a new type of punk rock called \" hardcore punk \" or \" hardcore \" developed. punk rock music began being mixed with heavy metal rock music. many hardcore bands began playing in the united states. in the 1990s, punk rock began being mixed with pop music to create a new lighter style of music called pop - punk. pop - punk bands include green day and good charlotte. some pop - punk bands mixed punk rock with ska music. pop - punk was still popular in the 2000s. some people who like the 1970s - style punk rock criticize pop - punk because pop - punk is commercialized. some people say that punk rock is dead. but that is not true, because the spirit lives on and many punk rockers are around today. - bad brains - bad religion - black flag - the clash - dead kennedys - green day - iggy pop - meat puppets - minor threat - the misfits - new york dolls - the offspring - the sex pistols - social distortion - \" punk rock \" ( in english ). springfield : merriam - webster, incorporated. 2010. http : / / www. merriam - webster. com / dictionary / punk + rock. retrieved 23 january 2010.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47531534351367316, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.877323"} {"text": "preparation. i wrote simple scenarios on the back of about 20 - 25 die cut fish and hid them around the primary room. ( i didn ' t get into how christ was a fisher of men for time ' s sake, but the idea was there. ) - your sister sits at your seat at dinner. you get mad and yell at her. - your mom is working hard making dinner and the table isn ' t set. you say \" i ' ll set the table! \" - it ' s early in the morning and your mom says it ' s time to get ready for church. you are so tired but you get up and get dressed without complaining. - your brother spills his crayons all over the floor. you say \" you ' re going to be in big trouble and don ' t help him pick them up. \" how it rolled. we sang the song. i asked a teacher to choose two or three kids to each find a fish and bring it up. i read each scenario and the group gave me a ' thumbs up ' if it was trying to be like jesus or a ' thumbs down ' if it wasn ' t. we came up with a solution for the scenarios that weren ' t christlike. then we sang the song again and two or three more children found fish. we continued until the fish were all found, sometimes singing just part of the song they needed work on. why this worked. lots of kids got to find fish. everyone was involved in the singing and voting with their thumb. it moved quickly with the short scenarios. we got lots of repetitions of the song in. they really connected with the scenarios. senior primarypreparation. i displayed a dozen paintings of christ in action. for example, christ healing the blind man, the boy jesus working with joseph, christ calming the storm, christ being baptized, etc. i gathered these pictures from the gospel art kit and old calendars of paintings done by simon dewey and liz lemon swindle. explanation. i told the children that since we were singing about ' trying to be like jesus ' that we were going to share things we do that are like things that christ did. i asked the children to look at all the pictures and find one that they connected with and then be willing to share what they do that is ' trying to be like jesus. ' how it rolled. first we sang one verse. then i choose a teacher to send up two children from their class. the children each chose a picture and showed it to the group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4882072656025249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.881050"} {"text": "share what they do that is ' trying to be like jesus. ' how it rolled. first we sang one verse. then i choose a teacher to send up two children from their class. the children each chose a picture and showed it to the group. they told ( in one sentence ) what was happening and what they do that is similar. then we sang another verse and two more children came up until the pictures were gone. sometimes they needed a little prompting from me, other times they did they whole thing by themselves. child \" christ is raising the girl from the dead. \" me \" have you raised anyone from the dead? \" me \" have you helped anyone that was sick? \" child \" yes, i helped my mom when she had surgery. \" me \" what did you do? \" child \" i filled up her water bottle and helped her get up. i cleaned up the kitchen. \" me \" i bet she really appreciated that. you know when you help her you are doing exactly what jesus would do. you are being like jesus. \" lessons learned. i especially loved the connections they made with two of the pictures. one was with the picture of christ calming the raging sea. i asked what raging seas we might see during the day. ' arguing or anger ' was the answer and we talked briefly about being the peacemaker. another was with the picture of christ carrying a child on his back by liz lemon swindle. an 11 year old girl chose that one and talked about taking care of her little brothers and sister. i told her that jesus loves her little brothers and sister so much and is so happy when she treats them with love. idea for small primariesif my primary group was smaller i would ask the parents to tell me about an instance when their child did something that was showing that they are trying to be like jesus, and share them between singing verses of the song. even better, have them send a picture of them doing something christlike and make a video of it set to the song.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46306987067414873, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.881868"} {"text": "if you shop in the city of san jose, beginning january 1, 2012 ( that ' s about 4 months away ) there will no longer be disposable plastic bags for your merchandise. that means you will need to bring your own bags to put your groceries or other purchases in. plastic bags are a convenience that just isn ' t worth the price on the environment. did you know that plastic bags are the most commonly found items during creek clean - ups or that californians use 4 million plastic bags a year? plastic bags are considered to be dangerous to over 260 species of wildlife including sea turtles who mistake the bags in the ocean for jellyfish and then try to eat them. swapping out plastic bags for reusable ones is a change that everyone can easily make! what can you do to get ready for the change? recycle your plastic grocery bags by turning them into \" yarn \" that you can then use to crochet a reusable shopping bag. this is recycling / reuse at its finest. i ' ve made a couple of these myself - they are quick to make and they are flexible and strong! this video shows you how to do it! purchase bags at your local store. they are only a few dollars and if you start now buying one a week, you ' ll easily have enough for your weekly grocery run before the ordinance goes into effect. check out the book bags the library friends sell! these bags are built for toting books, but they ' ll carry your canned goods and loaves of bread just as easily. and you ' ll be supporting the library as well!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4339028750573447, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.883799"} {"text": "leadership involves defining and communicating an organization \u2019 s long - term vision and mission while conflict resolution typically deals with the situation at hand. by articulating what you want to accomplish, providing support for talented subordinates, overcoming obstacles, exploiting opportunities, demanding excellence, behaving ethically, you set a good example for your organization. an effective leader builds teams that work well together. as a leader, you facilitate the resolution of conflicts that distract the team members, decrease productivity, destroy motivation and lead frustration and anger. you also recognize that some conflict is natural and necessary to produce innovative solutions to problems, encourage meaningful communication between team members and leads to clarification and cooperation. using the thomas - kilmann conflict mode instrument, developed in the 1970s by conflict resolution experts kenneth w. thomas and ralph h. kilmann, you can identify the best way to handle conflict in your organization. leaders use their position, expertise or persuasive ability to exercise control over their subordinates. in an emergency situation, when a decision needs to made quickly, you typically use the autocratic leadership style to resolve the problem. on an ongoing basis, however, to prevent conflict from festering in the organization, effective team leaders take the time to gather input from subordinates and refrain from behaving as if decisions represent a win or loss for subordinates. by using the participative leadership style, you foster an environment of cooperation and collaboration that typically enables employees to function effectively as a team. an effective leader quickly diagnoses issues that hinder team productivity, takes prompt corrective action to resolve disagreements and helps the team members to develop the skills necessary to resolve conflicts on their own, without management intervention. by compromising, both sides in a conflict give up something in order to gain an agreement. effective leaders encourage team members to accept concessions when necessary to maintain a level of productivity rather than continuing to debate or argue. they help team members overcome interpersonal conflicts and promote acceptance of other cultures and experiences in the workplace. to meet the needs of the team, a team member may surrender his position. when the stakes are low, accommodating the needs of others can promote harmony and foster a productive work environment. however, long - term conflict can arise if more aggressive individuals take advantage of team members who don \u2019 t act assertively. effective leaders monitor their team environment and provide coaching and mentoring to members that enables them to function productively together without operating at the expense of others. when a conflict involves a controversial or unpopular decision", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5004722053654644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.886736"} {"text": "bernini ' s bust of medusa gian lorenzo bernini, bust of medusa, marble, c. 1644 - 48 ( capitoline museum ) medusa, one of the three gorgons, daughter of phorcys and ceto. she was the only one of the gorgons who was subject to mortality. she is celebrated for her personal charms and the beauty of her locks. neptune became enamoured of her, and obtained her favours in the temple of minerva. this violation of the sanctity of the temple provoked minerva, and she changed the beautiful locks of medusa, which had inspired neptune \u2019 s love to serpents. according to apollodorus, medusa and her sisters came into the world with snakes on their heads, instead of hair, with yellow wings and brazen hands. their bodies were also covered with impenetrable scales, and their very looks had the power of killing or turning to stones. perseus rendered his name immortal by his conquest of medusa. he cut off her head, and the blood that dropped from the wound produced the innumerable serpents that infest africa. the conqueror placed medusa ' s head on the shield of minerva, which he had used in his expedition. the head still retained the same petrifying power as before, as it was fatally known in the court of cepheus.... some suppose that the gorgons were a nation of women, whom perseus conquered. ( from lempriere \u2019 s classical dictionary of proper names mentioned in ancient authors writ large. ed. j. lempriere and f. a. wright. london : routledge & kegan paul. as quoted by modern american poetry site, department of english, university of illinois )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4455214584741257, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.889182"} {"text": "a recent study shows that working the muscles may strengthen not only your body, but your brain as wemay improve the brain \u2019 s ability to think. in past research, lab animals and people generally performed better on cognition tests after engaging in exercise for several weeks. researchers designed an experiment to observe the exact effects of exercise on the brain. using two drugs that simulate the effects of exercise on lab animals for 2 weeks, the experiment confirmed that changes in muscles did indeed affect the mind. the lab animals that received the drugs performed significantly better on tests of memory and learning than control animals that had been idle for the same 2 weeks. the results suggested, however, that exercise may need to be aerobic in order to substantially affect the brain. for more details, go to http : / / well. blogs. nytimes. com / a study conducted in oregon state university has recently observed the positive effects of short bouts of exercise as compared to the recommended 30 minute structured exercise regimen we are usually told to strive for. researchers say that instead of dedicating 30 minutes to exercise all at once, it can be broken up into spurts of physical activity as short as one or two minutes at a time, which at the end of the day can easily add up to 30 minutes. they suggest becoming aware of your ability to add physical movement into any part of your day and making small changes in your normal routine, such as pacing while talking on the phone, taking the stairs instead of the elevator, using a rake instead of a leaf blower, and shopping in stores instead of online. the study found that 43 % of people who engaged in short bouts of physical activity met the physical guidelines of getting 30 minutes of exercise daily. however, less than 10 % of people engaging in longer bouts of exercise met the same federal guidelines. these new findings provide an easy alternative for those of us who don \u2019 t have the time to fit 30 or more consecutive minutes of exercise into our busy days. for more details, go to http : / / www. sciencedaily. com / releases / 2013 / 01 / 130129100118. htm weight training alone is not an effective way to reduce the risk of heart disease or diabetes if you are overweight, but aerobic training might be, according to a new study from the duke university medical center. participants in the study were divided into three groups for eight months. one group did only resistance training, working out on eight different weight machines three times per week. the second group did two hours of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5044020918254748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.894470"} {"text": "to a new study from the duke university medical center. participants in the study were divided into three groups for eight months. one group did only resistance training, working out on eight different weight machines three times per week. the second group did two hours of aerobic training per week, and the third group did both programs. people in the weight training group gained an average of 1. 5 pounds, added to their waistline and failed to reduce their risk for heart disease or diabetes. the aerobic training group lost three pounds and a half - inch from their waists, and participants who did both cardio and weights in the study lost four pounds and an inch from their waists. both groups also decreased their risk of illness. although the combination of weight training and aerobic training produced the best results, the study published in the american journal of cardiology says that it is hard to determine whether the difference between the combined group and the aerobic group was due to the combination of training being more effective or simply forcing participants to work out twice as much. \u201c when weighing the time commitment versus health benefit, the data suggest that at ( aerobic training ) alone was the most efficient mode of exercise for improving cardiometabolic health, \u201d says the study, titled \u201c comparison of aerobic versus resistance exercise training effects on metabolic syndrome. \u201d exercise also plays a prominent role in reducing the risk of sudden cardiac death, which is the result of a sudden loss of heart function due to problems with the heart \u2019 s electrical impulses, according to another study published earlier this month in the journal of the american medical association. by analyzing data on lifestyle factors of more than 80, 000 women over the span of 25 years, researchers found that those who worked out regularly and also had a healthy body mass index ( under 25 ), did not smoke and ate a well - balanced diet significantly reduced their chances of sudden cardiac death. it \u2019 s pretty common to be excited when you start a new exercise program. there \u2019 s hope that you \u2019 ll finally reach your goals, you \u2019 re immersed in a new regime, and because you are starting fresh, your mind is a little more engaged and curious to see what \u2019 s coming next. but after a few months, how do you keep that going? here is a list of 10 ways tostay excited about exercising, and below are some of my favorites that i use too : 1. ) make exercise a part of your schedule. this personally is crucial for me. if i block out the hour, and have a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5060219629108954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.895416"} {"text": "of 10 ways tostay excited about exercising, and below are some of my favorites that i use too : 1. ) make exercise a part of your schedule. this personally is crucial for me. if i block out the hour, and have a workout regularly dedicated to this time slot, that \u2019 s it - i have my plans set in stone and there \u2019 s no backing out! 2. ) mix it up. i try one new exercise routine or format every other week. even just slightly mixing up something i normally do keeps me engaged and challenged. 3. ) if you ever happen to miss a workout ( life gets in the way, so this does happen sometimes! ) re - motivate and make a game plan right away. figure out how you can reschedule that workout and stick to it! our very own annique roberts was recently written up in the new york times as one of the 10 best new dancers in new york! annique s. roberts is a native of atlanta, ga and magna cum laude graduate of howard university where she earned a bfa in dance. she toured nationally and internationally with garth fagan dance for over 5 years. currently, she dances with ronald k. brown / evidence based in brooklyn, ny. annique is afaa group fitness certified and you can take a class with her at smart workout. sign up on the righthand side of this page, or visit www. smartworkout. net, to enroll in a free promotional class with annique.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40566519368274, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.896018"} {"text": "what is the rule for using the \" passive se \" ( e. g. \" \u00bf como se dice? \" ) with a reflexive verb that involves another se pronoun? for example, how would you translate \" one takes a shower ( ducharse ) frequently in hot weather. \"? do the two se pronouns simply combine into one? | show 3 more comments | the two pronouns just combine in one : \" one takes a shower frequently in hot weather \" - - > se ducha frecuentemente cuando hace calor. she takes a shower frequently in hot weather - - > ( ella ) se ducha frecuentemente cuando hace calor. as far as i know there is no \" passive se \". as others have introduced, there are mainly two uses for \" se \". however, in the case of reflexive verbs, the third person changes and \" se \" is used in the third person ( both singular and plural ) instead of the corresponding \" le \" or \" les \". if you speak german, also a germanic language like english, this case applies exactly in the same way : i guess your doubt is the following : can a reflexive verb ( which uses the \" se \" particle ) be combined with the impersonal \" se \" ( what you call \" the passive se \" ) in the same sentence? hope this helps. i ' m posting a new answer since i misunderstood and needed some more room than a comment. in english you use an auxiliary verb \" do \" in \" how does one shave? \", but in spanish you don ' t. there is only one verb in the sentence \" \u00bf como se afeita uno? \". we could get in an deep debate about where that \" se \" comes from, but i think it ' s safe and easy to just assume it ' s a fixed impersonal particle. thinking it is a verb does not help and confuses more. the first \" se \" is therefore just the \" impersonal se \". think about how you ask impersonal \" how to \" questions with \" se \" in spanish : that ' s just a fixed formula. a small break here that hope clarifies the thing about \" se \" in reflexive verbs, which is not so special after all. in a general sentence we have a subject + verb ( action ) + direct object ( what ) + indirect object ( receiver ). as you know, you can substitute both direct and indirect object for pronouns", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4515592479080628, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.900943"} {"text": "verbs, which is not so special after all. in a general sentence we have a subject + verb ( action ) + direct object ( what ) + indirect object ( receiver ). as you know, you can substitute both direct and indirect object for pronouns. which in spanish can be tricky because not only is the order of the sentence altered but there is also an exception. this is the case of the indirect object \" le \" ( to him / to her ) that changes to \" se \" when both a direct and indirect object pronouns are present in the same sentence. if you only use a pronoun for the indirect object, you say : but if you use both pronouns, instead of the logical : which is incorrect, \" le \" is changed to avoid the le - la \" cacophony \" ( bad sound ) : this is where the infamous third person \" se \" for the indirect object comes from. reflexive verbs are not so special after all. it just happens that the receiver of the action ( indirect object ) is the same as the performer ( subject ), so logically speaking they are simply a normal verb with an indirect object pronoun sticked to them to mark that they can be applied to oneself. \" ducharse \" is just a special case of \" duchar \" ( you can \" duchar a alguien \" / shower somebody ). ducharse just means that this verb can be applied to oneself, and the one who ' s being showered is the same as \" the showerer \" : ) : but that sounds weird so we just use reflexive pronouns ( which as you see have a lot to do with indirect object personal pronouns ), that in the third person is \" se \" to clarify that te showering is to oneself, not to a third person. and now, back to the original answer. remember the general impersonal form of asking \" how to \"? why should reflexive verbs be special? we just say \" uno \" ( meaning \" un hombre \", \" uno a si mismo \" ) just like in english you say \" oneself \". if it ' s referred specifically to a girl, then \" una \" is generally used : pfew. hope it ' s clear now. i just wanted to make clear where the \" reflexive se \" comes from and what the relation is. i don ' t understand it either. you use \" se \" mostly when the subject performs actions on itself or if you want to make an impersonal statement like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4920198056670501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.902132"} {"text": "freighter ( or barge ) was the term given to any spacecraft that was used to transport freight or cargo ( such as parts and supplies ). both legitimate businesspersons and smugglers could be found captaining such transports. freighters were needed from the time space travel began because of the need for supplies to all reaches of the galaxy. freighters usually traveled with hyperdrives because people would often pay more for quick delivery. for obvious reasons, freighters were used mainly for trade. although very few fought in great battles, many freighters did see action. smugglers and legitimate traders alike had some tangles now and then, but freighters were often armed and shielded so that they could resist attempts on their cargo. smuggling was a very prominent criminal fringe activity in the galaxy that involved the transportation of contraband between planets. to do this, a freighter generally of small size such as the millennium falcon, was required to transport the contraband past planetary security forces. some examples of contraband include spice, blasters and medical supplies. smugglers often added upgrades to their ships so that they could beat competitors and outwit planetary security forces. almost every smugglers vessel had improved light speed and sub - light speed drives for increased speed as well as boosted weapons systems to fight their way out of tough situations. another of the most prevalent modifications to a smugglers freighter were numerous secret compartments to hide contraband from security checks while legitimate cargo occupied the cargo bays. on the millennium falcon, these consisted of removable floor plates. some freighters became so heavily modified that the mess of cross wired and non traditional parts prevented starship mechanics from working on them effectively. the smugglers themselves were therefore required to have a detailed knowledge of freighter mechanics and electronics to be able to keep their vessels in working order. most smugglers preferred it this way as they didn ' t trust anyone tampering with their prized possessions. most smugglers freighters required a crew of more than one and as such most smugglers hired a copilot, such as chewbacca on the millennium falcon or the droid le - bo2d9 aboard the outrider. to a smuggler, their freighter was everything ; their job, their home, their lives. many smugglers lived in their freighters as they had no terrestrial home. - star wars : the old republic - tempest feud - the clone wars : decide your destiny : crisis on coruscant - \" the heart \" - \" maze run \" \u2014 star wars insider 131 - star wars episode iv : a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5215137661005302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.908850"} {"text": "balete is a strangling, smooth plant, assuming a tree form and reaching a height of 15 meters or more. branches are drooping. leaves are leathery, oblong - ovate, 6 to 9 centimeters long, with prominent and rather slender point, rounded base, entire margins, smooth green and shining ; the nerves slender and spreading, not prominent. petioles are 5 to 10 millimeters long. fruit is axillary, solitary, stalkless, dark - purple and fleshy when mature, somewhat spherical, and 1 centimeter in diameter. - from northern luzon to mindanao, in most islands and provinces, n primary forests at low and medium altitudes. - in manila, planted as avenue and shade tree. - also occurs in india to southern china, malaya, northern australia, and the islands of the south pacific. - bark contains 4. 2 percent tannin. - latex contains 30 % caoutchouc, along with 59 % resin. - wax contains cerotic acid. extraction of leaves, bark, and fruits yielded six compounds : cinnamic acid, lactose, naringenin, quercetin, caffeic acid and stigmasterol. ( 11 ) - dermatitis and allergic reactions : plant sap from all parts reported to cause minor skin irritation. frequent contact may cause itching of the eyes, coughing, and wheezing. ( 4 ) bark, root, leaves. \u2022 root, bark of root and leaves boiled in oil and applied on wounds and bruises. \u2022 juice of bark used for liver diseases. \u2022 pounded leaves and bark applied as poultice for rheumatic headache. \u2022 landscape : in manila, used as an avenue and shade tree. \u2022 rope : in the provinces, rope made from its bast. \u2022 household allergen : ficus benjamin is a relatively common source of indoor household allergen, with a prevalence of sensitization similar to moulds. ( 1 ) \u2022 allergic / toxic irritative : study showed more complaints of asthmatic bronchitis, rhinoconjunctivitis and skin symptoms among gardeners handling ficus benjamina ( weeping fig ) and hedera helix ( ivy ). ( 2 ) \u2022 asthma / weeping fig / cross - reactivities : study showed hypersensitivity to f. benjamina may cause ige - mediated respiratory allergy. the association with allergy to fig and papains is likely due to cross - reactive allergen structures. ( 3 ) study showed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41925240721871393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.913826"} {"text": "##ities : study showed hypersensitivity to f. benjamina may cause ige - mediated respiratory allergy. the association with allergy to fig and papains is likely due to cross - reactive allergen structures. ( 3 ) study showed a hepatoprotective activity of an ethanolic extract of ficus benjamina against ccl4 - induced liver damage in rats. silymarin was used as standard reference drug. ( 7 ) \u2022 leaves as indicator of atmospheric pollution : study evaluated the suitability of ficus benjamina leaves as a captor of heavy metal particles from atmospheric dusts in urban areas. samples collected yielded values almost ten times higher than those obtained from unpolluted reference. ( 8 ) \u2022 hypersensitivity to ficus benjamina / implications in food allergy : study of exposure to ficus benjamina and other ficus species was documented in 101 ( 29 % ) of patients. of the 22 with hypersensitivity to f. benjamina, 8 showed hypersensitivity to common edible fig, seven to kiwi and two to latex. study concludes that both prevalence of exposure and sensitization to f. benjamina and presence of allergic manifestations in some patients should be a concern for the plant as an indoor allergen which may also have implications in food allergy. ( 9 ) \u2022 cross - reactivity / latex and fig fruit : allergic reactions to fresh or dried figs can present as a consequence of primary sensitization to airborne fb allergens independent of sensitization to rubber latex allergens. other fruits like kiwi, papaya, avocado, pineapple, and banana may be associated with sensitization to ficus allergens. ( 10 ) \u2022 constituents / antibacterial / cytotoxicity : leaves, bark, and fruits yielded six compounds : cinnamic acid, lactose, naringenin, quercetin, caffeic acid and stigmasterol. caffeic acid showed strong cytotoxic activity against t - lymphoblastic leukemic ( cem - ss ) cell line. the compounds showed antibacterial activity against b. cereus and p. aeruginosa.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4473078561451218, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.914709"} {"text": "algoritma nyaeta susunan parentah, nu jumlahna kawates, pikeun ngolah sababaraha parentah nu, sakumpulan data asupanana, bakal ngahasilkeun sarupaning bentuk ahir nu bisa dipikawanoh ; sabalikna ti heuristik. konsep algoritma mindeng digambarkeun ku conto hiji resep, sanajan loba algoritma kacida ruwetna ; algoritma sering miboga lengkah - lengkah anu malikan ( iterasi ) atawa merlukeun kaputusan ( saperti logika atawa perbandingan ) nepi ka tugas direngsekeunnana. | artikel ieu keur dikeureuyeuh, ditarjamahkeun tina basa inggris. bantosanna diantos kanggo narjamahkeun. sababaraha alogaritma bisa anggeus ku pagawean nu sarua make susunan parentah nu beda in more or less time, space, or effort than others. for example, given two different recipes for making potato salad, one may have peel the potato before boil the potato while the other presents the steps in the reverse order, yet they both call for these steps to be repeated for all potatoes and end when the potato salad is ready to be eaten. correctly performing an algorithm will not solve a problem if the algorithm is flawed or not appropriate to the problem. for example, performing the potato salad algorithm will fail if there are no potatoes present, even if all the motions of preparing the salad are performed as if the potatoes were there. in some countries, such as the usa, some algorithms can effectively be patented if an embodiment is possible ( for example, a multiplication algorithm embodied in the arithmetic unit of a microprocessor ). algoritma nu dirumuskeun [ edit ] algorithms are essential to the way computers process information, because a computer program is essentially an algorithm that tells the computer what specific steps to perform ( in what specific order ) in order to carry out a specified task, such as calculating employees \u2019 paychecks or printing students \u2019 report cards. thus, an algorithm can be considered to be any sequence of operations which can be performed by a turing -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6133015708580627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.927840"} {"text": "in what specific order ) in order to carry out a specified task, such as calculating employees \u2019 paychecks or printing students \u2019 report cards. thus, an algorithm can be considered to be any sequence of operations which can be performed by a turing - complete system. typically, when an algorithm is associated with processing information, data is read from an input source or device, written to an output sink or device, and / or stored for further use. stored data is regarded as part of the internal state of the entity performing the algorithm. for any such computational process, the algorithm must be rigorously defined : specified in the way it applies in all possible circumstances that could arise. that is, any conditional steps must be systematically dealt with, case - by - case ; the criteria for each case must be clear ( and computable ). because an algorithm is a precise list of precise steps, the order of computation will almost always be critical to the functioning of the algorithm. instructions are usually assumed to be listed explicitly, and are described as starting ' from the top ' and going ' down to the bottom ', an idea that is described more formally by flow of control. so far, this discussion of the formalisation of an algorithm has assumed the premises of imperative programming. this is the most common conception, and it attempts to describe a task in discrete, ' mechanical ' means. unique to this conception of formalized algorithms is the assignment operation, setting the value of a variable. it derives from the intuition of ' memory ' as a scratchpad. there is an example below of such an assignment. ngalarapkeun algoritma [ edit ] algorithms are sometimes implemented as computer programs but are more often implemented by other means, such as in a biological neural network ( for example, the human brain implementing arithmetic or an insect relocating food ), or in electric circuits or in a mechanical device. the analysis and study of algorithms is one discipline of computer science, and is often practiced abstractly ( without the use of a specific programming language or other implementation ). in this sense, it resembles other mathematical disciplines in that the analysis focuses on the underlying principles of the algorithm, and not on any particular implementation. one way to embody ( or sometimes codify ) an algorithm is the writing of pseudocode. some writers restrict the definition of algorithm to procedures that eventually finish. others include procedures that could run forever without stopping, arguing that some entity may be required to carry out such permanent tasks. in the latter case, success can no longer be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6019552408859762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.928886"} {"text": "pseudocode. some writers restrict the definition of algorithm to procedures that eventually finish. others include procedures that could run forever without stopping, arguing that some entity may be required to carry out such permanent tasks. in the latter case, success can no longer be defined in terms of halting with a meaningful output. instead, terms of success that allow for unbounded output sequences must be defined. for example, an algorithm that verifies if there are more zeros than ones in an infinite random binary sequence must run forever to be effective. if it is implemented correctly, however, the algorithm ' s output will be useful : for as long as it examines the sequence, the algorithm will give a positive response while the number of examined zeros outnumber the ones, and a negative response otherwise. success for this algorithm could then be defined as eventually outputting only positive responses if there are actually more zeros than ones in the sequence, and in any other case outputting any mixture of positive and negative responses. di dieu aya conto sederhana dina algoritma. bayangkeun anjeun mibanda wilangan random dina daptar nu teu kasortir. tujuan ahirna keur manggihkeun wilangan panggedena tina eta daptar. lengkah mimiti nyaeta kudu nempo kana sakabeh nilai nu aya dina deret. lengkah saterusna nyaeta nempo kana eta nilai ngan sakali. asupkeun kana itungan, algoritma basajan ngeunaan hal eta saperti di handap ieu : - pretend the first number in the list is the largest number. - look at the next number, and compare it with this largest number. - only if this next number is larger, then keep that as the new largest number. - repeat steps 2 and 3 until you have gone through the whole list. given : a list \" list \" largest = list counter = 2 while counter < = length ( list ) : if list [ counter ] > largest : largest = list [ counter ] counter = counter + 1 print largest notes on notation : - = as used here indicates assignment. that is, the value on the right - hand side of the expression is assigned to the container ( or variable ) on the left - hand side of the expression. - list [ counter ] as used here indicates the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6367466608240109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.929802"} {"text": "= as used here indicates assignment. that is, the value on the right - hand side of the expression is assigned to the container ( or variable ) on the left - hand side of the expression. - list [ counter ] as used here indicates the counterth element of the list. for example : if the value of counter is 5, then list [ counter ] refers to the 5th element of the list. - < = as used here indicates ' less than or equal to ' note also the algorithm assumes that the list contains at least one number. it will fail when presented an empty list. most algorithms have similar assumptions on their inputs, called pre - conditions. as it happens, most people who implement algorithms want to know how much of a particular resource ( such as time or storage ) a given algorithm requires. methods have been developed for the analysis of algorithms to obtain such quantitative answers ; for example, the algorithm above has a time requirement of o ( n ), using the big o notation with n representing for the length of the list. kecap algoritma comes ultimately from the name of the 9th - century mathematician abu abdullah muhammad bin musa al - khwarizmi. the word algorism originally referred only to the rules of performing arithmetic using arabic numerals but evolved into algorithm by the 18th century. the word has now evolved to include all definite procedures for solving problems or performing tasks. the first case of an algorithm written for a computer was ada byron ' s notes on the analytical engine written in 1842, for which she is considered by many to be the world ' s first programmer. however, since charles babbage never completed his analytical engine the algorithm was never implemented on it. the lack of mathematical rigor in the \" well - defined procedure \" definition of algorithms posed some difficulties for mathematicians and logicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. this problem was largely solved with the description of the turing machine, an abstract model of a computer formulated by alan turing, and the demonstration that every method yet found for describing \" well - defined procedures \" advanced by other mathematicians could be emulated on a turing machine ( a statement known as the church - turing thesis ). nowadays, a formal criterion for an algorithm is that it is a procedure that can be implemented on a completely - specified turing machine or one of the equivalent formalisms. turing ' s initial interest was in the halting problem : deciding when an algorithm describes a terminating procedure. in practical terms computational complexity theory matters more : it includes the puzzling problem of the algorithms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6105876316523904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.930964"} {"text": "specified turing machine or one of the equivalent formalisms. turing ' s initial interest was in the halting problem : deciding when an algorithm describes a terminating procedure. in practical terms computational complexity theory matters more : it includes the puzzling problem of the algorithms called np - complete, which are generally presumed to take more than polynomial time. kelas algoritma [ edit ] aya sababaraha cara keur nyieun kelas algoritma, and the merits of each classification have been the subject of ongoing debate. one way of classifying algorithms is by their design methodology or paradigm. there is a certain number of paradigms, each different from the other. furthermore, each of these categories will include many different types of algorithm. some commonly found paradigms include : - divide and conquer. a divide - and - conquer algorithm reduces an instance of a problem to one or more smaller instances of the same problem ( usually recursively ), until the instances are small enough to be directly expressible in the programming language employed ( what is ' direct ' is often discretionary ). - dynamic programming. when a problem shows optimal substructure, i. e when the optimal solution to a problem consists of optimal solutions to subproblems ( for instance the shortest path between two vertices on a weighted graph consists of the shortest path between all the vertices in between. ) you solve such a problem bottom - up by solving the simplest problems first and then procceding to increasingly difficult problems until you have solved the original problem. this is called a dynamic programming algorithm. - the greedy method. a greedy algorithm is similar to a dynamic programming algorithm, but the difference is that at each stage you don ' t have to have the solutions to the subproblems, you can make a \" greedy \" choice of what looks best for the moment. - linear programming. when you solve a problem using linear programming you put the program into a number of linear inequalities and then try to maximize ( or minimize ) the inputs. many problems ( such as the maximum flow for directed graphs ) can be stated in a linear programming way, and then be solved by a ' generic ' algorithm such as the simplex algorithm. - search and enumeration. many problems ( such as playing chess ) can be modelled as problems on graphs. a graph exploration algorithm specifies rules for moving around a graph and is useful for such problems. this category also includes the search algorithms and backtracking. - the probabilistic and heuri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6039672119428285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.932085"} {"text": "playing chess ) can be modelled as problems on graphs. a graph exploration algorithm specifies rules for moving around a graph and is useful for such problems. this category also includes the search algorithms and backtracking. - the probabilistic and heuristic paradigm. algorithms belonging to this class fit the definition of an algorithm more loosely. probabilistic algorithms are those that make some choices randomly ( or pseudo - randomly ) ; for some problems, it can in fact be proved that the fastest solutions must involve some randomness. genetic algorithms attempt to find solutions to problems by mimicking biological evolutionary processes, with a cycle of random mutations yielding successive generations of ' solutions '. thus, they emulate reproduction and \" survival of the fittest \". in genetic programming, this approach is extended to algorithms, by regarding the algorithm itself as a ' solution ' to a problem. also there are heuristic algorithms, whose general purpose is not to find a final solution, but an approximate solution where the time or resources to find a perfect solution are not practical. an example of this would be simulated annealing algorithms, a class of heuristic probabilistic algorithms that vary the solution of a problem by a random amount. the name ' simulated annealing ' alludes to the metallurgic term meaning the heating and cooling of metal to achieve freedom from defects. the purpose of the random variance is to find close to globally optimal solutions rather than simply locally optimal ones, the idea being that the random element will be decreased as the algorithm settles down to a solution. another way to classify algorithms is by implementation. a recursive algorithm is one that invokes ( makes reference to ) itself repeatedly until a certain condition matches, which is a method common to functional programming. algorithms are usually discussed with the assumption that computers execute one instruction of an algorithm at a time. those computers are sometimes called serial computers. an algorithm designed for such an environment is called a serial algorithm, as opposed to parallel algorithms, which take advantage of computer architectures where several processors can work on a problem at the same time. the various heuristic algorithm would probably also fall into this category, as their name ( e. g. a genetic algorithm ) describes its implementation. a list of algorithms discussed in wikipedia is available. tempo oge [ edit ] - bulletproof algorithms - numerical analysis - cryptographic algorithms - sort algorithms - search algorithms - merge algorithms - string algorithms - list of algorithms - timeline of algorithms - struktur data - genetic algorithms - randomised", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6220463756560863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.933216"} {"text": "rica dela cruz mentor : dr. monica chander soxr is a redox - sensitive transcriptional dual regulator and activator protein. homologs of this protein, in addition to the specific dna sequences it binds, exist in various bacterial species. traditionally, soxr has been known to be an oxidative stress - defense protein, such as in the enteric bacterium, e. coli. in the presence of oxidative stress agents, soxr \u2019 s characteristic iron - sulfur clusters become oxidized inducing a conformational change. this allows the protein to bind to a specific dna promoter site to activate the expression of certain genes, which in turn produce various antioxidant proteins. unlike e. coli, however, studies in other bacterial species have suggested that soxr may play a role in the transport and / or modification of small molecules within the cell. for example, it has recently been found that soxr regulates the efflux of the redox - active antibiotic, pyocynin, produced by the bacteria, pseudomonas aeruginosa. analogous to p. aeruginosa, the soil bacterium, streptomyces coelicolor, also seems to show a possible link between soxr and one of the redox - active antibiotic it produces, actinorhodin. though, this has only been shown phenotypically. dna sequences homologous to the consensus sequence of the soxr binding site have been found in promoter regions of s. coelicolor genes, sco2478 and sco4266. it is hypothesized that soxr may either be activating or inhibiting the expression of sco2478 and sco4266 in the presence of endogenous actinorhodin. gel shift assays do show that soxr can bind to these regions in vitro. however, how soxr binds and its downstream mechanisms are still unknown. other consensus sequences of the soxr binding site have also been found in regions upstream of the ecaa, ecab, and ecac genes of s. coelicolor. one goal is to find out whether soxr does bind to these regions. this will be answered by the analysis of gel shift assays. another goal is to find out whether soxr functions to activate or inhibit the expression of these genes : sco2478, sco4266, and possibly the eca genes. thus, quantitative rt - pcr and micro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5337642531749199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.935752"} {"text": "russia is a transcontinental country that lies on the northern part of asia and europe. it is the world \u2019 s biggest country and is an eighth of the total land area of earth. it covers the northern part of asia and almost half of europe. it is a nation that spans 11 time zones, is home to more than 142 million people and is the ninth most country populous in the world as of 2007. the russian federation has the most mineral and energy resources on earth, and has the largest forest reserves in the world. due to its enormous land area, russia shares land borders with a number of nations, including finland, poland, ukraine, china, and north korea. moscow is the capital city of russia. it is the largest city in the country and is one of the largest urban areas in the world. moscow is also the largest city in europe. in terms of educational, economic, financial, and transportation, moscow is at the center of russia and holds a very significant role in international trade and business. the city is also home to a number of billionaires, and in 2007 was named the most expensive city in the world for the second time in a row. the russians are known for their craftsmanship and engineering prowess. it is in moscow that one of the most complex transport systems is located. known for its architecture, the metro system of moscow is one of the most admired and busiest in the world. the moscow international business center, also referred to as moscow - city, is a project being developed to be a part of central moscow. this ambitious project is designed to create a city within a city. the idea is to have a separate economic activity center inside the city where living space, business, and entertainment are to be combined. the project started in 1992. the federation tower, upon its completion in 2008, will be the tallest building in europe. the construction of four new transport stations, two of which are already operational, will broaden the metro system of the city. the two other stations will be used for the moscow - city project. | \u00ab london | | mumbai \u00bb |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.52293062677859, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.939699"} {"text": "we all get stages in our life where we feel a bit low. these troughs can be triggered by a number of factors : relationship problems, feeling stuck in a job we don \u2019 t like, not having enough time for relaxation and all kinds of other reasons. such periods of low mood generally pass in time but there can be a danger that genuine clinical depression can develop and go undiagnosed.. because depression is such a serious condition, with the very real risk of self - harm and suicide if left untreated, there is a great deal of mental health support on offer for sufferers. if you think someone you know has depression here are some things you can do to help. - share the load : one of the key symptoms of depression is a profound sense of isolation, which can lead the sufferer to withdraw from people, making them feel more isolated which feeds their feelings of anxiety and depression. try and talk to them, and let them know you care about what is happening to them. be as supportive as you can, and listen to what they are saying. just being able to communicate how they feel to another person can be a huge help. - keep them active : people suffering with depression often find their energy levels sapped, so the thought of doing something as simple as getting dressed can seem an exhausting ordeal. however, mental health support professionals know that exercise increases endorphin levels in the brain, which leads to an uplift in mood. don \u2019 t send them on a route march, but try and encourage them to go for a gentle walk, a swim or perhaps do something like yoga. again, offer to go with them to keep them motivated. - seek professional help : this may seem obvious, but encouraging them to talk to a professional will help immeasurably. the first step should be to see their gp, who can diagnose the severity of the depression and begin treatment. this may include referral for counseling and other psychological therapies, and prescription of anti - depressants for severe cases. there is a wide range of mental health support out there, from cognitive behaviour therapy to alternative methods such as arts therapies and they are all worth exploring. if you \u2019 re worried that you or someone you care about is suffering from depression then it \u2019 s important to seek help now. a charity that specializes in mental health support can be a good place to start. beating depression isn \u2019 t easy, but by taking it one step at a time it can be overcome.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43231450855748393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.945783"} {"text": "monday january 28, 2013 making a calendar \u2013 by hand ironically enough, the printing of a calendar for the future begins with an ancient guidebook. at the royal press, the printing of a traditional peranakan calendar begins with the planning of calendar dates. tan boon kian, 52, the operations manager, leafs through a 160 - year chinese guidebook and locates the guide for the upcoming year. the making of this peranakan calendar goes all the way to the very heart of the printing press. among the millions of lead blocks lining the walls, foong yoke chan, 74, expertly selects a few blocks of different sizes and fonts. according to the guidebook, she composes them in a frame and deftly dabs printers \u2019 ink on the blocks. the entire thing goes into a proofing machine : she cranks a wheel, a cylinder turns and swallows the blocks whole, and a sheet of paper emerges with a clear imprint of the calendar. after this copy is proofread and approved, the actual printing begins with the preparation of ink. unlike offset printing, letterpress requires colours to be mixed and printed individually. the mixing of coloured inks is so precise that a colour guide and weighing scales are needed to obtain the exact hue required. adam man ful, 38, a royal press staff, then prints each colour separately in the heidelberg platen press \u2013 a feat requiring a sharp eye and good instincts. next, the calendar goes to a stapling machine the size of a large desk. a worker operates this machine by foot, making a rhythmic \u201c thunk \u201d each time a staple is driven into paper. the final touches are done with a punching machine to make a hole in the calendar. an automatic eyeletter inserts a golden eyelet into the hole. after countless hours of planning, composing, proofreading, mixing, printing, stapling, punching and eyeleting, 1, 200 copies of this calendar are finally ready to be sold to the baba nyonya community for rm1. 50 each. \u2013 by hannah khaw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4248736025214568, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.948054"} {"text": "rory carroll reports from haiti : at first sight the business resembles a thriving pottery. in a dusty courtyard women mould clay and water into hundreds of little platters and lay them out to harden under the caribbean sun. the craftsmanship is rough and the finished products are uneven. but customers do not object. this is cite soleil, haiti \u2019 s most notorious slum, and these platters are not to hold food. they are food. brittle and gritty \u2013 and as revolting as they sound \u2013 these are \u201c mud cakes \u201d. for years they have been consumed by impoverished pregnant women seeking calcium, a risky and medically unproven supplement, but now the cakes have become a staple for entire families. it is not for the taste and nutrition \u2013 smidgins of salt and margarine do not disguise what is essentially dirt, and the guardian can testify that the aftertaste lingers \u2013 but because they are the cheapest and increasingly only way to fill bellies. here \u2019 s another report. except note that both of these articles are from 2008, before the earthquake. since that time, obviously, the physical devastation will have reduced the country \u2019 s ability to grow, harvest, and distribute food. it will also have reduced people \u2019 s ability to earn a living and purchase imported food. and this was a population already living on the brink of starvation, with no margin for error. under the circumstances, aid is vital but it \u2019 s emigration that offers the best hope for most haitians. if developed countries really care about helping, they \u2019 ll change their policies and make it possible for more haitians to move.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.424238841157628, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.949799"} {"text": "by brother nathanael kapner, copyright 2010 real jew news ( jewish propagandists would have us believe that hitler \u2019 s unfavorable attitude toward jewry was based solely on a \u201c racial \u201d hostility between aryans and the jewish people. but as we examine hitler \u2019 s early views regarding the jewish question, we do not find a predominantly racial line of disputation, but rather, a social line of argumentation. although the future fuhrer did identify jewry as having a \u201c racial character \u201d formed by centuries of jewish insulation within their host nations, he did not ground his opposition on genetic predetermination. thus, the accusation that hitler was a \u201c racist \u201d is a jewish lie. beginning with a letter written in 1919 in reply to an inquirer on the subject of jewry \u2019 s influence in the weimar republic, hitler stressed the need for a rational basis for anti - semitism that would oppose the ethos and actions of jewry : \u201c anti - semitism as a political movement cannot be defined by emotional impulses but by recognition of the facts. the facts are these : first, jewry is absolutely a race and not a religious association. jews never designate themselves as jewish germans, jewish poles, or jewish americans - but always as german, polish, or american jews. through thousands of years of the closest kind of inbreeding, jews have maintained their peculiarities far more distinctly than many of the peoples among whom they have lived. thus there lives amongst us an alien race that neither wishes to neither sacrifice its racial character nor deny its feeling, thinking, and striving. nevertheless, it possesses all the political rights we do. if the ethos of the jews is revealed in the purely material realm, it is even clearer in their thinking and striving. in their dance around the golden calf the value of the individual is no longer decided by his character but by the size of his fortune. the loftiness of a nation is no longer to be measured by the sum of its moral and spiritual powers, but rather by the wealth of its material possessions. this thinking and striving after money and power, and the feelings that go along with it, serve the purposes of the jew who is unscrupulous in the choice of methods and pitiless in their employment. his power is the power of money, which multiplies in his hands through interest, and which forces peoples under the most dangerous of yokes. its golden glitter, so attractive in the beginning, conceal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5059567719798168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.957036"} {"text": "methods and pitiless in their employment. his power is the power of money, which multiplies in his hands through interest, and which forces peoples under the most dangerous of yokes. its golden glitter, so attractive in the beginning, conceals the ultimately tragic consequences. everything men strive after as a higher goal, be it religion, socialism, democracy, is to the jew only means to an end, the way to satisfy his lust for gold and domination. in his effects and consequences he is like a racial cancer of the nations. thus, an anti - semitism based purely on emotional grounds will find its ultimate expression in the form of the pogrom. but an anti - semitism based on reason must lead to a systematic legal elimination of the privileges of the jews. the ultimate objective of such legislation must, however, be the irrevocable removal of the jews from civil and cultural influence. to this end, the installation of nationally - minded leadership personalities with an inner sense of responsibility is necessary. \u201d view entire story here. clearly, hitler outlined a \u201c social \u201d problem posed by jewry in its materialistic pursuits that acted as a \u201c cancer \u201d upon germany. this could only be eliminated by denying the jews civil and cultural influence through legal means. as mentioned above, the relevance of hitler \u2019 s early views on the jews to today \u2019 s jewish problem is to be considered. the question must be asked : is a legal denial of jewry \u2019 s pernicious influence on society the means of ridding ourselves of the jewish menace? this model was set forth not in racial terms, but again, based on the activities pursued by jewry, which hitler viewed as destructive to the culture and destiny of germany. first, let us explore an \u201c encounter \u201d the future fuhrer experienced with a religious jew while walking the streets of vienna when still a young artist which acted as a catalyst for his ensuing opposition to jewry : \u201c in the jew i saw only a man who was of a different religion, and therefore, on grounds of human tolerance, was against the idea that he should be attacked because he had a different faith. once, when passing through the inner city of vienna, i suddenly encountered a phenomenon in a long caftan and wearing black side - locks. my first thought was : \u2018 is this a jew? they certainly did not have this appearance in linz. \u2019 but the longer i gazed at the strange countenance and examined it feature by feature, the more the question shaped itself in my mind : \u2018", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5387886308673774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.958199"} {"text": "thought was : \u2018 is this a jew? they certainly did not have this appearance in linz. \u2019 but the longer i gazed at the strange countenance and examined it feature by feature, the more the question shaped itself in my mind : \u2018 is this a german? \u2019 \u201d view entire story here. it was at this juncture that hitler began to consider the role of the jew in germany \u2019 s cultural life : \u201c as soon as i began to investigate the matter and observe the jews, then vienna appeared to me in a different light. what soon gave me cause for very serious consideration were the activities of the jews in certain branches of life. was there any undertaking, any form of foulness, especially in cultural life, in which at least one jew did not participate? i discovered the jewish activities in the press, in art, in literature and the theatre. one needed only to look at the posters announcing the hideous productions of the cinema and study the names of the authors in order to become permanently adamant on jewish questions. here was a pestilence with which the public was being infected. i began to carefully investigate the names of all the fabricators of these unclean products. the result of that inquiry was still more disfavourable to the attitude to which i had hitherto held in regard to the jews. the fact that nine - tenths of all the smutty literature, artistic tripe and theatrical banalities, had to be charged to the account of people who formed scarcely one per cent of the nation - that fact could not be gainsaid. \u201d view entire story here & here. no hint of racial profiling here, dear readers. and as the saying goes, \u201c plus ca change, plus c \u2019 est la meme chose. \u201d for although hitler did try to change the cultural degradation perpetrated by german jewry - the moral depravity remains the same throughout the western world. the brother nathanael foundation, po box 1242, frisco co 80443", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4546379437386832, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.959027"} {"text": "tiny wiki : fast loading, text only version of wikipedia. redirect6 | pianoforte | earlier versions of the instrument | fortepiano | other uses of \" piano \" | piano ( disambiguation ) the piano is a musical instrument which is played by means of a keyboard. widely used in western music for solo performances, ensemble use, chamber music, and accompaniment, the piano is also very popular as an aid to composing and rehearsal. although not portable and often expensive, the piano ' s versatility and ubiquity have made it one of the world ' s most familiar musical instruments. pressing a key on the piano ' s keyboard causes a felt covered hammer to strike steel strings. the hammers rebound, allowing the strings to continue vibrating at their resonant frequency. these vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a sounding board that couples the acoustic energy to the air so that it can be heard as sound. when the key is released, a damper stops the string ' s vibration. pianos are sometimes classified as both percussion and stringed instruments. according to the hornbostel - sachs method of music classification, they are grouped with chordophones. the word ' ' piano ' ' is a shortened form of the word ' ' pianoforte ' ', which is seldom used except in formal language and derived from the original italian name for the instrument, ' ' clavicembalo ' ' [ or ' ' gravicembalo ' ' ] ' ' col piano e forte ' ' ( literally ' ' harpsichord with soft and loud ' ' ). this refers to the instrument ' s responsiveness to keyboard touch, which allows the pianist to produce notes at different dynamic levels by controlling the speed with which the hammers hit the strings. the piano is founded on earlier technological innovations. the first string instruments with struck strings were the hammered dulcimers originating from the persian traditional musical instrument santur. during the middle ages, there were several attempts at creating stringed keyboard instruments with struck strings, the earliest being the hurdy gurdy which has uncertain origins. by the 17th century, the mechanisms of keyboard instruments such as the clavichord and the harpsichord were well known. in a clavichord the strings are struck by tangents, while in a harpsichord they are plucked by quills. centuries of work on the mechanism of the harpsichord in particular had shown the most effective ways to construct the case, soundboard, bridge, and keyboard. the invention of the modern piano is credited", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.563272205381265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.981589"} {"text": ", while in a harpsichord they are plucked by quills. centuries of work on the mechanism of the harpsichord in particular had shown the most effective ways to construct the case, soundboard, bridge, and keyboard. the invention of the modern piano is credited to bartolomeo cristofori ( 1655 - 1731 ) of padua, italy, who was employed by prince ferdinand de medici as the keeper of the instruments. he was an expert harpsichord maker and was well acquainted with the previous body of knowledge on stringed keyboard instruments. it is not known exactly when cristofori first built a piano. an inventory made by his employers, the medici family, indicates the existence of a piano by the year 1700 ; another document of doubtful authenticity indicates a date of 1698. the three cristofori pianos that survive today date from the 1720s. cristofori ' s great success was in solving, without any prior example, the fundamental mechanical problem of piano design : the hammer must strike the string, but not remain in contact with it ( as a tangent remains in contact with a clavichord string ) because this would damp the sound. moreover, the hammer must return to its rest position without bouncing violently, and it must be possible to repeat a note rapidly. cristofori ' s piano action served as a model for the many different approaches to piano actions that followed. while cristofori ' s early instruments were made with thin strings and were much quieter than the modern piano, compared to the clavichord ( the only previous keyboard instrument capable of minutely controlled dynamic nuance through the keyboard ) they were considerably louder and had more sustaining power. cristofori ' s new instrument remained relatively unknown until an italian writer, scipione maffei, wrote an enthusiastic article about it ( 1711 ), including a diagram of the mechanism. this article was widely distributed, and most of the next generation of piano builders started their work because of reading it. one of these builders was gottfried silbermann, better known as an organ builder. silbermann ' s pianos were virtually direct copies of cristofori ' s, with one important addition : silbermann invented the forerunner of the modern damper pedal, which lifts all the dampers from the strings at once. silbermann showed johann sebastian bach one of his early instruments in the 1730s, but bach did not like it at that time, claiming that the higher notes were too soft to allow a full dynamic range. although", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4606903420749788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.982625"} {"text": "from the strings at once. silbermann showed johann sebastian bach one of his early instruments in the 1730s, but bach did not like it at that time, claiming that the higher notes were too soft to allow a full dynamic range. although this earned him some animosity from silbermann, the criticism was apparently heeded. bach did approve of a later instrument he saw in 1747, and even served as an agent in selling silbermann ' s pianos. piano making flourished during the late 18th century in the viennese school, which included johann andreas stein ( who worked in augsburg, germany ) and the viennese makers nannette streicher ( daughter of stein ) and anton walter. viennese - style pianos were built with wood frames, two strings per note, and had leather - covered hammers. some of these viennese pianos had the opposite coloring of modern - day pianos ; the natural keys were black and the accidental keys white. [ ] it was for such instruments that wolfgang amadeus mozart composed his concertos and sonatas, and replicas of them are built today for use in authentic - instrument performance of his music. the pianos of mozart ' s day had a softer, clearer tone than today ' s pianos or english pianos, with less sustaining power. the term ' ' fortepiano ' ' is nowadays often used to distinguish the 18th - century instrument from later pianos. the modern piano ( the pianoforte ) was developed from the harpsichord around 1720, by bartolomeo cristofori of padua, italy. his new instrument had a delicate pianissimo ( very soft sound ), a strong fortissimo ( a very loud, forceful sound ), and every level in between. the first upright piano was made around 1780 by johann schmidt of salzburg, austria. thomas loud of london developed an upright piano whose strings ran diagonally ( in 1802 ), saving even more space. development of the modern piano in the period lasting from about 1790 to 1860, the mozart - era piano underwent tremendous changes that led to the modern form of the instrument. this revolution was in response to a consistent preference by composers and pianists for a more powerful, sustained piano sound, and made possible by the ongoing industrial revolution with technological resources such as high - quality steel, called piano wire, for strings, and precision casting for the production of iron frames. over time, the tonal range of the piano was also increased from the five octaves of mozart ' s day to the 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48145725590624944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.983589"} {"text": "such as high - quality steel, called piano wire, for strings, and precision casting for the production of iron frames. over time, the tonal range of the piano was also increased from the five octaves of mozart ' s day to the 7al or more octaves found on modern pianos. early technological progress owed much to the firm of broadwood. john broadwood joined with another scot, robert stodart, and a dutchman, americus backers, to design a piano in the harpsichord case a\u20ac \u201c the origin of the \" grand \". they achieved this in about 1777. they quickly gained a reputation for the splendour and powerful tone of their instruments, with broadwood constructing ones that were progressively larger, louder, and more robustly constructed. they sent pianos to both joseph haydn and ludwig van beethoven, and were the first firm to build pianos with a range of more than five octaves : five octaves and a fifth during the 1790s, six octaves by 1810 ( beethoven used the extra notes in his later works ), and seven octaves by 1820. the viennese makers similarly followed these trends, however the two schools used different piano actions : broadwoods were more robust, viennese instruments were more sensitive. by the 1820s, the center of innovation had shifted to paris, where the pleyel firm manufactured pianos used by fra\u00a9da\u00a9ric chopin and the a \u2030 rard firm manufactured those used by franz liszt. in 1821, sa\u00a9bastien a \u2030 rard invented the double escapement action, which permitted a note to be repeated even if the key had not yet risen to its maximum vertical position. this facilitated rapid playing of repeated notes, and this musical device was pioneered by liszt. when the invention became public, as revised by henri herz, the double escapement action gradually became standard in grand pianos, and is still incorporated into all grand pianos currently produced. one of the major technical innovations that helped to create the sound of the modern piano was the use of a strong iron frame. also called the \" plate \", the iron frame sits atop the soundboard, and serves as the primary bulwark against the force of string tension. the increased structural integrity of the iron frame allowed the use of thicker, tenser, and more numerous strings. in a modern grand the total string tension can exceed 20 tons. the single piece cast iron frame was patented in 1825 in boston by alpheus babcock, combining the metal hitch pin plate ( 1821,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.510093202400182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.984549"} {"text": ", tenser, and more numerous strings. in a modern grand the total string tension can exceed 20 tons. the single piece cast iron frame was patented in 1825 in boston by alpheus babcock, combining the metal hitch pin plate ( 1821, claimed by broadwood on behalf of samuel herva\u00a9 ) and resisting bars ( thom and allen, 1820, but also claimed by broadwood and a \u2030 rard ). babcock later worked for the chickering & mackays firm who patented the first full iron frame for grand pianos in 1843. composite forged metal frames were preferred by many european makers until the american system was fully adopted by the early 20th century. other innovations for the mechanism included the use of felt hammer coverings instead of layered leather hammers. felt hammers, which were first introduced by henri pape in 1826, were a more consistent material, permitting wider dynamic ranges as hammer weights and string tension increased. the sostenuto pedal ( see below ), invented in 1844 by jean louis boisselot and improved by the steinway firm in 1874, allowed a wider range of effects. other important technical innovations of this era included changes to the way the piano was strung, such as the use of a \" choir \" of three strings rather than two for all but the lower notes, and the use of different stringing methods. with the over strung scale, also called \" cross - stringing \", the strings are placed in a vertically overlapping slanted arrangement, with two heights of bridges on the soundboard instead of just one. this permits larger, but not necessarily longer, strings to fit within the case of the piano. over stringing was invented by jean - henri pape during the 1820s, and first patented for use in grand pianos in the united states by henry steinway jr. in 1859. with duplexes or aliquot scales, which was patented in 1872 by theodore steinway, the different components of string vibrations are controlled by tuning their secondary parts in octave relationships with the sounding lengths. similar systems developed by blalthner ( 1872 ), as well as [ http : / / mediatheque. cite - musique. fr / clientbooklinecimu / recherche / noticedetaillebyid. asp? id = 0162147 taskin ] ( 1788 ), and collard ( 1821 ) used more distinctly ringing undamped vibrations to modify tone. some early pianos had shapes and designs that are no longer in use. the square piano had horizontal strings arranged diagonally across", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49428210483022794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.985481"} {"text": "by the end of the 19th century. improvements have been made in manufacturing processes, and many individual details of the instrument continue to receive attention. history and musical performance much of the most widely admired piano repertoire, for example, that of haydn, mozart, and beethoven, was composed for a type of instrument that is rather different from the modern instruments on which this music is normally performed today. even the music of the romantics, including liszt, chopin, robert schumann, felix mendelssohn and johannes brahms, was written for pianos substantially different from ours. modern pianos come in two basic configurations ( with subcategories ) : the grand piano and the upright piano. in grand pianos, the frame and strings are horizontal, with the strings extending away from the keyboard. there are several sizes of grand piano. a rough generalization distinguishes the \" concert grand \" ( between about and long ) from the \" parlor grand \" or \" boudoir grand \" ( about to ) and the smaller \" baby grand \". all else being equal, longer pianos with longer strings have larger, richer sound and lower inharmonicity of the strings. inharmonicity is the degree to which the frequencies of overtones ( known as partials, partial tones, or harmonics ) depart from whole multiples of the fundamental frequency. pianos with shorter, thicker, and stiffer strings ( e. g., baby grands ) have more inharmonicity. the longer strings on a concert grand can vibrate more freely than the shorter, thicker strings on a baby grand, which means that a concert grand ' s strings will have truer overtones. this allows the strings to be tuned closer to equal temperament in relation to the standard pitch with less \" stretching \" in the piano tuning. full - size grands are usually used for public concerts, whereas smaller grands, introduced by sohmer & co. in 1884, are often chosen for domestic use where space and cost are considerations. a grand piano action has a repetition lever for each key. if the key is pressed repeatedly and fairly quickly this repetition lever catches the hammer close to the strings, which assists the speed and control of repeated notes and trills. upright pianos, also called vertical pianos, are more compact because the frame and strings are vertical. the hammers move horizontally, and are returned to their resting position by springs which are prone to wear and tear. upright pianos with unusually tall frames and long strings are sometimes called \" upright grand \" pianos. some authors classify modern pianos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5507370087357158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.987593"} {"text": "strings are vertical. the hammers move horizontally, and are returned to their resting position by springs which are prone to wear and tear. upright pianos with unusually tall frames and long strings are sometimes called \" upright grand \" pianos. some authors classify modern pianos according to their height and, to modifications of the action that are necessary to accommodate the height. * studio pianos are around 42 to 45 inches tall. this is the shortest cabinet that can accommodate a ' full - sized ' action located above the keyboard. * console pianos have a compact action ( shorter hammers ), and are a few inches shorter than studio models. * the top of a spinet model barely rises above the keyboard. the action is located below, operated by vertical wires that are attached to the backs of the keys. * anything taller than a studio piano is called an upright. toy pianos began to be manufactured in the 19th century. in 1863, henri fourneaux invented the player piano, which \" plays itself \" from a piano roll without the need for a pianist. a performance is \" recorded \" onto rolls of paper with perforations, and the player piano replays the performance using pneumatic devices. modern equivalents of the player piano include the ba \u00b6 sendorfer ceus and the yamaha disklavier, using solenoids and midi rather than pneumatics and rolls. a silent piano is an acoustic piano having an option to silence the strings by means of an interposing hammer bar. they are designed for private silent practice. the transposing piano was invented in 1801 by edward ryley. it has a lever under the keyboard used to move the keyboard relative to the strings so that a pianist can play in a familiar key while the music sounds in a different key. the prepared piano, encountered in some contemporary art music, is a grand piano which has objects placed inside it to alter its sound, or which has had its mechanism changed in some other way. the scores for music for prepared piano specify the modifications, for example instructing the pianist to insert pieces of rubber, or paper, or metal screws or washers, in between the strings. these either mute the strings or alter their timbre. available since the 1980s, digital pianos use digital sampling technology to reproduce the sound of each piano note. digital pianos can be sophisticated, with features including working pedals, weighted keys, multiple voices, and midi interfaces. however, when the damper pedal ( see below ) is depressed on such an instrument, there are no strings to vibrate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5089781236211313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.989298"} {"text": "note. digital pianos can be sophisticated, with features including working pedals, weighted keys, multiple voices, and midi interfaces. however, when the damper pedal ( see below ) is depressed on such an instrument, there are no strings to vibrate sympathetically. physical models of sympathetic vibration are incorporated into the synthesis software of some higher end digital pianos, such as the yamaha clavinova series, or the kawai mp8 series. with the advent of powerful desktop computers, highly realistic pianos have become available as affordable software modules. some of these modules, such as synthogy ' s ivory released in 2004, use multi - gigabyte piano sample sets with as many as 90 recordings, each lasting many seconds, for each of the 88 ( some have 81 ) keys under different conditions, augmented by additional samples to emulate sympathetic resonance, key release, the drop of the dampers, and simulations of piano techniques like re - pedaling. some other software modules, such as modartt ' s pianoteq released in 2006, use no samples whatsoever and are a pure synthesis of all aspects of the physicalities which go into the creation of a real piano ' s sound. in recent times, piano manufactures have superseded the old fashioned pianola or player piano with new innovative pianos which play themselves via a cd or mp3 player. similar in concept to a player piano, the pianodisc or iq systems installed in select pianos will ' play themselves ' when prompted by a certain file format designed to be interpreted by software installed and connected to the piano. such additions are quite expensive, often doubling the cost of a piano and are available in both upright and grand pianos. almost every modern piano has 36 black keys and 52 white keys for a total of 88 keys ( seven octaves plus a minor third, from a0 to c8 ). many older pianos only have 85 keys ( seven octaves from a0 to a7 ), while some manufacturers extend the range further in one or both directions. some ba \u00b6 sendorfer pianos extend the normal range downwards to f0, with one other model going as far as a bottom c0, making a full eight octave range. these extra keys are sometimes hidden under a small hinged lid that can be flipped down to cover the keys in order to avoid visual disorientation in a pianist unfamiliar with the extended keyboard. on others, the colors of the extra white keys are reversed ( black instead of white ). the extra keys are added primarily for increased resonance from the associated strings ; that is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5300107381367699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.990421"} {"text": "avoid visual disorientation in a pianist unfamiliar with the extended keyboard. on others, the colors of the extra white keys are reversed ( black instead of white ). the extra keys are added primarily for increased resonance from the associated strings ; that is, they vibrate sympathetically with other strings whenever the damper pedal is depressed and thus give a fuller tone. only a very small number of works composed for piano actually use these notes. more recently, the stuart and sons company has also manufactured extended - range pianos, with the first 102 key piano. on their instruments, the frequency range extends from c0 to f8 which is the widest practical range for the acoustic piano. the extra keys are the same as the other keys in appearance. small studio upright acoustical pianos with only 65 keys have been manufactured for use by roving pianists. known as \" gig \" pianos and still containing a cast iron harp, these are comparatively lightweight and can be easily transported to and from engagements by only two people. as their harp is longer than that of a spinet or console piano, they have a stronger bass sound that to some pianists is well worth the trade - off in range that a reduced key - set offers. the toy piano manufacturer schoenhut started manufacturing both grands and uprights with only 44 or 49 keys, and shorter distance between the keyboard and the pedals. these pianos are true pianos with action and strings. the pianos were introduced to their product line in response to numerous requests in favor of it. pianos have had pedals, or some close equivalent, since the earliest days. ( in the 18th century, some pianos used levers pressed upward by the player ' s knee instead of pedals. ) most grand pianos have three pedals : the soft pedal ( una corda ), sostenuto, and sustain pedal ( from left to right, respectively ). most modern upright pianos also have three pedals : soft pedal, practice pedal and sustain pedal, though older or cheaper models may lack the practice pedal. the sustain pedal ( or, damper pedal ) is often simply called \" the pedal \", since it is the most frequently used. it is placed as the rightmost pedal in the group. it lifts the dampers from all keys, sustaining all played notes. in addition, it alters the overall tone by allowing all strings, even the ones not directly played, to reverberate. the soft pedal or ' ' una corda ' ' pedal is placed leftmost in the row of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47953010624089537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.991440"} {"text": "played notes. in addition, it alters the overall tone by allowing all strings, even the ones not directly played, to reverberate. the soft pedal or ' ' una corda ' ' pedal is placed leftmost in the row of pedals. in grand pianos, it shifts the entire action, including the keyboard, to the right, so that the hammers hit only one of the three strings for each note ( hence the name ' ' una corda ' ', or ' one string ' ). the effect is to soften the note as well as to change the tone. in uprights, this action is not possible, and so the pedal moves the hammers closer to the strings, allowing the hammers to hit the strings with less kinetic energy to produce a softer sound, but with no change in timbre. on grand pianos, the middle pedal is a sostenuto pedal. this pedal keeps raised any damper that was already raised at the moment the pedal is depressed. this makes it possible to sustain some notes ( by depressing the sostenuto pedal before notes to be sustained are released ) while the player ' s hands are free to play other notes. this can be useful for musical passages with pedal points and other otherwise tricky or impossible situations. on many upright pianos, there is a middle pedal called the ' practice ' or ' ' celeste ' ' pedal. this drops a piece of felt between the hammers and strings, greatly muting the sounds. there are also non - standard variants. on some pianos ( grands and verticals ), the middle pedal can be a bass sustain pedal : that is, when it is depressed, the dampers lift off the strings only in the bass section. this pedal would be used only when a pianist needs to sustain a single bass note or chord over many measures, while playing the melody in the treble section. on the stuart and sons piano as well as the largest fazioli piano, there is a fourth pedal to the left of the principal three. this fourth pedal works in the same way as the soft pedal of an upright piano, moving the hammers closer to the strings. the rare transposing piano, of which irving berlin possessed an example, had a middle pedal that functioned as a clutch which disengages the keyboard from the mechanism, enabling the keyboard to be moved to the left or right with a lever. the entire action of the piano is thus shifted to allow the pianist to play music written in one key so that it sounds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5001063030766228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.993248"} {"text": "which disengages the keyboard from the mechanism, enabling the keyboard to be moved to the left or right with a lever. the entire action of the piano is thus shifted to allow the pianist to play music written in one key so that it sounds in a different key. the ' ' pedalier ' ' piano, or pedal piano, is a rare type of piano that includes a pedalboard, enabling bass register notes to be played with the feet, as is standard on the organ. there are two types of pedal piano : the pedal board may be an integral part of the instrument, using the same strings and mechanism as the manual keyboard, or, less frequently, it may consist of two independent pianos ( each with its separate mechanics and strings ) which are placed one above the other, a regular piano played by the hands and a bass - register piano played by the feet. many parts of a piano are made of materials selected for sturdiness. in quality pianos, the outer rim of the piano is made of a hardwood, normally maple or beech. according to [ http : / / www. speech. kth. se / music / 5 _ lectures / conklin / thepianocase. html harold a. conklin ], the purpose of a sturdy rim is so that \" the vibrational energy will stay as much as possible in the soundboard instead of dissipating uselessly in the case parts, which are inefficient radiators of sound. \" the rim is normally made by laminating flexible strips of hardwood to the desired shape, a system that was developed by theodore steinway in 1880. the thick wooden braces at the bottom ( grands ) or back ( uprights ) of the piano are not as acoustically important as the rim, and are often made of a softwood, even in top - quality pianos, in order to save weight. the requirement of structural strength, fulfilled with stout hardwood and thick metal, makes a piano heavy ; even a small upright can weigh 136 kg ( 300 lb ), and the steinway concert grand ( model d ) weighs 480 kg ( 990 lb ). the largest piano built, the fazioli f308, weighs 691 kg ( 1520 lb ). the pinblock, which holds the tuning pins in place, is another area of the piano where toughness is important. it is made of hardwood, ( often maple ) and generally is laminated ( built of multiple layers ) for additional strength and gripping power. piano", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48402455936292377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.994514"} {"text": ", which holds the tuning pins in place, is another area of the piano where toughness is important. it is made of hardwood, ( often maple ) and generally is laminated ( built of multiple layers ) for additional strength and gripping power. piano strings ( also called piano wire ), which must endure years of extreme tension and hard blows, are made of high quality steel. they are manufactured to vary as little as possible in diameter, since all deviations from uniformity introduce tonal distortion. the bass strings of a piano are made of a steel core wrapped with copper wire, to increase their mass whilst retaining flexibility. the plate, or metal frame, of a piano is usually made of cast iron. it is advantageous for the plate to be quite massive. since the strings are attached to the plate at one end, any vibrations transmitted to the plate will result in loss of energy to the desired ( efficient ) channel of sound transmission, namely the bridge and the soundboard. some manufacturers now use cast steel in their plates, for greater strength. the casting of the plate is a delicate art, since the dimensions are crucial and the iron shrinks by about one percent during cooling. the inclusion in a piano of an extremely large piece of metal is potentially an aesthetic handicap, which piano makers overcome by polishing, painting and decorating the plate. plates often include the manufacturer ' s ornamental medallion and can be strikingly attractive. in an effort to make pianos lighter, alcoa worked with winter and company piano manufacturers to make pianos using an aluminum plate during the 1940s. the use of aluminum for piano plates, however, did not become widely accepted and was discontinued. the numerous grand parts and upright parts of a piano action are generally hardwood ( e. g. maple, beech. hornbeam ). however, since world war ii, plastics have become available. early plastics were incorporated into some pianos in the late 1940s and 1950s, but proved disastrous because they crystallized and lost their strength after only a few decades of use. the steinway firm once incorporated teflon, a synthetic material developed by dupont, for some grand action parts in place of cloth, but ultimately abandoned the experiment due to an inherent \" clicking \" which invariably developed over time. ( also teflon is \" humidity stable \" whereas the wood adjacent to the teflon will swell and shrink with humidity changes, causing problems. ) more recently, the kawai firm has built pianos with action parts made of more modern and effective plastics such as carbon fiber ; these parts have held", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49674678168866304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.995606"} {"text": "whereas the wood adjacent to the teflon will swell and shrink with humidity changes, causing problems. ) more recently, the kawai firm has built pianos with action parts made of more modern and effective plastics such as carbon fiber ; these parts have held up better and have generally received the respect of piano technicians. the part of the piano where materials probably matter more than anywhere else is the soundboard. in quality pianos, this is made of solid spruce ( that is, spruce boards glued together at their edges ). spruce is chosen for its high ratio of strength to weight. the best piano makers use close - grained, quarter - sawn, defect - free spruce, and make sure that it has been carefully dried over a long period of time before making it into soundboards. in cheap pianos, the soundboard is often made of plywood. piano keys are generally made of spruce or basswood, for lightness. spruce is normally used in high - quality pianos. traditionally, the black keys were made from ebony and the white keys were covered with strips of ivory, but since ivory - yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, plastics are now almost exclusively used. also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic. legal ivory can still be obtained in limited quantities. the yamaha firm invented a plastic called \" ivorine \" or \" ivorite \" that mimics the look and feel of ivory ; it has since been imitated by other makers. care and maintenance pianos need regular tuning to keep them up to pitch, which is usually the internationally recognized standard concert pitch of a4 = 440 hz. the hammers of pianos are voiced to compensate for gradual hardening, and other parts also need periodic regulation. aged and worn pianos can be rebuilt or reconditioned. often, by replacing a great number of their parts, they can be made to perform as well as new pianos. older pianos are often more settled and produce a warmer tone. piano moving should be done by trained piano movers using adequate manpower and the correct equipment for any particular piano ' s size and weight. pianos are heavy yet delicate instruments. over the years, professional piano movers have developed special techniques for transporting both grands and uprights which prevent damage to the case and to the piano ' s mechanics. the piano is a crucial instrument in western classical music, jazz, film, television, and most other complex western musical genres. since a large number of composers are proficient pianists a\u20ac \u201c and because the piano keyboard offers an easy means of complex melodic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46878866840672356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:04.996668"} {"text": "the true smut fungirobert bauer, dominik begerow, and franz oberwinkler this tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms. the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life. the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right. you can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species. close box note : the classification of ustilaginomycotina is being revised. the tree at the top of this page reflects the current classification, whereas the following tree and the text on this page reflect a prior classification. the class ustilaginomycetes comprises more than 1400 species of basidiomycetous plant parasites, which are distributed in approximately 70 genera. they occur throughout the world, although many species are restricted to tropical, temperate or arctic regions. some species of ustilago and tilletia, e. g. the barley, wheat or maize smut fungi, are well known because they are of economic importance. for example, from 1983 to 1988 the barley smut fungi reduced annual yields by 0. 7 % to 1. 6 % in the prairie provinces in central canada, causing average annual losses of about u. s. $ 8, 000, 000 ( thomas 1989 ). tilletia contraversa is important in the international wheat trade ( trione 1982 ), and 2 - 5 % of the plants in a corn field are generally infected by ustilago maydis, while up to 80 % of a field can be infected if conditions are good for the smut fungus. on the other hand, the galls of u. maydis are considered a delicacy in the mesoamerican tradition. they are known in mexico as \" huitlacoche \" and in the u. s. a. as \" maize mushroom \", \" mexican truffles \" or \" caviar azteca \" ( valverde et al. 1995 ). - plant parasitism - cellular interaction with primary interactive vesicles - cell wall carbohydrate composition with dominance of glucose and absence of xylose - 5s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49408213091826514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.010316"} {"text": "host cell wall ( between the two arrows ) and the deposit at the host cell. scale bar = 1 \u00b5m. \u00a9 r. bauer 1997 the contents of these vesicles ( fig. 1 ) are transferred to the host plasma membrane ( fig. 2 ). two major types are recognized. ( i ) local interaction zones ( fig. 3 ) : short - term production of primary interactive vesicles per interaction site results in local interaction zones, and ( ii ) enlarged interaction zones ( fig. 4 ) : continuous production and exocytosis of primary interactive vesicles results in the continuous deposition of fungal material at the whole contact area with the host cell. fig. 3. transmission electron micrograph showing a local interaction zone ( arrows ) between exobasidium pachysporum ( lower cell ) and its host ( upper cell ). note the interaction apparatus ( arrowheads ) and the deposit at the host cell. scale bar = 0. 5 \u00b5m. \u00a9 r. bauer 1997 fig. 4. transmission electron micrograph showing an enlarged interaction zone between ustacystis waldsteiniae and its host. the haustorium ( h ) is encased by electron - opaque material. scale bar = 2 \u00b5m. \u00a9 r. bauer 1997 cell wall carbohydrate composition prillinger et al. ( 1993 ) distinguished between several types of cell wall carbohydrate composition within the basidiomycota. the ustilaginomycetes have a distinctive type with dominance of glucose and absence of xylose that separates them from the urediniomycetes and hymenomycetes. gottschalk and blanz ( 1985 ) distinguished between a type a and a type b secondary structure of the 5s rrna. the ustilaginomycetes share the type b secondary structure with the hymenomycetes. in contrast with the hymenomycetes, the septal pores of the ustilaginomycetes are without multilayered parenthesomes. in contrast with the urediniomycetes, in most ustilaginomycetes the septal pores are enclosed by distinctive, tripartite membrane caps or discs ( bauer et al. 1995b, bauer et al. 1997, fig. 5 ). fig. 5. transmission electron micrograph showing a typical septal pore apparatus of the ustilaginomycetes ( entyloma callitrichis ) with two membrane", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5331876309459649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.012381"} {"text": "like the terms agaric, polypore, lichen etc. the term smut fungus circumscribes the organization and life strategy of a fungus, but it is not a taxonomic term. fungi that look superficially similar to the teliospore - forming members of the ustilaginomycetes evolved in different fungal groups, e. g. the microbotryales in the uredinomycetes ( bauer et al. 1997 ) or schroeteria in the ascomycota ( nagler et al. 1989 ). bauer, r., mendgen, k. and oberwinkler, f. 1995a. cellular interaction of the smut fungus ustacystis waldsteiniae. can. j. bot. 73 : 867 - 883. bauer, r., mendgen, k., and oberwinkler, f. 1995b. septal pore apparatus of the smut ustacystis waldsteiniae. mycologia 87 : 18 - 24. bauer, r., oberwinkler, f. and vanky, k. 1997. ultrastructural markers and systematics in smut fungi and allied taxa. can. j. bot. 75 : 1273 - 1314 begerow, d., bauer, r. and oberwinkler, f. 1997. phylogenetic studies on nuclear large subunit ribosomal dna sequences of smut fungi and related taxa. can. j. bot. 75 : ( appears in dec. ) berres, m. a., szabo, l. j. and mclaughlin, d. j. 1995. phylogenetic relationships in auriculariaceous basidiomycetes based on 25s ribosomal dna sequences. mycologia 87 : 821 - 840. duran, r. 1973. ustilaginales. in : ainsworth, g. c., sparrow, f. k. and sussman, a. s. ( eds. ) the fungi, vol 4b. academic press, new york, london, pp 281 - 300. gottschalk, m. and blanz, p. a. 1985. untersuchungen an 5s ribosomalen ribonucleinsauren als beitrag zur klarung von systematik und phylogenie der basidiomyceten. z. mycol. 51 : 205 - 243. kreise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.497569762135672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.015766"} {"text": "sci. nat. bot. 3 : 12 - 127. valverde, m. e., paredes - lopes, o., pataky, j. k. and guevara - lara, f. 1995. huitlacoche ( ustilago maydis ) as a food source - biology, composition, and production. crc crit. rev. food sci. nutr. 35 : 191 - 229. vanky, k. 1987. illustrated genera of smut fungi. cryptogamic studies 1 : 1 - 159. many thanks to dr. meike piepenbring, dr. jose p. sampaio and michael wei\u00df for their helpful comments. universitat tubingen, tubingen, germany universitat tubingen, germany correspondence regarding this page should be directed to robert bauer at page : tree of life ustilaginomycotina authored by. the true smut fungi. robert bauer, dominik begerow, and franz oberwinkler. the text of this page is licensed under the creative commons attribution license - version 3. 0. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the tree of life copyright policies. - first online 26 november 1997 - content changed 23 january 2008 citing this page : bauer, robert, dominik begerow, and franz oberwinkler. 2008. ustilaginomycotina http : / / tolweb. org / ustilaginomycotina / 20530 / 2008. 01. 23 in the tree of life web project, http : / / tolweb. org /. the true smut fungi. version 23 january 2008 ( under construction ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4850166034561452, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.018478"} {"text": "the definition of physical aggression varies from professional to professional. some do not distinguish between aggression directed against objects ( more accurately characterized as \" property destruction \" ), aggression directed against the self ( more accurately characterized as \" self - injurious \" behavior ) and aggression directed against others through verbal means ( more accurately characterized as \" verbal aggression \" ). although the definition of physical aggression may be more or less inclusive of these various behavioral anomalies, several intervention principles are common in addressing aggressive behavior : an immediate limit - setting response is necessary. it is inappropriate to \" ignore \" aggression, especially if someone is being injured. the immediate limit - setting response must not be reinforcing \u2013 if the child wants to leave the room, and you take the child out of the room when he behaves aggressively, then you \u2019 ve effectively reinforced aggression. it may not be possible, or legally permissible, for the treatment provider to implement \" contingent exclusion \" without the assistance of the adult caretaker. regulations regarding the use of physical restraint vary from location to location. physical restraint ( holding the child to prevent movement ) is not recommended by most professionals, may jeopardize the health and safety of the child, and may be illegal, depending upon its implementation. the use of physical guidance, physical prompting or other means of redirecting ( moving ) the child to a less - stimulating or less - dangerous setting is usually permissible, but it is always preferable to redirect the child through the use of verbal means. this depends upon the existence of rapport between the child and the treatment provider. the treatment provider is always \" icing on somebody else \u2019 s cake. \" in a school, the \" cake \" is the teacher or classroom aide. at home and in the community, the \" cake \" is the parent, adult babysitter, or other adult, who is responsible for the child ( daycare staff, etc ). when physical aggression occurs, it is almost always necessary to \" get the cake involved \" quickly. aggression is usually \" the tactic of last resort, \" when other modes of communication have failed. to reduce aggressive tendencies in children, it is almost always necessary to work on improving communication skills. to look further to see if having access to more than 500 treatment plans that worked may be helpful to you, see order here popularity : 100 % [? ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5166565038817008, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.022514"} {"text": "students at plum school observe history, show gratitude by karen zapf published : wednesday, october 3, 2012, 9 : 30 p. m. updated : thursday, october 4, 2012 serving as a girl scout for the past several years, alexis mcclintock regularly volunteers in her community. mcclintock, 12, and other students at center elementary school in the plum school district, recently worked on a project that both helped those in need and taught them a history lesson. in honor of constitution day on sept. 17, the students wrote messages of inspiration on squares made of blue jean material. the squares are sewn together into quilts. the four freedom gratitude quilts are sent to injured and sick troops overseas as part of operation quiet comfort. constitution day commemorates the signing of the u. s. constitution on sept. 17, 1787. margi mcclintock, alexis mcclintock ' s mother, said she found out about operation quiet comfort when she was looking for a service project for her daughter ' s girl scout troop. mcclintock mentioned the project to jeff hadley, center elementary principal, who saw operation quiet comfort as an appropriate history lesson. hadley said public schools across the country conduct history lessons on constitution day \u2014 formerly citizenship day. \u201c it was felt that kids were losing some understanding of history and how the constitution came to be and how the country got started, \u201d hadley said. hadley said writing messages to the troops helps children make the connection between the fight for freedom more than 200 years ago and today. \u201c it ' s not just about reflecting on the past, \u201d hadley said. \u201c it ' s about making the connection that we still stand for the principles and beliefs that are the foundation of our country. \u201d margi mcclintock said each quilt is made up of 96 squares. center elementary, with 400 students, made enough squares for four quilts. alexis mcclintock, a sixth - grader, hopes the quilt will brighten an injured soldier ' s day. \u201c i wrote \u2018 we miss you, and god bless you, ' \u201d she said. \u201c it felt really good to know that when they want to have some cheering up, they will have the quilts. \u201d amber delahunty, 12, appreciates the sacrifices the troops make. \u201c i think it ' s a good way to show how much we appreciate the troops and how they protect our country, \u201d said delahunty, also a sixth - grader. \u201c i wrote, \u2018 you are a hero to us. ' \u201d alexis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4694613050541768, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.029092"} {"text": "think it ' s a good way to show how much we appreciate the troops and how they protect our country, \u201d said delahunty, also a sixth - grader. \u201c i wrote, \u2018 you are a hero to us. ' \u201d alexis mcclintock would like to hear from the soldier who receives the quilt. \u201c i would love to get a message and see what they say about the quilt and how well we did, \u201d she said. hadley said the lesson was valuable because students got to send their personal messages to the injured soldiers. \u201c most importantly, the students took the opportunity to say \u2018 thank you, ' \u201d hadley said. karen zapf is a staff writer for trib total media. she can be reached at 412 - 856 - 7400, ext. 8753, or email @ example. com. - nhl insider : penguins \u2019 shero seems ready to move letang - highmark to extend self - insurance plans to small businesses - steelers rookie safety thomas learning from polamalu, clark - cheswick council agrees to buy firetruck - police find burglary suspect \u2019 s cellphone at crime scene - united makes mileageplus status harder to achieve - sec investigation to continue into \u2018 suspicious \u2019 acquisition of heinz stock option - it \u2019 s about what you can bring - more choose to buy into jobs - pirates notebook : beanballs escalate tension against reds - chrysler agrees to recall of jeeps at risk of fire ; ex - coal official seeks leniency in conspiracy case ; smithfield foods lays off 120 more at va. plant ; more you must be signed in to add comments to comment, click the sign in or sign up at the very top of this page. subscribe today! click here for our subscription offers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3795572684800761, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.029889"} {"text": "the diagnosis of prostate cancer usually begins in your doctor \u2019 s office during a routine rectal exam followed by a blood test to measure prostate specific antigen ( psa ). if your rectal exam shows abnormal changes or your psa test is elevated, your doctor will need to do further testing to determine if you have cancer, benign prostatic hypertrophy, an infection, or some other condition. your doctor will ask about your medical history, including information about possible risk factors related to prostate cancer, and do a physical exam. your doctor will also do testing to determine the nature of the abnormal cell growth of the prostate. tests may include the following : - blood tests \u2014 your doctor will take a blood sample to test for prostatic specific antigen ( psa ). this is a chemical that indicates abnormalities in the prostate. - transrectal ultrasonography ( or ultrasound ) \u2014 an ultrasound probe is placed into the rectum as close to the prostate as possible. the probe releases painless sound waves that bounce off the inner tissues of the prostate. the echoes produced by the sound waves create a picture on a computer screen that helps distinguish normal prostate tissue from cancerous tissue. - transrectal biopsy \u2014 the biopsy sample is obtained by inserting a needle through the wall of the rectum into the prostate gland. transrectal ultrasound is used to guide the doctor in placing the needle into the prostate. the area of the biopsy is usually numbed. this procedure typically takes 10 - 20 minutes and is performed in the doctor \u2019 s office. if cancer is found in the biopsy sample, prognosis and treatment will primarily depend on : - stage of the cancer - psa value - your general health staging is a careful attempt to determine the extent and seriousness of the cancer by taking into account the following factors : - gleason score \u2014 a measure of the aggessiveness of the cancer as seen under the microscope tnm staging system : - tumor size and local spread ( t ) - spread to lymph nodes in the area ( n ) - spread or metastasis to distant organs ( m ) in addition to a physical exam, tests used to stage prostate cancer include : - urine and blood tests - additional physical exam - x - ray \u2014 a test that uses radiation to take a picture of structures inside the body, including lungs, bladder, kidney, and lymph nodes - bone scan \u2014 a nuclear medicine scan that uses radioactive material injected into your body to detect abnormal areas of bone. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4552793910033316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.034023"} {"text": "test that uses radiation to take a picture of structures inside the body, including lungs, bladder, kidney, and lymph nodes - bone scan \u2014 a nuclear medicine scan that uses radioactive material injected into your body to detect abnormal areas of bone. this is usually not done unless your psa is above 10 ng / ml or you have bone pain. - ct or cat scan \u2014 a type of x - ray that uses a computer to make pictures of structures inside the body - prostascint scan \u2014 a nuclear medicine scan that uses radioactive material injected into your body to detect prostate cells that may have traveled outside of the prostate. this study is still investigational and has not yet been proven to change disease management. - mri scan \u2014 a test that uses magnetic waves to make pictures of structures inside the body - lymph node biopsy \u2014 tissue samples are taken from the lymph nodes surrounding the prostate and sent to the laboratory for examination. the tnm staging system is often used to classify cancer of the prostate. the gleason score is often combined with the tnm system to predict the likelihood of survival over the next five years with treatment. the higher the numbers the worse the prognosis. tumor size and local spread ( t ) : - t0 : there is no evidence of tumor. - t1 : the cancer is not felt during a rectal exam nor seen by ultrasound. it is usually found during treatment for benign prostatic hypertrophy or during evaluation of an elevated psa test. - t2 : the cancer can be felt during rectal exam, but is confined to the prostate. - t3 : the cancer has spread just outside the prostate and may involve the seminal vesicles. - t4 : the cancer has spread to local tissues beyond the prostate and seminal vesicles, organs, or lymph nodes. spread to lymph nodes ( n ) : - n0 : there is no evidence of cancer in any lymph node. - n1 : cancer has spread to one nearby lymph node that is < 2 cm in size. - n2 : cancer has spread to one nearby lymph node 2 - 5 cm in size or multiple lymph nodes all < 5 cm in size - n3 : cancer has spread to any nearby lymph nodes > 5 cm in size. spread to distant organs ( m ) : - m0 : there is no evidence of distant spread. - m1 : there is no distant spread to far removed lymph nodes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5161420388456132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.034990"} {"text": "( cnn ) - - human concepts of beauty are shaping conservation efforts, protecting good - looking plants and animals over ugly ones, a study suggests. the report, \" the new noah ' s ark : beautiful and useful species only, \" has been published in the 2012 edition of the scientific journal, biodiversity. it describes how vulnerable species that overtly display characteristics human beings respect or find desirable - - such as beauty, strength, power or cuddliness - - are more likely to be the focus of concerted conservation programs than animals or plants that are less appealing to the eye. \" people have biases towards species that are glamorous, \" said dr. ernie small, author of the study and taxonomist for agriculture canada. \" animals that are beautiful, entertaining or that command respect due to their size or power are almost always given greater forms of conservation protection. \" the study highlights charismatic mega - fauna such as whales, tigers and polar bears as animals more likely to be the focus of successful conservation programs, protective legislation and public funding drives. as a result, the plight of less glamorous - - but no less ecologically important organisms, such as snakes, spiders and frogs - - are often ignored. small argues that this focus on large, spectacular species could have profound consequences for a wide variety of finely balanced ecosystems and food chains. \" when you concentrate on the preservation of selective species... you do an inadequate job of protecting biodiversity as a whole, \" he said.. he adds that by employing such selective methods human beings could also be manufacturing nature to reflect their own image or the characteristics they admire. \" we find attractive in animals the same qualities that we find attractive largely in our own species. these are not always the most ecologically important species however, \" he added. for those working on the front line of conservation, the concerns raised by small and his study are very real. according to dr sybille klenzendorf, director of world wildlife fund ' s species program, there is already a wide body of evidence that suggests people are most interested in vulnerable animals that most closely resemble human beings - - usually large mammals with forward - facing eyes. but klenzendorf argues that focusing conservation efforts on these vulnerable species can lead to the best conservation programs. \" these large, charismatic species are... the ones that require the largest amount of wild habitat, and by preserving them we save the less impressive species too, \" said klenzendorf. \" in order to ensure the survival of wild tigers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4480738150123206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.039479"} {"text": "vegan for life by jack norris, rd & ginny messina, mph, rd can a natural diet require supplements? by jack norris, rd | last updated : march 2012 if we admit that vegans need to get vitamin b12 through fortified foods or supplements, are we saying that a vegan diet is unnatural? one point to consider is that feces contain large amounts of vitamin b12, produced by bacteria in the colon, and that if we found ourselves in a state of nature, and still wanted to be vegan, we could get enough b12 from feces, though it would be important to make efforts to make sure the bacteria were killed and viruses were neutralized. admittedly, that ' s not terribly appetizing. people have told me that they and other vegans they know do not take vitamin b12 supplements nor eat fortified foods and are healthy. while many vegans do not supplement with b12 and remain apparently healthy for many years, they normally do not know what their homocysteine levels are, which could eventually contribute to stroke or dementia. they might eventually run into overt b12 deficiency ( see individual cases of deficiency ). you are taking a real chance by assuming you have transcended the need for a recommended b12 intake. as people live longer, homocysteine has more years to cause damage to the body. because of this, the importance of b12 has increased. the longer a vegan does not supplement with b12, the lower their active b12 levels will drop, increasing their homocysteine levels. in western society today, it is easy for vegans to ensure an adequate b12 intake. vegans who supplement with b12 can have superior b12 status to non - vegetarians who do not supplement. in fact, due to a decrease in the ability to absorb b12 from animal foods as people age, the food and nutrition board says that all people ( not just vegans ) over age 50 should \" meet their rda mainly by consuming foods fortified with b12 or a b12 - containing supplement. \" is the vegan diet natural? to answer that question, i recommend an article that examines the subject in great detail, comparative anatomy and physiology brought up to date : are humans natural frugivores / vegetarians, or omnivores / faunivores? by tom billings. after an extensive review of the research, billings concludes that humans are not naturally vegetarians or vegans. despite this, he says : i am both", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43614519754914616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.044943"} {"text": "rather questionable. today ' s commercial plant foods and meats are different from the foods available in prehistoric times. we eat hybrids of plants and we feed foods to farmed animals that they would not normally eat. farmed animals are typically given a host of supplements in their feed. the u. s. food supply is routinely fortified with a host of vitamins and minerals ( such as vitamin d in milk ), and most people who turn to what they consider to be a more natural diet as adults have often benefited from this supplementation. in the last two hundred years, nutritional science has solved all sorts of serious health problems that plagued humanity for eons. although there are exceptions, eating meat is one of the few things which most people try to do that is \" natural. \" paleolithic dieters are probably the most vocal anti - vegetarian, natural eaters. yet they rarely eat insects, grubs, and worms which, according to paleoveganology in his post what, no bugs?!, \" have long provided humans and other primates with nutrients, and continue doing so today in most parts of the world. \" so one has to wonder how close to nature they are actually trying to eat. many vegans are understandably skeptical of the medical and scientific community. but by refusing to accept the scientific evidence in favor of the need to supplement with b12, we provide a steady flow of vegans with health issues for the medical community to study. if you are wary of the medical community, the best thing you can do is ensure that you do not develop b12 deficiency and become one of their subjects. while i ' m grateful that research has been done on vegans who do not supplement with b12, enough is enough. it is the vegan community ' s responsibility to stop this flow of research subjects. when researchers decide to do studies examining the health problems of vegans who do not supplement their diets with b12, it would be best if they simply could not find any. all vegan advocates should be aware of the symptoms of b12 deficiency ( with the realization that elevated homocysteine levels occur long before these symptoms are noticeable ), and the need for new vegans to start supplementing with b12 shortly after becoming vegan ( or even near - vegan ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4592904411764839, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.046974"} {"text": "this article describes the design of an antenna for \" local \" contacts on 7mhz, including a simple and efficient matching system that presents a 50\u03c9 load to the transmitter. the design objectives are : the antenna is intended to serve mainly local vk contacts. the requirement can be simply met by an antenna with approximately omni - directional characteristics. even though the location is a semi rural one, a horizontal antenna is chosen for best noise performance. vk1od is located in bowral ( abouty 100km sw of sydney ), roughly in the centre of the south east corner of australia where well over half of australia ' s population reside, as illustrated in the map to the right. the table shows the nearby state capital cities ( 2002 ) and the path parameters for 7mhz communications at 0500 utc with ssn = 100. note that radiation angles from 31 to 82 degrees suit these cities. a dipole mounted low to the ground with its legs sloped downwards from the centre was chosen as a reasonably omni - directional horizontal antenna. a mast to support the centre of the dipole at a height of 11m is available, and the legs can be conveniently sloped downwards at about 45\u00b0 to the horizontal. the impedance of a nominally half wave dipole is quite dependent on frequency, height above ground, the nature of ground, and nearby conductors. the series resistance component changes slowly with about resonance, and reactance changes quite quickly with frequency. fig 1 shows nec modelled r and x for the antenna which is resonant at as the frequency increases, the change in feed point impedance can be expressed as the vswr it would cause on a given feedline. fig 2 shows the vswr in a 75\u03c9 line. conversely, as the length of the antenna is increased beyond resonance at a given frequency, vswr ( 75 ) will increase. the objective of the matching scheme used is to cause a vswr of 1. 5 on the 75\u03c9 feedline because the effect of that vswr is that there will be points along the feedline where the the ratio of v to i, the impedance, is 50\u03c9 purely resistive. in the strictest sense, we want vswr = 1. 5 at the transmitter end of the 75\u03c9 line, vswr will be a little higher at the feed point end due to line losses. first step is to erect the dipole with 1 : 1 current balun at the feed point and tune it to obtain vswr = 1. 5 in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.507981372835333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.065189"} {"text": "line, vswr will be a little higher at the feed point end due to line losses. first step is to erect the dipole with 1 : 1 current balun at the feed point and tune it to obtain vswr = 1. 5 in the 75\u03c9 feed line at the desired frequency by making it a little longer than a resonant dipole. this is best done by measuring vswr with a 75\u03c9 swr meter at the transmitter end of a a feed line length that is a little longer than anticipated for the installation ( see below ). fig 3 shows the feed point impedance that would be transformed by a length of belden 1189a ( rg6 ) at 7. 1mhz. the nec model give above gives specific values for feed point impedance for the modelled antennas, but the installed antenna will depart from the model to some extent because the model is a simple one that does not capture the entire antenna environment, and some parameters ( eg soil type ) are guesses and have a certain amount of error. nevertheless, we can use the model to guide us to a solution that is tuned for the actual installation. we expect that a dipole like that described above, when tuned for vswr = 1. 5 in a 75\u03c9 feed line will have a feed point resistance component typically somewhere in the range 60\u03c9 to 80\u03c9. from fig 3, select a length of line that is convenient and will suit that resistance range with positive x ( since the dipole is resonant below the desired frequency ). fig 3 indicates a length of around 13m will suit, lets choose 15m as a starting point to cover that range. now, connect a 50\u03c9 line from the transmitter to a 50\u03c9 swr meter and then to the 15m of 75\u03c9 line. measure vswr ( 50 ) at the desired operating frequency, and at adjacent frequencies. it is likely that the vswr is greater than one, and is less at lower frequencies. cut a little off the 75\u03c9 line, and repeat the measurements. repeat the process until the vswr ( 50 ) minimum is at the desired frequency, and it should be very low, less than 1. 1. fig 4 shows the measured vswr, rx and xs from 6mhz to 8mhz looking into the tuned length of rg6. apologies for the graphs, the tapr vna software is poor. the red vswr scale is from 1 : 1 to 3 : 1, so the second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48166263861004954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.067224"} {"text": "##mhz to 8mhz looking into the tuned length of rg6. apologies for the graphs, the tapr vna software is poor. the red vswr scale is from 1 : 1 to 3 : 1, so the second grid line from the bottom is 1. 4 : 1. the blue line is r and scale is 0 to 100, and orange line is x and scale is - 50 to + 50. note that the r and x lines in fig 4 are not directly comparable with fig 3 ( fig 3 shows the feed point impedance required for input impedance of 50 + j0\u03c9 vs length, whereas fig 4 shows the input impedance with the optimised tuned length of feed line ). whilst it is possible to adjust the dipole length and feedline line length for a perfect match, it is impractical as factors like variations in soil moisture content after rain, seasonal variation in vegetation etc will cause small variation in the input impedance. the dipole could be tuned so that resonance is above the desired frequency and vswr ( 75 ) = 1. 5 at the desired frequency by shortening it from resonant length. this means that feed point impedance would typically be in the range 60\u03c9 to 80\u03c9 and reactance is negative. looking at fig 3, you might choose a line length of 23m as the starting point and then adjust the line length until vswr ( 50 ) looking into the line is very low ( < 1. 1 ). fig 5 shows the feed point detail. the rg6 feed line is inside a length of 13mm irrigation pipe as protection from birds, and a w2du style balun formed of 12 suppression sleeves on the rg6 fits inside the irrigation pipe. fig 6 shows an adjustable capacity hat for fine tuning the antenna. it is just a piece of hdc with a dog leg in the middle, and secured to the dipole wire with a split bolt line tap about 900mm from the end. fig 7 shows the insulator termination detail. the copper is terminated using crimp sleeves particular to the purpose. these were widely used on open wire telephone lines, but probably not obtainable now. fig 8 shows the method of tensioning the dipole. the star picket is a temporary measure and will be replaced with a length of galvanised steel pipe. the winch fitting is a rural fence accessory. fig 8 shows the earthing of the supporting mast to a 2. 4m long 16mm copper clad ground rod", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4686003116271255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.068740"} {"text": "a temporary measure and will be replaced with a length of galvanised steel pipe. the winch fitting is a rural fence accessory. fig 8 shows the earthing of the supporting mast to a 2. 4m long 16mm copper clad ground rod driven into wet clay. two 25mm2 conductors bond the mast to the earth rod. the ground rod consistently measures around 12\u03c9 resistance indicating a soil resistivity of around 20\u03c9m ( which is quite low ). when connected to the mast in its foundation, the combined resistance consistently measures 9\u03c9 to 10\u03c9. the temporary end supports were replaced with 50mm diameter steel posts. this raised the ends of the dipole to about 7m in height ( included angle 135\u00b0 ) and required a small adjustment in tuning. fig 10 shows the end support posts. they are made from 40mm nb ( ~ 50mm od ) galvanised steel pipe, with cap added and a chain link welded on for rigging attachment. the winch pictured is a permanent fence wire strainer which cost about $ 7 at the local rural hardware shop. the other pics show the lateral guys ( 4mm galvanised fswr ) on the mast at 8m height, and their attachment to an eye in the roof frame and a star picket driven into the ground. the mast was trued up laterally using a theodolite and then the rigging screws and shackle pins wired to prevent loosening. the egg insulators are to prevent unwanted interaction with the dipole. fig 11 above shows a scan with a aimuhf antenna analyser look into the existing 13m of rg6 coax. the capacity loading stingers were adjusted in position to obtain vswr ( 75 ) = 1. 5 at about 7. 070mhz. the vswr lot above is referenced to 75\u03c9, and the cyan cursor shows vswr ( 75 ) = 1. 5 at 7. 059mhz. this is quite close enough, antenna tuning will change a little with ground moisture level etc. in this case, the stingers needed to be move about 100mm to compensate for the new end height which could be expected to affect feed point reactance much more than resistance. having used this stinger design for many years, it was time to improve the design. fig 12 shows the improved design, the 2mm hdc stinger wire is formed around a 6mm round rod, then through the split bolt line tap, and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5264515188391922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.070398"} {"text": "this stinger design for many years, it was time to improve the design. fig 12 shows the improved design, the 2mm hdc stinger wire is formed around a 6mm round rod, then through the split bolt line tap, and the ends bent out at 90\u00b0. the improved stinger seats better against the main line, won ' t fall out easily, and can be removed without fully undoing the line tap. next step is to determine any adjustment needed in the tuned 75\u03c9 coax section. fig 13 above shows the same scan referenced to 50\u03c9. minimum vswr ( 50 ) occurs at 7. 060mhz, and as expected, it is quite low ( 1. 04 ). it is not altogether surprising that the existing length of line remains optimal as the retuning with the stingers was mostly to correct a shift in reactance caused by the new mounting height. note that in fig 13, minimum vswr is extremely low ( < 1. 05 ), and reactance does not pass through zero around minimum vswr. this is an example that shows the nonsense of the widely held belief that system resonance is synonomous with minimum vswr, and that reactance always passes through zero coincident exactly with minimum vswr. fig 14 above shows the new cable entry panel. a brick was removed from the wall and an aluminium panel folded up to cover the space and accommodate four n type bulkhead connectors. this is the garage wall, and the inside is unlined which gives ready access to the other side of the connectors. fig 15 shows a pair of ceramic feed through insulators with metal hardware fabricated from 5mm stainless threaded rod, nuts and washers. the feed through insulators are to facilitate entry of an open wire feeder. the panel is grounded via a 6mm ^ 2 conductor behind the wall. the 13m of rg6 feedline has a loss under the mismatched conditions of 0. 22db and cost a $ 5. another 2m of rg58 fly lead to make the distance to the transmitter has a loss of 0. 07db at a cost of less than a $ 2, giving a total feed line system with loss of 0. 3 db ( efficiency 93 % ) for less than a $ 7 and delivering a very good match for the transmitter. the balun is about a $ 10, so all up, the antenna cost is about a $ 17 plus appropriate copper wire. an nec model of the dipole indicates copper loss of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49411603718162167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.071668"} {"text": "past flood events | 2011 2011 proved to be another record - breaking flood year in the united states. usgs personnel from north dakota to louisiana were busy measuring spring floods on the red river of the north, the ohio river, the mississippi river, and many tributaries. water science centers along the missouri river and its tributaries saw record - breaking snow - melt runoff through the summer. the following link outlines some of the nation - wide efforts of the usgs to study and document these record - breaking floods : focal points of spring / summer floods in the central us : summary information for 2011 floods usgs professional paper 1798 : 2011 floods of the central united states : summary - flood information sheet : science efforts of the u. s. geological survey chapter b - general weather conditions and precipitation chapter c - peak streamflows and runoff volumes chapter e - new madrid floodway stages and streamflows other chapters coming soon... video : the anatomy of floods : the causes and development of 2011 ' s epic flood events 2011 service assessments from the national weather service divine providence - the 2011 flood in the mississippi river and tributaries project, by charles camillo ( usace, 2012 ) usace post 2011 flood event analysis of the missouri river mainstem flood control storage irtf report - interagency recovery task force website with 2011 - 12 report.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38331535409767026, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.075050"} {"text": "usgs surface water information new & noteworthy usgs in your state usgs water science centers are located in each state. other water sites documents are presented in portable document format ( pdf ) ; the latest version of adobe reader or similar software is required to view it. download the latest version of adobe reader, free of charge. summary of u. s. geological survey on - line instantaneous fluvial sediment and ancillary data by lisa m. turcios, john r. gray, and annette l. ledford instantaneous fluvial sediment data, in addition to other instantaneous water - quality and ancillary data collected by the u. s. geological survey ( usgs ), are available on - line through the national water information system world wide web ( nwisweb ) water - quality data base at http : / / waterdata. usgs. gov / nwis / qwdata. the nwisweb water - quality data base was populated and is periodically refreshed from electronic files maintained by individual usgs district offices across the united states and puerto rico. it represents the single largest repository of usgs electronic instantaneous - value suspended - sediment, bedload, and bed - material data. these web pages provide a summary of fluvial - sediment data by state, and by usgs station number retrieved from the then - under - construction nwisweb data base on january 13, 2000. the meta data can be accessed by following the links at the bottom of this web page. more than 2. 6 - million values of instantaneous - value sediment and ancillary data were retrieved for 15, 415 sites in all 50 states, puerto rico, and other locations, including canada, the federated states of micronesia, guam, and southern ryukyu islands, from the nwisweb data base on january 13, 2000. the nwisweb data base is described, along with the criteria used to retrieve sediment and ancillary data, and selected characteristics of those data in a report to be published in the proceedings of the 7th federal interagency sedimentation conference, reno, nevada, march 25 - 29, 2001. a copy of the report is available in pdf format and will require the use of adobe acrobat software to view. additional helpful information : > maps showing locations of sites in the united states and puerto rico with sediment and ancillary data retrieved from the nwisweb data base on january 13, 2000 : the results of the january 13, 2000,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4681042013597015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.079425"} {"text": "view. additional helpful information : > maps showing locations of sites in the united states and puerto rico with sediment and ancillary data retrieved from the nwisweb data base on january 13, 2000 : the results of the january 13, 2000, retrieval from then - under - construction nwisweb water - quality data base, which are summarized in these web pages, do not include all instantaneous - value sediment and ancillary data collected by the usgs. only those data that were present in usgs district office nwis data bases in the spring of 1999 were used to populate the nwisweb data base that was the source of the january 13, 2000, retrieval. there is evidence that a considerable amount of usgs suspended - sediment concentration data and some bedload - transport data were not available on the nwisweb on january 13, 2000. in many cases, these data can be obtained through usgs district offices for a fraction of the cost of collecting a comparable amount of sediment and ancillary data. for more information, we recommend contacting the local usgs office for water resources by following the links available at http : / / water. usgs. gov / local _ offices. html. daily - value suspended - sediment data collected by the usgs from 1930 through september 30, 1994, are available to the public on - line at http : / / webserver. cr. usgs. gov / sediment /. these and subsequent daily - value usgs suspended - sediment data are entered into the nwisweb data base as the data become available. for more information about the data collected, you may follow this link to chapter 2. water - quality system of the user ' s manual for the national water information system of the u. s. geological survey. chose state to view summary pages. station data for each state may take minutes to load. suggestions for printing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49697631515063856, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.101003"} {"text": "hidden vitamin in milk yields remarkable health benefits weill cornell researchers show tiny vitamin in milk, in high doses, makes mice leaner, faster and stronger new york ( june 14, 2012 ) \u2014 a novel form of vitamin b3 found in milk in small quantities produces remarkable health benefits in mice when high doses are administered, according to a new study conducted by researchers at weill cornell medical college and the polytechnic school in lausanne, switzerland. the findings, recently reported in the june 2012 issue of the journal, cell metabolism, reveal that high doses of the vitamin precursor, nicotinamide riboside ( nr ) \u2014 a cousin of niacin \u2014 prevent obesity in mice that are fed a fatty diet, and also increase muscle performance, improve energy expenditure and prevent diabetes development, all without side effects. the swiss researchers, led by dr. johan auwerx, performed the mouse experiments, while the ability to give the animals sufficient doses of nr was made possible by weill cornell medical college researchers, who played key roles in uncovering the biological story of nr. \" this study is very important. it shows that in animals, the use of nr offers the health benefits of a low - calorie diet and exercise \u2014 without doing either one, \" says dr. anthony sauve, associate professor of pharmacology at weill cornell medical college. dr. sauve is the pharmacologist and organic chemist who has invented a simple method for efficiently synthesizing nr in large scale. he was first to show that nr increases nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( nad ) levels in mammalian cells. nad is a central player in energy metabolism. he has pioneered research into the compound, and he is a leader in investigating how nad can signal adaptation in cells and in physiology. \" the research also suggests that the effects of nr could be even broader, \" dr. sauve says. \" the bottom line is that nr improves the function of mitochondria, the cell ' s energy factories. mitochondrial decline is the hallmark of many diseases associated with aging, such as cancer and neurodegeneration, and nr supplementation boosts mitochondrial functioning. \" the swiss researchers call nr a \" hidden vitamin \" that is believed to also be present in many other foods, although levels are low and difficult to measure. nevertheless, the effects of nr on metabolism \" are nothing short of astonishing. \" got nicotinamide riboside? the study depended on a series of crucial discoveries by dr. sauve and his laboratory colleagues.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4985254736599761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.120807"} {"text": "are low and difficult to measure. nevertheless, the effects of nr on metabolism \" are nothing short of astonishing. \" got nicotinamide riboside? the study depended on a series of crucial discoveries by dr. sauve and his laboratory colleagues. nr, related to niacin and other common forms of vitamin b3, was first investigated more than 60 years ago by a stanford researcher and 1959 nobel laureate, arthur kornberg. but little more was known about its effects in mammals until dr. sauve discovered the effect nr had in stimulating levels of nad in mammalian cells \u2014 work he published in 2007. nad allows sugars, fats, and proteins to be converted into energy. dr. sauve ' s research provided the first evidence that nr enhances nad levels in the mitochondria in mammalian cells in culture. these findings are published in the current study. these cell - based observations were key to the demonstration that nr could stimulate tissue nad levels in animals, and that it could stimulate nad - dependent sirtuins, which adapt physiology to the low calorie diets that are known to extend the lifespan of many organisms. dr. sauve invented a relatively simple method for efficiently synthesizing nr in large scale so that its health benefits can be studied. this methodology, which makes it possible to make nr commercially available, was patented by cornell ' s center for technology enterprise and commercialization and subsequently licensed to chromadex corporation. the development of a means to synthesize nr in adequate quantities was crucial to the current research, and the sauve lab provided methods and nr to make the study possible. in addition, the biological observations on the effects of nr on nad levels in cells and on mitochondria were key to the study. finally, the sauve laboratory has developed state of the art analytical methods to determine nad levels in cells, tissues and organelles, and the laboratory provided several key metabolic measurements highlighted in the study. \" our published scientific work has verified that nr is perhaps the most potent nad enhancing agent ever identified, \" he says. his laboratory is also widely recognized for developing an expertise in the measurement of nad metabolism in cell tissues. with this compound, the swiss researchers found that mice on a high - fat diet supplemented with nr gained significantly less weight ( 60 percent ) than mice fed the same diet without nr, even though the mice supplemented with nr ate the same amount of food as mice on the high fat diet not treated with nr. they had improved energy. they were in better shape than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5278967277802433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.131035"} {"text": "weight ( 60 percent ) than mice fed the same diet without nr, even though the mice supplemented with nr ate the same amount of food as mice on the high fat diet not treated with nr. they had improved energy. they were in better shape than the untreated mice, with significantly better endurance and stronger muscles. additionally, none of the treated mice developed diabetes, as seen in the untreated mice on the high fat diet. and when fed a normal diet, nr treated mice had improved sensitivity to insulin. the nr treated mice also showed lower cholesterol levels. all of these benefits came without toxicity. while the new study demonstrates that high doses of nr can largely prevent the negative health consequences of a poor diet in mice, dr. sauve stresses that the effects of high doses of the vitamin in humans have not been evaluated. \" it is important to keep in mind that the amount of nr in milk and other foods appears to be small. we don ' t know what effects nr would have in humans at relatively high doses, \" he says. \" still, we have very encouraging evidence of benefits of nr and nad augmentation in general from this animal study \u2014 and much more work to do, \" he says. the study ' s senior investigator dr. auwerx is head of laboratory of integrative systems physiology at the polytechnic school in lausanne ( ecole polytechnique federale de lausanne or epfl ) and the first author is dr. carles canto, also of epfl. other co - authors include dou y. youn and dr. yana cen from weill cornell medical college ; dr. riekelt h. houtkooper, dr. eija pirinen, dr. maaike h. oosterveer, dr. pablo j. fernandez - marcos, dr. hiroyasu yamamoto, dr. penelope a. andreux, dr. philippe cettour - rose, dr. kristina schoonjans and dr. chris rinsch from epfl ; dr. karl gademann from the university of basel in switzerland. the ellison medical foundation new scholar award and the new york state spinal cord injury board funded study contributions by the weill cornell medical college researchers. weill cornell medical college weill cornell medical college, cornell university ' s medical school located in new york city, is committed to excellence in research, teaching, patient care and the advancement of the art and science of medicine, locally, nationally and globally. physicians and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45288636563639517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.134374"} {"text": "medical college weill cornell medical college, cornell university ' s medical school located in new york city, is committed to excellence in research, teaching, patient care and the advancement of the art and science of medicine, locally, nationally and globally. physicians and scientists of weill cornell medical college are engaged in cutting - edge research from bench to bedside, aimed at unlocking mysteries of the human body in health and sickness and toward developing new treatments and prevention strategies. in its commitment to global health and education, weill cornell has a strong presence in places such as qatar, tanzania, haiti, brazil, austria and turkey. through the historic weill cornell medical college in qatar, the medical college is the first in the u. s. to offer its m. d. degree overseas. weill cornell is the birthplace of many medical advances \u2014 including the development of the pap test for cervical cancer, the synthesis of penicillin, the first successful embryo - biopsy pregnancy and birth in the u. s., the first clinical trial of gene therapy for parkinson ' s disease, and most recently, the world ' s first successful use of deep brain stimulation to treat a minimally conscious brain - injured patient. weill cornell medical college is affiliated with newyork - presbyterian hospital, where its faculty provides comprehensive patient care at newyork - presbyterian hospital / weill cornell medical center. the medical college is also affiliated with the methodist hospital in houston. for more information, visit weill. cornell. edu.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4815464111341531, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.135287"} {"text": "the most common symptom of peripheral artery disease ( pad ) is pain and cramping in the legs, called intermittent claudication. if your legs cramp after walking short distances, your doctor may want to look for disease in the arteries that supply your legs. the physical exam usually consists of looking at your feet and feeling for pulses in your legs and feet. tests may include : - blood tests \u2014 your doctor will review your blood fats and / or your blood sugar. if either is elevated, it may be a treatable cause of pad. - ankle - brachial index \u2014 this is a blood pressure recordings in the legs and arms. - doppler ultrasonography \u2014 this is a small device that can detect blood flow using sound waves. the test is fast, painless, and harmless. - angiography \u2014 during this procedure, x - rays are taken while dye is being injected into the blood vessels. the x - rays can show blockages. this test is invasive and is usually only done in more serious cases. - ct angiography \u2014 this involves using ct scan technology along with angiography to show the blood vessels. - mri scan \u2014 magnetic waves are used to take images of the body. you will also be evaluated for accompanying problems, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and elevated levels of cholesterol and other blood fats. - reviewer : michael j. fucci, do - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 92 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4427678204937763, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.139058"} {"text": "foreign type specifiers here is a list of valid foreign type specifiers for use in accessing external objects. specifies an undefined return value. not allowed as argument type. as argument : any value ( # f is false ( zero ), anything else is true ( non - zero ). as result : anything different from 0 and the null pointer is # t. this type maps to int in both c and c + +. a signed or unsigned character. as an argument, the input scheme character is cast to c char or unsigned char, resulting in an 8 - bit value. a scheme character with an integer value outside 0 - 127 ( signed ) or 0 - 255 ( unsigned ) will be silently truncated to fit ; in other words, don ' t feed it utf - 8 data. as a return type, accepts any valid unicode code point ; the return type is treated as a c int, and converted to a scheme character. an 8 - bit integer value in range - 128 - 127 ( byte ) or 0 - 255 ( unsigned byte ). values are cast to and from c char or unsigned char type, so values outside this 8 - bit range will be unceremoniously truncated. [ type ] short a short integer number in 16 - bit range. maps to c short or unsigned short. [ type ] int an integer number in fixnum range ( - 1073741824 to 1073741823, i. e. 31 bit signed ). unsigned - int further restricts this range to 30 bit unsigned ( 0 to 1073741823 ). int maps to c type int and int32 maps to int32 _ t. as an argument type, these expect a fixnum value, and as a return type they return a fixnum. values outside the ranges prescribed above are silently truncated ; you should use e. g. integer if you need the full 32 - bit range. note : int32 is not recognized as an argument type prior to chicken 4. 7. 2. notes for 64 - bit architectures : - c ' s int is 32 bits on most 64 - bit systems ( lp64 ), so int and int32 are functionally ( if not semantically ) equivalent. - the fixnum type is larger than 32 bits and consequently the entire signed or unsigned 32 - bit range is available for this type on 64 - bit systems. however, for compatibility with 32 - bit systems it is probably unwise to rely on this. if you need a 32 - bit range, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5269761724700207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.161860"} {"text": "consequently the entire signed or unsigned 32 - bit range is available for this type on 64 - bit systems. however, for compatibility with 32 - bit systems it is probably unwise to rely on this. if you need a 32 - bit range, you should use ( unsigned ) integer or integer32. a fixnum or integral flonum, mapping to int or int32 _ t or their unsigned variants. when outside of fixnum range the value will overflow into a flonum. c ' s int is 32 bits on most 64 - bit systems ( lp64 ), so integer and integer32 are functionally ( if not semantically ) equivalent. [ type ] integer64 a fixnum or integral flonum, mapping to int64 _ t or uint64 _ t. when outside of fixnum range the value will overflow into a flonum. on a 32 - bit system, the effective precision of this type is 52 bits plus the sign bit, as it is stored in a double flonum. ( in other words, numbers between 2 ^ 52 and 2 ^ 64 - 1 can be represented but there are gaps in the sequence ; the same goes for their negative counterparts. ) on a 64 - bit system the range is 62 bits plus the sign bit, the maximum range of a fixnum. ( numbers between 2 ^ 62 and 2 ^ 64 - 1 have gaps. ) unsigned - integer64 is not valid as a return type until chicken 4. 6. 4. [ type ] long either a fixnum or a flonum in the range of an ( unsigned ) machine long. similar to integer32 on 32 - bit systems or integer64 on 64 - bit. [ type ] size _ t a direct mapping to c ' s size _ t. a floating - point number. if an exact integer is passed as an argument, then it is automatically converted to a float. [ type ] number a floating - point number. similar to double, but when used as a result type, then either an exact integer or a floating - point number is returned, depending on whether the result fits into an exact integer or not. a zero - terminated c string. the argument value # f is allowed and is passed as a null pointer ; similarly, a null pointer is returned as # f. note that the string contents are copied into ( automatically managed ) temporary storage with a zero byte appended when passed as an argument. also, a return value of this type is copied into garbage collected memory using strc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.486170070985655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.162861"} {"text": "pointer is returned as # f. note that the string contents are copied into ( automatically managed ) temporary storage with a zero byte appended when passed as an argument. also, a return value of this type is copied into garbage collected memory using strcpy ( 3 ). for the nonnull - variant, passing # f will raise an exception, and returning a null pointer will result in undefined behavior ( e. g. a segfault ). [ type ] c - string * similar to c - string and nonnull - c - string, but if used as a result type, the pointer returned by the foreign code will be freed ( using the c library ' s free ( 3 ) ) after copying. this type specifier is not valid as a result type for callbacks defined with define - external. [ type ] unsigned - c - string same as c - string, nonnull - c - string, etc. but mapping to c ' s unsigned char * type. [ type ] c - string - list takes a pointer to an array of c strings terminated by a null pointer and returns a list of strings. the starred version c - string - list * also releases the storage of each string and the pointer array afterward using free ( 1 ). only valid as a result type, and can only be used with non - callback functions. [ type ] symbol a symbol, which will be passed to foreign code as a zero - terminated string. when declared as the result of foreign code, the result should be a string and a symbol with the same name will be interned in the symbol table ( and returned to the caller ). attempting to return a null string will raise an exception. a blob object, passed as a pointer to its contents. permitted only as argument type, not return type. arguments of type blob may optionally be # f, which is passed as a null pointer. for the nonnull - variant, passing a # f value will raise an exception. [ type ] u8vector a srfi - 4 number - vector object, passed as a pointer to its contents. these are allowed only as argument types, not as return types. the value # f is also allowed and is passed to c as a null pointer. for the nonnull - variants, passing # f will raise an exception. [ type ] ( c - pointer type ) [ type ] ( nonnull - c - pointer type ) an operating - system pointer or a locative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5070576428888741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.163849"} {"text": "pointer. for the nonnull - variants, passing # f will raise an exception. [ type ] ( c - pointer type ) [ type ] ( nonnull - c - pointer type ) an operating - system pointer or a locative. c - pointer is untyped, whereas ( c - pointer type ) points to an object of foreign type type. the value # f is allowed and is passed to c as a null pointer ; similarly, null is returned as # f. for the two nonnull - variants, passing # f will raise an exception, and returning null will result in a null pointer object. ( note : it is still possible to deliberately pass a null pointer through a nonnull - c - pointer by manually creating a null pointer object, e. g. via ( address - > pointer 0 ). ) [ type ] pointer - vector a vector of foreign pointer objects ; see pointer vectors. permitted only as an argument type, not as return type. this type was introduced in chicken 4. 6. 3. a pointer vector contains a c array of void pointers, and the argument is passed as a void * * pointer to these contents. just as for bytevector types, you must somehow communicate the length of this array to the callee ; there is no sentinel node or null terminator. # f is allowed and passed as a null pointer. for the nonnull - variant, passing a # f value will raise an exception. [ type ] ( ref type ) a c + + reference type. reference types are handled the same way as pointers inside scheme code. [ type ] ( function resulttype ( argumenttype1... [... ] ) [ callconv ] ) a function pointer. callconv specifies an optional calling convention and should be a string. the meaning of this string is entirely platform dependent. the value # f is also allowed and is passed as a null pointer. scheme objects [ type ] scheme - object an arbitrary, raw scheme data object ( immediate or non - immediate ). a scheme - object is passed or returned as a c _ word, the internal chicken type for objects. typically, this consists of an object header and tag bits. it is up to you to build or take apart such objects using the core library routines in chicken. h and runtime. c. more information on object structure can be found in data representation. [ type ] scheme - pointer an untyped pointer to the contents of a non - immediate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5567834061457311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.164787"} {"text": "take apart such objects using the core library routines in chicken. h and runtime. c. more information on object structure can be found in data representation. [ type ] scheme - pointer an untyped pointer to the contents of a non - immediate scheme object ; for example, the raw byte contents of a string. only allowed as an argument type, not a return type. the value # f is also allowed and is passed as a null pointer. for the nonnull - variant, passing # f will raise an exception. don ' t confuse this type with ( c - pointer... ) which means something different ( a machine - pointer object ). scheme - pointer is typically used to get a pointer to the raw byte content of strings and blobs. but if you pass in a srfi - 4 vector, you will get a pointer to a blob object header ( not the blob ' s contents ), which is almost certainly wrong. instead, convert to a blob beforehand, or use a srfi - 4 specific type. user - defined c types [ type ] ( struct name ) a struct of the name name, which should be a string. structs cannot be directly passed as arguments to foreign functions, nor can they be result values. however, pointers to structs are allowed. [ type ] ( union name ) a union of the name name, which should be a string. unions cannot be directly passed as arguments to foreign functions, nor can they be result values. however, pointers to unions are allowed. [ type ] ( enum name ) an enumeration type. handled internally as an integer. c + + types [ type ] ( instance cname schemeclass ) a pointer to a c + + class instance wrapped into a scheme object instance. cname should designate the name of the c + + class, and schemeclass should be the class that wraps the instance pointer. ( make schemeclass ' this pointer ) ( slot - ref instance ' this ) [ type ] ( instance - ref cname schemeclass ) a reference to a c + + class instance. [ type ] ( template type argtype... ) a c + + template type. for example vector < int > would be specified as ( template \" vector \" int ). template types cannot be directly passed as arguments or returned as results. however, pointers to template types are allowed. type qualifiers [ type ] ( const type ) the foreign type", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5378216116377124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.167764"} {"text": "int > would be specified as ( template \" vector \" int ). template types cannot be directly passed as arguments or returned as results. however, pointers to template types are allowed. type qualifiers [ type ] ( const type ) the foreign type type with an additional const qualifier. map of foreign types to c types | foreign type | | c type | | [ nonnull - ] blob | | unsigned char * | | [ nonnull - ] u8vector | | unsigned char * | | [ nonnull - ] u16vector | | unsigned short * | | [ nonnull - ] unsigned - c - string | | unsigned char * | | ( [ nonnull - ] c - pointer type ) | | type * | | ( enum name ) | | enum name | | ( struct name ) | | struct name | | ( ref type ) | | type & | | ( template t1 t2... ) | | t1 < t2,... > | | ( union name ) | | union name | | ( function rtype ( atype... ) [ callconv ] ) | | [ callconv ] rtype ( * ) ( atype,... ) | | ( instance cname sname ) | | cname * | | ( instance - ref cname sname ) | | cname & | previous : accessing external objects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5268795891379017, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.169324"} {"text": "- many birds bred in captivity are hand - reared. hand - rearing allows a greater number of birds to be reared ( initial clutches may be removed and hand - reared, with the birds re - laying ). the abnormal rearing environment may, however adversely affect later behaviour. one potential problem is that birds reared in an abnormal environment may not themselves exhibit normal parental behaviour as adults. - a well - recognised problem, of more concern in some species than in others, is that hand - reared birds may become imprinted on humans and not later recognise their conspecifics as appropriate mates. this is less likely to occur if the birds are reared alongside others of their own species. if reared together with chicks of another species, they may preferentially mate with that species. - hand - reared birds may be less wary than parent - reared birds. this may be useful or detrimental depending on the circumstances. it may increase vulnerability to predation in birds intended for release, but may be useful in producing birds which are less stressed in a captive situation, and therefore more likely to breed : this may be very important in breeding endangered species. - hand - rearing also requires suitable equipment in the form of brooder boxes, runs, heat lamps etc. and requires a considerable input of time and effort. not all species are easy to hand - rear and some require considerable experience and expertise. - hand rearing has the advantages of allowing good control over temperature and food availability. - success with rearing, particularly of duck species, may be greatly increased with hand - rearing. losses due to predation and abandonment, in particular, may be decreased. - once downies have hatched and dried, they should be transferred from the hatching incubator to a heated broody box. broody boxes should have solid sides and a mesh top to prevent active birds from jumping or climbing out. - the most common method of providing heat is by an infra - red heat lamp. this is usually suspended over the brooder box by means of a chain, allowing the lamp to be raised or lowered as required to adjust the temperature inside the box. incandescent bulbs may also be used to provide heat, but are more vulnerable if knocked or splashed with water ( and may shatter ), and do not allow for a period of darkness, which is important for all except arctic - breeding waterfowl. - a thermal gradient should be present from directly under the lamp ( warmest ) to the far end of the box, allowing the downies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5008139725862576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.286984"} {"text": "do not allow for a period of darkness, which is important for all except arctic - breeding waterfowl. - a thermal gradient should be present from directly under the lamp ( warmest ) to the far end of the box, allowing the downies to chose for themselves the most comfortable area. a sturdy thermometer may be placed inside the box to monitor the temperature, which should initially be about 90 - 99f ( 32. 2 - 37. 2c ) directly under the lamp, reducing to 65 - 70f ( 18. 3 - 21. 1c ) ( or ambient temperature if higher ) by about three weeks old. - n. b. thermometer temperatures are a useful guide, but behavioural monitoring should be used also : if the downies are all underneath the lamp and huddling together, they are too cold and the lamp needs to be lowered. if they are staying in the far corners of the box, as far away from the lamp as possible, panting and appearing stressed, they are too hot and the lamp needs to be raised. substrate and cleaning : - suitable substrates for young waterfowl should stay dry to avoid wetting and chilling and a non - slip surface is preferred to avoid splay - leg. newspaper is not very suitable as it quickly becomes sodden and is also slippery when dry. towels may be used initially but quickly become soiled and wet. hay and straw should be avoided as they may be a source of aspergillus spp. spores. wood shavings, hay, straw and paper might be eaten, which may lead to impaction. rubber mats with a stippled surface have been used successfully, as has synthetic turf. plastic - covered weldmesh or stiff plastic mesh on a frame may be used and has the advantage that spilled feed, water and droppings can fall though to a gutter area underneath to be washed away. good hygiene is very important and brooder boxes should be cleaned daily to avoid bacterial and fungal growth and associated diseases. - there are two main approaches to the provision of water for downy waterfowl. downies may be kept with full access to water for swimming from the first or second day. in such conditions it is important to watch the birds carefully for the first few days and ensure they are kept warm and dry when out of the water, as there is a risk of the birds becoming too wet with resultant chilling. it is particularly important for the diving ducks ( especially seaducks and stifftails ) to have access to water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4610817991905104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.290008"} {"text": "ensure they are kept warm and dry when out of the water, as there is a risk of the birds becoming too wet with resultant chilling. it is particularly important for the diving ducks ( especially seaducks and stifftails ) to have access to water for swimming and diving from an early age ( b29 ). - alternatively, downies may be maintained with only drinking water, provided in small vessels or in shallow bowls partially filled with stones to prevent swimming ; this may be safer and requires less constant watching, and is often used for dabbling ducks and geese, particularly for small delicate duck species. the amount of water is gradually increased to allow paddling, and full access to water is allowed only after the first full plumage of contour feathers has grown. - if full water access is provided from an early age, a constant flow with surface - level drainage should be used, and an area of stippled rubber matting or mesh must be provided under the brooder lamp. - if waterfowl have been reared without full access to water they must be watched carefully when first let onto water as they may become water - logged and sink ( see : they are also at greater risk of chilling until the first plumage has become waterproof. - food should be provided once the birds are out of the hatcher. for most species which normally peck at food, dry crumbs or small pellets may be provided in a bowl close to water. for species which would sieve their food, food should be finely ground and made up into a wet slurry. initially, crumbs with a protein level of 19 - 20 % may be given, with this being changed to pellets of about 15 - 16 % from two to three weeks old onwards. fine grit should also be provided. - some waterfowl are difficult to get feeding initially, and may fail to gain weight and die, usually during their second week ( see : starveout ). a variety of techniques have been developed to encourage waterfowl downies to feed ; see : stimulating feeding of - n. b. it is important to ensure that downies are actually eating, not just appearing to eat. daily weighing is a useful indication, although weights normally decreases in the first two or three days as the yolk sac is absorbed. careful observation is required to ensure that food is actually being ingested, and tube feeding may be required for some very difficult birds which are slow to begin to feed. - for goslings and other grazing species access to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42095648637551714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.291359"} {"text": "yolk sac is absorbed. careful observation is required to ensure that food is actually being ingested, and tube feeding may be required for some very difficult birds which are slow to begin to feed. - for goslings and other grazing species access to growing grass ( i. e. turf, not just cut grass ) is important. - the number of hours of light provided should mimic the normal daylight hours of the natural environment where the birds are reared. in the case or arctic - breeding geese, this would be constant daylight. tropical species may be best maintained on a cycle of 13 hours daylight, 11 hours dark, while temperate species require something in between, such as 16 hours of light, 8 hours dark. temperate species given too many hours of daylight are prone to overfeeding, with the attendant risk of the development of angel wing. - young waterfowl should be given access to an outside run in suitable weather as young as possible, and may normally be moved outside at least in daytime by as early as one to two weeks old, depending on the weather. - the run should be placed on clean short grass in an area not used by waterfowl ( adults or juveniles ) the previous year. - runs should provide sunny areas ( weather permitting ) and shade to avoid sunstroke / heatstroke, and should be designed to exclude mice. thought should be given to the fact that the direction of the sun moves during the day, so that a board giving adequate shade in the morning may need to be moved in order to continue to provide shade later in the day. - the young birds should be shut away at night until the down is being replaced by the first proper feathers. depending on climate, some heat may be required at night at - until birds are both fully feathered and waterproof it is advisable to ensure that either the birds are shut in at night or the whole run is covered at night, to avoid the risk of birds becoming soaked during a nightime downpour. - once fully feathered, juveniles may be placed in larger pens, with a good - sized pool. at this stage, birds which have previously been maintained off water must be watched and may need to be dried if they become to wet ; waterproofing usually develops properly within a couple of days. these pens should provide sun, dry spots for resting and shelter from rain, as well as areas in sunshine. - ideally, birds are raised in broods of the same age and species. juveniles of different species but the same age and size may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45732268405258963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.292408"} {"text": "view and connect to available wireless networks if you have a laptop, you can see a list of available wireless networks, and then connect to one of those networks, no matter where you are. the wireless networks appear only if your computer has a wireless network adapter and driver installed and the adapter is enabled. watch this video to learn how to view and connect to available wireless networks ( 0. 36 ) to view and connect to available wireless networks open connect to a network by clicking the network icon ( or ) in the notification area. in the list of available wireless networks, click a network, and then click connect. some networks require a network security key or passphrase. to connect to one of those networks, ask your network administrator or internet service provider ( isp ) for the security key or passphrase. whenever possible, you should connect to security - enabled wireless networks. if you do connect to a network that ' s not secure, be aware that someone with the right tools can see everything that you do, including the websites you visit, the documents you work on, and the user names and passwords that you use. changing your network location to public can help minimize the risk. for more information, see choosing a network location and how do i know if a wireless network is secure? if you ' d like to set up your own wireless network, see start here to set up a home network in windows 7.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46955545675022575, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.293891"} {"text": "april 24, 2012 wooster, ohio \u2014 five - year - old trei durstine loves experiments, so saturday \u2019 s science day at the college of wooster was a perfect way to spend the afternoon. the young kindergartner joined some 200 other curious young scientists and their families as they touched real animal brains, made air - dry fossils, created \u201c flubber, \u201d sampled ice cream made with liquid nitrogen, and participated in a range of other hands - on exhibits and presentations. \u201c our goal was to get young children excited about science, \u201d said john lindner, professor of physics, who, with the physics club, is the driving force behind science day. \u201c we wanted them to see that science can be cool and fun. \u201d judging from the smiling faces that made their way through taylor hall on saturday afternoon, the group more than achieved its objective. \u201c this is the first time we used all four floors ( of the building ), \u201d said lindner. \u201c there were a lot of things to see and do. \u201d on the third floor, the neuroscience club had pig, cow, and sheep brains on display, while the geology club offered selections of fundamental rock types and an \u201c active \u201d volcano that would erupt every 15 minutes. the second floor featured two popular demonstrations : ( 1 ) electricity and magnetism on the van de graaff generator and ( 2 ) polarization, which showed what karo syrup looked like with sunglasses. the first floor was the busiest level with five different stations, including ones on air pressure, holography, waves & sound, and forces & motion, where a spinning bicycle wheel could actually rotate a person on a swivel stool in circles through a principle known as the \u201c conservation of angular movement. \u201d in the basement, there was a spectra station, where onlookers pondered the origin of colors : an astronomy exhibit, where participants could make comets from dry ice and dirt ; and a chemistry spot, where liquid nitrogen ice cream and \u201c tie - dye \u201d milk were on the menu. \u201c it was a student - driven event with more than 40 of our ( college ) students representing five different majors doing experiments and making presentations, \u201d said lindner. among those student volunteers was senior physics major katsuo maxted, who presented forces & motion with fellow physics major patrick butler. \u201c it was a very popular session, \u201d said maxted. \u201c as physics majors, we should be able to explain what we do, and share it with audiences in simple terms. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4997822035502554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.297646"} {"text": "- what is a mitzvah? - - judaism on the internet - - the ultimate resource for jews, judaism, jewish education, and torah. \u2014 \u201c what is a mitzvah? - \u201d, - bar mitzvah party extras bar mitzvah party planning special jewish celebrations here are a few of the elements you are most likely to find in an israeli bar mitzvah celebration. \u2014 \u201c bar mitzvah party special extra party ideas \u201d, - definition of mitzvah in the online dictionary. meaning of mitzvah. pronunciation of mitzvah. translations of mitzvah. mitzvah synonyms, mitzvah antonyms. information about mitzvah in the free online english dictionary and encyclopedia. bar. \u2014 \u201c mitzvah - definition of mitzvah by the free online dictionary \u201d, - the term \" bat mitzvah \" is used to describe a 12 - year - old girl when she becomes a jewish adult. bat mitzvah also refers to the religious ceremony ( and sometimes celebratory party ) that accompanies this important life - cycle event. \u2014 \u201c bat mitzvah - what is a bat mitzvah \u201d, - find the best bar mitzvah vendors and service providers and get help planning your child ' s bar mitzvah : bar mitzvah catering, bar mitzvah caterers, bar mitzvah djs. \u2014 \u201c bar mitzvah, bar mitzvah vendors, bar mitzvah photographers \u201d, - for the jewish rite of passage, see bar mitzvah and bat mitzvah. sefer ha - mitzvoth by rabbi yisrael meir kagan ( the \" chafetz chaim \" ) - this work only deals with the commandments that are valid. \u2014 \u201c mitzvah - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia \u201d, - mitzvah. mitzvah ( \u05de\u05e6\u05d5\u05d4 \" commandment \", mits\u02c8va |, biblical : miswah ; plural mitzvot [ mits\u02c8vot ] ; biblical : miswoth from \u05e6\u05d5\u05d4 siwwah \" command \" ) is a word used in judaism to refer to the 613 commandments given in the torah and the seven rabbinic commandments. \u2014 \u201c mitzvah \u201d, - mitzvah n., pl., - voth ( ), or - vahs. a commandment of the jewish law. the fulfillment of such a commandment. \u2014 \u201c mitzvah : definition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5131902545004814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.314607"} {"text": "\u201c mitzvah \u201d, - mitzvah n., pl., - voth ( ), or - vahs. a commandment of the jewish law. the fulfillment of such a commandment. \u2014 \u201c mitzvah : definition from \u201d, - learn about bar mitzvah gifts on. find info and videos including : when to give a bar mitzvah gift, what is a good gift for a bar mitzvah?, bar mitzvah gift etiquette and much more. \u2014 \u201c bar mitzvah gifts - \u201d, - wikihow article about how to act at a bar or bat mitzvah. during most services, there will be men walking around the aisles to make sure everyone is paying attention to the bar or bat mitzvah ' s lesson. \u2014 \u201c how to act at a bar or bat mitzvah - wikihow \u201d, - a mitzvah is an important part of jewish society, just as it is important with other religions as well. in order to successfully fulfill a mitzvah you have to perform an act of kindness that is above and beyond the normal act of kindness. \u2014 \u201c fulfilling a mitzvah - judaism - \u201d, - mitzvah ( mits - vuh ) ; pl : mitzvot ( mits - voht ) lit. commandment. any of the 613 commandments it can also refer to any jewish religious obligation, or more generally to any good deed. \u2014 \u201c definition : mitzvah \u201d, - mitzvah ; mitzvot : ( lit. \" commandment \" ) ; one of the torah ' s 613 divine commandments ; a good deed or religious precept ; according to chassidut, the word mitzvah stems from the root tzavta, attachment, the mitzvah creating a bond between g - d who commands and man who performs. \u2014 \u201c mitzvah ; mitzvot - jewish knowledge base \u201d, - what is a bar or bat mitzvah? b ' nai mitzvah is more than an event ; as we say in the jewish tradtion, you do not have a bar or bat mitzvah, you become one. a b ' nai mitzvah is not a day, it is a person, i. \u2014 \u201c b ' nai mitzvah - rodef sholom : a reform jewish congregation in \u201d, - mitzvah ( hebrew : \u05de\u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05d4, \" commandment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5237682678791432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.315413"} {"text": "is not a day, it is a person, i. \u2014 \u201c b ' nai mitzvah - rodef sholom : a reform jewish congregation in \u201d, - mitzvah ( hebrew : \u05de\u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05d4, \" commandment \" ; plural, mitzvot ; from \u05e6\u05d5\u05d4, the latter argue that if the reason for each mitzvah could be determined, people might try to achieve what they see as the purpose of the mitzvah, without actually performing the mitzvah itself. \u2014 \u201c mitzvah - new world encyclopedia \u201d, - mitzvah definition, any of the collection of 613 commandments or precepts in the bible and additional ones of rabbinic origin that relate chiefly to the religio see more. \u2014 \u201c mitzvah | define mitzvah at \u201d, related images for mitzvah - mitzvah scroll gif - decorated albert spector auditorium - family education is an integral part of our educational system and parents are encouraged to participate not only in mishpachah family programs but also in every aspect of their - mitzvah 8 jpg - mitzvah5 jpg - mitzvah s jpg - mitzvah gallery 15 jpg - mitzvah gallery 6 jpg - mining sluice cleans off the genuine gemstones for your guests to find and keep note sluice is typically for outdoor warm weather events select availability at indoor venues up to 20 people can fit around the gemstone mining sluice at any one time - mitzvah gallery 10 jpg - mitzvah 3 jpg - mitzvah gallery 5 jpg - this is my big sound and light system consisting of jbl subwoofers jbl tower speakers and a 16 foot light truss loaded with special effect lights - very young age a year after her death shlomo married merav a young woman who had been divorced with two small children of her own together shlomo and merav have had seven more children - bat mitzvah 2006 jpg - mitzvah gallery 12 jpg - mass mitzvahs at b u - birthday parties bar and bat mitzvahs * * * tail parties anniversary parties baby showers galas fundraisers etc - beer company s bar mitvah photo contest courtesy of kevin friedman - mitzvah gallery 9 jpg - 2004 mitzvah day 15a jpg - involvement and responsibility are a major component of jewish identity our own and our identification with our brethren all over the world such identification", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5390381247811061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.316256"} {"text": "behind the music parody video made for miles rosenthal ' s bar mitzvah by steve delahoyde - turning your bar mitzvah money into millions how tim sykes invested at a young age and started his own hedge fund in college. - i ' m zack! original music video for zachary freiman ' s bar mitzvah - - music and direction by scott freiman \" i ' m zack! \" is now available on itunes! all proceeds go to temple beth abraham in tarrytown, new york. click on the video to go directly to itunes. - lizzie mcguire / episode 30. gordo ' s bar mitzvah. \" part 1 of 2 \". ( widescreen 16 : 9. hq ) filmed live : 15 may. 2001. ( and dates around ). first aired : 18, january. 2002. production code 130. ( season 1 episode 30 ). - bat mitzvah crystal cake we covered this 3 tier square flare bat mitzvah cake with shimmery fuchsia fondant and harvest branches. flowers matching the invitation adorn each tier with crystal detailing. - bat mitzvah gift box cake watch joanne from pink cake box stack a three tier bat mitzvah cake. this asymmetrical three tier gift box cake was created for a hollywood themed bat mitzvah at confetti in randolph nj. we incorporated pucci design and film to match the decor and hollywood theme of the party. the flavors included pink velvet cake with lemon cream cheese, pink velvet cake with vanilla buttercream and chocolate cake with oreos and cream. - julian ' s bar mitzvah gift 2 box football hobby break hi julian, here is a gift for you bar mitzvah, courtesy of your mother & brother. i hope you like the video and the cards. i will get these right out for you. talk to you soon buddy, chris j. - u2 : the early years part i : the bar mitzvah ben stiller as bono and a send up of the partridge family, rattle and hum. funny stuff. - daniel bar mitzvah daniel from birth to 13, slide show made for his bar mitzvah. music by jon simon. - bar mitzvah ceremony video - los angeles and cut! video services, los angeles daniel went through the age - old tradition of becoming a bar mitzvah at the gorgeous university synagogue in santa monica. but let ' s face it, the video isn ' t for him, it ' s for his parents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3869446551279765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.318674"} {"text": "video services, los angeles daniel went through the age - old tradition of becoming a bar mitzvah at the gorgeous university synagogue in santa monica. but let ' s face it, the video isn ' t for him, it ' s for his parents. so what they get is not only a tribute to a very bright young man, but also to the large and loving family who couldn ' t be more proud of him. - satmar rebbe - mitzvah tantz satmar rebbe rabbi aron teitelbaum dancing mitzvah tantz at his grandchild wedding wednesday, january 19, 2011 in satmar beis medrash 14th hooper st. in williamsburg - lizzie mcguire / episode 30. gordo ' s bar mitzvah. \" part 2 of 2 \". ( widescreen 16 : 9. hq ) filmed live : 15 may. 2001. ( and dates around ). first aired : 18, january. 2002. production code 130. ( season 1 episode 30 ). - michoel pruzansky taseh mitzvah this music video, made for purim, features the hit song taseh mitzvah with some hilarious scenes - frasier speaks klingon during freddie ' s bar mitzvah. frasier crane. frederick gaylord crane, lilith sternin, martin ( marty ), niles, daphne moon, gendler, jeremy, noel shempsky. pookh lod wih le koo. hach jahj cho - koov - moakh leng - lidge loo - teb - jahj leng widge - vahd bel rahp shoave dah - nobe - poo - boagh. [ in hebrew ] shabbat shalom. jewish gobbledygook, gibberish, klingon blessing, star trek funny - dustins bar mitzvah kick him out dustins bar mitzvah kick him out video directed by indica - starsky & hutch bat mitzvah song i just felt the need to upload this cause i love this scene but i never see it online... everything about it is hilarious lyrics : feel like makin love that ' s the time yeah feel like makin love to you oh, baby come on. yo. in a restaurant in a topless bar in a high school bus in the back of your mama ' s car on the trampoline in the middle of a putting green anywhere yo, near or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.395725942840248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.320403"} {"text": "love to you oh, baby come on. yo. in a restaurant in a topless bar in a high school bus in the back of your mama ' s car on the trampoline in the middle of a putting green anywhere yo, near or far right here at this bat mitzvah owww, thats the time i feel like makin lovetoyou - monk - bat mitzvah theme ( paley center ) moderator ray richmond ( television critic, hollywood reporter ) asks about loyal fans and for examples of extreme fans of the show. actor tony shaloub ( adrian monk ) tells the story of a fan with a monk - themed bat mitzvah. - mitzvah blvd. trailer - eli learns his aleph beis mitzvah blvd is here to teach all the letters of the aleph beis, one by one ; and parents couldn ' t be happier. this new half - hour video combines live action and animation, puppets and people, entertainment and information. each letter is introduced with its own skit and song, so that kids not only learn the letter, but basic words that are associated with it. in addition to letters and words, mitzvah blvd. teaches torah values, such as brochos, kosher, tzedakah and much more. over three years in the making, mitzvah blvd. combines all the top talents, including, yankee teitelbaum, fitche benshimon and the one and only chaim fogelman! it makes a great present any time of the year, but especially on chanukah, which celebrates our commitment to torah true education. this mitzvah blvd. vol. 1 is the first in a series of affordable learning and entertainment dvds. each dvd will be packed with torah and will teach jewish values in a way that kids from 2 to 12 will enjoy and understand. to order your copy of mitzvah blvd, visit your nearest judaica store or. - bat mitzvah at shoreditch house | bloomsbury films \u00ae highlights of a bat mitzvah party filmed at shoreditch house, london on 10 may 2008. produced by bloomsbury films \u00ae |. - bat mitzvah setup christmas party snowflake ceiling video stairs omg moving heads direct sound dj mikey mike and chris mivhaels set up for a bat mitzvah | then i did a christmas party after the setup omg the stairs and traffic were a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46116688343669415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.324243"} {"text": "setup christmas party snowflake ceiling video stairs omg moving heads direct sound dj mikey mike and chris mivhaels set up for a bat mitzvah | then i did a christmas party after the setup omg the stairs and traffic were a killer | snowflake ceiling | video | trussing | stairs omg | moving heads | direct sound bat mitzvah setup / bar - the ikea doll bat mitzvah an ikea doll comes of age in a colorful world of torah, bubbies and hormones - dj jazzy jackson bat mitzvah demo dj jazzy jackson of kittyhawk mobile dj services in san pedro, california at alyssa ' s bat mitzvah celebration at the doubletree hotel, san pedro, california. hd video demo by 24kt sound & video also of san pedro. high energy clip of bat mitzvah highlights. dj jazzy is a very good friend and talented entertainer. love working together with him whenever we can. jazzy really knows how to \" rev up \" a crowd. 24kt sound & video is located in san pedro, california. web : www. 24 email marc @ 24 ( 310 ) 547 - 4702 hd video recording for special events, weddings, corporate videos, seminars, tradeshows, training and marketing. specialty videos include animated photos, talking pets, photo montages, memorial videos. performance videos include ballet, concerts, plays, recitals, soloists, athletic events. - funny bar mitzvah dance mikey and mom ' s funny first dance at his bar mitzvah - i am having a good time! dance from jon glaser ' s delocated. - mitzvah tank rabbi pinchas ezagui of the esformes chabad lubavitch jewish center in ormond beach, shows off his mitzvah tank, a rolling synagogue / rv he uses to reach out to jewish people in surrounding communities. see more local videos at www. news - - werewolf bar mitzvah - sims 2 a sims 2 movie of the tracy jordan hit song \" werewolf bar mitzvah \". my first movie ever! hopefully fans of 30 rock and sims 2 together can enjoy this. - dustin ' s bar mitzvah - to the ramones we recorded this in a small car boot sale in acton - david, baco, toby and rob were all in high spirits as the recording went through - they ' ve played everywhere - even in tokyo. lucky beggers. note - jason, the guy who plays the manager, was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4175270840643714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.326642"} {"text": "boot sale in acton - david, baco, toby and rob were all in high spirits as the recording went through - they ' ve played everywhere - even in tokyo. lucky beggers. note - jason, the guy who plays the manager, was an absolute diamond geezer. very funny, very improvised. hope y ' all like... - werewolf bar mitzvah - atbash ( rashanim cover ) tom johnson - guitar, max johnt - bass, mike howey - drums vfw, fargo, 3 - 4 - 10 ( cover of rashanim song ) - jewish morning wake up mitzvah learn how the jewish people wake up in the morning according to halacha from the torah - bar mitzvah songs. wmv bar mitzvah songs performed by bourbon and trucker dope with special guest, six pack. performed at spencer ewing friedman ' s bar mitzvah - 2010 - best bar mitzvah speech my son ' s d ' var torah bar mitzvah speech - ultimate bar mitzvah film i made this film for my son jacob ' s bar mitzvah. it chronicles his preparation for the big day, using film and photos, while showing him throughout the years. - \" theater class \" episode 6 : bye mitzvah the class goes kosher, throwing the greatest jewish goodbye party for cici ( skylar schock ). meanwhile, mason ' s ( salim razawi ) better judgement is tested and oliver ( stephen weighill ) learns to love donkeys. adam neylan, karen fokes, janet mccarroll, rachael ferris, and tony rogers also star. - curb your enthusiasm the bat mitzvah larry & loretta clip clip of larry and loretta black. susie greene vs loretta black. - bat mitzvah with direct sound low fog uplighting cool sound and lighting twitter about mitzvah blogs & forum blogs and forums about mitzvah \u201c exceptional philadelphia wedding bands, dance bands, wedding djs ( disc jockeys ), party djs, event planning, lighting and more. ebe is philadelphia ' s premier entertainment company for weddings, bar / bat mitzvahs, corporate events, sweet 16 parties \u201d \u201c showing blog articles in bar mitzvah project. most recent. creative charity. when her son robin wanted the bar mitzvah party to mean more than new clothes, \u201d \u2014 bar mitzvah project - - yad eliezer blog, \u201c b ' nai mitzvah blog", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3853054757146257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.329572"} {"text": "project. most recent. creative charity. when her son robin wanted the bar mitzvah party to mean more than new clothes, \u201d \u2014 bar mitzvah project - - yad eliezer blog, \u201c b ' nai mitzvah blog. community bulletin board. ecc blog. jcp blog. darren ' s blog. picture jcp blogs \" b ' nai mitzvah blog. bnai mitzvah students lead passover \u201d \u2014 b ' nai mitzvah blog | jcp downtown : jewish community project, \u201c bat / bar mitzvah blog rss. this area does not yet contain any content. we are so excited to have been selected by fab * blog as their featured interview this week! \u201d \u2014 bat / bar mitzvah blog - mitzvahlicious, \u201c did you know that temple emanuel of new hyde park is now called temple tikvah? the ballroom has been renovated in soft earth tones, beautiful crown molding and \u201d \u2014 creative cuisine | mitzvahmarket, \u201c general category / the simcha bat & bar mitzvah forum / re : bat mitzvah party theme ideas general category / the simcha bat & bar mitzvah forum / re : bat mitzvah party theme ideas \u201d \u2014 recent posts, \u201c mitzvah corps of the south celebrated shabbat and the fourth of july welcome to our blog - your all - access pass to the mitzvah corps experience! \u201d \u2014 mitzvah corps \u2013 reform jewish * * * s social action - blog, \u201c read our thoughts on 25 years of mitzvah entertainment \u201d \u2014 mitzvah blog,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.458429082462157, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.331203"} {"text": "ap science writer new york ( ap ) - - to millions of people, the christmas tree is a cheerful sight. to scientists who decipher the dna codes of plants and animals, it ' s a monster. we ' re talking about the conifer, the umbrella term for cone - bearing trees like the spruce, fir, pine, cypress and cedar. apart from their yuletide popularity, they play big roles in the lumber industry and in healthy forest ecosystems. scientists would love to identify the billions of building blocks that make up the dna of a conifer. that ' s called sequencing its genome. such analysis is a standard tool of biology, and doing it for conifers could reveal genetic secrets useful for basic science, breeding and forest management. but the conifer genome is dauntingly huge. and like a big price tag on a wished - for present, that has put it out of reach. now, as christmas approaches, it appears the conifer ' s role as a genetic grinch may be ending. in recent months, scientific teams in the united states and canada have released preliminary, patchy descriptions of conifer genomes. and a swedish team plans to follow suit soon in its quest for the norway spruce. \" the world changed for conifer genetics, \" said david neale of the university of california, davis. it ' s \" entering the modern era. \" what happened? credit the same recent technological advances that have some doctors predicting that someday, people will have their genomes sequenced routinely as part of medical care. the technology for that has gotten faster and much cheaper. \" until just a few years ago, the idea of sequencing even a single conifer genome seemed impossible, \" said john mackay of the university of laval in quebec city, who co - directs a multi - institution canadian project that ' s tackling the white spruce. the new technologies changed that, he said. how big is a conifer genome? consider the 80 - foot christmas tree at rockefeller center in new york. it ' s a norway spruce, so its genome is six times bigger than that of anybody skating below it. other conifer genomes are even larger. nobody expects a perfect, finished conifer genome anytime soon. mackay and others say that reaching that goal would probably require some advances in technology. but even partial versions can help tree breeders and basic scientists, researchers say. why bother doing this? for breeders, \" genomes can really help you speed up the process and simply do a better job of selecting trees, if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5092570568361563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.340868"} {"text": "some advances in technology. but even partial versions can help tree breeders and basic scientists, researchers say. why bother doing this? for breeders, \" genomes can really help you speed up the process and simply do a better job of selecting trees, if you understand the genetic architecture of the traits you want to breed for, \" mackay said. the prospect of climate change brings another dimension. as forest managers select trees to plant after a fire or tree harvesting, genetic information might help them pick varieties that can adapt to climate trends in coming decades, neale said. it ' s all about \" giving them a tree that will be healthy into the future, \" he said. to sequence a genome, scientists start by chopping dna into small bits, and let their machines sequence each bit. that ' s the part that has become much faster and cheaper in recent years. but then comes the task of re - assembling these bits back into the long dna chains found in trees. and that is a huge challenge with conifers, because their dna chains contain many repeated sequences that make the assembly a lot harder. as a result, conifers present \" these large regions i think we will never be able to piece together \" with current technologies, said par ingvarsson of umea university in sweden, who is leading the norway spruce project. will scientists develop new technologies to overcome that problem? \" you should never say never in this game, \" ingvarsson said. this past summer, neale ' s group presented partial results for the genome sequence of loblolly pine, based on dna extracted from a single pine nut. it includes about a million disconnected chunks of dna, and altogether it covers well over half the tree ' s genome. neale figures it will take his team until 2016 to complete genomes of the loblolly, douglas - fir and sugar pine. the project is financed by the u. s. department of agriculture. mackay ' s group recently released its early results on dna taken from a single white spruce. as for the swedish project on norway spruce, ingvarsson said its results will be made public early next year. the 2 million dna pieces have captured most of the estimated 35, 000 to 40, 000 genes in the tree, even if researchers don ' t know just where those genes go in the overall genome sequence, he said. people have about 23, 000 genes, not much different from a conifer. the tree ' s genome so much bigger because it also contains an abundance of non -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4744768517270519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.342646"} {"text": "wusc regina sponsored student patience umereweneza on the lives lead by refugees who do not live in camps : last semester wusc regina came up with an awesome refugee awareness strategy on campus by creating a mock refugee camp. this camp highlighted the way of life in a refugee camp including issues faced by refugees in the camps. these issues included women \u2019 s issues, lack of food, lack of sanitation, and of course lack of security. however not all refugees live in camps. in fact according to the united nations high commissioner for refugees ( unhcr ), only a third of the world \u2019 s refugees live in camps today. this growing trend of urban refugees stems from the fact that cities, unlike camps, create opportunities to stay anonymous, make money, and build a better future. these urban refugees claim that they have a slightly higher chance of regaining control over their wellbeing than if they lived in camps. there are, for example, hundreds of thousands of somalians living in nairobi and vast numbers living in other countries such as djibouti and yemen. another example is the new policy that the ethiopian government presented to unhcr in which eritrean refugees who can support themselves are allowed to live outside the camps. this new policy allows eritrean refugees to live outside camps in any part of the country, provided they are able to sustain themselves financially or have a close or distant relative or a friend in ethiopia who commits to support them. this change in policy is focused on enabling these refugees to live outside the camp settings. however, living outside of camps however can be very dangerous for refugees. most countries do not recognize refugees as legal persons and therefore un papers are not always respected or even recognized. this makes refugees vulnerable to exploitation, arrest and detention, and they can be in competition with the poorest local workers for the worst jobs. female, elderly, and children refugees are also vulnerable to rape, molestation, and sex trafficking. with the way international aid for refugees is structured, refugees living in large cities often struggle to find their way to unhcr and receive aid or services that are readily available in camps. it is also not easy for all refugees who live outside camps to earn a living. this can be due to racism, lack of local skills, jobs available, and language barriers. for example over 3. 5 million people in burma have been displaced by the ruling military junta and 147, 000 have fled to thailand. however, these refugees are not recognized and cannot earn income outside refugee camps. women especially lack access to training", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39963008832601343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.347145"} {"text": "governments start to rein in ivory and rhino horn trade, give sharks and timbers better protection at wildlife trade meeting countries, on the final day of the convention on the international trade of endangered species ( cites ), capped the historic two - week meeting by deciding for the first time to initiate a process requiring countries most implicated in illicit ivory trade to clamp down on smuggling. governments mandated china, kenya, malaysia, the philippines, thailand, uganda, tanzania and viet nam \u2013 the countries of highest concern in terms of their failure to clamp down on large - scale illegal ivory trade - to submit time - bound plans to deal with the problem in two months, and make progress before the next cites meeting in summer of 2014. under cites rules, failure by those countries to take action could lead to a compliance process potentially resulting in sanctions being initiated. the treaty allows cites to issue a recommendation that governments taking part in the treaty stop trading with non - compliant countries in the 35, 000 species covered under the convention, from orchids to crocodile skins. \u201c after years of inaction, governments today put those countries failing to regulate the ivory trade on watch, a move that will help stem the unfettered slaughter of thousands of african elephants, \u201d said carlos drews, wwf \u2019 s head of delegation at cites. \u201c the gains made to better protect species here in bangkok are a major milestone. \u201d \u201c but the fight to stop wildlife crime is not over, \u201d drews said. \u201c these countries will now be held accountable to these pledges, and must step up the urgency in dealing with the global poaching crisis that is ravaging our wildlife. \u201d the decisions to better regulate the ivory trade this week came after thai prime minister yingluck shinawatra on the opening day of the meeting announced she would shut down her country \u2019 s ivory markets. the prime minister \u2019 s pledge came after more than 1. 5 million people signed petitions by wwf, avaaz, and actor and conservationist leonardo dicaprio asking her to end the trading of ivory in thailand. governments also extended better protection to threatened rhinos by pledging to work against organized crime syndicates that are smuggling rhino horn through the black market by increasing penalties. in addition, countries adopted a plan to reduce demand for illegal wildlife products like rhino horn, which is believed wrongly to be a miracle cure in viet nam. nearly 700 south african rhinos were killed by poachers last year, and nearly 150 have died thus far in 2013. up to 30, 000 elephants are lost to po", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3663240764163922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.354542"} {"text": "horn, which is believed wrongly to be a miracle cure in viet nam. nearly 700 south african rhinos were killed by poachers last year, and nearly 150 have died thus far in 2013. up to 30, 000 elephants are lost to poaching every year. governments also reaffirmed the stronger protections for three species of hammerhead sharks, in addition to porbeagle sharks, oceanic whitetips, and two species of manta rays. the sharks and manta rays were listed on cites appendix ii, seeking to regulate their international trade at sustainable levels. \u201c this is an historic moment, where science has prevailed over politics, as sharks and manta rays are being obliterated from our oceans, \u201d drews said. \u201c this decision will put a major dent in the uncontrolled trade in shark meat and fins, which is rapidly destroying populations of these precious animals to feed the growing demand for luxury goods. \u201d \u201c these timely decisions to have trade in sharks and manta rays regulated by cites show that governments can muster the political will to keep our oceans healthy, securing food and other benefits for generations to come \u2013 and we hope to see similar action in the future to protect other commercially exploited and threatened marine species, both at the national and international level, \u201d drews said. negotiators also voted to ramp up trade regulations for several species of rosewood and ebony, which have been subjects of dangerous levels of illegal logging leading to deforestation, especially in madagascar.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3874895025453213, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.356496"} {"text": "so maybe you keep losing your keys, or the names of old acquaintances seem to escape you. for most people over 50, it ' s probably not cause for alarm. but if your forgetfulness is becoming more than a nuisance \u2014 you struggle with familiar tasks, you ' re not sure where you are or how you got there, your friends say you ' re repeating questions \u2014 some medical experts say you should get a \" memory screen \" : typically a five - minute test featuring such tasks as memorizing a series of words, manipulating numbers, and spelling words backward. the idea is to test not just your memory, but everything from language skills to overall thinking ability. the alzheimer ' s foundation of america, a nonprofit advocacy group, recommends these screenings to anyone with memory concerns. the foundation sponsors national memory screening day ( 866 - 232 - 8484 ) each november, when free screenings are offered at more than 2, 000 sites nationwide, including at many assisted living facilities. the test is no substitute for a medical diagnosis, but it can tip people off to early alzheimer ' s disease and other types of dementias, and nudge a patient to see a doctor who could prescribe a treatment plan to slow the progression of symptoms, if necessary. not all health organizations believe mass screenings are the way to go, however. the alzheimer ' s association, another nonprofit advocacy group, says such quick tests are not accurate diagnostic tools and could lead to false positives, scaring people for no reason. instead, the association encourages one - on - one consultations with doctors ( particularly for those over 65 ) and tells people to watch for ten specific warning signs ( to see the list, go to alz. org ; you can also call 800 - 272 - 3900 for the organization ' s 24 - hour help line ). those warning signs, says maria carrillo, ph. d., director of medical and scientific relations at the association, might include \" forgetting how to say words for everyday objects, like ' toothbrush, ' and instead asking for ' the thing i use to brush my teeth. ' or, on your usual route from the grocery store, suddenly getting lost and not being able to find home. \" carrillo advises patients to see a doctor familiar with the disease and to take along a loved one for support. a good specialist, she says, will walk a patient through a series of cognitive tests, and perhaps an mri or ct scan to rule out other problems, such as a stroke or a tumor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4632923319102117, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.367141"} {"text": "electrical signals in your heart make the heart muscles contract, pumping blood through your body. if the electrical signals are not flowing well through the heart, this can create serious problems. an electrophysiology study is a test where electrode wires are passed through a blood vessel and into your heart. this electrode can record or create electrical activity. this can help find any problems with the flow of electricity in your heart. copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. an electrophysiology study is performed to : find the cause of abnormally slow heart rhythms ( bradycardias ) find the source of abnormally fast heart rhythms ( tachycardias ) provoke and diagnose heart ( irregular heart beats ) that occur infrequently - reveal suspected arrhythmias an electrophysiology study may also be used to assess : - risk for sudden death symptoms of unknown cause - response to anti - arrhythmic therapy need for a - need for an implantable cardioverter defibrillator ( destruction of some heart cells by freezing ) problems from the procedure are rare, but all procedures have some risk. your doctor will review potential problems, like : - excess bleeding - blot clots - injuries to blood vessels or the heart - abnormal heart rhythm - heart attack a person \u2019 s risk level is very individual. it may relate to the specific arrhythmia suspected and any underlying medical conditions. you doctor may order the following tests : talk to your doctor about any medications, herbs, or supplements you are taking. you may be asked to stop taking some medications up to one week before the procedure, like : or other anti - inflammatory drugs blood - thinning drugs, such as - anti - platelet drugs, such as clopidogrel do not eat or drink anything after midnight the day before your surgery, unless told otherwise by your doctor. a local anesthetic will be given by needle. it will numb the area where the catheter will be inserted. you will also receive a mild sedative through an iv in your arm. this will help you to relax during the test. you will be asked to lie down on an examination table. electrodes will be placed on your chest. the electrodes will help to monitor your heart rhythm during the test. an area on your thigh, neck, or just below your collarbone will be cleaned. a thin electrical wire will be inserted into a blood vessel in that area. the electrode will be passed through the blood vessel and into your heart.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5275313760548415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.376362"} {"text": "during the test. an area on your thigh, neck, or just below your collarbone will be cleaned. a thin electrical wire will be inserted into a blood vessel in that area. the electrode will be passed through the blood vessel and into your heart. your doctor will be able to see the progress of the catheter with the help of x - rays on a screen. the tip of the electrode can send electrical signals to your heart. the signals will make the heart beat at different speeds. your heart rhythm will be recorded to look for abnormalities. the tip of the electrode can also record electrical activity at specific spots in your heart muscle. the length of the test will vary based on what your doctor is investigating. the test may take 2 - 4 hours or more to complete. if the doctors induce an arrhythmia, you may feel palpitations, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, or you may even lose consciousness. the medical team can usually control arrhythmias with medicines, but they may need to administer a shock to stop some rhythms. if they need to do this, you will receive more sedation so that you do not feel pain. if your doctor does not need to do additional procedures, you may be able to go home after about six hours. however, you may need to remain in the hospital for up to 24 hours if additional procedures are done during the study. - ecg and blood studies may be done. - you will likely need to lie still and flat on your back for a period of time. a pressure dressing may be placed over the area where the catheter was inserted to help prevent bleeding. it is important to follow the nurses ' directions. - you will need to rest in bed until the sedative has worn off. your heart rate and blood pressure will be monitored. you will also be checked for swelling or infections. if necessary, you may be given pain medicine. after resting for at least 4 - 6 hours, your doctor will let you know if you can go home that day or if you need to be admitted for more treatment or observation. if you are discharged on the same day as the test, you should have someone drive you home. the results of the study may be available before you leave the hospital or in the next few days. your doctor will notify you if you need any treatment. when you return home, do the following to help ensure a smooth recovery : - do not lift heavy objects or engage in strenuous exercise or sexual activity as directed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47020351581203224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.377404"} {"text": "the next few days. your doctor will notify you if you need any treatment. when you return home, do the following to help ensure a smooth recovery : - do not lift heavy objects or engage in strenuous exercise or sexual activity as directed by your doctor. - change the dressing around the insertion area as instructed. - take medicines as instructed. - ice may help decrease discomfort at the insertion site. you may apply the ice for 15 - 20 minutes at a time. place a towel between the ice pack and your skin. be sure to follow your doctor ' s call your doctor if any of the following occurs : - signs of infection, including fever and chills - redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or any discharge from the insertion site - cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain - your leg feels cold, turns white or blue, or becomes numb or tingly - lightheadedness or weakness if you think you have an emergency, call for medical help right away. electrophysiology studies ( eps ). american heart association website. available at :. updated december 10, 2012. accessed may 6, 2013. electrophysiology study ( eps ). stanford medicine website. available at :. accessed may 6, 2013. electrophysiology studies. texas heart institute website. available at :. updated august 2012. accessed may 6, 2013. warning signs of a heart attack. american heart association website. available at :. updated march 22, 2013. accessed may 6, 2013. last reviewed may 2013 by michael j. fucci, do ; brian randall, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright \u00a9 ebsco publishing. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4422587869340787, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.378228"} {"text": "australian bureau of statistics 1301. 0 - year book australia, 2008 previous issue released at 11 : 30 am ( canberra time ) 07 / 02 / 2008 | page tools : print page rss search this product | energy conversion and supply losses the energy conversion sectors accounted for approximately three - quarters ( 4, 317 pj ) of total domestic energy use in 2005 - 06 ( diagram 19. 4 ). the energy conversion sectors ( including electricity generators, petroleum refiners, operators of coke ovens and blast furnaces, and gas manufacturers ) transform primary energy products into more useful, higher value - added derived energy products. for example, petroleum refiners transform crude oil into petroleum products such as petrol and diesel. the electricity generation and petroleum refining sectors are the two main users of energy. in 2005 - 06 these two conversion sectors used 2, 424 pj and 1, 432 pj respectively ( table 19. 12 ). since 2000 - 01, energy use by the electricity generation sector has increased by 12 % and energy use by the petroleum refining sector has declined by 17 %. derived energy products in 2005 - 06 australia produced 2, 461 pj of derived energy products ( diagram 19. 4 ). these products included thermal electricity ( 847 pj ), automotive gasoline ( 570 pj ), diesel ( 397 pj ), aviation turbine fuel ( 192 pj ) and coal products ( 164 pj ) ( table 19. 13 ). the production of derived energy remained essentially the same in 2005 - 06 as it was in 2000 - 01 ( 2, 461 pj in 2005 - 06 compared with 2, 454 pj in 2000 - 01 ). while the production of thermal energy increased from 740 pj to 847 pj ( up 15 % ) in this period, there was a fall in the production of all petroleum products - automotive gasoline ( down 13 % ), aviation turbine fuel ( down 11 % ), fuel oil ( down 38 % ), diesel ( down 25 % ) and briquettes ( down 79 % ). other coal products increased slightly - coke up 3. 4 % and coal by - products up 2. 7 %. significant energy losses are involved in the process of transforming primary energy resources into derived energy products and in the delivery of derived energy products to the market. in 2005 - 06, almost a third ( 1, 856 pj ) of the total energy available for domestic use was lost through the conversion processes and through distribution and transmission systems ( diagram 19.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5114796425088702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.381381"} {"text": "the delivery of derived energy products to the market. in 2005 - 06, almost a third ( 1, 856 pj ) of the total energy available for domestic use was lost through the conversion processes and through distribution and transmission systems ( diagram 19. 4 ). energy end - use by sector in 2005 - 06 australia ' s end - users of energy, comprising households and industries ( excluding the conversion sectors ), used 3, 785 pj of energy, an increase of 12 % since 2000 - 01 ( table 19. 14 ). the transport sector was the largest end - user of energy, using 1, 316 pj in 2005 - 06. in 2005 - 06 road transport accounted for 78 % ( 1, 021 pj ) of the transport sector ' s energy use, with the remaining contributors being air transport ( 202 pj ), water transport ( 58 pj ) and rail transport ( 35 pj ). the manufacturing sector was the second highest user of energy ( 1, 209 pj ) in 2005 - 06. together with the transport sector, these two sectors account for 67 % of total energy end - use. this page last updated 3 june 2010 unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a creative commons attribution 2. 5 australia licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website copyright notice. for permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5277746779730158, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.381926"} {"text": "j is an eleven - year old boy who spent his first summer at camp last year. a good kid with a good heart, j seems socially inflexible and immature. for example, when it came to playing cards with others, j could only play by his rules. when other campers wanted to stick with the way the majority played the game, he felt left out and hurt by what he perceived as being excluded. this issue seemed to get worse as the behavior pattern repeated and his cabin mates grew more impatient. j simply did not understand that playing a game with different rules is not something to confront your friends about and that disrupting a game is not a way to make people happy with you. j did not have any significant change in his behavior, as he never internalized what he heard from many staff members. j and his entire cabin had an amazing summer and all are returning to camp. before re - enrolling, however, many parents wanted to talk about j, suggesting we not take him back or just move him. we do not turn kids away simply because they have some growing up to do. our position with parents is that this is a learning opportunity \u2014 not just for j, but for his bunkmates as well. difficult people seem ever - present no matter what your age, so learning to deal with them seems like a life lesson to us. that said, what do i say to j \u2019 s 2012 counselors to better prepare them for the summer? how do i present things better to j so he can begin to understand living in a group? what should be done and said to his bunkmates? is there anything i can do during the winter to help with this issue come june? worried in the woods first of all, i commend you for your clear and courageous stance with your camper parents. children are certainly a \u201c work in progress, \u201d and the learning here might not only be for j and his cabin mates, but for your parents as well. as much as they may want to, parents can \u2019 t always shield their children from life \u2019 s challenges. indeed, it would backfire if they could. their children would never develop the coping skills they need to succeed in life. j is an example of just the kind of youngster who would benefit from having a behavior plan, or agreement, in place well before he comes to camp. putting some things in place before the summer will help j be more successful at camp, and it will put his counselors for 2012 at greater ease knowing some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45848952358396844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.391573"} {"text": "benefit from having a behavior plan, or agreement, in place well before he comes to camp. putting some things in place before the summer will help j be more successful at camp, and it will put his counselors for 2012 at greater ease knowing some forethought has been applied to helping them handle him. establishing an agreement or behavior plan sometime in the late spring can be extremely beneficial to j, but it must follow certain guidelines. to begin with, the child must be eager to come back to camp. trying to create an agreement with a child who is not committed to camp simply will not work. from what you say, j had a good summer in other ways and seems keen to return. so far, so good! the second requirement is that j \u2019 s parents need to be on board with the idea of having a behavior plan for j, and they must be involved in creating it. my suggestion is that you visit j at his home and talk about last summer. to do this, you will need to set up the visit ahead of time by reviewing j \u2019 s behavior with his parents on the phone and framing your visit as a way of coming up with a plan, or agreement, that will help j be more successful this summer. my guess is that j has probably displayed the behavior at school or with friends at home \u2014 not just at camp. presented in the right way, j \u2019 s parents will not only be on board with your plan, they will be relieved that you are taking extra steps to help him be more successful with his peers. after all, the whole idea behind such a plan is to help j be more successful. the next step is setting up what are called the \u201c target behaviors, \u201d or the things you would want j to be able to do or do differently this summer. again, parents should be aware of these details so they can reinforce the objectives with j between the time you create the plan and the time he comes to camp. in general, target behaviors should have the following four properties : - they should be stated in clear, simple, child - friendly terms ( what you actually want the camper to be doing and saying ). - they should be stated in positive terms as much as possible. - they should be stated in the first person, \u201c i will... \u201d - they should be limited to no more than three behaviors. since j needs help playing by the gener\u00acally accepted rules of various games, the first target behavior would be, \u201c i will play by the rules that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4450699352302837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.392747"} {"text": "i will... \u201d - they should be limited to no more than three behaviors. since j needs help playing by the gener\u00acally accepted rules of various games, the first target behavior would be, \u201c i will play by the rules that are agreed upon before the start of the game. \u201d j \u2019 s endeavor to control the rules of the game is clearly an attempt on his part to increase his chances of winning. given this, you will need a second target behavior, such as, \u201c when i lose a game i will still be friendly with the other players. \u201d having spent a lot of time around youngsters who have a need to control the rules of games and play, i would expand that second target behavior to include winning gracefully. after all, if a child is overly concerned with winning and losing, chances are good they are not only sore losers, but \u201c sore winners \u201d as well. kids have an equally strong dislike of both. i can \u2019 t tell from your letter whether there were other issues that might be included in the list of target behaviors for j. for example, \u201c listening to his counselor and doing what his coun\u00acselor asks him to do \u201d is a typical target behavior for many campers. again, you don \u2019 t want to overwhelm a camper with too many target behaviors. if there are too many behaviors that a child needs help with, it may be that the child is simply not ready for camp. ( see my \u201c in the trenches \u201d column from the march / april 2010 issue of camping magazine for more on determining readiness for camp. ) listing too many target behaviors makes the agreement overwhelming and punitive to the child and harder for counselors to implement. now that you have identified the specific behaviors you want to help j master, which is his end of the bargain, you need to identify your end of the bargain. in j \u2019 s case, you might say that before he plays a game, his counselor will take him aside very briefly to clarify the rules of the game he is about to play and to encourage him to keep his promise to adhere to those rules and to win or lose gracefully. you might even consider having the counselor give j one of those plastic wristbands as a visible reminder of his goal. giving a camper the sup\u00acport of a trusted adult \u2014 someone who can encourage him, be proud of him, or prompt him \u2014 is an example of your end of the bargain and is a key component of a well - crafted behavior plan. to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4349793961318064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.393702"} {"text": "camper the sup\u00acport of a trusted adult \u2014 someone who can encourage him, be proud of him, or prompt him \u2014 is an example of your end of the bargain and is a key component of a well - crafted behavior plan. to make the plan even more compel\u00acling, it should also have both positive and negative consequences for compliance and lack of compliance, respectively. in your face - to - face meeting with j and his parents, ask him what he loves doing most at camp. think through some op\u00actions that don \u2019 t involve food, and see if you can set it up that every time j is able to comply with his plan, he gets a point ( often represented by an actual \u201c ticket \u201d or sticker on a card ). if he gets, say, six points, he gets to do his favorite thing. many children pick things like extra water skiing, some one - on - one time with a favorite counselor, or getting first pick at an elective on a given day. with a little exploration, it isn \u2019 t too hard to come up with things that can serve as incentives for j if he can keep his end of the plan. likewise, the consequences that would come into play were j to \u201c mess up \u201d need to be clearly outlined so j and his parents know exactly what to expect. i also suggest making these consequences progressive. for example, if j gets into a struggle playing a game, the first conse\u00acquence would be that he would forfeit his right to play for one day and would get a \u201c positive pep talk \u201d from his counselor. if he can subsequently play and do well, he is \u201c off probation. \u201d if he continues to have a problem, the second - level consequence would be that his unit director would speak with him and his counselor \u2014 again, always striving to encourage him to turn it around and be successful. the third level of consequence would be to call his parents and explain his behav\u00acior. a fourth level might be that he goes home for three days, thinks about things, and returns with a renewed determina\u00action to work harder to master his plan. obviously, this step is only practical if the child lives within a certain distance from camp. the final consequence would be to go home for the rest of the summer. with solid support from a caring counselor, many campers are able to achieve mastery over their behavior without triggering consequences. this is especially true when a year has passed, since many children do a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4727734843389476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.394682"} {"text": "would be to go home for the rest of the summer. with solid support from a caring counselor, many campers are able to achieve mastery over their behavior without triggering consequences. this is especially true when a year has passed, since many children do a lot of growing up in a year and often return to camp more mature and in a better position to participate in an agreement. some campers are so happy and relieved to be able to come back to camp that they don \u2019 t need incentives or rewards. for them, simply being at camp is reward enough. the final point in the plan is to have a chance to speak with j \u2019 s cabin mates at the beginning of the session. done properly, it can help j \u2019 s peers be more patient and more supportive toward him. the key is to have this conversation when j is not present ( otherwise it would be too embarrassing for him ) and to be generous in your description. i might say something like the following : we all know that no one likes to lose. everyone likes it better when they play a game and win. that said, we all know that in the past, j has had an even harder time sticking to the rules. why he has such extra trouble with this isn \u2019 t important. what is important is that you know that j wants to work on this extra hard this summer and we are trying to help him do that. we understand how annoying it can be when anyone breaks the rules, and we appreciate you giving j a fresh start. if he messes up in the beginning, we will handle it quietly off to the side. what we are asking you for is to give him a fresh start and be patient with him as he tries to get better at this. everyone will have the chance to show some character by how patient and supportive you can be around this. and if it really starts to bother you, come talk to one of your counselors. getting it off your chest can help you be more patient, so that \u2019 s a good thing. let me point out that in speaking with j \u2019 s cabin mates, you should describe j \u2019 s behavior in terms they can easily relate to and avoid labels, which will get you into trouble. you make it clear you \u2019 re on top of the situation and that j himself recognizes the need to change. acknowledge their possible frustration and give them an outlet for it. the final task is to explain the agreement to j \u2019 s counselors during staff training. in his case, given that his behavior the previous summer was so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4366464088242399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.395638"} {"text": "locked away in fossils is evidence of a sudden solar cooling. kate ravilious meets the experts who say it could explain a 3, 000 - year - old mass migration \u2013 and today \u2019 s global warming. just under 3, 000 years ago, a group of horse - riding nomads, known as the scythians, started to venture east and west across the russian steppes. at about the same time, african farmers began to explore their continent, and dutch farmers abandoned their land and moved east. all over the world people became restless and started to move \u2013 but why? archaeologists have never found a clear answer, but now one scientist thinks the explanation may lie on the surface of the sun. this idea of solar activity causing fluctuations in the earth \u2019 s climate has been kicking around for some time, largely in relation to past climate changes such as the little ice age, medieval warm period, etc., but was eclipsed ( heh, that pun wasn \u2019 t intended ) by the recent anthropogenic hypothesis. several researchers have been exploring this in some detail, see for example : rozelot, j. p. 2001. possible links between the solar radius variations and the earth \u2019 s climate evolution over the past four centuries. journal of atmospheric and solar - terrestrial physics 63 : 375 - 386. parker, e. n. 1999. sunny side of global warming. nature 399 : 416 - 417. update on old story researchers find signs of grain milling, baking 23, 000 years ago archaeologists have found strong evidence that wheat and barley were refined into cereals 23, 000 years ago, suggesting that humans were processing grains long before hunter - gatherer societies developed agriculture. the findings, including the identification of the earliest known oven and hence the oldest evidence of baking, were described in a recent issue of the journal nature. \u201c this is an observation of key progress in human society, as the beginning of baking was likely a major step forward in nutrition, \u201d says author ehud weiss, a postdoctoral researcher in harvard university \u2019 s department of anthropology and peabody museum. \u201c our work also provides evidence that ancient people held important knowledge that survives to this day. ten thousand years before agriculture developed, humans recognized the value of cereals. \u201d well, we \u2019 re not sure what to make of this. certainly, no one believes that the first time people started using grains was also the same time they domesticated them and developed full - fledged agriculture. generally, it \u2019 s been known for some time that hunter - gather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5024379376595938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.404103"} {"text": "sure what to make of this. certainly, no one believes that the first time people started using grains was also the same time they domesticated them and developed full - fledged agriculture. generally, it \u2019 s been known for some time that hunter - gatherers were using wild cereals to some extent as a food source, without actual full - scale production and domestication. eh, read it and make of it what you will. early humans lived in northern china about 1. 66 million years ago, according to research reported in the journal nature this week. the finding suggests humans \u2013 characterized by their making and use of stone tools \u2013 inhabited upper asia almost 340, 000 years before previous estimates placed them there, surviving in a pretty hostile environment. the research team, including richard potts of the smithsonian institution \u2019 s national museum of natural history, reports the results of excavating four layers of sediments at majuangou in north china. all the layers contained indisputable stone tools apparently made by early humans, known to researchers as \u201c hominins. \u201d the top layer, located at about 43. 3 - 45. 0 meters deep in the earth \u2019 s soil, contains the oldest known record of hominin stone tools, dating back to 1. 32 million years ago. but the fourth and deepest layer, in which potts and his team also found stone tools, is about 340, 000 years older than that. see? 1. 6 million years ago we can find undisputed stone tools, but for some reason the pre - clovis people in north america could barely knock some rocks together. archaeologists to the rescue hi - tech bid to find ancient treasures there is something missing from the ornate church in one of norfolk \u2019 s most picture - perfect villages. twelve stone apostles and one stone jesus christ were stripped from it during henry viii \u2019 s reformation, so folklore goes, before being thrown into the nearby harbour in a bout of religious fervour. now the residents of cley, in north norfolk, want them back. but instead of relying on divine inspiration, the very traditional village is turning towards rather hi - tech methods to sniff them out. she was one of the most beautiful women of her time, who won the heart of a king to become france \u2019 s first officially recognised royal mistress. but when agnes sorel died in agony at the age of 28, rumours began to circulate that she had been murdered. the lover of charles vii, sorel enraged the king \u2019 s son and heir, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46471776085916083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.406440"} {"text": "accessmylibrary provides free access to millions of articles from top publications available through your library. under the right conditions, all children can become more creative thinkers and problem solvers. in this program, students learn strategies for innovative thinking while unlocking \" the secret of the volcano. \" how do we help children expand their creativity? during the past 25 years, educators have designed many instructional programs in an effort to develop the creative potential of preschool and primary school children. reviews of research on the effectiveness of these programs, however, are discouraging ; most programs did not appear to produce a notable increase in children ' s creative abilities ( mayer 1983 ). this lack of experimental support gives rise to doubts about the extent to which instructional techniques can improve creativity. before accepting this skeptical conclusion, however, let ' s examine five assumptions - ideas i believe are limiting and misleading - shared by many of the methods that have not proven effective. * children are blank slates ; they have no ideas or opinions about creative strategies and must be taught how to be creative. * creativity is a unique mental skill ; thus, learning this single skill will boost creativity. for example, brainstorming - perhaps the best - known creativity technique focuses on the abundant production of unusual ideas in order to promote innovation. * children who are instructed with artificial materials ( such as puzzles and riddles ) are able to spontaneously transfer creative strategies from the training environment to everyday situations. for example, covington, crutchfield, and davis ( 1966 ) based their training on detective stories that children solve by applying a given strategy ; they hoped that students could apply the same strategy in real - life situations. * children will learn to think creatively if they \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5281188124559365, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.408372"} {"text": "england and scotland are presently debating the terms of a referendum in 2014 that could see scotland leave the united kingdom. two years after that vote, however, scottish and english energy networks will become significantly better connected. hvdc link is a unique project establishing many firsts for interconnectors around the world. costing around \u00a31 billion to install, it will be the first grid interconnector below the sea ever to use high voltage direct current. it will become the longest 2, 200mw capacity hvdc cable in the world and will be the first to operate at 600kv. project is set to break boundaries in several regards as it seeks to meet a significant need for greater grid capacity across the uk. with large scale development of renewable energy capacity in scotland, the challenge is to grow transmission capacity between scotland and england, where large population centres consume much of the energy produced. this challenge is pressing as the two existing overhead lines that cross the border are running at capacity already. this project will help to meet that need, but must also face the problem of significant transmission loss that can occur over a 420km cable. the 600kv voltage level is designed to help bring the loss down to just three percent. the more conventional 400kv a. c level used in connectors would risk losing three times that level. there are also projected cost benefits to raising the voltage level from the previous highest example of 500kv to 600kv. this can enable the cable to handle a greater electrical capacity without the need for a wider diameter of copper, saving on the cost of an expensive raw material. national grid electricity transmission and scottish power transmission have commissioned the order and aim to see cable installation along the route and construction of converter stations in hunterston in ayrshire and connah \u2019 s quay in ten north of wales. however, with flintshire county council rejecting the planning application for connah \u2019 s quay on 8 february, it remains to be seen how proposals for the southern converter station will adjust. itself will run under the irish sea through the area designated by the crown estate as zone nine. zone nine is part of round three of the off - shore wind programme and rights to the area were granted to centrica energy renewable investments limited. western hvdc in numbers - \u20ac1. 1 billion \u2013 the contract awarded for establishing the link - 2, 200mw \u2013 the capacity of the new hvdc cable - 600, 000 \u2013 the voltage level of the new interconnector - 420km \u2013 the length", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4811811559818818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.410987"} {"text": "glucose - 6 - phosphate - dehydrogenase ( g6pd ) deficiency is an inherited disease that can cause anemia, or a low red blood cell count. g6pd deficiency occurs when a person doesn ' t have enough of an enzyme called glucose - 6 - phosphate - dehydrogenase. this enzyme is important in metabolism. red blood cells, which carry oxygen, don ' t get enough energy when g6pd is lacking. the red blood cells die too soon in this condition, which can cause anemia. anemia can be mild or severe and is often triggered suddenly by illness, foods, or certain medications. some people with g6pd deficiency have no symptoms at all. in others, the symptoms and signs can range from mild to severe, and may include : newborn jaundice, an abnormal yellow color of the skin and eyes that is present at or shortly after birthan enlarged spleen or liver hemolytic crisis is a group of symptoms that occur when many red blood cells suddenly die all at once. the symptoms that result include : weaknesspain in the abdomen or backjaundicedark urinefever and chillssevere fatiguetachycardia, or a rapid heartbeatlow blood pressurekidney failure, known as acute renal failurecongestive heart failure, a condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood effectively throughout the bodyshock g6pd deficiency is inherited on the x chromosome. females have two x chromosomes but males have one x and one y chromosome. this disease is therefore called \" x - linked \" and usually only occurs in men. this is because men only need to inherit one abnormal gene to get the disease. women, on the other hand, have to inherit two abnormal genes to get the disease. in the us, a mild form of g6pd deficiency is very common in blacks. those from the eastern mediterranean region are at a higher risk for a more severe form of g6pd deficiency. sudden attacks of g6pd deficiency, or a hemolytic crisis, can be caused by : any serious illnessfava beans, in the more rare forms of g6pd deficiencysulfa medications, such as sulfamethoxazole, an antibioticcertain medications used to treat malaria, such as primaquinenitrofurantoin ( i. e., macrobid, macrodantin ), an antibioticaspirin, which doesn ' t usually cause a problem in people with the common form of g6pd deficiency g6pd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5132617144593171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.415262"} {"text": "primaquinenitrofurantoin ( i. e., macrobid, macrodantin ), an antibioticaspirin, which doesn ' t usually cause a problem in people with the common form of g6pd deficiency g6pd deficiency is an inherited disease, so it cannot be prevented. genetic counseling may be helpful to couples with a family history of the disease. the diagnosis of g6pd deficiency is suspected when jaundice and anemia occur. blood tests, including a complete blood count or cbc and a blood chemistry tests, are done to show that red blood cells have died in large numbers. a specific diagnosis can be made by measuring of the amount of g6pd enzyme activity in red blood cells. this blood test can tell whether the amount of g6pd is abnormally low. in some cases, a blood test called protein electrophoresis may need to be done to confirm the diagnosis. some people may have a mild form of g6pd deficiency with no long - term effects. children with severe forms of this disease may have growth problems. these children may need constant monitoring and treatment. some long - term problems include an enlarged spleen or liver and the need for blood transfusions. severe, sudden attacks of red cell breakdown can result in kidney damage, congestive heart failure, shock, and even death. this is uncommon in the variety of g6pd deficiency seen in the us. most affected people in the us can lead a normal life if they are able to avoid the medications and illnesses that cause sudden red blood cell death. g6pd deficiency is not contagious, but an abnormal g6pd gene can be passed on to children, who may or may not get the disease. most people with g6pd deficiency do not need regular treatment. the genetic defect cannot be cured. if a hemolytic crisis occurs, a person usually needs short - term treatment. if a medication caused the attack, the person should stop taking that medication right away. other treatment is directed at the person ' s needs. this may include oxygen, fluids, or medications to treat problems such as congestive heart failure or chronic renal failure. blood transfusions may be needed in some cases. some people may need surgery to have their spleen taken out if it gets too big. a treatment called iron chelation therapy may be needed if iron overload occurs. this therapy helps the body get rid of excess iron. these treatments help with complications of g6pd deficiency, but they do not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4508009410744902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.416318"} {"text": "taken out if it gets too big. a treatment called iron chelation therapy may be needed if iron overload occurs. this therapy helps the body get rid of excess iron. these treatments help with complications of g6pd deficiency, but they do not fix or cure the disease. blood transfusions may cause allergic reactions or infections. having many transfusions can lead to infections. it may also lead to iron overload, a condition in which there is too much iron in the body. surgery carries a risk of bleeding, infection, or allergic reaction to the anesthesia. iron chelation therapy may cause allergic reactions and stomach upset. most affected people in the us have mild forms of g6pd deficiency. these people often need no treatment other than to avoid certain medications. when they become ill, closer monitoring or treatment may be needed. those with severe forms of g6pd deficiency often need close monitoring and treatment for life. g6pd deficiency is monitored with blood tests, such as cbc and blood chemistry tests. these can detect anemia or blood cell death and response to therapy. the disease does not generally get worse or improve with age. any new or worsening symptoms should be reported to the healthcare professional. harrison ' s principles of internal medicine, 1998, fauci et al.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46583179609631986, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.416943"} {"text": "in the past few weeks i \u2019 ve shared a few examples of how science is gradually opening up. we \u2019 ve had the likes of harvard using crowdsourcing methods in their research into diabetes. in a similar vein was pcori project from michigan, that aims to get patients involved in the medical research process more than they currently do in their role as pharmaceutical guinea pigs. or you \u2019 ve got the german based social network for scientists to hang out on and collaborate on projects. whilst the bulk of the science done around the world remains very much in the old school, these kind of efforts do represent an interesting shift. adding their considerable grist to the mill in the past few days has been mozilla. they \u2019 ve announced the launch of the mozilla science lab. it \u2019 s a project that they hope will apply the open source principles that much of the web was founded upon to scientific endeavour. the aim of the science lab is to foster an ongoing dialogue between the open web community and researchers to tackle this challenge. together they \u2019 ll share ideas, tools and best practices for using next - generation web solutions to solve real problems in science, and explore ways to make research faster, more agile and collaborative. so in other words, they want to encourage the kind of open and collaborative tools that i highlighted at the start of this post. their initial goals are of the low hanging fruit variety. they \u2019 re teaming up with software carpentry to try and improve the digital skills amongst those in the science community. it leads me to wonder if they \u2019 re playing catch - up a bit on a community that is already making great use of social tools in their research. as the saying goes, the future already exists, it \u2019 s just unevenly distributed, and there are already plenty of positive deviants out there doing great things. hopefully mozilla can help spread the awareness of those isolated projects, and aid the more mainstream science community in following suit. you can keep up to date with the project via their twitter feed \u2013 http : / / twitter. com / mozillascience", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5376155723855096, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.419199"} {"text": "drought in 2013 : major pains ahead? in 2012, the drought ' s biggest effects were on the surface. now if the drought continues as we head into 2013, those agricultural implications will likely unfold into deeper ones, figuratively and literally. experts at the national drought mitigation center in lincoln, nebraska, are looking ahead to 2013 with a close eye on how the drought will unfold and what it will mean to both crop prospects and the condition of the soils in which those crops are planted. thus far, the drought ' s effects have been mostly in the top tiers of the soil and what ' s growing there : wheat, corn, and forage yields were hit hard, and that alone has had implications beyond the field, namely in the prices fetched for the commodities in shortest supply. but 2012 began with a fuller soil moisture profile than today. that ' s got some experts bracing for more serious effects on the landscape if the historic flash drought ( one whose effects are felt immediately instead of the more typical slow - moving natural disaster ) continues. \" the previous five years all had above - normal precipitation, the wettest period in recorded history, \u201d says michael hayes, director of the national drought mitigation center ( ndmc ) at the university of nebraska. \" for nebraska, it was unprecedented. we came into 2012 with a full hydrological system - - rivers, streams, reservoirs, and groundwater. when you \u2019 re talking major droughts, this is not a multiyear drought. as we look ahead to 2013, we don \u2019 t have that margin built into our hydrological system, so we \u2019 re in pretty dire straits. \u201d adds ndmc drought resources specialist kelly smith : \" the first wave of drought impacts has been agricultural. the winter wheat crop outlook across the great plains has been reduced, and ranchers are scrambling to find feed for cattle. hay prices have risen, likely meaning bigger grocery bills as meat and dairy prices climb in response. the second wave of impacts is often hydrological. it is likely [ the mississippi and missouri river ] basins are going to be fairly dry through winter and into next year. \" slim recovery chances just in the last few days of 2012, moisture has moved through parts of the plains and midwest in the form of snow. while that did put a small dent in the drought conditions in places like iowa, the drought that ' s impacted about 60 % of the contiguous u. s. doesn ' t loosen its grip until you move east into parts of indiana and ohio. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4339906528329375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.423640"} {"text": "| jamaicavm 3. 2 \u2014 user documentation : the virtual machine for realtime and embedded systems | | prev | | chapter 14. debugging with eclipse | | next | before you are able to debug your project, the code needs to compile and run cleanly. you first need to create a run configuration for your application and to make sure that it starts properly. next, you need to set up the debug configuration in a similar way using the run > debug... menu. you also need to select the class to be used as the main java class by the debugger ( see also figure 14 - 2 ). you can have as many debug configurations for a single project as you wish. when the debugger is started ( from run > debug... ), it is opened in a new window, and you are ready to start debugging. when you launch your application for debugging, eclipse automatically switches to the debug perspective. the most common debugging procedure is undoubtedly to set breakpoints that will allow the inspection of variables and the values inside conditional statements or loops. to set breakpoints in the package explorer view of the java perspective, double - click the selected source code file to open it in an editor. walk through the code and place your cursor on the marker bar ( along the left edge of the editor area ) on the line including the suspected code. double - click to set the breakpoint ( see also figure 14 - 3 ). now start the debugging session from the run > debug... menu. it is important not to put multiple statements on a single line because you cannot step over or set line breakpoints on more than one statement on the same line. the variables view ( in the display window ) displays the values of the variables in the selected stack frame ( see figure 14 - 4 ). to view a requested variable, simply expand the tree in the variables view until you can see the requested element. you can also watch variables in the variables view as you step through the code in the debug view. when the debugger stops at a breakpoint, you can continue the debugger session by selecting the step over option from the run > debug... menu ( see figure 14 - 5 ). this steps over the highlighted line of code and continues execution at the next line in the same method ( or it will continue in the method", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.438561531933032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.427512"} {"text": "the step over option from the run > debug... menu ( see figure 14 - 5 ). this steps over the highlighted line of code and continues execution at the next line in the same method ( or it will continue in the method from which the current method was called ). to suspend the execution of threads in the debug view, select a running thread and click the suspend button in the debug view toolbar. the current call stack for the thread is displayed, and the current line of execution is highlighted in the editor in the debug perspective. when a thread is suspended, the cursor is placed over a variable in the java editor and the value of that variable is displayed in a small hovering window. also, the top stack frame of the thread is automatically selected and the visible variables in that stack frame are displayed in the variables view. you can examine the appropriate variable in the variables view by clicking its name. the eclipse debugger offers an interesting option for debugging remote applications. it can connect to a remote vm running a java application and attach it to the internal debugger. working with a remote debugging session is for the most part similar to local debugging. however, a remote debugging configuration requires different settings in the run > debug... window. you need to first select the remote java application entry in the left - hand view and then click the new button. a new remote launch configuration is created and three tabs are shown : connect, source, and common. in the project field of the connect tab, select which project to use as a reference for the launch ( for source code lookup ). in the host field of the connect tab, type the ip address or domain name of the remote host where the java program is running. in the port field of the connect tab, type the port where the remote vm is accepting connections. generally, this port is specified when the remote vm is launched. select the allow termination of remote vm option when you want the debugger to determine whether the terminate command is available in a remote session. select this option if you want to be able to terminate the vm to which you are connecting. now when you select the debug option, the debugger attempts to connect to a remote vm at the specified address and port, and the result is displayed in the debug view. if the launcher is unable to connect to a vm at the specified", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45519912500717796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.428460"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia knot theory is a branch of topology that was inspired by observations, as the name suggests, of knots. but progress in the field no longer depends on experiments with twine. knot theory concerns itself with abstract properties of theoretical knots \u2014 the spatial arrangements that in principle could be assumed by a loop of string. in mathematical jargon, knots are embeddings of the closed circle in three - dimensional space. an ordinary knot is converted to a mathematical knot by splicing its ends together. the topological theory of knots asks whether two such knots can be rearranged to match, without opening the splice. the question of untying an ordinary knot has to do with unwedging tangles of rope pulled tight. a knot can be untied in the topological theory of knots if and only if it is equivalent to the unknot, a circle in 3 - space. knot theory originated in an idea of lord kelvin ' s ( 1867 ), that atoms were knots of swirling vortices in the \u00e6ther ( also known as ' ether ' ). he believed that an understanding and classification of all possible knots would explain why atoms absorb and emit light at only the discrete wavelengths that they do ( i. e. explain what we now understand to depend on quantum energy levels ). scottish physicist peter tait spent many years listing unique knots under the belief that he was creating a table of elements. when ether was discredited through the michelson - morley experiment, vortex theory became completely obsolete, and knot theory fell out of scientific interest. only in the past 100 years, with the rise of topology, have knots become a popular field of study. today, knot theory is inextricably linked to particle physics, dna replication and recombination, and to areas of statistical mechanics. an introduction to knot theory creating a knot is easy. begin with a one - dimensional line segment, wrap it around itself arbitrarily, and then fuse its two free ends together to form a closed loop. one of the biggest unresolved problems in knot theory is to describe the different ways in which this may be done, or conversely to decide whether two such embeddings are different or the same. the unknot, and a knot equivalent to it before we can do this, we must decide what it means for embeddings to be \" the same \". we consider two embeddings of a loop to be the same if we can get from one to the other by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6773659491247164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.432666"} {"text": "to it before we can do this, we must decide what it means for embeddings to be \" the same \". we consider two embeddings of a loop to be the same if we can get from one to the other by a series of slides and distortions of the string which do not tear it, and do not pass one segment of string through another. if no such sequence of moves exists, the embeddings are different knots. a useful way to visualise knots and the allowed moves on them is to project the knot onto a plane - think of the knot casting a shadow on the wall. now we can draw and manipulate pictures, instead of having to think in 3d. however, there is one more thing we must do - at each crossing we must indicate which section is \" over \" and which is \" under \". this is to prevent us from pushing one piece of string through another, which is against the rules. to avoid ambiguity, we must avoid having three arcs cross at the same crossing and also having two arcs meet without actually crossing ( we would say that the knot is in general position with respect to the plane ). fortunately a small perturbation in either the original knot or the position of the plane is all that is needed to ensure this. in 1927, working with this diagrammatic form of knots, j. w. alexander and g. b. briggs, and independently kurt reidemeister, demonstrated that two knot diagrams belonging to the same knot can be related by a sequence of three kinds of moves on the diagram, shown right. these operations, now called the reidemeister moves, are : - twist and untwist in either direction. - move one loop completely over another. - move a string completely over or under a crossing. knot invariants can be defined by demonstrating a property of a knot diagram which is not changed when we apply any of the reidemeister moves. some very important invariants can be defined in this way, including the jones polynomial. you can unknot any circle in four dimensions. there are two steps to this. first, \" push \" the circle into a 3 - dimensional subspace. this is the hard, technical part which we will skip. now imagine temperature to be a fourth dimension to the 3 - dimensional space. then you could make one section of a line cross through the other by simply warming it with your fingers. two knots can be added by breaking the circles and connecting the pairs of ends. knots in 3 - space form", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6064404967446844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.433700"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia st. stephen ' s day december 26, the day following christmas day, is called st. stephen ' s day in ireland, and is a public holiday. it commemorates st. stephen, the first christian martyr or protomartyr. in irish it is called la fheile stiofan or la an dreoilin \u2014 the latter translates literally as another english name used, the \" day of the wren \" or wren ' s day. this name alludes to several irish legends linking episodes in the life of jesus to the wren. in parts of ireland persons carrying either an effigy of a wren, or an actual caged wren, travel from house to house playing music, singing and dancing. depending on which region of the country, they are called wrenboys, mummers or strawboys. a mummer ' s festival is held at this time every year in the village of new inn, co. galway. st stephen ' s day is also a popular day for visiting family members. a popular rhyme, known to many irish children and sung at each house visited by the mummers goes as follows : - the wren, the wren, the king of all birds, - on st. stephen ' s day was caught in the furze, - up with the penny and down with the pan, - give us a penny to bury the wren. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45985222900871453, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.435206"} {"text": "almost every teen has heard about the kissing disease. though only about 5 - 10 percent of them actually come down with the symptoms of mono, tales of this infection are well known in adolescent circles. when i see a teen in the clinic with the classic symptoms of fever, sore throat, fatigue and enlarged lymph nodes, i tell them it could be mono. many of them nod knowingly and flash an embarrassing smile because now they think their parents must know they \u2019 re kissing someone. truth is, while mono can be commonly spread by sharing kisses, it \u2019 s also spread by sharing eating or drinking utensils and by sexual contact. coming into contact with the bodily fluids of someone currently infected with mono increases your chances of catching it. what is mono? mono is a viral infection caused by ebv ( epstein - barr virus ). it \u2019 s incredibly ubiquitous and most children are exposed to it prior to adolescence. the difference is children rarely come down with the symptoms of mono. so, the illness is most common in 15 - to 24 - year - olds who were not exposed in childhood. eventually 90 - 95 percent of the population becomes ebv positive. fatigue and sore throat are by far the most common and most severe complaints of mono. fever may occur early in the disease but is not the most significant symptom. it \u2019 s often mistaken for strep throat or the flu since symptoms can greatly overlap. to confirm suspicions of mono, many teens will need a blood test checking their white blood count and for presence of antibodies to ebv. a strep culture may also be done to rule out strep throat. caution in mono about 50 - 60 percent of teens with mono will also have an enlarged spleen. rupture of the spleen is rare but can be life threatening and for this reason, teens are not to participate in all sports activities for a minimum of 3 weeks. contact sports, such as football, are definitely sidelined until 4 weeks after the onset of illness. check with your child \u2019 s doctor to know when your teen gets the green light. when can my teen return to school? once your teen is afebrile, sore throat is under control and fatigue has lifted then he / she is likely ready to return to school. there \u2019 s no hard and fast rule on this since contagiousness starts before onset of symptoms and shedding of the virus continues long after initial infection. remind your teens to not share eating or drinking utensils and to avoid intimate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4554600696354428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.437902"} {"text": "if a scientist tells you sunny days are ahead \u2013 duck and cover! he may be talking about space weather and the giant solar flares that fry satellites and national electrical grids! just in case you haven \u2019 t had enough stormy weather here on earth, astronomers are warning us to expect some major solar storms over the next few years. coming our way \u2014 more solar flares. click to expand! source : nasa solar dynamic observatory here \u2019 s what they are talking about. the sun is a spinning ball of hot magnetized gas and plasma. as it spins, the magnetic force lines in the sun become tangled. after a few years, the twisted magnetic fields are so tangled that they stick out in giant loops through sun \u2019 s surface \u2013 creating dark sun spots. when the sun is covered with giant storms and sunspots \u2014 something has to give. for the three years following the solar peak of activity, something does. like a rubber band stretched beyond endurance, the magnetic fields snap and break. this splatters large hunks of the solar gas and plasma out into space. we call the snapping \u201c solar flares \u201d. imagine heating a pot of grease. eventually, when it gets hot enough, the surface of the grease is covered with bubbles. when the bubbles burst, the grease spatters and anyone nearby can get burned. now imagine the splatter bigger than jupiter. fortunately the earth ' s magnetic field is a shield. however, some of the ionized solar particles leak through the north and south magnetic poles. when you look up in the sky, you can see the crackling energy as colorful \u201c northern lights \u201d or aurora. scientists warn that these solar \u201c splatters \u201d can do enormous damage to technology. the plasma is hot ( 269, ), and generates a strong electrical current. they are particularly dangerous to satellites, where they can fry computer chips or burn out equipment, and electrical power grids. they can create electrical surges that enter and burn out equipment and cause blackouts. the last time we had storms big enough to cause this damage was 1989, when a solar storm caused a major canadian blackout in quebec and hit several satellites. a national science foundation study shows a map of us electrical damage if there was another storm the size of the may 1921 super storm. yikes! parts of the us electrical grid at risk from a may, 1921 sized solar storm. source : nasa science news - john kappenmann, severe space weather events \u2014 understanding societal and economic impacts, national academy of sciences,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5092159476350984, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.442045"} {"text": "\u2022 hangover \u2022 pronunciation : h\u00e6ng - o - ver \u2022 hear it! part of speech : noun meaning : 1. something or someone left over from a prior time period ; a vestige, a holdover, a leftover, a remnant. 2. the unpleasant effects of overdrinking the night before or a short period before, a katzenjammer. notes : today ' s word is an interesting bit of evidence of the importance of word order in language : an overhang is quite a different thing from a hangover. the only derivation ever tried for this word is hangoverish reported in 1939. the word currently appears only 5, 350 times on the web, mostly in dictionaries. in play : first things first : \" this dorm must be a hangover from an old insane asylum! \" the second meaning was derived from the first by means of narrowing to a strictly pejorative sense : \" i had such a hangover from the party last night that i think i might have flunked the chemistry exam. \" word history : today ' s good word is obviously a compound comprising hang + over. hang, the verb, is related to hittite gang - \" to hang \", sanskrit sankate \" wavers \", and latin cunctari \" to delay \", so the proto - indo - european root pervaded the indo - european languages pretty thoroughly. the original past tense was hanged, but a northern british form, hung, emerged in the 16th century as the past participle, then moved on to take over as the past tense form. hanged remained only in the legal sense, legalese being more conservative than the general language. stonehenge originally meant \" stone gallows \", presumably from the resemblance to gallows of the three - piece ensembles.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.522225204726039, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.443919"} {"text": "by alexander kurz adrenoleukodystrophy ( ald ) is an x - chromosomal recessive disorder which leads to adrenal gland dysfunction. the disease is characterised by an abnormal storage of very long chain fatty acids ( vlcfa ) in myelin and in almost all cells of the body. a variant of ald is adrenomyeloneuropathy ( amn ) in which the spinal cord and peripheral nerves are mainly affected, resulting in spastic paraparesis, sensory abnormalities in the legs, and bladder or anal sphincter dysfunction. symptoms and course the adult variant of ald becomes manifest at the age of 28 to 30 years. clinical features include behavioural disorders, psychotic symptoms, impaired sexual function, ataxia, psudobulbar symptoms, progressive dyskinesia or polyneuropathy. psychiatric and neurological symptoms are accompanied by adrenal gland dysfunction ( fatigue, intermittend vomiting, arterial hypotension, hyperpigmentation of the skin ) and hypogonadism. causes and risk factors ald is caused by mutations in the abcd1 gene ( xq28 ), which encodes a transporter involved in the import of very long - chain fatty acids ( vlcfa ) into the peroxisome. the storage of abnormally long fatty acids alters the properties of myelin and results in a destabilisation of myelin membranes followed by demyelinisation. the prevalence is estimated at 1 : 42. 000 ( van geel et al, 2001 ). juvenile, adolescent, and adult variants of ald may be distinguished. the adult form of ald accounts for approximately 3 % of all cases of ald. cranial ct demonstrates demyelinisation in 80 % of ald patients which is parieto - occipital initally and later also extends to frontal areas. mrt shows hyperintensities in the parieto - occipital white matter and in the spinal cord. the cerebrospinal fluid shows inflammation with pleocytosis, elevated protein content and intrathecal immunoglobulin production. as a consequence of demyelinisation, evoked potentials are slowed. skin biopsy shows macrophages with typical inclusions. the diagnosis of ald is established by the demonstration of elevated levels of vlcfa in plasma. care and treatment dietary restriction of vlcfa is not sufficient. lorenzo \u2019 s oil is used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49437740577771305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.448710"} {"text": "biopsy shows macrophages with typical inclusions. the diagnosis of ald is established by the demonstration of elevated levels of vlcfa in plasma. care and treatment dietary restriction of vlcfa is not sufficient. lorenzo \u2019 s oil is used to increase the intake of unsaturated fatty acits in order to inhibit the generation of vlcfa. lorenzo \u2019 s oil, however, has no effect on demyelinisation and does not slow the progression of the disease. the combination of vlcfa - poor diet and lorenzo \u2019 s oil normalises vlcfa in some patients and slows the progression of symptoms. adverse effects include thrombopenia, lymphopenia, liver enzyme elevation, and reversible cardiomyopathy. immune supressive therapy and high - dose intravenous immunoglobuline treatment had only minor effects. recently bone marrow transplantation has been reported to improve neurological and neuropsychological symptoms if applied at the early stage of the disease. united leukodystrophy foundation, 2304 highland drive sycamore, illinois usa 60178 http : / / www. ulf. org / ald life, 209 high street, penge, london, se20 7pf, www. aldlife. org - p aubourg, s blache, i jambaque : reversal of early neurologic and neuroradiologic manifestations of x - linked adrenoleukodystrophy by bone marrow transplantation. n engl j med 322 : 1860 - 1866, 1990 - h. w. moser : adrenoleukodystrophy : phenotype, genetics, pathogenesis and therapy. brain 120 : 1485 - 1508, 1997 - h w moser, a e moser, i singh, b p o \u2019 neill : adrenoleukodystrophy : survey of 303 cases : biochemistry, diagnosis, and therapy. an neurol 16 : 628 - 641, 1984 - b m van geel, l bezman, d j loes, h w moser, g v raymond : evolution of phenotypes in adult male patients with x - linked adrenoleukodystrophy. ann neurol 49 : 186 - 194, 2001 - b m van geel, j assies, e b haverkort, j h koelman, b verbeeten, r j wanders, p g barth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4769198972911853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.449600"} {"text": "q : not long ago, i saw a newspaper article about a \u201c red \u201d mass in some city. later i heard about people attending a \u201c blue \u201d mass. what are these? a : a \u201c red \u201d mass is a votive mass of the holy spirit, celebrated for judges, lawyers and other members of the legal profession, to ask god \u2019 s blessing upon their work. in washington, d. c., this mass is celebrated on the sunday before the u. s. supreme court begins its term on the first monday of this liturgical custom has more recently led to annual masses for at least two other occupational groups : \u201c blue \u201d masses for police officers and others engaged in public safety, as well as \u201c white \u201d or \u201c rose \u201d masses for doctors, nurses and other health - care professionals. according to the st. thomas more society, the first red mass was celebrated in 1245 at la sainte chapelle in paris. this custom spread to england in 1310. in some places, judges once wore or still wear red robes. the mass celebrant wears red in honor of the holy the first red mass in the united states was celebrated in new york city in 1928. the 2007 washington, d. c., mass at st. matthew cathedral was the 54th annual mass in that city. archbishop donald wuerl presided, and archbishop timothy dolan of milwaukee preached. six u. s. supreme court justices attended, including five who are catholic and stephen breyer, who is jewish. archbishop dolan began his homily by recalling the witness given in 2002 by a 24 - year - old woman at world youth day in canada. addicted to alcohol and other drugs, she was considering suicide. friends convinced her to attend a world youth day event where she heard pope john paul ii say that god loves each person, that every person is god \u2019 s work of art and known individually by god. \u201c i now want to live, \u201d she told a group in toronto. later in his homily archbishop dolan said, \u201c ideas have consequences, and perhaps a way to view our participation in this annual red mass in our nation \u2019 s capital is as our humble prayer for the red - hot fire of the holy spirit, bringing the jurists, legislators and executives of our government the wisdom to recognize that we are indeed made in god \u2019 s image.... \u201d the archbishop closed his homily by quoting from a prayer that bishop john carroll of baltimore wrote in 1789 : \u201c god, we pray for all judges", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46706124596212195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.463534"} {"text": "government the wisdom to recognize that we are indeed made in god \u2019 s image.... \u201d the archbishop closed his homily by quoting from a prayer that bishop john carroll of baltimore wrote in 1789 : \u201c god, we pray for all judges, magistrates and other officers who are appointed to guard our political welfare, that they may be enabled by thy protection to discharge the duties of their respective stations with honesty in recent years, red masses have seen increased ecumenical and interfaith participation. at last september \u2019 s red mass in atlanta, rabbi william rothschild proclaimed the first reading, from the book of haggai. \u201c it \u2019 s a wonderful way to recognize the serious, serious responsibility we carry out every day, \u201d said judge doris downs, chief judge of fulton county superior court. \u201c the judiciary does need the prayers. \u201d catholic standard, the newspaper of the archdiocese of washington, d. c., and the georgia bulletin, the newspaper of the archdiocese of atlanta, gave full coverage to their red masses, as did other diocesan papers regarding local masses for occupational groups. women and men distinguished for their public or community service are often honored at these masses. occupation - related masses remind us that faith touches all aspects of life. the feast of st. joseph the worker, celebrated on may 1, was introduced into the church \u2019 s worldwide liturgical calendar in 1956 to stress a similar theme : one \u2019 s work can be part of \u2014 and not an obstacle to \u2014 growing in holiness. \u2018 no word and communion services q : i have a question that is driving me crazy. because of a shortage of priests, several parishes in my city no longer have daily mass. my parish has word and communion services twice a week. sometimes these are led by a deacon but other times by laypersons, including women. all the prayers for the mass are said, except the consecration prayers. i absolutely refuse to participate. am i being old - fashioned in not accepting this? a : i suspect that someone may not be accurately reporting what is happening there. the church \u2019 s congregation for divine worship approved a 1973 document entitled \u201c holy communion and worship of the eucharist outside mass. \u201d that instruction indicates who may lead these services ( priests, deacons, those designated to bring holy communion to the sick and those whom the local bishop may designate ) and what such a service includes ( an introductory rite, followed by one or more readings from scripture, the general intercessions, the our father and the rest of the communion that omits the offertory and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4553579606011812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.464638"} {"text": "whom the local bishop may designate ) and what such a service includes ( an introductory rite, followed by one or more readings from scripture, the general intercessions, the our father and the rest of the communion that omits the offertory and the eucharistic prayer, a sizable and key section of the mass. if your parish is not following that instruction, that is an abuse that should be reported to your local bishop. anyone doing so needs first to be sure of the facts. the national conference of catholic bishops ( now the u. s. conference of catholic bishops ) published a booklet in 1976 providing the text of this instruction and appropriate biblical the eucharist is the church \u2019 s celebration ; whoever leads the word and communion service that you have described is acting in the church \u2019 s name. by choosing not to participate, you are depriving yourself of a valuable opportunity to reverence the body and blood of jesus and receive help in your growth as a disciple of jesus. i would call such a decision not \u201c old - fashioned \u201d but rather \u201c shortsighted. \u201d i hope you will reconsider your decision \u2014 even as we work and pray to celebrate mass q : in a few months, my grandson, who is not catholic, and his fiancee will be married on a cruise ship. we fly into florida on a saturday and board the ship the next morning. it looks as though i won \u2019 t be able to attend mass that sunday, something that i always do. is it o. k. to miss under those circumstances? a : i see two possibilities in this situation. first, there might be a saturday evening mass at a church near where you are staying that night. if you go to www. masstimes. org, you can check out locations and possibilities. this web site also offers maps to the churches listed. second, the cruise line might already have arranged for a priest to celebrate mass on that ship. check with the cruise line beforehand or with the staff after you board. if neither of these possibilities exists in this situation, then you have done your best under the circumstances. q : i know that the months of may and october are dedicated to the blessed virgin mary, the month of june to the sacred heart of jesus and the month of july to the most precious blood of jesus. are there dedications for the other months? a : yes, there are. the catholic source book ( 2007 ) gives the following list : january ( holy childhood ), february ( holy family ), march ( st", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41390855001559057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.465630"} {"text": "the most precious blood of jesus. are there dedications for the other months? a : yes, there are. the catholic source book ( 2007 ) gives the following list : january ( holy childhood ), february ( holy family ), march ( st. joseph ), april ( holy spirit / holy eucharist ), may ( mary ), june ( sacred heart ), july ( precious blood ), august ( blessed sacrament ), september ( the seven sorrows of mary ), october ( holy rosary ), november ( souls in purgatory ) and december ( immaculate father stanley rother ( 1935 - 1981 ), a priest of the archdiocese of oklahoma city, was murdered at his rectory in santiago atitlan, guatemala. he is regarded by many people there and in the united states as a martyr. on october 5, 2007, the cause for his canonization was formally begun at holy trinity catholic church in okarche, oklahoma, where he was baptized. archbishop eusebius beltran has appointed deacon norman mejstrik as coordinator. father rother was the subject of our july 2006 cover story, which is posted at www. americancatholic. org. thomas rice, a patrician brother working at the franciscan mission in aitape, papua new guinea, seeks picture books for children ( ages five through eight ), novels for teens and writing supplies, as well as statues of mary and other saints. these can be sent to him at p. o. box 179, aitape 553, sandaun provice, papua new guinea. if you have a question for father pat, please submit it here. include your street address for personal replies enclosing a stamped, self - addressed envelope, please. some answer material must be mailed since it is not available in digital form. you can still send questions to : ask a franciscan, 28 w. liberty street, cincinnati, oh 45202.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40018347355068085, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.466343"} {"text": "the people of ireland have always had a pride and passion for their land and traditions. our new irish records help you meet these people \u2014 your ancestors \u2014 and learn more about the places and eras that shaped them. not sure about exact dates and locations? even a guess can help. in ireland, catholic parish registers are your best bet for finding early births, marriages and deaths, as most people rejected the anglican church of ireland. our collections let you pinpoint your ancestors in their home country before many of them fled during the great famine. ireland, catholic parish baptisms, catholic families are rarely small \u2013 see how many babies you can discover, and learn dates, places and parents \u2019 names. ireland, catholic parish deaths, 1756 \u2013 1881 catholic burial registers are crucial, as the authorities were opposed to cremation. discover the deceased \u2019 s name, burial date and parish. ireland, catholic parish marriages and banns, 1742 \u2013 1884 weddings attracted family members from far and wide \u2013 celebrate with them, and uncover partners \u2019 names, dates, places and witnesses. build a timeline of your ancestors \u2019 lives with these national lists of births, marriages and deaths. they cover the period of the destroyed censuses, so they can help you fill in frustrating gaps in your family tree. they include northern ireland up to 1922. ireland, civil registration births index, find your family \u2019 s new arrivals \u2013 together with their mothers \u2019 names \u2013 in more than 10 million birth records. ireland, civil registration deaths index, discover where and when your ancestors died \u2013 and how old they were when they passed away \u2013 with more than 7 million death records. ireland, civil registration marriages non - catholic marriages were recorded from 1845. you \u2019 ll start finding catholics among these 5 million records from 1864. plus ireland, births and baptisms, go back further and find your family among more than 5 million births, collated from church, civil, family and other records. learn more about this rich land and those who called it home.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3883810660985934, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.468414"} {"text": "scanned text contains errors. feet long, and 11 feet 4 inches high. the cclla, or temple proper, is 194 feet long, and 69 | feet wide, with six columns at each ( 3 ) * a metope from south of the parthenon. ( british museum ) end, 33 feet in height. opposite the outermost columns at each end are antw, formed by the prolongation of the side walls of the kella ( sie plan of acropolis ). along the tup of the outer wall of the cello, ran a continuous frieze, 524 feet in length, with representations of the panathenaic procession goddess, wrought in gold and ivory, the masterpiece of phidias ( cp. athene, neat the end ). the western chamber of tht cella was fronted by a portico, and was called by the special name of the parthi - non. [ within this smaller chamber were kept vessels for use in the sacred processions, with various small articles of gold or silver. modern writers have hitherto generally identified this small chamber with the spisthodomos ( lit. back - chamber ), which was used as the treasury, or state bank, of athens ; but it is held by dorpfeld that this term should be confined to the corresponding chamber of the early temple south of the ereehtheum. ] in the middle ages the temple was converted into a church, dedicated to the virgin mary, and then into a mosque, and remained in good preservation till 1687. in that year, during the siege of athens by the venetians, the building was blown up by the explosion of a powder magazine that the turks had stored in it, and, with the exception of the two pediments, was almost completely destroyed. most of the sculptures preserved from the pediments and metopes, and from the frieze of the temple chamber, are now among the elgin marbles in the british museum. ( 4 ) from the north frieze op the parthenon. ( british museum ; slabs xxxv, xxxvi. ) carved in very low relief ( fig. 2, f, and figs. 4 and 5 ). at the east end of the cella, the pronaos, or portico, leads into the eastern chamber, which was 100 greek feet in length, and was therefore called the hecd - tompedos. it was divided longitudinally into three parts by two rows of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48016665718066126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.471099"} {"text": "nursing challenge 1 the kidneys are a pair of bean - shaped organs that lie on either side of the spine in the lower middle of the back. each kidney weighs about \u00bc pound and contains approximately one million filtering units called nephrons. each nephron is made of a glomerulus and a tubule. the glomerulus is a miniature filtering or sieving device while the tubule is a tiny tube like structure attached to the glomerulus. http : / / www. emedicinehealth. com / chronic _ kidney _ disease / article _ em. htm the kidneys are connected to the urinary bladder by tubes called ureters. urine is stored in the urinary bladder until the bladder is emptied by urinating. the bladder is connected to the outside of the body by another tube like structure called the urethra. the main function of the kidneys is to remove waste products and excess water from the blood. the kidneys process about 200 liters of blood every day and produce about two liters of urine. the waste products are generated from normal metabolic processes including the breakdown of active tissues, ingested foods, and other substances. the kidneys allow consumption of a variety of foods, drugs, vitamins and supplements, additives, and excess fluids without worry that toxic by - products will build up to harmful levels. the kidney also plays a major role in regulating levels of various minerals such as calcium, sodium, and potassium in the blood. http : / / www. emedicinehealth. com / chronic _ kidney _ disease / article _ em. htm nursing challenge 2 with loss of kidney function, there is an accumulation of water ; waste ; and toxic substances, in the body, that are normally excreted by the kidney. loss of kidney function also causes other problems such as anemia, high blood pressure, acidosis ( excessive acidity of body fluids ), disorders of cholesterol and fatty acids, and bone disease. stage 5 chronic kidney disease is also referred to as kidney failure, end - stage kidney disease, or end - stage renal disease,...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4975626772537, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.474610"} {"text": "the occupational therapy role in driving and community mobility across the lifespan community mobility is defined as \" moving around in the community and using public or private transportation, such as driving, walking, bicycling, or accessing and riding in buses, taxi cabs, or other transportation systems \" ( aota, 2008, p. 631 ). community mobility is grounded in independence, spontaneity, and identity. it begins when we are passengers in a car seat and on the school bus, and continues as we learn to ride a bike and drive a car. although the mode of transportation may change, the meaning remains constant : transport from one location to another enables participation in the things we want and need to do ( occupations ). because occupational therapy practitioners focus on enabling participation, they are natural professionals to address driving and community mobility across the lifespan. occupational therapy evaluations for community mobility may focus on screening for passenger safety, school system capacity to transport general and special education students, readiness and ability to ride a bicycle, ability to cross the street and negotiate curbs and sidewalks, visual motor skills for reading signs, driving readiness among adolescents, driving ability and safety, ability to use transportation other than a private vehicle, and driver \u2013 vehicle fit. interventions may include creating transportation alternatives and networks of community resources, restoring range of motion or strength, providing cognitive retraining, modifying vehicles with adaptive equipment, developing walking programs to improve health and function, and training in public transportation options. infants and children infants, toddlers, and children rely on caregivers to transport and secure them safely. occupational therapy interventions address emerging mobility needs of children that have an impact on safe participation in the community. occupational therapy considerations for this population include appropriate use of car seats and booster seats, children with disabilities who have special securing needs, parents with disabilities who need assistance, bicycling education ( e. g., helmet use ), and safety tips for transport by school bus. adolescents and young adults students with an autism spectrum disorder, nonverbal learning disability, cognitive impairments, spina bifida, cerebral palsy, and other disabilities need to address driving while still in high school. transportation affects a student ' s access to employment, housing, social, educational, and recreational opportunities. occupational therapy can contribute to an adolescent ' s potential to drive by addressing predriving skills that promote independence, such as coordination and quick use of the extremities, crossing streets, managing social interactions, managing time, managing money, handling an emergency,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5294795391303834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.479301"} {"text": "can contribute to an adolescent ' s potential to drive by addressing predriving skills that promote independence, such as coordination and quick use of the extremities, crossing streets, managing social interactions, managing time, managing money, handling an emergency, and self - care when alone. managing impulse control, reducing stress, and regulating sensory input are essential for all adolescents, regardless of disability. additional community mobility skills addressed by occupational therapy with this population include reading maps or using a gps, obtaining a first driver ' s license, and using public transportation. seniors are often living with medical conditions that may affect driving safety. to address the goal of \" driving safer longer, \" occupational therapy practitioners offer evaluation, education, strategies, and identification of appropriate mobility options where needed. practitioners can also offer strategies and resources for caregivers transporting adults with special needs ( e. g., dementia - friendly transportation ), as well as caregiver training and specialized intervention for ensuring cessation when necessary, while addressing the person ' s need for continued mobility. other occupational therapy considerations for this population include education and training in using public transit with a disability, driver \u2013 vehicle fit issues, functional decline that necessitates adaptations, and maintaining social connections if driving is no longer an option. where are driving and community mobility services provided? the skills needed for driving and community mobility ( e. g., cognition, strength, stamina, flexibility, etc. ) are often needed for other functional activities, and they are evaluated as part of an occupational therapy session. occupational therapy practitioners are also essential members of carfit events ( www. car - fit. org ) during which they ensure that people ' s vehicles are properly adjusted for the best fit and safety. occupational therapy practitioners who are driving rehabilitation specialists provide comprehensive driving evaluation, adaptation, education, and training addressing the goals of learning, resuming, or seeking assurance about the ability to drive safely. for those who need to retire from driving, occupational therapy practitioners identify appropriate alternatives, prioritizing continued participation in the community. for most americans, driving and community mobility are essential for employment, independence, and social and leisure activities. occupational therapy practitioners are skilled at evaluating a person ' s ability and potential to drive, providing education and adaptations to allow driving, and providing comprehensive resources and training if driving is not an option and other forms of community mobility need to be explored. for more information go to the driver safety section of aota ' s web site at www. aota. org / older - driver. american", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4640366205757412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.480368"} {"text": "washington, d. c., april 27, 2005 - as a national supporter of cover the uninsured week, the american public health association ( apha ) today expressed alarm that 45 million americans - - 15. 6 percent of the total u. s. population - - lack insurance coverage of any kind for an entire year. eight out of 10 uninsured americans either work or are in working families, according to federal data. \" in the wealthiest industrialized nation, 45 million americans have no health insurance, including more than 8 million children, \" said georges c. benjamin, md, facp, executive director of the american public health association. \" this staggering statistic endangers the health of millions across the spectrum of society. solving this crisis should be a top priority for our elected leaders, and we ' re committed to working toward comprehensive health care coverage for all americans. access to care is a right, not a privilege, to which every person is entitled. \" people without health insurance do not receive routine preventive health services, receive too little medical care too late, are sicker and die sooner and receive poorer care when they are hospitalized. also, when seeking care, they are often sicker and therefore more expensive to treat. frequently, uninsured americans seek care at the nearest hospital emergency room, which is an expensive and inefficient way to get care. to address the growing crisis of the uninsured, apha issued 14 points on universal health care. included among these points is a call for the following : - universal coverage for everyone in the united states with comprehensive benefits, affordable prices and quality services ; - organization and administration of health care through publicly accountable mechanisms to assure maximum responsiveness to public needs, with a major role for federal, state and local government health agencies ; and - attention to the organization, staffing, delivery and payment of care to the needs of all populations, including those confronting geographic, physical, cultural, language and other non - financial barriers to service. more information about cover the uninsured week is available at www. covertheuninsuredweek. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45051733007487527, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.482789"} {"text": "the most visited archaeological site of mexico, teotihuacan, was opened to public 100 years ago, in september 13th 1910, after exploration, excavation, restoration and conservation work conducted by archaeologist leopoldo batres from 1905 to 1910. since then, the prehispanic city has undergone continue research conducted by batres, manuel gamio, sigvald linne, alfonso caso, pedro armillas, eduardo nogera, ignacio bernal, jorge acosta, ruben cabrera, eduardo matos, guadalupe mastache, juan vidarte and laurette sejourne, among others. explorations have lead to the recent finding at la ciudadela of a tunnel more than 1, 800 years old, project in charge of inah archaeologist sergio gomez. to commemorate the first century of scientific investigations at the site part of the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) list of world cultural heritage since 1987, the national institute of anthropology and history ( inah ) has organized academic activities that will begin in september 23rd when a commemorative plaque will be unveiled. conferences will take place in september 23rd and 30th, as well as in october 7th, with the participation of remarkable archaeologists that have developed research at teotihuacan, as eduardo lopez moctezuma, ruben cabrera, alejandro villalobos, linda manzanilla and arturo menchaca, among others, who will create a historical panorama of the most relevant archaeological findings registered in the last 100 years. in september 23rd 2010 the exhibition museo de sitio, 100 anos de historia ( site museum, 100 years of history ) will be opened, gathering 32 historical photographs from the inah national photo library, the national library of anthropology and history and the national newspaper library of mexico. the exhibition is to be opened until november 2010 at the site museum. celebrations include talks and visits designed for youngsters and children from communities near the prehispanic city. from september to december 2010, authorities of the archaeological site will guide groups of students from nearby primary schools, to invite them to know and value their cultural heritage. the exhibition tras la huella de tlaloc ( following the imprints of tlaloc ), organized by inah and unam ( national university of mexico ) is also part of the commemorations and will be open from november 2010 to may 2011. the fundamental features of tlaloc were found in teotihuacan at first, and this will be the first multimedia exhibition displayed at the archaeological zone.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3885737316237222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.485316"} {"text": "significance and use it has long been the practice to include in fuel specifications a requirement that the fuel be clear and bright and free of visible particulate matter ( see note 1 ). however, there has been no standard method for making this determination so that practices have differed. this test method provides standard procedures for the test. note 1 \u2014 clean and bright is sometimes used in place of clear and bright. the meaning is identical. procedure 1 provides a rapid pass / fail method for contamination in a distillate fuel. procedure 2 provides a gross numerical rating of haze appearance, primarily as a communication tool. other test methods, including test methods d 1744, d 2276, d 2709, and d 4860, permit quantitative determinations of contaminants. no relationship has been established between procedure 2 and various quantitative methods. limited laboratory evaluations of samples that have failed this clear and bright test indicate that an experienced tester can detect as little as 40 ppm of free water in the fuel. 1. 1 this test method covers two procedures for estimating the presence of suspended free water and solid particulate contamination in distillate fuels having distillation end points below 400\u00b0c and an astm color of 5 or less. 1. 1. 1 both procedures can be used as field tests at storage temperatures, or as laboratory tests at controlled temperatures. 1. 1. 2 procedure 1 provides a rapid pass / fail method for contamination. procedure 2 provides a gross numerical rating of haze appearance. 1. 2 the values stated in si units are to be regarded as standard. no other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1. 3 this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. referenced documents ( purchase separately ) the documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. d1500 test method for astm color of petroleum products ( astm color scale ) d1744 test method for determination of water in liquid petroleum products by karl fischer reagent d2276 test method for particulate contaminant in aviation fuel by line sampling d2709 test method for water and sediment in middle distillate fuels by centrifuge d4057 practice for manual sampling of petroleum and petroleum products d4860 test method for free", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5770628246661196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.488144"} {"text": "heliocentricity, besides being proven false by experience and multiple experiments, is full of the most fantastical improbabilities and theoretical leaps that most people are willing to make simply because the pseudo - scientific establishment told them so. here are some questions and answers to help clear up the geocentric vs. heliocentric world - views : why does the earth seem motionless? gc : because it is motionless. hc : it only seems motionless because it ' s spinning at a perfectly uniform speed with no acceleration or deceleration ever and the atmosphere is magically velcroed to it. actually the earth is spinning on it ' s axis at 1, 000 mph, rotating around the sun at 67, 000 mph, which is orbiting the milky way at 500, 000 mph and shooting through the known universe at 67, 000, 000 mph. we don ' t feel even the slightest bit of this motion because all the centrifugal, gravitational, and inertial forces somehow perfectly cancel out. \" most people who accept that the earth is in motion believe it is a proven fact. they do not realize that not only has the motion of the earth never been proven, but by the constructs of modern physics and cosmology cannot be proven. again, even modern cosmology does not claim to be able to prove that the earth is in motion. in fact the very best argument for earth \u2019 s motion is based on pure \u2018 modesty \u2019 not logic, observation and experience. if anyone could prove the earth \u2019 s motion, that someone would become more famous than einstein, hawking and others. they may all be fools but even they would not make such an ignorant claim to proof of earth \u2019 s motions, and those who do so don \u2019 t realize just how ignorant of physics they really are! before folks go demonstrating how ignorant they are, they should consider : 1. the relationship between mach \u2019 s principle and relativity. 2. the relationship between gravity and inertia, and gravity and acceleration ( and the paradoxes that exist ). 3. relativity does not claim to prove earth \u2019 s motions, in fact it \u2018 dictates \u2019 the ridiculous idea that motion cannot be proven period. 4. relativity proposes motion, it does not nor can it claim to disprove that the earth is the center of the universe! 5. only those who are ignorant of physics attempt to make arguments based on weather patterns, ballistic trajectories, geosynchronous satellites, and foucault \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4899519391331162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.501352"} {"text": "disprove that the earth is the center of the universe! 5. only those who are ignorant of physics attempt to make arguments based on weather patterns, ballistic trajectories, geosynchronous satellites, and foucault \u2019 s pendulums for evidence of earth \u2019 s motions! for all those \u2018 geniuses \u2019 out there, not even einstein would claim such stupidity. \" - allen daves why do the sun and moon appear to be the same size? gc : because they are the same size. hc : they only appear to be the same size because of an incredibly perfect parallax perspective from earth. actually the sun is 1. 392x10 ^ 6 km in diameter and 1. 496x10 ^ 8 km from earth. the moon is 3474 km in diameter and 384, 403 km from the earth. and these just happen to be the exact diameters and distances necessary for a viewer from earth to falsely perceive them as being the same size. why do the sun, moon, and stars all appear to revolve around a stationary earth? gc : because they do. hc : the moon does revolve around the earth, but the earth actually revolves around the sun, and all the stars only seem to revolve around the earth because the earth itself is spinning beneath your feet! \" whilst we sit drinking our cup of tea or coffee the world is supposedly rotating at 1, 039 mph at the equator, whizzing around the sun at 66, 500 mph, hurtling towards lyra at 20, 000 mph, revolving around the centre of the ' milky way ' at 500, 000 mph and merrily moving at god knows what velocity as a consequence of the ' big bong. ' and not even a hint of a ripple on the surface of our tea, yet tap the table lightly with your finger and...! \" - neville t. jones \" if the government or nasa had said to you that the earth is stationary, imagine that. and then imagine we are trying to convince people that ' no, no it ' s not stationary, it ' s moving forward at 32 times rifle bullet speed and spinning at 1, 000 miles per hour. ' we would be laughed at! we would have so many people telling us ' you are crazy, the earth is not moving! ' we would be ridiculed for having no scientific backing for this convoluted moving earth theory. and not only that but then people would say,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48963774234185276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.502268"} {"text": "would have so many people telling us ' you are crazy, the earth is not moving! ' we would be ridiculed for having no scientific backing for this convoluted moving earth theory. and not only that but then people would say, ' oh then how do you explain a fixed, calm atmosphere and the sun ' s observable movement, how do you explain that? ' imagine saying to people, ' no, no, the atmosphere is moving also but is somehow magically velcroed to the moving - earth. the reason is not simply because the earth is stationary. ' so what we are actually doing is what makes sense. we are saying that the moving - earth theory is nonsense. the stationary - earth theory makes sense and we are being ridiculed. you ' ve got to picture it being the other way around to realize just how ridiculous this situation is. this theory from the government and nasa that the earth is rotating and orbiting and leaning over and wobbling is absolute nonsense and yet people are clinging to it, tightly, like a teddy bear. they just can ' t bring themselves to face the possibility that the earth is stationary though all the evidence shows it : we feel no movement, the atmosphere hasn ' t been blown away, we see the sun move from east - to - west, everything can be explained by a motionless earth without bringing in all these assumptions to cover up previous assumptions gone bad. \" - allen daves why do we never see the rotation of the moon? gc : because it doesn ' t rotate. hc : both the moon and the earth are actually rotating but they are doing so in such a way that from our perspective it seems that neither are. the earth is spinning east to west at 1, 000 mph while orbiting the sun at 67, 000 mph. the moon is spinning west to east at 10. 3 mph while orbiting the earth at 2, 288 mph. these motions / speeds perfectly cancel out so that the moon always only shows us one side. \" they want you to believe that the moon ' s rotation is perfectly synchronized with its orbit so that ' s why we only ever see one side of the moon, rather than conclude the obvious - that the moon is simply not rotating. moreover, they had to slow down the moon ' s speed by 58, 870 mph and reverse its direction to west - east to successfully sell their phony heliocentricity system to a gullible public. i don ' t think there is one person in many, many thousands -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5156855848700939, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.503252"} {"text": "moon ' s speed by 58, 870 mph and reverse its direction to west - east to successfully sell their phony heliocentricity system to a gullible public. i don ' t think there is one person in many, many thousands - regardless of education - who knows that the copernican model had to turn the moon ' s observable direction around and give it a new speed to accommodate the phases and eclipses. \" - marshall hall \u201c the moon presented a special math problem for the construction of the heliocentricity model. the only way to make the moon fit in with the other assumptions was to reverse its direction from that of what everyone who has ever lived has seen it go. the math model couldn \u2019 t just stop the moon like it did the sun, that wouldn \u2019 t work. and it couldn \u2019 t let it continue to go east to west as we see it go, either at the same speed or at a different speed. the only option was to reverse its observed east to west direction and change its speed from about 64, 000 miles an hour to about 2, 200 miles an hour. this reversal along with the change in speed were unavoidable assumptions that needed to be adopted if the model was to have a chance of mimicking reality. \" - bernard brauer why do the stars appear to be fixed along a celestial sphere? gc : because they are. hc : the stars only appear to be fixed along a celestial sphere because they are so incredibly far away. even after hundreds of millions of miles of our ( supposed ) orbit around the sun, the stars appear in the exact same positions at the exact same meridian times because they are many \" light - years \" away. a light - year is approximately 6 trillion miles away and that is why they falsely seem fixed from our faulty perspective. \" take two carefully - bored metallic tubes, not less than six feet in length, and place them one yard asunder, on the opposite sides of a wooden frame, or a solid block of wood or stone : so adjust them that their centres or axes of vision shall be perfectly parallel to each other. now, direct them to the plane of some notable fixed star, a few seconds previous to its meridian time. let an observer be stationed at each tube and the moment the star appears in the first tube let a loud knock or other signal be given, to be repeated by the observer at the second tube when he first sees the same star. a distinct period of time will elapse between the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5062905155616559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.504312"} {"text": "tube and the moment the star appears in the first tube let a loud knock or other signal be given, to be repeated by the observer at the second tube when he first sees the same star. a distinct period of time will elapse between the signals given. the signals will follow each other in very rapid succession, but still, the time between is sufficient to show that the same star is not visible at the same moment by two parallel lines of sight when only one yard asunder. a slight inclination of the second tube towards the first tube would be required for the star to be seen through both tubes at the same instant. let the tubes remain in their position for six months ; at the end of which time the same observation or experiment will produce the same results - - the star will be visible at the same meridian time, without the slightest alteration being required in the direction of the tubes : from which it is concluded that if the earth had moved one single yard in an orbit through space, there would at least be observed the slight inclination of the tube which the difference in position of one yard had previously required. but as no such difference in the direction of the tube is required, the conclusion is unavoidable, that in six months a given meridian upon the earth ' s surface does not move a single yard, and therefore, that the earth has not the slightest degree of orbital motion. \" - samuel rowbotham, \" zetetic astronomy \" why can ' t i simply hover in a helicopter and wait for the earth ' s rotation to bring my destination to me? gc : because the earth doesn ' t rotate. hc : because the earth ' s atmosphere is magically velcroed to the earth and rotates along with it. if the atmosphere is magically velcroed to the earth and constantly rotates from west to east along with it, 1 ) how is it that clouds, wind and weather patterns often travel in opposing directions simultaneously? 2 ) why don ' t east to west traveling planes or projectiles encounter increased resistance? 3 ) why can i feel the slightest westward breeze but not the earth ' s supposed 1, 000 mph eastward spin? 4 ) if gravitational force is so great to pull the atmosphere together with the earth then how come little birds and bugs are able to fly? gc : all these questions are moot and irrelevant in the geocentric view. hc : all of these questions are difficult and my pseudo - scientific heliocentric answers will be implausible and like grasping at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5443193923235166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.506564"} {"text": "and bugs are able to fly? gc : all these questions are moot and irrelevant in the geocentric view. hc : all of these questions are difficult and my pseudo - scientific heliocentric answers will be implausible and like grasping at straws. \" if the atmosphere rushes forward from west to east continually, we are again obliged to conclude that whatever floats or is suspended in it, at any altitude, must of necessity partake of its eastward motion. a piece of cork, or any other body floating in still water, will be motionless, but let the water be put in motion, in any direction whatever, and the floating bodies will move with it, in the same direction and with the same velocity. let the experiment be tried in every possible way, and these results will invariable follow. hence if the earth ' s atmosphere is in constant motion from west to east, all the different strata which are known to exist in it, and all the various kinds of clouds and vapours which float in it must of mechanical necessity move rapidly eastwards. but what is the fact? if we fix upon any star as a standard or datum outside the visible atmosphere, we may sometimes observe a stratum of clouds going for hours together in a direction the very opposite to that in which the earth is supposed to be moving. not only may a stratum of clouds be seen moving rapidly from east to west, but at the same moment other strata may often be seen moving from north to south, and from south to north. it is a fact well known to aeronauts, that several strata of atmospheric air are often moving in as many different directions at the same time... on almost any moonlight and cloudy night, different strata may be seen not only moving in different directions but, at the same time, moving with different velocities ; some floating past the face of the moon rapidly and uniformly, and others passing gently along, sometimes becoming stationary, then starting fitfully into motion, and often standing still for minutes together. some of those who have ascended in balloons for scientific purposes have recorded that as they have rapidly passed through the atmosphere, they have gone though strata differing in temperature, in density, and in hygrometric, magnetic, electric, and other conditions. these changes have been noticed both in ascending and descending, and in going for miles together at the same altitude. \" - samuel rowbotham, \" zetetic astronomy \" how do heliocentricist ' s account for the alla", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5154536237777569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.507804"} {"text": "other conditions. these changes have been noticed both in ascending and descending, and in going for miles together at the same altitude. \" - samuel rowbotham, \" zetetic astronomy \" how do heliocentricist ' s account for the allais effect, and the results of michelson - morley, michelson - gale, airy ' s failure, sagnac and kantors experiments proving the aether and a fixed earth? gc : yeah, good question. \" i don \u2019 t argue or enter into debates, because the issue here is exactly what you would bring to the debate, which is the wealth of erroneous information that allowed our situation to become as dire as it is in the first place. your argument would consist of phony statistics, historical fables, the newspaper \u2019 s latest lies, and profit - driven ' science. ' my argument is simple. discover who controls everything you \u2019 ve been told, only believe what you can verify for yourself through original documentation, science and logic, and then look for a political connection between the sources of all the erroneous information. find the motives behind the lies. if you did that, there would be no debate, and we would all agree on whose head should roll, as the saying goes. \" - jolly roger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5342245001781358, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.508403"} {"text": "say it with feeling!! rationale : \u201c fluency means reading faster, smoother, more expressively, or more quietly with the goal of reading silently. fluent reading approaches the speed of speech. \u201d ( murray ) at this development stage, fluency is a major goal of the student and the teacher. this lesson is aimed to teach and emphasize one aspect of fluency : expression. reading with expression brings a story, and its characters, to life, making reading more enjoyable for everyone. the teacher will read a story, showing great expression, to model for children. materials : copy of tiki tiki tembo, various classroom library books, notebook paper, pencils 1. review with students the difference that punctuation makes make at the end of a sentence. read the following sentences twice through. the first time, pay no attention to the punctuation marks at the end of the sentence. the second time, use the correct inflection in your voice, depending on the punctuation mark at the end of the sentence. \u201c jimmy went running., jimmy went running?, jimmy went running!. can anyone tell me the differences in those sentences? \u201d hopefully children will answer that the first was a statement, the second was a question, and the third was an exclamation. 2. \u201c what a wonderful day we have!!! \u201d after you have excited the kids with that exclamation, the teacher says \u2018 \u201c now that was loud and full of excitement wasn \u2019 t it? that was happy expression. when we talk or read with expression, we change the tone of our voice ( happy to sad ), the vloume of our voice ( loud to soft ), and use our faces to show the feeling of the book. different feelings have different sounds and facil looks. \u201d 3. \u201c can someone tell me why we should use expression when we read? students will offer their own explanations. \u201c great! we use expression to make the story more interesting and fun to read!!! \u201d 4. \u201c what would my voice sound like if i were scared? \u201d children raise their hands and answer, using facial expressions and vocal tones. \u201c what about if i were angry? would i yell or whisper? \u201d children will answer correctly to the question. 5. now, gather the children around your reading center and read \u2018 \u201c tiki tiki tembo \u2019 \u201d. make sure to overexaggerate your expressions. ( vocal tone, facial expressions, and volume )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5187930158269889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.512571"} {"text": "answer correctly to the question. 5. now, gather the children around your reading center and read \u2018 \u201c tiki tiki tembo \u2019 \u201d. make sure to overexaggerate your expressions. ( vocal tone, facial expressions, and volume ) when done reading, ask children what emotions you were trying to convey at different parts of the story. have a mini group discussion. 6. pair children up and have them select a book from the classroom library to read. set a timer for 5 - 8 minutes and let each child read to their partner. \u201c rememeber to read to your reading buddy with lots of expression! make your reading buddy feel like they are in the story. \u201d teacher circulates with rubric and evaluates each child as they read. now have the kids switch roles. reading buddy becomes reader and reader becomes reading buddy. 7. after the children are done with the reading, have each child individually write three sentences about their book that end with various punctuation marks. \u201c okay class, now that we have learned to read with expression, i want us to write with expression. take out paper and a pencil. write three sentences about the story you just read. one should be a statement and end with a period. one should be a question and end with a question mark. one should be an exclamation and end with an exclamation point. \u201d have each child come to your desk or reading table and have them read, with expression, their original sentences. this will assess their grasp of punctuation and also the concept of expression : how to write it and convey it to the reader. you also have the checklist rubric that you evaluated their oral reading on. www. auburn. edu / rdggenie the reading genie website click here to return to openings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44614833668704534, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.513300"} {"text": "what is bankruptcy? bankruptcy in the united states seeks to benefit both debtors and creditors by seeing that debtors get relief from debts they can ' t pay, and that creditors get paid from whatever assets the debtor does not need to live going forward. bankruptcy is governed by the federal law found in title 11 of the united states code. as federal law, it supercedes any conflicting state law by reason of the supremacy clause of the constitution. with the exception of exemptions, it is the same from state to state. what types of bankruptcy are there? there are four kinds of bankruptcy proceedings. they are referred to by the chapter of the federal bankruptcy code that describes them. chapter 7 - the atom - bomb bankruptcy ( most common but not always the best ) chapter 13 - repayment plan chapter 11 - business bankruptcy or over - limits for chapter 13 ( most expensive ) - most large companies reorganize under chapter 11 chapter 12 - farmers bankruptcy is a simplified reorganization for family farmers, modeled after chapter 13, where the debtor retains his property and pays creditors out of future income. chapter 7 - the atom bomb chapter 7 is the most common form of bankruptcy. it is a liquidation proceeding in which the debtor ' s non - exempt assets, if any, are sold by the chapter 7 trustee and the proceeds distributed to creditors according to the priorities among creditors established in the code. chapter 7 is available to individuals, married couples, corporations and partnerships. individual debtors typically get a discharge within 4 - 6 months of filing the case. if there are assets which are not exempt, the trustee takes control of those assets, sells them and pays creditors as much as the proceeds permit. any wages the debtor earns after the case is begun are the debtor ' s ; the creditors have no claim on those earnings. chapter 11 - business or over - limit individual payment plan reorganization chapter 11 is a reorganization proceeding, typically for corporations or partnerships. individuals, especially those whose debts exceed the limits of chapter 13, may file chapter 11. in chapter 11, the debtor usually remains in possession of his assets and continues to operate any business, subject to the oversight of the court and the creditors committee. the debtor proposes a plan of reorganization which, upon acceptance by a majority of the creditors, is confirmed by the court and binds both the debtor and the creditors to its terms of repayment. plans can call for repayment out of future profits, sales of some or all of the assets, or a merger or recapitalization", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5165237762639825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.518588"} {"text": "week 69 brain booster in these imitation trials, the programming toddlers watched was simple \u2014 the dowel - hitting adults moved slowly and deliberately, a far cry from most of today ' s noisy, fast - moving kids shows that are packed with flashy, high - speed animation. but even these seemingly boring actions inspired the young toddlers to act out what they saw once they got their hands on similar materials. that ' s why parents need to be reminded that from age 14 months, tv is a powerful influence. your guilty - indulgence soap operas, those programs on the cartoons - for - grownups channel, the nightly news \u2014 all of it can, incredibly, become fodder for imitation for your toddler if it ' s on. ( and if you ' re watching it, a program seems even more enticing to your little one \u2014 remember, babies as young as 50 weeks look to you to determine where they should focus their attention. and you also know that by week 58, mimicry is in full swing. ) bottom line? if tv or other on - screen entertainment is part of your child ' s environment, keep it on sparingly, view it together, and make sure what he or she watches is positive and proactive, not negative or violent. coming soon, look forward to : week 70 : sorting objects into categories ( all by herself! ) review the most recent accomplishments : week 68 : why experimenting leads to learning curious about how else your toddler might be developing right now? learn more about her clever brain and her growing body here :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46619333930091905, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.520279"} {"text": "rubbermaid\u00ae reduces environmental impact with dishwasher - safe reusable bottles reusable water bottles that require hand washing have a higher environmental impact than those that are dishwasher safe, according to an independently third - party reviewed lifecycle assessment study ( lca ) sponsored by rubbermaid\u00ae and conducted by environmental resources management. the household washing of reusable water bottles represents the largest component of a bottle \u2019 s environmental impact because the energy needed for a residential water heater is much higher than the electricity consumption for a dishwasher when washing the same amount of place settings. as plastic and stainless steel bottles are recommended to be dishwasher safe, they were found to have significantly lower environmental impact across a wide range of categories when compared to aluminum bottles. \u201c at rubbermaid, our goal is to make products that fit consumers \u2019 lifestyles and we take into consideration how consumers will use our products, \u201d said dave zak, director of research & development at rubbermaid. \u201c this study validated our strategy of making only dishwasher - safe bottles. in addition to being more convenient for consumers, they also create significantly less environmental impact in the long run. \u201d the lca examined the four most widely - available water bottle materials in the u. s. and canada \u2014 aluminum, stainless steel and two forms of plastic ( tritantm co - polyester and polypropylene, which are used by rubbermaid and other plastic bottle makers ). the study assessed the products from cradle to grave ( from manufacturing to disposal ) including the effects associated with the extraction of raw materials, bottle manufacturing and packaging, distribution to retail locations, use of the water bottle and disposal. conclusions from the study stemmed from an assessment of 10 environmental impacts, including global warming, non - renewable energy, mineral extraction and carcinogens. one of the most critical differentiators between water bottle types, with regard to environmental impact, was the method of washing. manufacturers of aluminum bottles recommend hand washing, and manufacturers of steel bottles recommend hand and dishwashing, while rubbermaid recommends putting its plastic bottles, which are bpa - free, in the dishwasher. \u201c we are committed to continuing this kind of work, \u201d said zak, \u201c so we can ensure our products create the minimum environmental impact possible, while at the same time continuing our legacy of quality and innovation. \u201d [ via pr newswire ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46244062186499507, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.527225"} {"text": "mean distance from sun : ( 1, 784, 860, 000 miles ) 2, 872, 460, 000 km orbital period ( year ) : 30, 685 earth days ( just over 84 earth years ) rotation period ( day ) : 17 hours 14 minutes - but the atmosphere rotates faster diameter at equator : ( 31, 763 miles ) 51, 118 km tilt of axis : 98 degrees uranus ( pronounced your - uh - nuss ) is nearly twenty times as far from the sun as earth is. it takes over 84 years to go once around the sun. that is a long year. you wouldn ' t have very many birthday parties there even if you lived to be quite old. uranus was the first planet discovered with a telescope. william herschel discovered uranus in 1781. until then people thought that there were no more planets after saturn. yet in good conditions, if you know where to look, you can see uranus without a telescope or binoculars. this makes it the farthest planet visible with the unaided eye. uranus was almost named george. herschel wanted to name his planet after the king of england george iii, who was supporting him in his work. the latin name georgium sidus meant george ' s star, but other astronomers didn ' t much like this idea. german astronomer johann bode suggested uranus, roman sky god and father of saturn, which was acceptable. uranus is an ice giant. uranus is a giant planet. it ' s almost a twin of neptune, but they ' re both smaller than jupiter and saturn. in addition, jupiter and saturn are almost all hydrogen and helium, the two lightest elements in the universe. however uranus is made up mostly of ices - frozen water, ammonia and methane. these are made of heavier elements, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen. uranus is a blue - green color. its atmosphere is 83 % hydrogen and 15 % helium, but it also contains methane. methane crystals in the atmosphere soak up red light and reflect blue light, giving uranus its color. uranus has rings. saturn has the prettiest rings in the solar system, but uranus does have at least thirteen rings. they ' re difficult to see because uranus is far away and the rings are thin and very dark. uranus has 27 known moons. many solar system bodies have names from classical mythology. unusually, the moons of uranus are named after characters from english literature, mainly shakespeare. for example, one of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47641862360154597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.532048"} {"text": "and the rings are thin and very dark. uranus has 27 known moons. many solar system bodies have names from classical mythology. unusually, the moons of uranus are named after characters from english literature, mainly shakespeare. for example, one of the moons is named juliet, but there is no romeo to keep her company. the fastest winds on uranus blow at about 450 miles per hour ( 720 kilometers per hour ). that is three times the speed of typical hurricanes on earth and much faster than the strongest tornado ever measured on our planet. most of what we know about uranus comes from a space probe. uranus was something of a mystery until voyager 2 visited it in 1986. more recently, powerful telescopes help us to study uranus, but still most of what we know is from voyager ' s visit. the axis of uranus is tilted by 89 degrees. this means that uranus has seasons nothing like the ones we are used to. earth is tilted by 23 degrees on its axis which gives us four seasons as earth orbits the sun. for example, when your hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, you have summer and people living in the opposite hemisphere have winter. but uranus is tilted so much, it orbits lying on its side. if earth were like this, each hemisphere would have three months of summer where it didn ' t get dark at all. there would also be three months of winter without seeing the sun. in spring and fall everyone would have days of about the same length. if this sounds strange, just think of uranus itself where the seasons are twenty years long!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4589412737484384, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.532766"} {"text": "no, i ' m not that crazy. debian per definition is not a complete os. debian rather means and provides the management tools and programs / software necessary to administer and use a system i. e. it ' s not a full os, but one part of it. to make up a full os, a kernel is necessary, and debian primarily uses the linux kernel, hence why the most common flavour of debian is indeed debian gnu / linux. but there are also some non - linux ports of debian, i. e. ports of the tools and utilities that it consists of and uses to manage the system, to other kernels, freebsd ' s being one of them. other non - linux debian ports use the hurd, netbsd or opensolaris kernel. from debian gnu / kfreebsd ' s page : debian gnu / kfreebsd is a port that consists of gnu userland using the gnu c library on top of freebsd ' s kernel, coupled with the regular debian package set. ( gnu userland = important unix commands and libraries to perform basic operations. ) an analogy would be if i decide to build my own car, i can build the chassis, the steering wheel, the brakes, etc. i. e. almost everything but in the end, i ' ll still need an engine because without one, the car will still be pretty much worthless and the other way round, it ' s the same a\u20ac \u201c what should i do with an engine, but without a car to put it into? so, i may decide to use an engine built by, say, bmw or another one built by mercedes. the car will still look and drive roughly the same, but it ' ll have another engine in it and i may have to assimilate some of the parts to be compatible with the other engine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4896277381336068, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.534761"} {"text": "debridement is the removal of unhealthy tissue from a wound to promote healing. it can be done by surgical, chemical, mechanical, or autolytic ( using your body ' s own processes ) removal of the tissue. surgical debridement of lower leg wound copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. complications are rare, but no procedure is completely free of risk. if you are having a debridement, your doctor will review a list of possible complications, which may include : - delayed healing - removal of healthy tissue with mechanical debridement factors that may increase the risk of complications include : - pre - existing medical conditions - use of steroid or other immunosuppressive medicines - poor nutrition - poor circulation - immune disorders what to expect prior to procedure your doctor will likely do the following : - physical exam - take a measurement of the wound - provide pain medicine before changing debridement dressings ( for nonsurgical procedures ) arrange for a ride to and from the procedure if you will be getting general anesthesia, do not eat or drink anything after midnight the night before the procedure anesthesia may be used for deep pressure ulcers or other wounds. local anesthesia will numb the area. will allow you to sleep through the procedure. description of procedure the following four methods are often used in combination : surgical debridement is done using scalpels, forceps, scissors, and other instruments. it is used if your wound is large, has deep tissue damage, or if your wound is especially painful. it may also be done if debriding your wound is urgent. the skin surrounding the wound will be cleaned and disinfected. the wound will be probed with a metal instrument to determine its depth and locate any foreign matter. the doctor will cut away dead tissue. the wound will be washed out to remove any free tissue. in some cases, transplanted skin may be grafted into place. sometimes, cutting away the entire contaminated wound may be the most effective treatment. a debriding medicine will be applied to your wound. the wound will be covered with a dressing. the enzymes in the medicine will dissolve the dead tissue in the wound. mechanical debridement can involve a variety of methods to remove dead or infected tissue. it may include using a whirlpool bath, a syringe and catheter, or wet to dry dressings. wet to dry dressing starts by applying a wet dressing to your wound. as this dressing dries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4656698933478359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.540640"} {"text": "or infected tissue. it may include using a whirlpool bath, a syringe and catheter, or wet to dry dressings. wet to dry dressing starts by applying a wet dressing to your wound. as this dressing dries, it absorbs wound material. the dressing is then remoistened and removed. some of the tissue comes with it. this form of debridement uses dressings that retain wound fluids that assist your body ' s natural abilities to clean the wound. this type of dressing is often used to treat pressure sores. this process takes more time than other methods. it will not be used for wounds that are infected or if quick treatment is needed. it is a good treatment if your body cannot tolerate more forceful treatments. immediately after procedure samples of the removed tissue may be sent to a lab for examination. how long will it take? the length of treatment depends on the type of debridement. surgical debridement is the quickest method. nonsurgical debridement may take 2 - 6 weeks or longer. how much will it hurt? during a surgical debridement, general anesthesia prevents pain during the procedure. when local anesthetic or sedative is given, some patients report discomfort. often, patients will be sore while recovering from the procedure. pain medicines may be given to help relieve pain. mechanical debridement and chemical debridement often cause pain. pain medicine can be given before changing the dressing to help manage pain. average hospital stay depending on the reason for the debridement, you may be able to go home on the same day. if you are already in the hospital, this procedure should not extend your stay. it may take the wound many weeks to heal. a specific wound - care program will be suggested to speed your recovery. follow your doctor ' s for wound care. if you are unsure about any aspect or unable to manage your care, discuss your concerns with your doctor. - keep the wound and dressings clean and dry. - ask your doctor about when it is safe to shower, bathe, or soak in water. - take medicines as ordered. do not stop medicines early, even if the wound starts to look better. call your doctor after you leave the hospital, contact your doctor if any of the following occur : - signs of infection, including fever and chills - redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or discharge at the wound site - chalky white,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43743420807807687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.543002"} {"text": "wildlife along the trail with its panoramic views and low, alpine vegetation, the pinnell mountain trail offers ample opportunities for observing wildlife. for information on how to improve your chances of observing wildlife, see our wildlife viewing tips. caribou ( rangifer tarandus ). until the 1960s the ridges of the pinnell mountain trail lay on the main migration route of the fortymile caribou herd, whose calving grounds were then located in the white mountains. travelers and biologists reported seeing hundreds of thousands of caribou crossing the steese highway near eagle summit. the herd no longer moves to the white mountains for calving, but portions of the herd may visit the area in fall or winter. small groups of caribou seen here during the summer are more likely resident members of the smaller white mountains caribou herd, which numbers about 700 animals. caribou are unique in the deer family in that both females and males have antlers. males shed their antlers after rut ( breeding ) while some pregnant females carry their antlers all winter and shed them in late spring. caribou eat mostly lichens in winter, but their more varied summer diet includes willows, scrub birch, grasses, and sedges such as cottongrass. during annual migrations they travel between calving grounds and winter feeding areas. marmots. hoary marmots ( marmota caligata ) live in rock outcrops and rubble fields, including those around the north fork shelter cabin. marmots are social animals that live in colonies. when startled, they usually sound a loud whistle. some marmots near the shelter cabins have already become habituated to people. please do not make the situation worse by feeding them. pika. the northern or collared pika ( ochotona collaris ) is a short - eared relative of the rabbit. listen for its shrill chirp around rock slides or talus slopes. consider yourself lucky if you see these highly alert animals. wolves, grizzly bears, and moose are occasionally seen along the trail.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3765213166538861, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.545107"} {"text": "the three major types of actions which are exempt from nepa procedural or documentation requirements are : 1 ) congressionally exempt actions, 2 ) emergency actions and 3 ) rejections of proposed actions based on statutory or regulatory authority. if an action is exempt from nepa, then no further nepa review is conducted. review and compliance for other laws and regulations, however, may still be conducted. categorically excluded actions certain categories of actions have been determined to have an insignificant effect and generally do not require preparation of an ea or eis. this list of categorically excluded actions is determined by the department of the interior and the bureau of land management at a national level. if an action is categorically excluded, it is compared to a list of exceptions. the list of exceptions describe circumstances where an activity with normally insignificant effects might be considered to have significant effects. if one or more exception circumstances apply to the proposed action, the proposal may be modified so the circumstances no longer apply. if modifications are not possible, then an ea or eis is prepared. if no exception circumstance applies to the proposed action, the interdisciplinary team documents the project details, reviews the project for compliance with other laws and regulations, and determines if there are any special stipulations for approving the action. previously analyzed actions if an action has been addressed in an existing nepa document, the interdisciplinary team will review the existing nepa document to determine if it adequately addresses the proposed action. if the proposed action is adequately addressed, the determination will be documented. if the existing document does not adequately address the proposed action, a new ea will be prepared. preparation of an environmental assessment an interdisciplinary team is assembled to review project design, identify impacts and develop mitigation. project design is reviewed against standard operating procedures or practices that pertain to the particular type of project. a standard operating practice for a powerline might be to use a design that prevents electrocution of large birds. potential impacts of the action are identified after review and only necessary modification of the project. measures to reduce the potential impacts, mitigation measures, are developed. if after modification and application of mitigation measures the residual impacts of the action are not significant, the project may be approved. if the residual impacts are significant, the project is modified further or an eis is prepared", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4514798530000274, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.547626"} {"text": "together with despotism and inextricably mingled with it is the second great islamic enthusiasm \u2014 the belief in the supremacy of force. with violence the muslim kingdom was to be attained. mahomet gave to the battle lust of arabia the approval of his puissant deity, bidding his followers put their supreme faith in the arbitrament of the sword. he knew, too, the value of diplomacy and the use of well - calculated treachery, but chief of all he bade his followers arm themselves to seize by force what they could not obtain by cunning. in the insistence upon these two factors, complete obedience to his will as the revelation of allah \u2019 s decrees and the justification of violence to proclaim the merits of his faith, we gain the nearest approach to his character and beliefs ; for these, together with his conception of fate, are perhaps the most personal of all his institutions. mahomet has suffered not a little at the hands of his immediate successors. they have sought to record the full sum of his personality, and finding the subject elude them, as the translation of actions into words must ever fall short of finality, they have overloaded their narrative with minutest and almost always apocryphal details which leave the main outlines blurred. only two biographies can be said to be in the nature of sources, that of muhammad ibn hischam, written on the model of an earlier biography, undertaken about 760 for the abbasside caliph mansur, and of wakidi, written about 820, which is important as containing the text of many treaties made by mahomet with various tribes. al - tabari, too, included the life of mahomet in his extensive history of arabia, but his work serves only as a check, consisting, as it does, mainly of extracts from wakidi. by far the more valuable is the kuran and the sunna of tradition. but even these are fragmentary and confused, bearing upon them the ineradicable stamp of alien writers and much second - hand thought. in the dim, pregnant dawn of religions, by the transfusing power of a great idea, seized upon and made living by a single personality, the world of imagination mingles with the world of fact as we perceive it. the real is felt to be merely the frail shell of forces more powerful and permanent. legend and myth crowd in upon actual life as imperfect vehicles for the compelling demand made by that new idea for expression. moreover, personality, that subtle essence,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.483431777623877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.550454"} {"text": "in order to understand solving logarithmic equations, students must understand the basics of logarithms, and how to use exponentiation to access the terms inside the logarithm. some more complicated instances of solving simple logarithmic equations require knowledge of the product, quotient and power rules of logarithms in order to simplify complex terms. solving simple logarithm equations and what i mean by simple logarithm equations is basically logarithm equation that is in logarithm form. so basically you have a log, a base, your term and then an answer. so basically, 3 things, i ' ll call this a simple logarithmic equation. really all you have to do whenever you ' re solving something in this form is put into exponential form, okay? no matter what the x is we ' re going to deal with x ' s in all 3 of these spots. just put into exponential form and solve, okay? so this one the 3 is going to come up and around leaving us with x = 3 to the - 2 and this problem has now just turned into evaluating an exponent. the negative puts everything in the bottom, the 2 squares it and we end up with x = 1 over 9. so whenever we ha - any time we have an equation in logarithm form, in order to solve it put an exponential and then solve it as you would in the other exponential equations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5064952591516059, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.554003"} {"text": "archean eonarticle free pass archean eon, also spelled archaean eon, the earlier of the two divisions of precambrian time ( about 4 billion to 542 million years ago ). the archean eon began about 4 billion years ago with the formation of the earth \u2019 s crust and extended to the start of the proterozoic eon 2. 5 billion years ago ; the latter is the second division of precambrian time. records of earth \u2019 s primitive atmosphere and oceans emerge in the earliest archean ( eoarchean era ), and evidence of the earliest primitive life - forms \u2014 bacteria and blue - green algae \u2014 appears in rocks about 3. 5 billion years old. archean greenstone - granite belts contain many economic mineral deposits, including gold and silver. the start of the archean eon is only defined by the isotopic age of the earliest rocks. prior to the archean eon, the earth was in the astronomical ( hadean ) stage of planetary accretion that began about 4. 6 billion years ago ; no rocks are preserved from this stage. the earliest terrestrial materials are not rocks but minerals. in western australia some sedimentary conglomerates, dated to 3. 3 billion years ago, contain relict detrital zircon grains that have isotopic ages between 4. 2 and 4. 4 billion years. these grains must have been transported by rivers from a source area, the location of which has never been found ; it was possibly destroyed by meteorite impacts \u2014 quite frequent on both the earth and the moon before 4 billion years ago. it is thought that the oxygen content in today \u2019 s atmosphere must have slowly accumulated through time starting with an atmosphere that was anoxic during archean times. although volcanoes exhale much water vapour ( h2o ) and carbon dioxide ( co2 ), the amount of free oxygen ( o2 ) emitted is very small. the inorganic breakdown ( photodissociation ) of volcanic - derived water vapour and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would have produced only a small amount of free oxygen. the bulk of the free oxygen in the archean atmosphere was derived from organic photosynthesis of carbon dioxide ( co2 ) and water ( h2o ) by anaerobic cyanobacteria ( blue - green algae ), a process that releases oxygen as a by - product. these organisms were prokaryotes, a group of unicellular organisms with rudimentary internal organization", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5395743097602184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.566550"} {"text": ") by anaerobic cyanobacteria ( blue - green algae ), a process that releases oxygen as a by - product. these organisms were prokaryotes, a group of unicellular organisms with rudimentary internal organization. archean oceans were likely created by the condensation of water derived from the outgassing of abundant volcanoes. iron was released then ( as today ) into the oceans from submarine volcanoes in oceanic ridges and during the creation of thick oceanic plateaus. this ferrous iron ( fe2 + ) combined with oxygen and was precipitated as ferric iron in hematite ( fe2o3 ), which produced banded - iron formations on the flanks of the volcanoes. the transfer of biologically produced oxygen from the atmosphere to the sediments was beneficial to the photosynthetic organisms, because at the time free oxygen was toxic to them. when banded - iron formations were being deposited, oxygen - mediating enzymes had not yet developed. therefore, this removal of oxygen allowed early anaerobes ( life - forms not requiring oxygen for respiration ) to develop in the early oceans of the earth. carbon dioxide emissions are abundant from modern volcanoes, and it is assumed that the intense volcanism during the archean eon caused this gas to be highly concentrated in the atmosphere. this high concentration most likely gave rise to an atmospheric greenhouse effect that warmed the earth \u2019 s surface sufficiently to prevent the development of glaciations, for which there is no evidence in archean rocks. the co2 content in the atmosphere has decreased over geological time, because much of the oxygen formerly bound in co2 has been released to provide increasing amounts of o2 to the atmosphere. in contrast, carbon has been removed from the atmosphere via the burial of organic sediments. throughout the archean, oceanic and island arc crust was produced semi - continuously for 1. 5 billion years ; thus, most archean rocks are igneous. the oldest known rocks on earth, estimated at 4. 28 billion years old, are the faux amphibolite volcanic deposits of the nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt in quebec, canada. the second oldest rocks are the 4 - billion - year - old acasta granitic gneisses in northwestern canada, and a single relict zircon grain dated to 4. 2 billion years ago was found within these gneisses. other ancient sediments and lavas occur in the 3. 85 - billion - year - old isua belt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49744415760327954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.567765"} {"text": "northwestern canada, and a single relict zircon grain dated to 4. 2 billion years ago was found within these gneisses. other ancient sediments and lavas occur in the 3. 85 - billion - year - old isua belt of western greenland ( which is similar to an accretionary wedge in the trench of a modern subduction zone ) and the 3. 5 - billion - year - old barberton complex in south africa, which is probably a slice of oceanic crust. a huge pulse in the formation of island arcs and oceanic plateaus took place worldwide from 2. 9 to 2. 7 billion years ago. archean rocks mostly occur in large blocks hundreds to thousands of kilometres across, such as in the superior and slave provinces in canada ; the pilbara and yilgarn blocks in australia ; the kaapvaal craton in southern africa ; the dharwar craton in india ; the baltic, anabar, and aldan shields in russia ; and the north china craton. smaller relicts of archean rocks in various stages of obliteration occur in many younger proterozoic and phanerozoic orogenic ( mountain ) belts. some archean rocks that occur in greenstone - granite belts ( zones rich in volcanic rocks that are primitive types of oceanic crust and island arcs ) formed on or near the surface of the earth and thus preserve evidence of the early atmosphere, oceans, and life - forms. other rocks that occur in granulite - gneiss belts ( zones of rocks that were metamorphosed in the archean mid - lower crust ) are exhumed remnants of the lower parts of the archean continents and thus preserve evidence of deep crustal processes operating at the time. in greenstone - granite belts there are many oceanic lavas, island arcs, and oceanic plateaus ; therefore, they commonly contain rock types such as basalts, andesites, rhyolites, granitic plutons, oceanic cherts, and ultramafic komatiites ( lavas enriched in magnesium, a special product of the melting of the hot archean mantle ). these igneous rocks are host to multitudes of economic mineral deposits of gold, silver, chromium, nickel, copper, and zinc, which are the mainstay of the economies of canada, australia, and zimbabwe. in granulite - gneiss belts the roots of many andean - type active continental margins are exposed, the rocks being highly defor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4818918207107005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.568802"} {"text": "lutheran council in the united states of america ( lcusa ) article free pass lutheran council in the united states of america ( lcusa ), cooperative agency for four lutheran churches whose membership included about 95 percent of all lutherans in the u. s., established jan. 1, 1967, as a successor to the national lutheran council ( nlc ). the member churches were the lutheran church in america, the american lutheran church, the lutheran church \u2013 missouri synod, and the synod of evangelical lutheran churches. the nlc, organized in 1918, had served eight lutheran churches as a cooperative organization and had developed various programs, including social service, missions, public relations, service to military personnel, service to students, and overseas aid. when it seemed probable in the late 1950s that the eight member churches of the nlc would merge into two churches ( subsequently the american lutheran church and the lutheran church in america ), it became necessary to restructure the nlc. in 1959 the missouri synod accepted an invitation to consider a more inclusive lutheran agency, and consultations in 1960 and 1961 led to agreements to establish the lcusa. this was a breakthrough in cooperation among lutherans in the united states, because the conservative missouri synod had previously refused to consider joining a cooperative agency unless doctrinal agreement had been reached by all participants. it agreed, however, to join the lcusa when it was assured that all participants would take part in doctrinal discussions as part of the program of the council. subsequently, the small ( 21, 000 members in the late 1960s ) synod of evangelical lutheran churches also agreed to join in forming the new council. in 1977 the missouri synod withdrew from the council. the lcusa continued much of the work of the nlc, with the added emphasis on doctrinal and theological discussions and study. what made you want to look up \" lutheran council in the united states of america ( lcusa ) \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38649055179967684, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.570823"} {"text": "put - in - bayarticle free pass put - in - bay, village, ottawa county, northern ohio, u. s. it is situated in put - in - bay harbor of south bass island, off marblehead peninsula in lake erie, 35 miles ( 56 km ) east of toledo. the spot is famous for the american naval victory known as the battle of lake erie, fought offshore against a british squadron on september 10, 1813, with commodore oliver hazard perry commanding an american flotilla. the event is commemorated by a towering 352 - foot ( 107 - metre ) shaft topped by an open - air promenade and surrounded by a 25 - acre ( 10 - hectare ) national area. this monument ( perry \u2019 s victory and international peace memorial, completed 1915 ) is just outside the village, near the canadian line, and also commemorates the international peace between canada and the united states and their common unguarded boundary. the village is a resort noted for fishing and boating. south bass island itself is 3. 5 miles long by 1. 5 miles ( 5. 6 km by 2. 4 km ) wide and is shaped like a pudding bag, the name of which is commonly believed to have been corrupted to the village \u2019 s place - name, put - in - bay. the island is known for its caves, wineries, and fish hatcheries. pop. ( 2000 ) 128 ; ( 2010 ) 138. what made you want to look up \" put - in - bay \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38292374137295293, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.573995"} {"text": "judy chicago : the dinner party - dates : september 20, 2002 through february 9, 2003 - collections : decorative arts celebrating 1, 038 actual and mythical women of achievement, the dinner party is a monumental tribute to all women. in 1974, judy chicago began work on this elaborate installation, which over the course of five years would ultimately become a collaboration between the artist and about four hundred women and men. the main part of the dinner party is introduced by six tapestries with \" visionary \" texts, three panels acknowledging the artist \u2019 s hundreds of collaborators, and seven panels documenting the lives of the specific women featured in the work. these multifaceted elements surround the dinner party \u2019 s focal point ; a massive triangular table adorned with thirty - nine place settings, each honoring a female figure who helped form and inform western civilization. through artistic media traditionally associated with women \u2014 notably china painting and embroidery \u2014 chicago designed these settings to reflect each woman ' s unique accomplishments, though all the plates share a general imagery of butterflies, flowers, and vulvae. the table stands on the heritage floor, which is inscribed with the names of the other 999 women celebrated by this work. the dinner party has made an important contribution to feminist thinking and to the history of art. this complex artistic statement helped point the way toward changing the once small, exclusive, and male - dominated art world into the inclusive scene we know today. marking the twenty - second anniversary of its first showing at the brooklyn museum in the same space, this presentation of the dinner party invites visitors to contemplate anew the enduring significance of this landmark work of american art. the brooklyn museum of art is grateful to the elizabeth a. sackler foundation for the gift of the dinner party and for enabling us to preserve its legacy for future generations. in the summer of 2004, the dinner party will lend its permanent home in the elizabeth a. sackler center for feminist art on the fourth floor of the museum.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45161820363617583, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.577410"} {"text": "fleet management began as a static process, with transportation companies largely in the dark with regards to the exact whereabouts of their assets. these companies relied on physical inventories and the conscientiousness of operators for fleet data usually manually collected and entered into a simple application. fleet management has evolved dramatically over the years. globally, the demand for fossil fuels is beginning to outpace the world \u2019 s supply. the imperative to reduce fossil fuel consumption for the sake of the environment is now made more attractive to businesses given the opportunity to cut costs through the use of renewable energy resources. deploying renewable energy remains a popular topic as politicians and policymakers discuss different energy generation options. these leaders will discuss varying degrees of support for wind, solar, nuclear, natural gas, coal, and petroleum to power our homes and vehicles. as domestic carbon emissions continue to increase and cheap energy prices are memories of the past, the federal government has embarked on a plan to lead the public and private sector in reducing energy consumption and associated carbon emissions. in executive order 13514, president obama asks federal agencies to lead by example with regard to sustainability, but if that isn \u2019 t enough motivation for other organizations to draft a strategic sustainability plan, government leaders should do it to cut costs and do more with less. a coordinated technological architecture that combines expanded use of sensors, seamless information sharing and effective data analysis can lead to successful achievement of cost control and reduction in energy use. as we have seen in earlier posts, organizations that can successfully execute a strategy to reduce energy usage can potentially realize significant cost savings. in this entry, we will look at some different ways to pay for an energy cost savings program. a new focus on reducing our consumption of energy is vital for the national interest. while it may be considered easy to some to address \u201c why \u201d reducing energy consumption is incredibly important, concentrating on \u201c how \u201d these changes will be implemented becomes much more challenging. the 2010 ibm eco - efficiency jam highlighted the need for the entire enterprise to collaborate on the development of strategies and tactics that create operational eco - efficiencies, particularly in energy efficiency.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5326380932507827, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.580955"} {"text": "an expert panel asked by congress to recommend ways to deal with global warming said thursday that the u. s. should not wait to substantially reduce the pollution responsible and any efforts to delay action would be shortsighted. but that ' s exactly what republicans and some democrats in congress are trying to do. with a majority in the house and many freshman lawmakers skeptical of the science behind climate change, republicans are pushing measures to block the federal government from controlling greenhouse gases. the house passed a bill to do that last month. an identical measure failed to get enough votes in the democratic - controlled senate, but a majority there did support reining in the environmental protection agency ' s plans to reduce heat - trapping pollution. the report released thursday from a 22 - member panel assembled by the national research council strongly suggests that the u. s. should be heading in a different direction. but it also recognizes that some strategies may be politically infeasible. \" we know enough, know that acting sooner is better than acting later, and that uncertainty is a reason for acting rather than not acting, \" said albert carnesale, the chairman of the committee, which included scientists, economists, former politicians and business leaders. \" politics are different now, and they will change over time, \" said carnesale, an engineer and chancellor emeritus at the university at california los angeles. the recommendations the panel is making, he said, will be relevant years down the road. the report is the last in a series requested by congress in 2008, when democrats controlled both the house and senate. it offers a stern warning about the risks of global warming and irrefutably affirms what it says is a preponderance of scientific evidence showing that pollution from the burning of fossil fuels is to blame. with every ton of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere, the panel says, the u. s. is putting itself more at risk and increasing how much it will cost to reduce pollution later. the best and most economical way to address global warming, the panel concludes, is to put a price on carbon pollution through a tax or a market - based system. the democratic - led house, with the support of president barack obama, passed a bill nearly two years ago that would have set up a market for greenhouse gas emissions. it died in the senate amid concerns that it would raise energy prices and a republican campaign calling it \" cap - and - tax. \" obama said after the election last year that he would seek other ways to combat global warming, since the new house", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3894625493166304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.586343"} {"text": ". it died in the senate amid concerns that it would raise energy prices and a republican campaign calling it \" cap - and - tax. \" obama said after the election last year that he would seek other ways to combat global warming, since the new house majority would not support his preferred approach. at a meeting in new york thursday with associated press editors and reporters, u. n. climate chief christiana figueres said that congress ' failure to pass legislation is a \" very serious hand brake \" on global efforts to fight global warming. \" i don ' t think it ' s a permanent state of affairs that the world will be able to live with, \" said figueres of the u. s. stance. the u. s. is alone among industrial countries in rejecting the existing global agreement. the expert panel thursday said the next - best ways to reduce pollution would be to expand efforts at the local, state and regional levels and for the federal government to adopt standards under the clean air act. the epa ' s use of that law is what republicans in congress are attacking. rep. henry waxman, d - calif., who drafted the bill that passed the house in 2009, said the committee ' s conclusions should be a wake - up call. \" republicans in the house should be ashamed of their votes denying climate change and handcuffing the environmental protection agency, \" waxman said. \" if we wait to act, it may be too late to save the planet from irreversible changes. \" sen. john kerry, d - mass., who attempted to get a similar bill through the senate, said thursday that he didn ' t know what additional proof was needed to prompt action on global warming. \" they should use these scientific findings as more than kindling in the bonfire of partisanship that ' s stood in the way, \" kerry said. but sen. james inhofe, r - okla., one of congress ' most vocal skeptics of the science behind global warming and the sponsor of a senate bill to bar epa from reducing greenhouse gases, seemed undeterred by the panel ' s findings. \" what is clear and irrefutable is that the nrc ' s proposals to address climate change would impose massive costs without meaningful benefits, \" inhofe said, referring to the belief that u. s. action alone would do little to help reduce the earth ' s rising temperature. the panel recognized the global nature of the problem, but focused on the task assigned to it by congress", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41179375177536465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.587288"} {"text": "st. john ' s college in annapolis, maryland was chartered in 1784 upon a most liberal plan for the benefit of youth of every religious denomination. in 1937 the new program, under which the college still operates, was instituted. under it, we help our students learn to ask fundamental questions and practice thoughtfulness in public. we introduce them to the textual tradition of reason that illuminates such central features of modern life as democracy and technology, as well as to the literary and musical tradition of the west. we are committed to the use of a list of great books that is both fairly stable and under continual review. these are books agreed to be excellent, to form a coherent sequence, and to raise most cogently questions we want our students to consider. we foster literacy in three kinds of texts : verbal, mathematical, and musical. read more \u2026 we want our students to develop the intellectual virtues of courage in inquiry, caution in forming opinions, candor about their ignorance, open attentiveness to the words of their colleagues, industry in preparation, and meticulousness in verbal translations as well as in mathematical demonstrations. we give our students the experience of living in a community of learning imbued with attitudes of consideration and respect that foster moral virtues appropriate to their future lives as citizens. we think that the college has a wider mission in contributing to the invigoration of american education by giving help to other institutions that ask for it, by encouraging our students to become teachers, and by providing to a wide constituency occasions for actual learning in the spirit and through the materials of our program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5404043409605722, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.592477"} {"text": "as we get ready to celebrate our nation \u201a aos birth, we thought this would be a perfect time to share a little trivia about independence day and the early history of our country. \u00ac \u2020 some of it might come as a surprise to you and it just might come in handy during your fourth of july cookout or get - together. \u00ac \u2020 how well do you know your american history? \u00ac \u2020 read on to find out. a ) \u00ac \u2020 america \u2019 s independence was actually declared by the continental congress on july 2, 1776. \u00ac \u2020 the declaration of independence was adopted on the fourth, as is indicated on the document itself, which is, one supposes, the cause for all the confusion. \u00ac \u2020 as one scholar has observed, what has happened is that the document announcing the event has overshadowed the event itself. john adams refused to acknowledge the fourth of july as the nation \u201a aos independence day, firmly believing that july 2nd was the birth of our nation, and rejected all invitations to celebrate the fourth of july. genuine independence was secured on september 3rd, 1783 with the treaty of paris in which great britainformally abandoned any claim to theunited states. b ) \u00ac \u2020 \u201c yankee doodle \u201d is often thought of as a patriotic song. \u00ac \u2020 it \u2019 s even the state anthem of connecticut. \u00ac \u2020 however, it was originally sung by british officers making fun of backwoods americans. \u00ac \u2020 the macaroni wig was an extreme fashion in the 1770s and became contemporary slang for foppishness. \u00ac \u2020 the implication of the verse was that the yankees were so unsophisticated that they thought simply sticking a feather in a cap would make them the height of fashion. after the tide began to turn during the war of independence, americans embraced the song and made it their own, turning it back on those who had used it to mock them. c ) \u00ac \u2020 the stars on the original american flag were arranged in a circle to ensure that all colonies were equal. \u00ac \u2020 the design of the flag has been officially modified 26 times since it was created in 1777. d ) \u00ac \u2020 in 1778, general george washington marked july 4th with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute. \u00ac \u2020 across the atlantic ocean, ambassadors john adams and benjamin franklin held a dinner for their fellow americans inparis, france. e ) \u00ac \u2020 betsy ross did not actually design the u. s. flag. \u00ac \u2020 that distinction belongs to frances hopkinson. \u00ac \u2020 he is also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41189639099358366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.598774"} {"text": "john adams and benjamin franklin held a dinner for their fellow americans inparis, france. e ) \u00ac \u2020 betsy ross did not actually design the u. s. flag. \u00ac \u2020 that distinction belongs to frances hopkinson. \u00ac \u2020 he is also credited with designing theu. s. seal. \u00ac \u2020 we don \u201a aot know who sewed the first flag, but researchers doubt it was ms. ross. \u00ac \u2020 it \u2019 s a nice story though, created by her ancestors nearly a century later and kept going by grade school text books and a few historians who didn \u2019 t bother to check their facts. f ) \u00ac \u2020 \u00ac \u2020 the national anthem ( the star - spangled banner ) is actually set to the tune of an old british drinking song called \u201c to anacreon in heaven \u201d. \u00ac \u2020 the lyrics come from the poem, \u201c defense\u00ac \u2020 of fort mchenry \u201d written in 1814 by a lawyer named francis scott key. \u00ac \u2020 the song didn \u2019 t become the national anthem until march 3rd, 1931. g ) \u00ac \u2020 our 2nd, 3rd\u00ac \u2020 and 5th\u00ac \u2020 presidents ( john adams, thomas jefferson, james monroe ) all died on the fourth of july. \u00ac \u2020 \u00ac \u2020 the 4th\u00ac \u2020 president, james madison, missed dying on independence day by just a few days ( june 28th ). \u00ac \u2020 adams and jefferson both died on july 4th, 1826 as the nation celebrated the jubilee of freedom event ( 50th\u00ac \u2020 anniversary of the declaration of independence ). \u00ac \u2020 coincidentally, adams and jefferson were the only declaration signers to be elected as presidents. h ) \u00ac \u2020 calvin coolidge is the only president to be born on the fourth of july. i ) \u00ac \u2020 benjamin franklin proposed the wild turkey as the national bird, but was overruled by john adams and thomas jefferson, who wanted the bald eagle. \u00ac \u2020 regarding the bald eagle, franklin wrote : \u00ac \u2020 \u201a au \u2026 he is a bird of bad moral character, he does not get his living honestly \u2026 besides he is a rank coward ; the little king bird, not bigger than a sparrow attacks him boldly and drives him out of the district. \u201a ae j ) \u00ac \u2020 \u00ac \u2020 the first fourth of july party held at the white house was in 1801 while john adams was president. k ) \u00ac \u2020 \u00ac \u2020 before automobiles became the preferred method of travel, independence day was the worst time of the year for horses. \u00ac \u2020 the poor animals were harassed by loud noises and unruly children threw firecrackers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4424782098150957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.599778"} {"text": "was president. k ) \u00ac \u2020 \u00ac \u2020 before automobiles became the preferred method of travel, independence day was the worst time of the year for horses. \u00ac \u2020 the poor animals were harassed by loud noises and unruly children threw firecrackers at them. l ) \u00ac \u2020 the fourth of july is one of the few federal holidays that have not been moved to the nearest friday or monday. m ) \u00ac \u2020 each year, the u. s. spends more than $ 200 million importing fireworks from china. n ) \u00ac \u2020 sadly, the majority of our nation \u2019 s flags and patriotic paraphernalia in relation to the fourth of july are actually made in china and mexico, not theu. s. o ) \u00ac \u2020 the famous fourth of july event, nathan \u2019 s hot dog eating contest, started back in 1916. \u00ac \u2020 it was supposedly started as a way to settle a dispute among four immigrants as to who was the most patriotic. p ) \u00ac \u2020 samuel wilson was a meat packer who provided food foru. s. soldiers in the early 1800 \u201a a\u2264s. \u00ac \u2020 he stamped the initialsu. s. on his packaged products and supposedly some soldiers began to joke that it stood for uncle sam, giving way to the symbolic \u201a auuncle sam \u201a ae of the united states government. captivation media hopes everyone enjoys our nation \u201a aos independence day. \u00ac \u2020 we \u201a aore proud to be americans. \u00ac \u2020 and we \u201a aore proud to call all of you our friends. be safe and have a happy fourth!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4084939340093583, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.600374"} {"text": "this note considers bullying, in particular cyber - bullying ( harassment of people via the net, sms or other digital media ). that harassment may have a lasting psychological impact. it is often associated with physical assaults. the note covers - - academic studies, government report and primers regarding victims, bystanders - making sense of bullying - questions about culture and bullying in police forces, the military and religious institutions - digital bullying of students and teachers - bullying in the electronic workplace law - criminal law, common law, occupational health & safety, discrimination law and other australian law regarding bullying 1 - selected australian litigation regarding school and workplace bullying 2 - further australian bullying cases 3 - recent australian cases and controversies - an indication of damages awarded in australian bullying - australian responses to bullying, including sacking - litigation and anti - bullying developments in the uk, canada, new zealand and other countries - bullying in literature - accounts by bullies and the bullied in australian bullying litigation. supplements discussion elsewhere on this site regarding security and the shape of australian law. people have been nasty to each other as long as there has been recorded history. bullying is not a new phenomenon. it is evident in accounts of schools in mediaeval europe and china, workplace initiations in renaissance florence and 1920s chicago, bastardisation in pharaonic egypt and in australia ' s royal military academy during the 1960s and 1990s, university common rooms in the 1850s and 1980s, and courts over the past two millennia. it may involve an individual or a group. it has variously been characterised as bullying, mobbing, harassment and even psychoterror. injuries can be physical and / or psychological, with those experiencing bullying on occasion being driven to a breakdown, forced out of jobs or pushed to suicide. it has been addressed through a range of law, including workplace safety, criminal, anti - discrimination, employment and common law, on occasion with substantial penalties for perpetrators and organisations that have permitted mistreatment of an individual. digital technology allows bullies new opportunities to \" mess with your head \", through sms texts, instant messaging, defamatory web pages and comments in online it has been argued that digital harassment is particularly potent because - is pervasive ( an issue for what has been dubbed the \" always on generation \" ) and pseudonymity - or merely the relaxation of inhibitions associated with much virtual contact - allows bullies to express themselves with a vehemence that might be tempered in face to face contact in the playground, office or factory. following pages explore cyberbullying in australian schools (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5211833078182483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.609025"} {"text": "the relaxation of inhibitions associated with much virtual contact - allows bullies to express themselves with a vehemence that might be tempered in face to face contact in the playground, office or factory. following pages explore cyberbullying in australian schools ( and of students or teachers outside the playground or classroom ) and workplaces. they highlight day by day responses, which for some victims have involved abandonment of communication tools such as mobile phones, and questions about legal frameworks. they also highlight selected australian litigation before considering overseas experience. there are few statutory definitions of bullying. as the following pages indicate it has often been conceptualised terms of particular outcomes ( setting fire to an apprentice for example being treated as a criminal act ) or terms of particular enactments and common law ( for example regarding stalking, discrimination, hate - speech, occupational health & safety, defamation and misuse of telecommunication networks ). in australian law is discussed here. perceptions of what is bullying and what is socially ( and legally ) acceptable ' rough play ' or institutional discipline have changed over time. the law society of nsw thus offers one definition of workplace and inappropriate workplace behaviour includes bullying, which comprises behaviour which intimidates, offends, degrades, insults or humiliates an employee possibly in front of co - workers, clients or customers and which includes physical or psychological behaviour. belsey characterised cyber - bullying as using - and communication technologies such as e - mail, cell phone and pager text messages, instant messaging, defamatory personal web sites, blogs, online games and defamatory online personal polling web sites, to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behaviour by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others. key elements of bullying are behaviour that is unreasonable and that both - intimidates, offends or humiliates places someone ' s physical or psychological welfare at behaviour usually involves repeated and persistent action. it may be passive or active, by an individual or a group, in private or in a public space such as a meeting - room, schoolyard or online forum. it may involve threats and coercive behaviour such as seizure of the target ' s property, sarcasm or unreasonable teasing. it may involve physical isolation or ignoring the target. bullying may be direct or indirect, physical or psychological. it is shrugged off by some targets. other people experience lasting hurt. it is an area of disagreement, with some observers claiming that it is pervasive and serious, other observers warning against a contemporary moral panic or efforts to wrap children in cotton", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5506052217761319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.610266"} {"text": "- about us - programs & services - get info - get involved - news & events we publish regular enews. of all people diagnosed with a mental illness, 29 % experience problems with alcohol or drug use. how does a person develop co - occurring disorders? there are many ways in which co - occurring disorders develop. most people with co - occurring disorders report that the symptoms of mental illness began first, and that they used alcohol or other drugs to cope with the symptoms ( often known as self - medication ). for example, if you feel depressed, you may find that a couple of drinks or a little cocaine makes the depression lift, at least for a while. when the buzz or the high wears off though ; you will probably feel worse. the solution may be to drink or use more. the more you drink or use, the worse you feel, and the cycle of co - occurring disorders begins. the cycle gets worse when the other consequences of substance use - - family difficulties, employment problems, legal issues, or financial troubles \u2013 come into play. the cycle doesn \u2019 t have to start with symptoms of mental illness though. for some people with co - occurring disorders, the cycle begins with substance use. the alcohol or drugs may trigger a genetic predisposition to a mental illness, or the consequences of substance use may generate depression or anxiety. finally, it is possible that the mental health and substance use problems develop independently of each other. no matter how the co - occurring disorders developed, the symptoms of the disorders interact, typically resulting in increased symptoms of both or all disorders.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46084211613179377, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.612883"} {"text": "what is dynamic combinatorial chemistry? dcc methodology utilizes cyclic structures which interchange via reversible covalent bond formation to create a dynamic library of potential receptors. when this thermodynamically controlled mixture is incubated with an analyte of interest, the library responds by shifting the equilibrium towards the receptor that best binds the analyte, i. e. the best receptor is amplified relative to the non - templated state. this is best visualized with the following simple graphic : the experiment begins with a library of \u201c monomers \u201d, each of which has two reactive groups on it ; in the example above, the reactive groups are thiols. prior to adding the analyte, the dithiols are oxidized and equilibrated to the complex mixture of disulfides ; three are shown but statistically many hundreds are possible. an analyte is then added under conditions where the library is in equilibrium, such that the library constituents can respond to the analyte by shifting towards the best host - guest pair to establish a new equilibrium. in this competitive binding situation, the best receptor is identified by determining which compound ( s ) was amplified. this differs from a traditional ( static ) combinatorial library because the method simultaneously generates the library and dynamically amplifies / identifies the winner. funding for the cdcc comes from the defense threat reduction agency basic research program administered by the army research office ( w911nf04d0004 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5644634737045953, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.616452"} {"text": "if you can read this on your own, you can probably turn on the faucet to brush your teeth. and if you can reach the faucet, it ' s a good bet you can get your own drinking glass from a kitchen cabinet. these are all signs that you ' re getting bigger and growing up. but for some kids, growing up comes with something doctors call growing pains. what are growing pains? growing pains aren ' t a disease. you probably won ' t have to go to the doctor for them. but they can hurt. usually they happen when kids are between the ages of 3 and 5 or 8 and 12. doctors don ' t believe that growing actually causes pain, but growing pains stop when kids stop growing. by the teen years, most kids don ' t get growing pains anymore. kids get growing pains in their legs. most of the time they hurt in the front of the thighs ( the upper part of your legs ), in the calves ( the back part of your legs below your knees ), or behind the knees. usually, both legs hurt. growing pains often start to ache right before bedtime. sometimes you go to bed without any pain, but you might wake up in the middle of the night with your legs hurting. the best news about growing pains is that they go away by morning. what causes growing pains? growing pains don ' t hurt around the bones or joints ( the flexible parts that connect bones and let them move ) \u2014 only in the muscles. for this reason, some doctors believe that kids might get growing pains because they ' ve tired out their muscles. when you run, climb, or jump a lot during the day, you might have aches and pains in your legs at night. what can i do to feel better? your parent can help your growing pains feel better by giving you an over - the - counter pain medicine like acetaminophen or ibuprofen. kids should not take aspirin because it can cause a rare but serious illness called reye syndrome. here are three other things that might help you feel better : - placing a heating pad on the spot where your legs hurt - stretching your legs like you do in gym class - having your parent massage your legs when to go to the doctor if you have a fever, are limping when you walk, or your leg looks red or is swollen ( puffed up ), your parent should take you to the doctor. growing pains should not keep you from running, playing, and doing what you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41148490208570887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.620040"} {"text": "has felt fear at some time in their lives, fear of certain things and people. a normal response of fear is triggered by something that other people can fully understand to be a cause of fear. if this cause is removed, then the feeling of fear disappears with it. by contrast, a phobia typically is a continuous condition with no apparent cause. people suffering from a phobia are severely limited in their daily activities. the main symptom of a phobia is a feeling of fear, but this can also be accompanied by psychosomatic symptoms such as a racing heart, trembling, restlessness, difficulties in swallowing, suffocating sensations, failures of perception and thought, urge to pass water, diarrhoea and nausea. phobics may experience veritable attacks of panic for no apparent reason. in some patients, the state of fear can become chronic. about 17 per cent of the population suffer from states of fear or anxiety. according to experts, this percentage will double in the next 25 years, owing to causes of a personal nature, but also to political, religious, social and cultural problems. become the ruler over your fear! build your own empire of fear and wipe out everything and everybody that wants to make use of your fears! you have the right and you have the power! fearpower! at june 11, 2003 02 : 01 pm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.51184241950107, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.624512"} {"text": "- cigna medicare - individual & family plans - international plans - offered cigna through work? - find a doctor - informed on reform - health and wellness \u00bb - cigna home delivery pharmacy purifying your drinking water few things are more important to your health and survival during a long emergency than having water that is safe to drink. knowing how to purify water can help you if your regular water supply becomes contaminated or if you are in a place where clean water is not available. even if you have stored clean water to use in an emergency, you may run out before the emergency situation has ended. water purification can greatly reduce your chance of getting sick from bacteria, viruses, and other living organisms in the water. you can disinfect water using one of the following methods : - bring the water to a rolling boil for 1 minute. if you are at an elevation of 6500 ft ( 2000 m ) or higher, boil the water for 3 minutes. this is the most effective purification method. but may be impractical if you need large quantities of water. it also requires a heat source, which you may not have in some emergency situations. if fuel or power for your heat source is limited, bringing the water to a boil will usually disinfect it, even if you cannot boil it for the recommended time. - or add 16 drops of household liquid bleach for each gallon of water, stir, and let it stand for 30 minutes. if the water does not smell slightly like bleach after 30 minutes, add 16 more drops of bleach and let it stand for another 15 minutes. you should notice a bleach smell. - or use iodine or chlorine purification tablets or drops. you can get these at stores that sell camping equipment and at some drugstores. follow the instructions on the package. purification tablets are not as effective as boiling or disinfecting with bleach. but they do kill some types of organisms. - or use water filters that can get rid of some microorganisms and improve the taste of water. there are many different types of filters. so be sure that you know what kinds of organisms your filter is effective for. none of the purification methods described above eliminates heavy metals, salts, chemicals, or radioactive dust or dirt ( fallout ) from water. many of these substances can be removed by distilling water, a more complicated method of purifying water. radioactive fallout can also be minimized using a homemade filter : - punch holes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4491671684072155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.629865"} {"text": ", or radioactive dust or dirt ( fallout ) from water. many of these substances can be removed by distilling water, a more complicated method of purifying water. radioactive fallout can also be minimized using a homemade filter : - punch holes in the bottom of a bucket, and cover the bottom with 1. 5 in. ( 3. 8 cm ) of gravel. cover the gravel with a towel. - place the bucket over a larger container, and pour the water into the bucket so that it filters through the towel and gravel and drains into the container below. - disinfect the water by boiling, adding chlorine bleach, or using purification tablets as described above. - replace the gravel after every 50 qt ( 47 l ) of water. | primary medical reviewer | | e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | christine hahn, md - epidemiology | | last revised | | april 22, 2011 | | by : | | healthwise staff | | last revised : april 22, 2011 | | medical review : | | e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine | christine hahn, md - epidemiology \u00a9 1995 -, healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5134256025757677, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.630391"} {"text": "soviet war crimes gives a short overview about serious crimes committed by the red army ' s ( 1918 - 1946, later soviet army ) leadership and an unknown number of single members of the soviet armed forces from 1919 to 1990 inclusive including those in eastern europe in late 1944 and early 1945, particularly murder and rape. the red army ( russian : \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435 - \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f r aboche - k rest ' yanskaya k rasnaya a rmiya the red army ( russian : \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435 - \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f r aboche - k rest ' yanskaya k rasnaya a rmiya eastern europe is a general term that refers to the geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the european continent. murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with malice aforethought, as defined in common law countries rape, also referred to as sexual assault, is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse with or sexual penetration of another person neither by any international military jurisdiction nor the red army \u2019 s leadership have any of its members have ever been charged with war crimes by a court of law. war crimes are \" violations of the laws or customs of war \" including but not limited to \" murder the ill - treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied on the part of the axis powers an ethnic superiority ideology played a primary role in starting world war ii and led to immediate, constant and systematic war crimes against the soviet civilian population during the german invasion and occupation of russia ( 1941 - 45 ). the axis powers also known as the axis alliance axis nations axis countries or sometimes just the axis were those countries the racial policy of nazi germany refers to the policies and laws implemented by nazi germany, asserting the superiority of the so - called \" aryan race \" and world war ii, or the second world war, ( often abbreviated wwii ) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world ' s nations, including war crimes are \" violations of the laws or customs of war \" including but not limited to \" murder the ill - treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied an estimated 20 million civilians in the soviet union lost their lives during the war as a direct or indirect result of combat operations and a policy of systematic annihilation. the union of soviet socialist republics ( ussr was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in eurasia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5059571216961151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.659999"} {"text": "20 million civilians in the soviet union lost their lives during the war as a direct or indirect result of combat operations and a policy of systematic annihilation. the union of soviet socialist republics ( ussr was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in eurasia from 1922 to 1991 on the soviet side, the red army was ideologically orientated and indoctrinated from its first day. it was created in 1918 by the communist soviet regime in order to defend the new regime in the bloody russian civil war. communism is a socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless society based the russian civil war ( 1917 \u2013 1923 was a multi - party war that occurred within the former russian empire after the russian provisional government collapsed leon trotsky, founding father of the red army, used propaganda, indoctrination and ruthless terror to defeat the white army. leon trotsky ( russian :, lev davidovich trotsky, also transliterated leo, lyev, trotskii, trotski, trotskij the white movement ( beloie dvijenie \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 whose military arm is known as the white army ( belaia armia \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f or white guard as a result of severe famine that started during world war i and disease, the deaths of civilians in the russian civil war were several times higher than those of combatants. some sources state that the number of civilian dead in this conflict was 9 times higher than that of troops in the field. the soviet union did not recognize tsarist russia ' s assent to the hague conventions ( 1899 and 1907 ) as binding on the new regime and refused to sign it until 1955. the hague conventions were international treaties negotiated at the first and second peace conferences at the hague, netherlands in 1899 and the red army had also helped carry out genocide under stalin, including helping oversee the deaths of millions in ukraine from the holodomor and elsewhere due to collectivization of argiculture, dekulakization, and the resulting famine. genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group joseph stalin ( \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 | iosif vissarionovich dzhugashvili ; march 5 1953 was general secretary of the communist party ukraine ( \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0456\u043d\u0430 ukrayina, / ukr\u0251\u02c8jin\u0251 / is a country", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49632898120323876, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.660991"} {"text": "##\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 | iosif vissarionovich dzhugashvili ; march 5 1953 was general secretary of the communist party ukraine ( \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0456\u043d\u0430 ukrayina, / ukr\u0251\u02c8jin\u0251 / is a country in eastern europe. the holodomor ( \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440 is the famine that took place in soviet ukraine during the 1932 - 1933 agricultural season collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise dekulakization ( \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 was the soviet campaign of political repressions including arrests, deportations and executions following the repulse of the german attack on the soviet union and soviet troops entering germany and hungary in 1944, the number of war crimes, plunder, murder of civilians, and especially rape, reached a level of previously unknown proportions. operation barbarossa ( unternehmen barbarossa ) was the codename for nazi germany ' s invasion of the soviet union during world war ii the eastern front of world war ii ( die ostfront 1941 - 1945, der ru\u00dflandfeldzug 1941 - 1945 ( russian campaign or der ostfeldzug 1941 - 1945 ( eastern campaign germany, officially the federal republic of germany ( is a country in central europe. hungary ( magyarorszag ' ) officially in english the republic of hungary ( magyar koztarsasag, literally magyar ( hungarian republic rape, also referred to as sexual assault, is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse with or sexual penetration of another person in soviet and present russian history books on the \" great patriotic war \" these war crimes are hardly mentioned. russia ( \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f rossiya ) or the russian federation ( rossiyskaya federatsiya ) is a transcontinental country extending the term great patriotic war ( \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0430 velikaya otechestvennaya vojna ) is used in russia and some other with rare exceptions ( notably aleksandr solzhenitsyn and lev kopelev ) this evidence was found and published by western historians after some of the soviet archives were opened to the public following the cold war. aleksandr isayevich solzhenitsyn ( \u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d ) (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.50003893907769, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.661978"} {"text": "after some of the soviet archives were opened to the public following the cold war. aleksandr isayevich solzhenitsyn ( \u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d ) ( december 11 1918 \u2013 august 3 2008 was a russian novelist lev zalmanovich kopelev ( also lev zinovevich kopelev ; russian : \u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432 or \u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0437\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432 cold war is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the united states and the soviet union ( ussr and their respective allies from the crimes committed by the red army in occupied territories ( poland, the baltic states, romania, hungary, the czech republic and slovenia ) between 1939 and 1941 and the follow - up atrocities of 1944 \u2013 1949 have been present in the historical consciousness of these countries since the crimes were committed. poland ( polska officially the republic of poland the baltic states ( balti riigid baltijas valstis baltijos valstybes or baltic countries are three countries in northern europe, all members of the romania ( dated : rumania, roumania hungary ( magyarorszag ' ) officially in english the republic of hungary ( magyar koztarsasag, literally magyar ( hungarian republic the czech republic ( \u02c8t\u0283\u025bska\u02d0 short form in cesko \u02c8t\u0283\u025bsk\u0254 also called czechia, slovenia, officially the republic of slovenia ( republika slovenija ) is a country in southern central europe bordering italy to the west nevertheless, a systematic, publicly controlled discussion could begin only after the fall of the soviet union. the soviet union ' s collapse into independent nations began early in 1985. this is also true of the territories occupied by soviet forces in manchuria and the kuril islands after the soviet union breached its neutrality pact with japan in 1945. manchuria ( romanized manchu : manju,, \u043c\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0447\u0436\u0443\u0440\u0438\u044f mongolian : \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0436 is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast the kuril islands ( \u02c8k\u028ar\u026al or / \u02c8kju\u02c8ri\u02c8l / \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0259str\u028c\u02c8va ru - latn ' ' kuril ' skie ostrova ' ' or kurile islands in russia the was a pact between the soviet union", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5405581453156569, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.662907"} {"text": "smert ' shpionam, russ \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c \u0448\u043f\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c eng death to spies ) were the counter - intelligence departments in order no 270, dated august 16, 1941, was issued by joseph stalin acting as people ' s commissar of defense. the continuation war was fought between finland and soviet union between 1941 and 1944. the continuation war ( jatkosota fortsattningskriget \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e - \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0430 ( 25 june 1941 & ndash 19 september 1944 ) during the war soviet commando units conducted raids into finnish territory and attacked mostly civilian targets, such as isolated houses and villages. in november 2006, pictures showing atrocities were declassified by finnish authorities. the pictures include images of slain women and children. they had been kept secret for so long in order not to disturb relations with the powerful neighbor to the east. the red army invaded and occupied the eastern part of poland in accordance with the secret protocols of the molotov - ribbentrop pact. later it occupied the baltic states and parts of ukraine and bessarabia. ukraine ( \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0456\u043d\u0430 ukrayina, / ukr\u0251\u02c8jin\u0251 / is a country in eastern europe. bessarabia ( basarabia in romanian, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0456\u044f in ukrainian, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u044f in russian, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u044f in bulgarian the soviet policy in all newly controlled areas was ruthless, showing strong elements of ethnic cleansing. ethnic cleansing is a euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity nkvd task forces followed the red army to clean the conquered territories of \" soviet - hostile elements. \" the polish historian tomasz strzembosz has noted parallels between the german einsatzgruppen and these units. tomasz strzembosz ( 11 september 1930 - 16 october 2004 was a polish historian specializing in history of poland during second world war, harcmistrz. einsatzgruppen ( german : \" task forces \" \" intervention groups \" were paramilitary groups formed by heinrich himmler and many tried to escape from the soviet nkvd, and those who failed were mostly taken into custody by the red army and afterwards deported to siberia and / or vanished in the \" gulag \". siberia ( \u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u044c sibir ) is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48916175430930026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.665038"} {"text": "to escape from the soviet nkvd, and those who failed were mostly taken into custody by the red army and afterwards deported to siberia and / or vanished in the \" gulag \". siberia ( \u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u044c sibir ) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of northern asia and for the most part currently serving the gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the soviet union. during 1939 - 1941, for example, nearly 1. 5 million inhabitants of soviet - controlled areas of former poland were deported, of whom 63. 1 % were poles or other nationalities and 7. 4 % were jews. please take note * * * * * * * * * * * * only a fraction of these deportees survived the war. according to the american professor carroll quigley, at least 100, 000 out of 320, 000 polish prisoners of war captured by the red army in 1939, were exterminated. carroll quigley ( november 9, 1910 - january 3, 1977 ) was a noted historian polymath and theorist of the evolution of civilizations deportations, executions, torture as well as numerous other crimes against the population ( murder, hostage taking, burning down of villages ) increased when the red army was forced to retreat from the advancing wehrmacht in 1941. many political prisoners arrested by the nkvd were massacred in order to prevent their falling into german hands. in the baltic states, byelorussia, the ukraine, and bessarabia, imprisoned opponents were executed by the nkvd and attached units of the red army rather than left behind. belarus ( belarusian \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044c / bie\u0142arus is a landlocked country in eastern europe, bordered by russia to the north and east ukraine ( \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0456\u043d\u0430 ukrayina, / ukr\u0251\u02c8jin\u0251 / is a country in eastern europe. bessarabia ( basarabia in romanian, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0456\u044f in ukrainian, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u044f in russian, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u044f in bulgarian these actions by the soviets increased the hatred of those who had helped the soviets, or were suspected of being soviet allies, in particular the jews. please take note * * * * * * * * * * * * as another result, in these countries the einsatzgruppen could rely heavily on volunteers, willing to participate in their brutal operations, and tip - offs, especially in the baltic states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5045206146283943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.665998"} {"text": "* * * * * * * * * * * as another result, in these countries the einsatzgruppen could rely heavily on volunteers, willing to participate in their brutal operations, and tip - offs, especially in the baltic states. ( see also nkvd prisoner massacres. the massacre of prisoners refers to a series of mass executions committed by the soviet nkvd against prisoners in poland, the baltic states, ) from the turning point of the war on, the red army did not give up territories to the wehrmacht, but mainly regained lost ground on the eastern front. the battle of stalingrad is a commonly used name in english sources for several large operations by germany and its allies and soviet forces conducted with the the eastern front of world war ii ( die ostfront 1941 - 1945, der ru\u00dflandfeldzug 1941 - 1945 ( russian campaign or der ostfeldzug 1941 - 1945 ( eastern campaign this resulted in revenge actions against all those who were accused of being collaborators during the german occupation, similar to the trials of collaborators in liberated france in france after d - day. collaboration is a recursive process where two or more people or organizations work together toward an intersection of common goals \u2014 for example an intellectual while in france this part of history is documented, debated and subject of many scientific reviews, very little is known today about what happened in the path of the red army, re - conquering former soviet territory of the baltic states. but some men of these countries voluntarily joined waffen - ss divisions to defend their homelands against the soviets, whenever the red army was approaching. see also list of waffen ss units all divisions in the waffen - ss were ordered in a single series regardless of type in poland, nazi atrocities ended in late 1944, but soviet oppression continued. the role of the red army during the warsaw uprising remains controversial and is still disputed by some historians. the warsaw uprising ( powstanie warszawskie ) was a world war ii struggle by the polish home army ( armia krajowa ) to liberate warsaw soldiers of poland ' s home army ( armia krajowa ) were persecuted, sometimes imprisoned, and often executed following staged trials ( as in the case of witold pilecki, the organizer of auschwitz resistance ). witold pilecki ( may 13 1901 & ndash may 25 1948 \u02c8vit\u0254ld pi\u02c8letski codenames roman jezierski tomasz serafinski druh witold ) was a soldier \" auschwitz \" red", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47820359205896557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.667073"} {"text": "). witold pilecki ( may 13 1901 & ndash may 25 1948 \u02c8vit\u0254ld pi\u02c8letski codenames roman jezierski tomasz serafinski druh witold ) was a soldier \" auschwitz \" redirects here for the town see oswiecim auschwitz - birkenau ( ) was the largest of nazi germany ( see also lack of outside support in the warsaw uprising. the warsaw uprising, in 1944 ended in the capitulation of the city and its near total destruction ) for further information see flight and expulsion of germans during and after wwii. german exodus from eastern europe. the german exodus from eastern europe refers to the exodus of ethnic german populations from lands to the east of present - day germany and austria. evacuation of german civilians during the end of world war ii. plans to evacuate german population from the occupied territories in central and eastern europe and from eastern germany were prepared by german authorities according to historian norman naimark, the propaganda of soviet troop newspapers and the orders of soviet high command were jointly responsible for excesses by members of the red army. norman naimark, is a historian and acclaimed author specialising in modern east european history genocide and ethnic cleansing. the general tenor in the writings was that the red army had come to germany as an avenger and judge to punish the germans. the soviet author ilya ehrenburg wrote on january 31, 1945 : the germans have been punished in oppeln, in konigsberg and in breslau. an author is defined both as \" the person who originates or gives existence to anything \" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created ilya grigoryevich ehrenburg ( \u0438\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u044d\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 ) ( kiev, russian empire ) & ndash august 31, 1967 ( opole ( oppeln is a city in southern poland on the oder river ( odra konigsberg ( karaliaucius low german : konigsbarg ; krolewiec see also other names ) was until 1946 the name of kaliningrad. wroc\u0142aw ( breslau vratislav vratislavia or wratislavia yiddish : \u05d1\u05e8\u05e2\u05e1\u05dc\u05d5\u05d9 ) is the chief city of the historical region of lower silesia they have been punished, but yet not enough. some have been punished, but yet not all of them... calls of soviet generals spurred on the soldiers, in addition. on january 12", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4408069245734072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.668106"} {"text": "is the chief city of the historical region of lower silesia they have been punished, but yet not enough. some have been punished, but yet not all of them... calls of soviet generals spurred on the soldiers, in addition. on january 12, 1945, army general cherniakhovsky turned to his troops with the words : there shall be no mercy - for nobody, as there had also been no mercy for us. ivan danilovich chernyakhovsky, also cherniakhovsky, ( \u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044f\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0438 uman, current cherkasy.. the land of the fascists must become a desert \u2026 on the german side, any organized evacuation of civilians was forbidden by the nazi government to boost morale of the troops, now for the first time defending the \" fatherland, \" even when the red army entered german territory in the last months of 1944. german civilians, however, were well aware of the way the red army was conducting war against civilians from reports by friends and relatives who had served on the eastern front and feared the red army. also, nazi propaganda - - originally meant to stiffen civil resistance by describing in gruesome and graphic detail red army atrocities such as the nemmersdorf massacre - - backfired and created panic among civilians. nemmersdorf in east prussia ( today ' s mayakovskoye, kaliningrad oblast ) was one of the first pre - war german villages as a result and whenever possible, when nazi officials had already left, civilians began to flee westward at the last moment and on their own initiative. fleeing from the advancing red army, more than two million people in the eastern german provinces of ( east prussia, silesia, pomerania ) died, some from cold and starvation, in the post - war ethnic cleansing, or killed when they got caught up in combat operations. east prussia ( ostpreu\u00dfen ; rytu prusija or rytprusiai ; prusy wschodnie \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f or vostochnaya prussiya ) refers to the main part etymology one theory claims that the name silesia is derived from the silingi, who were most likely a vandalic ( east germanic people the main death toll, however, occurred when the refugee columns were caught up by units of the red army. they were overrun by tanks, looted, shot, murdered ; women and girls were raped and afterward", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4099073177399517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.669105"} {"text": "likely a vandalic ( east germanic people the main death toll, however, occurred when the refugee columns were caught up by units of the red army. they were overrun by tanks, looted, shot, murdered ; women and girls were raped and afterward left to die ( see also : prussian nights ). prussian nights ( ostpreussische nachte is a long poem by aleksandr solzhenitsyn, a captain in the soviet red army during the second in addition, fighter bombers of the soviet air force penetrated many kilometers behind the front lines and attacked columns of refugees. ground - attack aircraft are military aircraft designed to attack targets on the ground and are often deployed as close air support for and in proximity to their own ground forces an air force, also known in some countries as an air army or historically an army air corps, is in the broadest sense the national military or armed service those who did not flee suffered by taking the burden of red army ' s occupying rules : murder, rape, robbery, and expulsion. for example, in the east prussian city of konigsberg, in august 1945 there were approximately 100, 000 german civilians still living there after the red army had conquered the city. konigsberg ( karaliaucius low german : konigsbarg ; krolewiec see also other names ) was until 1946 the name of kaliningrad. when the germans were finally expelled from konigsberg in 1948, only about 20, 000 were still alive ( see also expulsion of germans after world war ii ). the expulsion of germans after world war ii was the forced migration and ethnic cleansing of german nationals ( reichsdeutsche ) and ethnic the rampage which the red army in germany went on during the occupation of the rest of eastern germany often led to incidents like demmin, a small city conquered by soviet forces in the spring of 1945. demmin ( d\u025b\u02c8mi\u02d0n is a town in mecklenburg - western pomerania, germany. despite the unconditional and complete surrender of demmin to the red army without any prior fighting in or around the city, nearly 900 people committed suicide after demmin had been declared open for looting and pillaging for three days by soviet commanders. although mass executions of civilians by the red army are not reported on a regular basis, there is a known incident in the treuenbrietzen, where at least 88 male civilians were rounded up and shot on may 1, 1945. treuenbrietzen is a town in the bundesland of brandenburg, germany", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47412891235964344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.670092"} {"text": "regular basis, there is a known incident in the treuenbrietzen, where at least 88 male civilians were rounded up and shot on may 1, 1945. treuenbrietzen is a town in the bundesland of brandenburg, germany. this atrocity took place after a victory celebration of soviet soldiers, at which numerous girls from treuenbrietzen were raped and a lieutenant - colonel of the red army was shot by an unknown person. lieutenant colonel ( lieutenant - colonel in english from the french grade ' s spelling is a rank of commissioned officer in the armies some sources claim even up to 1, 000 executed in this event. upon seizure of polish territories occupied by german forces, soviet soldiers often engaged in plunder, rapes and banditry against poles, turning the attitude of population to dislike, fear, and even hate the soviet regime. red army troops participated in anti - polish actions ( e. g., in augustow region, where about 600 perished ). the augustow chase 1945 ( polish ob\u0142awa augustowska ) was an extraordinary operation undertaken by soviet forces of the red army, the nkvd for more information about this subject, look at cursed soldiers. the ' cursed soldiers ' ( zo\u0142nierze wykleci is a name applied to a variety of polish resistance movements that were formed in the later stages of world war ii following the soviet capture of berlin in 1945, one of the largest and most horrible cases of mass rape occurred. soviet troops raped german women and girls. estimates of the total number of rape victims range from tens of thousands to two million. after the summer of 1945, soviet soldiers caught raping were usually punished to various degrees, ranging from arrest to execution. the rapes continued, however, until the winter of 1947 - 48, when soviet occupation authorities finally solved the problem by confining the soviet troops to strictly guarded posts and camps, \u201c completely separating them from the residential population of eastern germany. norman naimark writes - - in the russians in germany : a history of the soviet zone of occupation, 1945 - 1949 - - that not only had each victim to carry the trauma with her for the rest of her days, [ but ] it [ also ] inflicted a massive collective trauma on the east german nation ( the german democratic republic ). the german democratic republic ( gdr ; deutsche demokratische republik ddr ; commonly known in english as east germany ) was a socialist state naimark concludes \" the social psychology of women and men in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4741061129154553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.671077"} {"text": "the german democratic republic ). the german democratic republic ( gdr ; deutsche demokratische republik ddr ; commonly known in english as east germany ) was a socialist state naimark concludes \" the social psychology of women and men in the soviet zone of occupation was marked by the crime of rape from the first days of occupation, through the founding of the gdr in the fall of 1949, until, one could argue, the present. \" just during the occupation of budapest, ( hungary ), it is estimated that 50, 000 women and girls were raped in this city alone. the siege of budapest was a siege of the hungarian capital city of budapest, fought towards the end of world war ii in europe budapest ( also / \u02c8b\u028a - / ) is the capital city of hungary. as the largest city of hungary it serves as the country ' s principal political, hungary ( magyarorszag ' ) officially in english the republic of hungary ( magyar koztarsasag, literally magyar ( hungarian republic hungarian girls in general were taken to the soviet quarters where they were incarcerated, raped and sometimes also murdered. the nationality of the rape victims meant nothing to the soldiers, who even attacked the swedish legation. although the red army only crossed a very small part of yugoslavia in 1944, the northeastern corner, its activities there caused great concern for the communist partisans that feared that the resulting rape and plunder by their communist allies would weaken their standing with the population. at least 121 cases of rape were documented later, 111 of which also involved murder. in addition 1, 204 cases of looting with assault were documented. stalin responded to a yugoslav partisan leader ' s complaints at the red army ' s behaviour with \" can ' t he understand it if a soldier who has crossed thousands of kilometers through blood and fire and death has fun with a woman or takes some trifle? \". the slovak communist leader vlado clementis complained to marshal i. s. konev about the behaviour of soviet troops in slovakia. ivan stepanovich konev ( \u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0432 ( & ndash may 21, 1973 ) was a soviet military commander who led red the response was to blame the activities mainly on red army deserters. thanks to the better discipline in marshal tolbukhin ' s army, the relative similarity in cultures, a century of friendly relations, and an open welcome of the soviet troops, there was a relative absence of rapes in bulgaria,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47996440662367124, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.674423"} {"text": "deserters. thanks to the better discipline in marshal tolbukhin ' s army, the relative similarity in cultures, a century of friendly relations, and an open welcome of the soviet troops, there was a relative absence of rapes in bulgaria, especially when compared with the situation during the occupation of romania and hungary. the red army cooperated with the nkvd against polish partizans and civilians. during the augustow chase 1945, more than 2000 poles were captured, and about 600 of them perished. the augustow chase 1945 ( polish ob\u0142awa augustowska ) was an extraordinary operation undertaken by soviet forces of the red army, the nkvd a number of rapes committed by the soviet soldiers were recorded. where soviet soldiers advanced, girls and women fled from their villages and small towns, leaving only boys and men to be found by the soviet soldiers. in general, red army officers declared all cities, villages and farms open to pillaging and looting in romania, hungary and germany. a written order, though, does not exist. but there are several documents in which the way the red army \u2019 s behaviour pattern is described. one of them is a report of the swiss legation in budapest, describing the events when the red army entered the city in 1945. switzerland ( english pronunciation ; schweiz swiss german : schwyz or schwiiz suisse svizzera svizra officially the swiss confederation a legation was the term used in diplomacy to denote a diplomatic representative office lower than an embassy. budapest ( also / \u02c8b\u028a - / ) is the capital city of hungary. as the largest city of hungary it serves as the country ' s principal political, it states, for example : during the siege of budapest and also during the following fateful weeks, russian ( soviet ) troops looted the city freely. they entered practically every habitation, the very poorest as well as the richest. they took away everything they wanted, especially food, clothing and valuables. every apartment, shop, bank, etc. was looted several times. furniture and larger objects of art, etc. that could not be taken away were frequently simply destroyed. in many cases, after looting, the homes were also put on fire, causing a vast total loss. bank safes were emptied without exception - - even the british and american safes - - and whatever was found was taken. walter kilian, the first mayor of the charlottenburg district in berlin after the war, who was brought into office by the soviets,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43263156891361454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.675806"} {"text": "perpetrated by the red army against civilian inhabitants of the nevertheless, soldiers of the red army together with members of the nkvd frequently looted transport trains in 1944 and 1945 in poland. the soviet union did not recognise the entry of the tsarist russia to the hague conventions ( 1899 and 1907 ) as binding for itself and refused to sign it until 1955. the hague conventions were international treaties negotiated at the first and second peace conferences at the hague, netherlands in 1899 and this had already led to barbaric treatment of pows on both the polish and the soviet side during the polish - soviet war of 1919 - 21. moreover, the soviet union did not sign the genevan prisoners of war convention of 1929 until 1955. the geneva conventions consist of four treaties formulated in geneva, switzerland, that set the standards for international law for humanitarian accordingly, the red army treated at first polish and later prisoners of war from germany, germany ' s allies and japan in a cruel way from the first days of world war ii on. during 1941 emergency landing german flight crews were shot frequently after the capture. torture, mutilation, murder and other violations of international law were carried out on german aircrews frequently. during the winter of 1941 / 42 the red army took approximately 10, 000 german soldiers as prisoner each month, but the death rate became so high that the absolute number of the prisoners decreased ( or was bureaucratically reduced ). the murder of the prisoners was arranged every now and then by instructions, reports and statements of soviet commanders. throughout the war, 300, 000 german pows in soviet captivity died, a loss rate of 14. 9 %. by contrast, some 3. 3 million soviet pows died in german captivity, a loss rate of 65 %. german prisoners were not released after the war but many were kept in captivity until as late as 1956 under similar conditions as before. the treuenbrietzen massacre took place during the last days of april and the first days of may 1945, after a tough battle in which the red army took and lost control of the village on more than one occasion ; the red army rounded up around 1000 ( mostly male ) civilians and executed them in the nearby forest. treuenbrietzen is a town in the bundesland of brandenburg, germany. these executions were allegedly made as retaliation for the death of a high - ranking soviet officer during the battle for control of the village. according to the united nations report of the special committee on the problem of hungary ( 1957 ) : soviet tanks fired indis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4778218983850786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.677969"} {"text": "these executions were allegedly made as retaliation for the death of a high - ranking soviet officer during the battle for control of the village. according to the united nations report of the special committee on the problem of hungary ( 1957 ) : soviet tanks fired indiscriminately at every building from which they believed themselves to be under fire. the un commission received numerous reports of soviet mortar and artillery fire into inhabited quarters in the buda section of the city despite no return fire. the un commission received reports of \" haphazard shooting at defenseless passers - by. \" according to many witnesses soviet troops fired upon people queuing outside stores. most of the victims were said to be women and children. many cases of soviet fire upon ambulances and red cross vehicles were reported. for decades, western scholars have generally explained these atrocities in germany and hungary as revenge for german atrocities in the territory of the soviet union and for the mass killing of soviet pows ( 3, 6 million dead of total a 5, 2 million pows ) by the german army. the hungarian revolution of 1956 ( hungarian : 1956 - os forradalom ) was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the stalinist government of the prague spring ( czech : prazske jaro, slovak : prazska jar ) was a period of political liberalization in czechoslovakia during the soviet war in afghanistan, also known as the soviet - afghan war or just the soviet invasion of afghanistan, was a nine - year conflict involving the april 9 tragedy refers to the events in tbilisi, georgian soviet socialist republic on april 9, 1989, when an anti - soviet demonstration january 1991 events in latviathe january events ( sausio ivykiai were a series of events that occurred from january 11 \u2013 13 1991 in vilnius, lithuania. this explanation is now disputed by military historians such as antony beevor, at least in regard to the mass rapes. antony james beevor ( born 14 december 1946 ) is a british historian, educated at winchester college and sandhurst. beevor claims that red army soldiers also raped russian and polish women liberated from concentration camps, and contends that this undermines the revenge explanation. the polish people, or poles, ( polacy ) are a western slavic ethnic group of central europe, living predominantly in poland. internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial beevor ' s claims have encountered vast criticism from historians in russia and the russian government. the russian ambassador to the uk said \" it is a disgrace to have anything to do with this clear case of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4574538291338851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.679071"} {"text": "or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial beevor ' s claims have encountered vast criticism from historians in russia and the russian government. the russian ambassador to the uk said \" it is a disgrace to have anything to do with this clear case of slander against the people who saved the world from nazism. \" o. a. rzheshevsky, a professor and president of the russian association of world war ii historians, has charged that beevor is merely resurrecting the discredited and racist views of neo - nazi historians, who depicted soviet troops as subhuman \" asiatic hordes \". the term neo - nazism refers to post - world war ii political movements social movements and ideologies seeking to revive nazism, other prominent historians such as richard overy have criticised russian \" outrage \" at the book and defended beevor. richard overy ( born 1947 is british historian who has published extensively on the history of world war ii and the third reich. overy accused the russians of refusing to acknowledge soviet war crimes, \" partly this is because they felt that much of it was justified vengeance against an enemy who committed much worse, and partly it was because they were writing the victors ' history \" polish sources claim that there are cases of mass rapes in polish cities taken by red army, that in krakow soviet entry brought mass rapes on polish women and girls, as well as plunder of all private property by soviet soldiers. krakow, in english also spelled krakow or cracow ( \u02c8kr\u00e6ka\u028a m - w : krak ' ou krak ' o is one of the largest and oldest cities in poland according to them, this behaviour reached such scale that even communists installed by soviets were preparing a letter of protest to joseph stalin himself, while masses in churches were held in expectation of soviet withdrawal. joseph stalin ( \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 | iosif vissarionovich dzhugashvili ; march 5 1953 was general secretary of the communist party. year 1997 ( mcmxcvii ) was a common year starting on wednesday ( link will display full 1997 gregorian calendar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5242924776453959, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.680041"} {"text": "there are many maxims on how to make and save money, but media mogul edward w. scripps has some that are a little unorthodox. scripps began building his media empire in 1878. now, it encompasses 20 newspapers, broadcast television stations, cable networks and along with other media enterprises, it spans many states. scripps was very keen on ethics and keeping his money, business and life in balanced perspective. in his life, he followed a 23 - point code of conduct which he detailed in his essay \" some outlandish rules for making money. \" here are some highlights : never spend as much money as you earn. the smaller your expenditures, the larger your profits. if you ' re always just breaking even, you ' re setting yourself up for trouble. any bump in the road could spell disaster. never do anything today that you can put off until tomorrow. this may sound like procrastination, but there are always too many things to do in a single day. it is important to prioritize and to apply your time and energy only where it ' s needed. you may even find the things that are not worth doing today are not worth doing at all. never do anything yourself when you can get someone else to do it for you. this may sound like laziness, but when you delegate tasks to others, you are able to focus on the things only you can do - - and do them well. never do anything that someone else is already doing. why compete with anyone else when you could have a monopoly in a different field? find a need within your community that isn ' t being addressed, and design a service to take care of it. if something compels you to compete in a market, make sure that what you are doing is different in every way possible from your competitor. never do the same thing twice. there is always a better way of doing something. make sure that every time you succeed, you try to find out how to make the next round better. this will keep you ahead of any competition, keep you on forward - moving track, and your customers will appreciate the effort. if you ' re succeeding, keep the \" how \" and \" why \" under wraps. if you share your key to success, someone else can try to copy your formula. it ' s better to keep your best hand a secret. save money. no one can save themselves rich, but savings are capital. capital can transform into security, investments and additional opportunities. thinking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42758353826391804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.683942"} {"text": "climate change emergency leading climate change experts and organizations have observed that the world urgently needs a worldwide emergency response to the deteriorating planetary climate change crisis. climate change emergency medical response provides the online resources for this most vital emergency response ever. scientists, clinicians, and health professionals have called for attention to climate change on both practical and ethical grounds. several well - established principles point to a vigorous, proactive public health approach to climate change. but this is not happening. \u2014 howard frumkin, md, drph, us centers for disease control and prevention to the american public health association, march 2008 the mission of climate change emergency medical response is to secure a safe global climate for today ' s children worldwide and for future generations. to do this we propose that global climate change be addressed as the human rights / population health / survival issue of our time, potentially of all time. clearly, the current \" management model \" is not working. a new, more effective approach would be the well known and proven medical emergency assessment and management model. over the past couple of decades, the field of medicine has developed a specialized medical emergency and management model that is super effective and is very different from standard medical assessment and management. right now the life of the planet ( the essential ecosystems of the biosphere ) \u2014 meaning the health and survival of future generations \u2014 is in peril. according to hansen et al ( 2007 ), tipping points could be breached at any time. if we allow this to happen, we will have no way of controlling the situation and a planetary cataclysm will be unleashed ( ibid ). right now then, code red must be called for the earth, in the hope of saving our planet and our future. the medical model would include integrated climate change risk assessment ( specifically for the health and survival of human populations ) and precautionary catastrophic - risk - averse medical model mitigation ( treatment ) plans. this would be a major upgrade to how global change is being addressed now. global climate change is a uniquely deadly threat to humanity and needs a uniquely effective extreme precautionary risk assessment and management model. global \" climate safety \" first our hope is to catalyze an international declaration of the dangerous global climate change state of emergency led by the human rights, education, and health care communities. as the may 2009 lancet - university college london report, managing the health effects of climate change, pointed out, global climate change needs to be solved by leading professionals from several disciplines, who all have a stake in the crisis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4631526389785924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.691468"} {"text": "and health care communities. as the may 2009 lancet - university college london report, managing the health effects of climate change, pointed out, global climate change needs to be solved by leading professionals from several disciplines, who all have a stake in the crisis, all working together. our intention is to focus discussions of global climate change on the worst risks to the most vulnerable populations, rather than the current approach of assessing the most likely impacts based on computer model projections. we also need to work for the inclusion of carbon feedbacks in scientific assessments of global climate change. our goal is to provide an ethics - based human rights and population health definition of \" dangerous interference with the climate system, \" to inform the decisions of governments and the un framework convention on climate change negotiations. our mission is... - to help raise a strong voice for the ethic of precaution and population survival risk assessment, which should be given first priority in planning and policy making for the protection of human population health from global climate change, for this and all future generations ; - to give strong support to the united states environmental protection agency ( epa ) endangerment finding that greenhouse gases are pollutants, and to work for other nations to follow the example ; - to provide a one - stop planetary emergency response site for human rights, aid, education, and healing professionals ; - to educate these concerned and influential professionals about the unprecedented planetary emergency of global climate change, in order to enable them to educate their professional associations and policy makers at all levels ; - to contribute to a global climate response of these concerned professionals who will inform, on an ethics - driven scientific ( non political ) basis, leaders of government, institutions and professions that there is now - a huge risk to the survival of large regional climate - change - vulnerable populations ( eg, in africa and asia ) - a high risk to the sustainability of civilization, and - a real risk to the \" very survival of humanity \" ( unep geo - 4, 2007 ) ; - to strengthen the influence and ability of concerned professionals to sound the alarm for the rights of vulnerable regional populations and future generations to live safe from the risks of disastrous and catastrophic global climate change, through dissemination of what they have learned ; - to gather a group of concerned citizens from all walks of life to support this initiative ; - to provide a continually updated state of the climate based on the most current peer - reviewed published literature ; and - to disseminate a statement in support of a planetary climate change emergency declaration. on 7 december 2009, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4855795773633635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.692522"} {"text": "to support this initiative ; - to provide a continually updated state of the climate based on the most current peer - reviewed published literature ; and - to disseminate a statement in support of a planetary climate change emergency declaration. on 7 december 2009, the administrator of the epa signed two distinct findings regarding greenhouse gases under section 202 ( a ) of the clean air act. endangerment finding : the administrator finds that the current and projected concentrations of the six key well - mixed greenhouse gases \u2014 carbon dioxide ( co2 ), methane ( ch4 ), nitrous oxide ( n2o ), hydrofluorocarbons ( hfcs ), perfluorocarbons ( pfcs ), and sulfur hexafluoride ( sf6 ) \u2014 in the atmosphere threaten the public health and welfare of current and future generations. cause or contribute finding : the administrator finds that the combined emissions of these well - mixed greenhouse gases [... ] contribute to the greenhouse gas pollution which threatens public health and welfare. doctors can lead from the front \u2014 just as we did when we came to understand the evidence of the harmful effects of smoking.... doctors can understand. we can change the world by speaking up and acting \u2014 together and individually \u2014 internationally, nationally, and locally.... \u2014 richard smith, editor, british medical journal ( 1997 ) return from mission to homepage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.484253757019225, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.693087"} {"text": "autologous bone marrow stem cells for children with autism spectrum disorders the purpose of this study is to determine whether the plasticity of autologous intrathecal hematopoietic cells would improve the neurologic and the social skills of pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorders. | study design : | | allocation : non - randomized endpoint classification : safety / efficacy study intervention model : crossover assignment masking : open label primary purpose : treatment | official title : | | autologous bone marrow stem cells for children with autism spectrum disorders | - idea improvement [ time frame : 6 months ] [ designated as safety issue : yes ] improvement in idea evaluation - cars improvement [ time frame : 6 months ] [ designated as safety issue : yes ] improvement in cars evaluation | study start date : | | november 2012 | | estimated primary completion date : | | november 2013 ( final data collection date for primary outcome measure ) | experimental : experimental : patients children who will receive intrathecal autologous stem cells other : stem cells we will evaluate with idea and cars scales the control group for 6 months with the possibility to change arms after that time. other : stem cells there is accumulating evidence that shows that the administration of hematopoietic cells into the brain in the patients with spectrum autism could help in the physiopathology of the illness. it has been found that after introducing hematopoietic cells in the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, these cells may be transported through the cerebrospinal fluid and can be delivered more efficiently to the injured area, when compared to the intravenous route. patients will be stimulated for 3 consecutive days with granulocyte colony stimulating factor ( g - csf ) and then their bone marrow will be harvested according to their weight. bone marrow will be processed in order to obtain cd34 + cells and minimize the amount of red blood cells. an inoculum of 5 to 10ml of stem cells will be infused intrathecally. patients will be evaluated with two scales \" cars \" and the \" idea \" also we will check the clinical history. on days 0, 30 and 180. | contact : laura villarreal - martinez, md | | + 52 81 83 48 61 36 ext email @ example. com | | contact : consuelo mancias - guerra, md | | + 52 81 83 48 61 36 ext firstname. lastname @ example. org | | hematology service, hospital univer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5198295472387366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.697183"} {"text": "this archived web page remains online for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. this page will not be altered or updated. web pages that are archived on the internet are not subject to the government of canada web standards. as per the communications policy of the government of canada, you can request alternate formats of this page on the contact us page. on november 30, the deputy minister of justice replied that the proposed questions were unacceptable. first, he said, the only power allowing admission into the senate was conferred by the bna act upon the governor general. it was evident that the exercise of that power rested on the interpretation of the word \u201c persons \u201d in section 24. therefore, the only relevant question was to determine if this word included women. as for the other two questions, he explained, the bna act does not confer any power of amendment to the parliament of canada. irene parlby ( 1878 - 1965 ), suffragette and politician. she was elected president of the women \u2019 s branch of the united farmers of alberta in 1916 and became a member of the alberta legislature in 1921. she was still a member of parliament at the time of the persons case. photo : courtesy of the glenbow archives, canada, alberta. na - 2204 - 12 it was not until april 24, 1928 that the supreme court of canada rendered its decision and declared that women were not persons. yet, in spite of that decision, minister of justice ernest lapointe declared that women had a legal right to sit in the senate and that measures would be taken to amend the bna act accordingly. but emily murphy was not going to wait for some hypothetical amendment. in may 1928, undaunted, she resolved to appeal to the judicial committee of the privy council in london, england, which was, at that time, the final court of appeal for canadians. \u201c nothing can stop us from winning \u201d, she wrote to her colleagues in arms. 11 a copy of her may 1928 letter and a copy of the petition were sent to the deputy minister of justice on july 26, 1928. emily murphy explained in the letter the reasons for the appeal. in the supreme court, she said, discussion had been centred on the meaning of the word \u201c qualified \u201d ( used in section 24 of the bna act ) as it applied to the word \u201c persons \u201d. the true issue rested elsewhere and their question remained therefore unanswered. she added, a few months later, that by appealing to the british privy council she had wished to remove the issue from the political", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4415308074638781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.703628"} {"text": "it applied to the word \u201c persons \u201d. the true issue rested elsewhere and their question remained therefore unanswered. she added, a few months later, that by appealing to the british privy council she had wished to remove the issue from the political arena and have it addressed from a purely legal aspect. 12 on november 16, 1928, she obtained permission to appeal to the privy council. 13 the hearing on the \u201c persons \u201d case, which was postponed several times, was finally set for july 18, 1929, and continued on july 23 and 25. the appellants had argued before the supreme court that nothing in the bna act stated that the word \u201c persons \u201d did not apply to women. on the contrary, the proof was that the right to vote given to women at the federal level stemmed from an interpretation of the word \u201c persons \u201d that included women. the crown based its defence, however, on historical considerations and stated that, at the time the bna act was drafted, women could not hold public positions. there had thus been no intention in the act of admitting women into the senate. 14the british privy council rejected this argument. according to the members, if in the past no women had acceded to such a position, it was because custom prevented it, and that customs became traditions stronger than law and remained unchallenged long after they had lost their raison d \u2019 etre. on october 18, 1929, the british privy council ruled in favour of women, declaring that they were indeed persons and therefore eligible to sit in the senate of canada. 15 the \u201c persons \u201d case cost a total of $ 23, 368. 47 in lawyers \u2019 fees, paid by the government of canada ; $ 21, 000 was for the appeal to the privy council. four months later, in february 1930, mackenzie king seized the opportunity to be the first leader of the government to allow women into the senate and appointed canada \u2019 s first woman senator, cairine reay wilson. she had been active in the victorian order of nurses, the young women \u2019 s christian association, the salvation army, the twentieth century liberal association and the national federation of liberal women of canada. when she was appointed, she had just celebrated her 45th birthday. opening this male - dominated bastion to women was an investment in the future, for in 1930 their political role was still undefined. for many more years, women would be limited to voting, and few women would be elected to the senate, the house of commons or to provincial legislatures. the appointment of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45152129870533386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.704874"} {"text": "investment in the future, for in 1930 their political role was still undefined. for many more years, women would be limited to voting, and few women would be elected to the senate, the house of commons or to provincial legislatures. the appointment of cairine wilson reassured the senators, one of whom said in a speech : \u201c we of the humble and gentle sex were apprehensive that one of those strong - minded and determined women with a mission in life and a pair of horned rimmed spectacles would be appointed and we knew that if so she would immediately commence to reform a number of matters that we did not wish reformed... \u201d 16 behind this humourous speech transpires the heartfelt sentiment of a senator from edmonton : \u201c oh, we never could have had mrs. murphy in the senate. she would have caused too much trouble. \u201d 17newspapers echoed the senators \u2019 sentiments, noting how slim the new senator was, how youthful she looked in spite of having had eight children ; in one word, they all emphasized her femininity. 18 neither emily murphy, who had so wanted to become canada \u2019 s first female senator, nor nellie mcclung, nor any of the famous five ever got to sit in the red chamber. in king \u2019 s opinion, emily murphy was \u201c a little too masculine and perhaps a bit too flamboyant \u201d. 19 she died in 1933 without ever being appointed to the position for which she had fought so hard. today, a bronze plaque at the entrance to the senate, unveiled in 1938, recalls the victory of the famous five. moreover, a governor general \u2019 s commemorative award, created in 1979, rewards exceptional contributions to the promotion of equality for women in canada. the famous 5 foundation [ http : / / www. famous5. org / ] key dates in the history of canadian women throughout the 20th century [ http : / / www. swc - cfc. gc. ca / dates / whm / index _ e. html ] the irene parlby fonds from the general inventory of the national archives - rg 13, op. cit., attachment to emily murphy \u2019 s letter to the deputy minister of justice, july 26, 1928. - national archives of canada, supreme court of canada fonds, rg 125. see petitioners \u2019 factum and factum on behalf of the attorney general. - rg 13, op. cit., judgment of the lords of the judicial committee of the privy council, october", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4218439778142691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.707361"} {"text": "the university of colorado was selected to contribute one of 24 miniature satellites, known as cubesats, to fly as auxiliary payloads aboard rocket missions scheduled to launch in 2014, 2015 and 2016, nasa announced tuesday. cubesats, as described by nasa, belong to a class of research spacecraft called nanosatellites. they measure about 4 inches on each side, are about 1 quart in volume and can weigh less than 3 pounds. the selections announced on tuesday represent the fourth round of nasa ' s cubesat launch initiative. those selected in the this round will be eligible for flight after final negotiations and when an opportunity for flight is available. the satellites conduct science missions, educational research and technology demonstrations, and usually are the product of significant student contributions. other institutions with cubesat proposals selected by nasa in the latest round come from institutions as diverse as nasa ' s ames research center, moffett field, calif., and merritt island high school, fla. ( in partnership with california polytechnic state university ). nasa has selected 63 missions for flight in three previous rounds of the cubesat initiative, twenty - two cubesat missions are scheduled for flight this year. this is not the first time cu has been selected to participate in the cubesat missions. the colorado student space weather experiment, a collaborative effort between the engineering department and the laboratory for atmospheric and space physics aimed at studying solar flares, launched last year on an atlas v rocket along with 10 other cubesat satellites.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5090359491110389, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.709011"} {"text": "india \u2019 s economy is one of the fastest growing in the world. it has seen an explosion in the increase of foreign business investment, outsourcing and indian companies venturing overseas. doing business in india offers immense benefits for international organisations, however there are a number of key cultural challenges that can create misunderstanding and conflict as well as huge direct and indirect costs to the organisation if overlooked. navigating the challenges of doing business in india can be difficult without a comprehensive understanding of indian social and business culture. going through cultural awareness training like communicaid \u2019 s doing business in india programme will ensure you and your organisation have the right level of knowledge and skills to successfully deal with some of the following key challenges of doing business in india. attitudes towards authority \u2013 traditionally a caste society with roots in hinduism, indian culture places a high importance on authority and status. communication between levels is relatively closed so valuable insight or suggestions from employees in lower positions will rarely be shared with their superiors. without understanding the complexity of indian attitudes to authority and how they impact business, organisations doing business in india will struggle to implement change as quickly as necessary, and fail to harness the experience and value of its employees. concepts of time \u2013 india is a polychronic culture, in other words, people tend to change priorities depending on their importance and attitudes towards punctuality are relaxed. most large global organisations require adherence to strict deadlines and fast decision - making, so they struggle to cope with the idea that when doing business in india, time cannot be controlled and is not absolute. cultural awareness training can help you better understand indian concepts of time and develop strategies for dealing with them. adherence to rules \u2013 india has a high tolerance to uncertainty and has created a society which runs on the basis of a set of assumptions. it generally accepts social etiquette and norms instead of rules and regulations. even though rules do exist, the low level of adherence to them creates huge challenges for organisations setting up business in india who are required to follow a set of home - country regulations. building relationships \u2013 the indian business culture focuses a lot on relationship and trust building rather than working hard and quick towards specific business objectives. a doing business in india cultural awareness course helps you to develop strategies to avoid the immense frustration, delayed projects, failure to reach tangible results and general clash as a result of different preferences for relationships and tasks and processes. levels of english \u2013 most university graduates and indians residing in major urban centres have a very high level of english. understanding indian english can be challenging, however,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41199707606511854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.713728"} {"text": "reach tangible results and general clash as a result of different preferences for relationships and tasks and processes. levels of english \u2013 most university graduates and indians residing in major urban centres have a very high level of english. understanding indian english can be challenging, however, as a result of the different vocabulary and expressions as well as heavy accents. many people are unaware of these differences and expect communication with indians to be simple. instead, many international organisations incorrectly interpret the indian english they use to be a result of poor education and language skills. being aware of indian english can help you reduce misunderstandings and loss of time. communication style \u2013 indians have a preference for indirect, high context communication. in other words, indians prefer to see the whole picture, place a high importance on the impact relationships, body language and emotion have on communication and will often avoid saying \u2018 no \u2019. the differences in communication style can cause a large challenge to overcome for someone who is used to communicating in a more direct and low context way. understanding the cultural differences which exist when doing business in india is only the first step. international organisations must also understand the what, why and how behind them to develop strategies to effectively cope with these cultural challenges. a doing business in indiacultural awareness training programme will help organisations maximise the immense opportunities and benefits of doing business in india while it will also help develop an interculturally competent workforce, giving the organisation a huge advantage in this fiercely competitive global world. \u00a9 communicaid group ltd. 2010", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4909742783312354, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.714379"} {"text": "pdt staff report according to the national weather service, scioto, pike, adams, jackson and lawrence counties in ohio are under a severe thunderstorm watch. greenup county in kentucky is also under a severe thunderstorm watch. for each county, the watch expires at 6 a. m. a severe thunderstorm as defined by the national weather service is a storm with hail equal to or larger than 3 / 4 of an inch in diameter or convective wind gusts equal to or greater than 58 miles per hour. even if a storm is not severe, it still remains a potential killer. lightning, flash flooding, wind blown hail ( even small hail ), and general thunderstorm wind gusts pose a threat to life and / or property. severe thunderstorms also have the potential of producing a tornado with little or no advanced tornado warning. power outages often accompany severe thunderstorms. the public utilities commission of ohio ( puco ) is reminds ohioans exercise caution during power outages. downed electric lines, equipment and vegetation can potentially be hazardous and should be avoided. do not attempt to touch or move downed electrical lines and equipment. downed lines pose a serious hazard to anyone who comes in contact with them and can be deadly. immediately report downed lines to emergency responders and your local utility. do not attempt to move fallen debris in the vicinity of a downed power line and keep at a safe distance at all times. additional safety tips during a power outage include : \u2022 if using a generator, be sure it is properly ventilated to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning. \u2022 do not attempt to use a gas stove or oven to heat your home. \u2022 unplug electrical devices in case of a power surge. leave one lamp on so you know when power has been restored. \u2022 if possible, use only battery - powered light sources for emergency lighting instead of candles. matches, lighters and candles are fire hazards. \u2022 check on your neighbors, friends and family to ensure they are okay. \u2022 call an electrician if you have standing water near electrical wiring or appliances. do not enter the flooded area. for additional safety tips during electrical power outages, visit the ohio emergency management association \u2019 s website at www. ema. ohio. gov. to review the puco \u2019 s guide to being prepared for power outages, please visit the puco website at www. puco. ohio. gov.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4367263600784016, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.718979"} {"text": "this tutorial, developed for high school physics students, uses multiple graphs and animations to study the relationship between the motion of an object and its graph of velocity vs. time. users explore the relationship between position and velocity, positive and negative velocities, slope and shape of graphs, and acceleration. interactive self - evaluations are included. see related materials for an accompanying lab by the same author. this item is part of the physics classroom, a comprehensive set of tutorials and multimedia resources for high school physics. editor ' s note : education research indicates that many students have difficulty differentiating velocity and acceleration, and often plot velocity graphs as the path of an object. see related materials for a free research - based diagnostic tool to probe misconceptions related to velocity. 6 - 8 : 4f / m3b. if a force acts towards a single center, the object ' s path may curve into an orbit around the center. 9 - 12 : 4f / h1. the change in motion ( direction or speed ) of an object is proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the mass. 9 - 12 : 4f / h8. any object maintains a constant speed and direction of motion unless an unbalanced outside force acts on it. 9. the mathematical world 9b. symbolic relationships 6 - 8 : 9b / m3. graphs can show a variety of possible relationships between two variables. as one variable increases uniformly, the other may do one of the following : increase or decrease steadily, increase or decrease faster and faster, get closer and closer to some limiting value, reach some intermediate maximum or minimum, alternately increase and decrease, increase or decrease in steps, or do something different from any of these. 9 - 12 : 9b / h4. tables, graphs, and symbols are alternative ways of representing data and relationships that can be translated from one to another. 9 - 12 : 9c / h3c. a graph represents all the values that satisfy an equation, and if two equations have to be satisfied at the same time, the values that satisfy them both will be found where the graphs intersect. common core state standards for mathematics alignments expressions and equations ( 6 - 8 ) represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables. ( 6 ) 6. ee. 9 use variables to represent two quantities in a real - world problem that change in relationship to one another ; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6200925651345794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.726381"} {"text": ") 6. ee. 9 use variables to represent two quantities in a real - world problem that change in relationship to one another ; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of as the independent variable. analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using graphs and tables, and relate these to the equation. understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations. ( 8 ) 8. ee. 5 graph proportional relationships, interpreting the unit rate as the slope of the graph. compare two different proportional relationships represented in different ways. use functions to model relationships between quantities. ( 8 ) 8. f. 5 describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph ( e. g., where the function is increasing or decreasing, linear or nonlinear ). sketch a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function that has been described verbally. high school \u2014 functions ( 9 - 12 ) interpreting functions ( 9 - 12 ) f - if. 4 for a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key features of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs showing key features given a verbal description of the relationship.? linear, quadratic, and exponential models? ( 9 - 12 ) f - le. 1. b recognize situations in which one quantity changes at a constant rate per unit interval relative to another. f - le. 1. c recognize situations in which a quantity grows or decays by a constant percent rate per unit interval relative to another. f - le. 2 construct linear and exponential functions, including arithmetic and geometric sequences, given a graph, a description of a relationship, or two input - output pairs ( include reading these from a table ). common core state reading standards for literacy in science and technical subjects 6 \u2014 12 craft and structure ( 6 - 12 ) rst. 9 - 10. 4 determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain - specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9 \u2014 10 texts and topics. range of reading and level of text complexity ( 6 - 12 ) rst. 9 - 10. 10 by the end of grade 10, read and comprehend science / technical texts in the grades 9 \u2014 10 text complexity band independently and proficiently. this resource is part of a physics front topical unit. topic : kinematics : the physics of motion unit title : graphing a companion to the resource above", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5946129999727624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.727933"} {"text": "this material has 2 associated documents. select a document title to view a document ' s information. the einstein cannon model computes and displays the trajectory of cannonballs ( particles ) shot from a cannon in the vicinity of a black hole. it was created for the study of einstein ' s theory of general relativity and the schwarzschild metric. the main window displays a map of space in the vicinity of the black hole using schwarzschild coordinates and a cannon located a distance r0 from the center black hole ' s center. the position and firing angle of the cannon can be adjusted by dragging a marker and the number of cannon balls and their initial speed can be changed using input fields. the maximum speed of the cannon ball is the speed of light c = 1 in accordance with einstein ' s theory. newton suggested that a cannon ball fired from a high mountain could fall to earth, orbit the earth, or fly away depending on how it was fired. the same is true in general relativity but there are many important differences. this model demonstrates these differences. the einstein cannon model is a supplemental simulation for the article \" when action is not least for orbits in general relativity \" by c. g. gray and eric poisson in the american journal of physics 79 ( 1 ), 43 - 55 ( 2011 ) and has been approved by the authors and the american journal of physics ( ajp ) editor. the simulation was developed using the easy java simulations ( ejs ) modeling tool and is distributed as a ready - to - run ( compiled ) java archive. double clicking the ejs _ gr _ einsteincannon. jar file will run the program if java is installed. last modified june 12, 2013 this file has previous versions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6031792022606564, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.730394"} {"text": "a new tool to identify the calls of bat species could help conservation efforts. because bats are nocturnal and difficult to observe or catch, the most effective way to study them is to monitor their echolocation calls. these sounds are emitted in order to hear the echo bouncing back from surfaces around the bats, allowing them to navigate, hunt and communicate. many different measurements can be taken from each call, such as its minimum and maximum frequency, or how quickly the frequency changes during the call, and these measurements are used to help identify the species of bat. however, a paper by an international team of researchers, published in the journal of applied ecology, asserts that poor standardisation of acoustic monitoring limits scientists \u2019 ability to collate data. kate jones, chairwoman of the uk - based bat conservation trust told the bbc that \u201c without using the same identification methods everywhere, we cannot form reliable conclusions about how bat populations are doing and whether their distribution is changing. \" because many bats migrate between different european countries, we need to monitor bats at a european - as well as country - scale. \u201d the team selected 1, 350 calls from 34 different european bat species from echobank, a global echolocation library containing more than 200, 000 bat call recordings. this raw data has allowed them to develop the identification tool, ibatsid, which can identify 34 out of 45 species of bats. this free online tool works anywhere in europe, and its creators claim can identify most species correctly more than 80 % of the time. there are 18 species of bat residing in the uk, including the common pipistrelle and greater horseshoe bat. monitoring bats is vital not just to this species, but also to the whole ecosystem. bats are extremely sensitive to changes in their environment, so if bat populations are declining, it can be an indication that other species might be affected in the future.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45711545271278164, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.735030"} {"text": "there were two important publishing events in the field of nutrition this past week. one was bad science about what is good for you ; the other was good science about what is bad for you. the new england journal of medicine published a study on diet and heart disease that found significant benefits to cardiovascular health from eating a \u201c mediterranean diet. \u201d the new york times wrote, \u201c about 30 percent of heart attacks, strokes and deaths from heart disease can be prevented in people at high risk if they switch to a mediterranean diet. \u201d according to the times article, \u201c the magnitude of the diet \u2019 s benefits startled experts. \u201d ( the mediterranean diet groups ate the foods typically associated with that diet \u2014 e. g., fish, beans, peas, lentils, olive oil and wine \u2014 but also were allowed poultry and smaller quantities of red meat, soft drinks and baked goods. the control group was told to eat a low - fat diet, but the study reports the people pretty much just ate the diet they had been eating. ) one of the study \u2019 s authors told the washington post he \u2019 s going to begin another large study. in this one, everyone will eat the same mediterranean diet \u2014 but the study will test the added effect of exercise, calorie restriction and body weight. hold on. the 30 percent reduction is good news. but what about the 70 percent who are sick and dying of heart disease while eating the mediterranean diet? doesn \u2019 t anybody care about them? in reality, even that 30 percent reduction is a bit of a distortion. the study said, \u201c only the comparison of stroke risk reached statistical significance. \u201d the mediterranean dieters showed no significant reduction in heart attacks and deaths. ok, that \u2019 s depressing. so let \u2019 s look just at the good news \u2014 the decline in stroke risk. clearly, when the researchers saw the greater number of strokes in the control group, they concluded that it must have been something the people ate. but the mediterranean dieters had strokes, too ( and heart attacks and deaths ). so if the members of the control group got their strokes because of something they ate, maybe the mediterranean dieters got their strokes because of something they ate. they just had fewer strokes because they ate less of what causes strokes. but then \u2014 what is it that causes strokes? and could we please not eat it? please, scientists : what is the best diet if i don \u2019 t want to die? they \u2019 re not telling. why not? one of the study \u2019 s authors said : \u201c usually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4748047928519391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.743013"} {"text": "that causes strokes? and could we please not eat it? please, scientists : what is the best diet if i don \u2019 t want to die? they \u2019 re not telling. why not? one of the study \u2019 s authors said : \u201c usually, doctors tell you not to do pleasant things. but this is very tasty and easy to follow. you do not need to suffer for the mediterranean diet. \u201d this man seems torn between being a scientist and being a menu planner. this has to be frustrating for dr. caldwell esselstyn, the author of a landmark study showing that a plant - based diet with whole grains, fruits, vegetables, beans and nuts \u2014 with no meat, poultry, fish or fats \u2014 can reverse heart disease. the diet has worked in patients whose cardiologists told them they would not live out the year. disclosure : i \u2019 m a fan of dr. esselstyn \u2019 s. i have introduced him to some washington policymakers, and i tried to help him get in touch with bill clinton after the ex - president had surgery to reopen a clogged artery in 2010. we failed to reach clinton \u2014 or thought we had, until clinton mentioned esselstyn on a cnn interview when he was describing the diet he adopted after his surgery. esselstyn \u2019 s father had his first heart attack at 43 and died young. esselstyn is 79 years old and looks like zeus. he received his surgical training at the cleveland clinic, where he has been the president of the medical staff, a member of the board of governors, the chairman of the breast cancer task force and the head of thyroid and parathyroid surgery. he has served as president of the american association of endocrine surgeons. he also is an olympic gold medalist and was awarded a bronze star for his work as an army surgeon in vietnam, which has nothing to do with it but is fun to say. esselstyn \u2019 s research into heart disease, begun in 1985, has been cited by thomas lee, m. d., the editor - in - chief of the harvard heart letter, and endorsed by dr. bernadine healy, former director of the national institutes of health. the second important publication was michael moss \u2019 new book, \u201c salt sugar fat : how the food giants hooked us. \u201d in the book, moss profiles howard moskowitz, who holds a ph. d. in experimental psychology from harvard. moskowitz has perfected the practice of feeding customers snacks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44668298703755427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.744008"} {"text": ", \u201c salt sugar fat : how the food giants hooked us. \u201d in the book, moss profiles howard moskowitz, who holds a ph. d. in experimental psychology from harvard. moskowitz has perfected the practice of feeding customers snacks, gathering their responses and then using statistical methods to discover the perfect blend of salt, sugar, fat, textures, flavors and mouth feel to achieve the \u201c bliss point \u201d and create the biggest crave. in the book, moskowitz reflects on his work : \u201c why do we crave chocolate, or chips? and how do you get people to crave these and other foods? \u201d here \u2019 s the point : the food corporation scientists are using all their experimental savvy to maximize the addictive power of foods, while nutritional scientists flinch from discovering and publicizing the full healing power of foods. true, people in good general health are not likely to deprive themselves of food they like based on something they read in a study. but what about a young father with a stroke or heart attack who is determined to do everything possible to live so he can raise and support his kids? what can we tell him? \u201c try your luck with the mediterranean diet. people on this diet have strokes and heart attacks and die, but it \u2019 s tasty. \u201d much of the most highly publicized research into a healthy diet doesn \u2019 t try to discover what is optimal. in that sense, their research is trumped and skewed by the work of the corporate food scientists. the nutritional researchers don \u2019 t tell us what the healthiest diet is ; they just recommend the healthiest diet they think we can bear to eat given how hard it is to deprive ourselves of the foods that the corporate scientists have taught us to crave. tom rosshirt was a national security speechwriter for president bill clinton and a foreign affairs spokesman for vice president al gore.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4747916577017961, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.744775"} {"text": "the confederate evacuation of petersburg began about 8 p. m. on the night of the 2nd. the artillery moved first, after disabling heavy guns that could not be carried along. there is a story that some cannon were buried and were given head boards to make the spots resemble graves and that blacks later revealed the locations to union soldiers. the infantry followed. then came the pickets and, last the engineer troops who were to destroy the bridges across the appomattox. longstreet ' s and hill ' s corps and the pickets crossed over the battersea pontoon bridge, headed toward the river road in chesterfield county. later gordon ' s corps and the pickets crossed the pocahontas and railroad bridges, headed toward hickory road. lee is believed to have crossed the battersea bridge. at the mouth of hickory road he paused to watch the passing of the troops. the greater part of the infantry had crossed over into chesterfield not long after midnight. the infantry withdrawn from petersburg numbered about 12, 500, from the richmond - petersburg line between 28, 000 and 30, 000. the last soldier killed in the defense of petersburg may have been a north carolinian who went back across pocahontas bridge to get some baggage and was struck in his side by a fragment of a shell. the withdrawl itself was a difficult movement which was made in good order. some of the residents went out to watch the passing of armies, and even in the hour of evacuation a few soldiers found time to visit homes where they had made friends. when a private of artillery dropped dead on west washington street, his comrades placed his body in the yard of the second presbyterian church, with a note, \" please bury me, \" pinned on it. beginning their early morning assault, units of the ix corps advanced across empty works. meeting at 4 o ' clock as agreed, members of the common council broke up into little squads which proceeded to the principal entrances of the city carrying a paper signed by mayor w. w. townes, d ' arcy paul, and charles f. collier, as a committee of the common council, offering surrender of the city and requesting protection of persons and property some carried white handkerchiefs on walking sticks. they went out bollingbrook, bank, wythe, south sycamore, harding, halifax, farmer and washington streets. papers of surrender are said to have been accepted by other officers, including general wright of the vi corps, but the city officially was surrendered at 4 : 28 on the morning of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3948395742242715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.749347"} {"text": ", south sycamore, harding, halifax, farmer and washington streets. papers of surrender are said to have been accepted by other officers, including general wright of the vi corps, but the city officially was surrendered at 4 : 28 on the morning of the 3rd to colonel ralph ely, of the ix corps. assurance of protection was given, and guards were placed on the streets. grant entered the city about 9 a. m. and made temporary headquarters at the residence of thomas wallace. he was eager to be on his way, but he had invited lincoln to visit him. lincoln, wearing a high silk hat and a long - tailed black frock coat, had come part of the way on the military railroad and the remainder on horse. an aide doubted he had ever had a happier moment in his life. observers of the historic scene consisted chiefly of blacks dressed in their sunday best. after lincoln left, grant moved on to the business at hand. he spent the night near sutherland station on the southside railroad. most of the white people in petersburg - - - estimated by union sources at fewer than 5, 000... remained behind closed doors and drawn blinds. sutlers moved into vacant stores and began doing business ; hard money came out of hiding to be invested in such things as cheese and coffee. those who had no hard money and were willing to sacrifice pride were given food by the union commissary, which indeed continued to issue rations through november, 1865. there were some ugly episodes, but union guards established order. residents who ventured into the streets found that decorum prevailed. one who said he had never seen so many people together estimated the total at 50, 000. union soldiers with whom residents talked said they had been surprised to enter the city without a fight and could hardly believe they were in petersburg. one called it the handsomest southern city he had seen, although it suggested a combination of city and village. although cotton and tobacco had been burned the day before, there was still tobacco which could be had without the asking. supplies of apple brandy were discovered, and the effects were soon visible. in vain an undertaker tried to prevent the seizure of 30 rosewood coffins, on the grounds they were private property and not the spoils of war. major r. c. eden and captain c. h. mccreery occupied the plant of the petersburg express and began publishing grant ' s petersburg progress ; the property was returned to its owners in about two weeks. a column of black troops singing \" john browns body, \" stood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3898079170811687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.750449"} {"text": "the crum creek watershed conservation plan ( department of conservation and natural resources, 2006 ) is a guidebook for landowners, municipalities, conservation groups, and citizens interested in taking concrete steps to enhance the long - term health of crum creek. the plan can be accessed on line by clicking here ( link to be added soon ), or a copy may be purchased from crc. other studies and plans about crum creek crum creek watershed action plan, chester county water resources authority, 2002. crum creek act 167 stormwater plan, delaware county planning department, to be completed in 2007 ) crum creek source water assessment, schnabel engineering, 2001. crum creek biological and chemical stream assessment study in the upper watershed, conestoga high school students, 1995. available from crc. crum creek landscape conservation and greenway plan, natural lands trust, 2004. crum woods stewardship plan, natural lands trust and continental conservation ( roger latham ), 2004.. upper crum watershed assessment and restoration plan, willistown conservation trust, willistown township. copy is accessible at crc office. watersheds, chester county water resources authority, 2001. watershed assessment of crum creek : decision support for community based partnership, swarthmore college engineering department, 2001. contact dr. arthur mc garrity. delaware county natural areas inventory, pa office, nature conservancy, 1992.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40897974305021256, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.752122"} {"text": "1. a fatal disease of cattle that affects the central nervous system. 4. the small projection of a mammary gland. 8. the act of slowing down or falling behind. 11. a drug combination found in some over - the - counter headache remedies ( aspirin and phenacetin and caffeine ). 12. goddess of the dead and queen of the underworld. 13. a hospital unit staffed and equipped to provide intensive care. 14. a police officer who investigates crimes. 15. divulge information or secrets. 16. a logarithmic unit of sound intensity equal to 10 decibels. 17. a radioactive element of the actinide series. 19. a range of mountains ( usually with jagged peaks and irregular outline ). 24. open - heart surgery in which the rib cage is opened and a section of a blood vessel is grafted from the aorta to the coronary artery to bypass the blocked section of the coronary artery and improve the blood supply to the heart. 25. a piece of furniture that provides a place to sleep. 27. resinlike substance secreted by certain lac insects. 29. a family of sino - tibetan languages spoken in southeastern asia. 31. a highly unstable radioactive element ( the heaviest of the halogen series ). 34. an official prosecutor for a judicial district. 35. a soft silvery metallic element of the alkali earth group. 36. ( greek mythology ) goddess of the earth and mother of cronus and the titans in ancient mythology. 38. the protoplasm of the germ cells that contains chromosomes and genes. 41. the blood group whose red cells carry both the a and b antigens. 42. a summary that repeats the substance of a longer discussion. 46. aircraft landing in bad weather in which the pilot is talked down by ground control using precision approach radar. 47. call upon in supplication. 49. ( irish ) mother of the tuatha de danann. 50. united states liquid unit equal to 4 quarts or 3. 785 liters. 51. a condition ( mostly in boys ) characterized by behavioral and learning disorders. 52. a strategically located monarchy on the southern and eastern coasts of the arabian peninsula. 53. a loose sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth. 1. a chadic language spoken south of lake chad. 2. a detailed description of design criteria for a piece of work. 3. ( computer science ) a coding system that incorporates extra parity bits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5971557828446641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.757552"} {"text": "sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth. 1. a chadic language spoken south of lake chad. 2. a detailed description of design criteria for a piece of work. 3. ( computer science ) a coding system that incorporates extra parity bits in order to detect errors. 4. a bachelor ' s degree in theology. 5. the fatty flesh of eel. 6. by bad luck. 7. a sock with a separation for the big toe. 8. a small faint zodiacal constellation in the southern hemisphere. 9. sour or bitter in taste. 10. a russian prison camp for political prisoners. 18. a person forced to flee from home or country. 20. liquid containing proteins and electrolytes including the liquid in blood plasma and interstitial fluid. 21. not divisible by two. 22. english essayist ( 1775 - 1834 ). 23. a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light. 26. ( akkadian ) god of wisdom. 28. a compartment in front of a motor vehicle where driver sits. 30. the sixth month of the civil year. 32. united states abolitionist ( 1786 - 1865 ). 33. a bantu language spoken by the chaga people in northern tanzania. 37. in bed. 38. being ten more than one hundred ninety. 39. someone who works ( or provides workers ) during a strike. 40. the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek. 43. the capital and largest city of japan. 44. a rotating disk shaped to convert circular into linear motion. 45. ( irish ) mother of the ancient irish gods. 46. a heavy brittle diamagnetic trivalent metallic element ( resembles arsenic and antimony chemically ). 48. a ductile silvery - white ductile ferromagnetic trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5691747945004701, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.758447"} {"text": "math + test = trouble for us economy first - of - its kind study shows us lags many other nations in real - life math skills. for a nation committed to preparing students for 21st century jobs, the results of the first - of - its - kind study of how well teenagers can apply math skills to real - life problems is sobering. skip to next paragraph subscribe today to the monitor american 15 - year - olds rank well below those in most other industrialized countries in mathematics literacy and problem solving, according to a survey released monday. although the notion that america faces a math gap is not new, monday ' s results show with new clarity that the problem extends beyond the classrooms into the kind of life - skills that employers care about. and to the surprise of some experts, the us shortcoming exists even when only top students in each nation are considered. \" it ' s very disturbing for business if the capacity to take what you know... and apply it to something novel is difficult for us teenagers, \" says susan traiman, director of education and workforce policy at the business roundtable. grim results on such international tests helped build political support for higher standards in us schools in the 1990s, and especially for more consistent testing and tougher accountability measures in the no child left behind act, a centerpiece of president bush ' s domestic program in his first term. the president campaigned to extend that testing regime into us high schools in his second term. the new test results are likely to be exhibit a as the bush administration prepares a new round of education reforms aimed at us high schools. the tests also give educators some clues about teaching programs that are successful and might be transplanted to the us. \" these tests are enormously instructive to the us, especially when we look at the instructional programs in other countries to see what works, \" says michael casserly, executive director of the council of the great city schools. a key to the success of students in other nations is a very focused curriculum, maintained over time, he adds. \" we can ' t do it nationally, \" because the us is a vast, diverse country with little appetite for a national curriculum. \" but we can do it in cities, and we are. \" the international survey was done by the organization for economic cooperation and development ' s program for international student assessment ( pisa ) in 2003, testing 15 - year - olds. but pisa, unlike previous international assessments, is measuring not just whether students have learned a set math curriculum, but whether they can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4609613494237922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.761796"} {"text": "new discoveries may locate earhart plane published : thursday, august 23rd, 2012 civil air patrol crazy horse squadron had a special meeting on thursday, aug. 16, when jeff glickman, forensic imaging specialist, gave a presentation about the decades - old search for amelia earhart \u2019 s plane. glickman was one of many other the international group for historic aircraft recovery ( tighar ) members featured in a discovery channel documentary about the search for the plane that disappeared in 1937. glickman was in the area visiting family and gave the presentation as a favor to crazy horse squadron capt. sharon moad. glickman was asked 15 years ago by ric gillespie, executive director of tighar, to help with the case by looking at old photographs taken in the area earhart was believed to have landed. the photos were taken by eric bevington in an effort to expand the british empire through a series of small islands just south of howland island, where earhart was expected to land to refuel the aircraft. glickman was able to identify a small object in the photo, which was no larger than a grain of rice. glickman pored over the small image for nearly two years before tracking down a larger copy of the original photograph. in april 2010, oxford sent a digital scan of the photo to glickman from which he was able to measure the object at 36 \u201d tall. he later found the object to match part of the tire on earhart \u2019 s plane. \u201c i started studying the landing gear of her plane and even traveled to a museum in arizona that had the same model and make of amelia \u2019 s plane, \u201d glickman said. available only in the print version of the custer county chronicle. to subscribe, call 605 - 673 - 2217. click here to see more stories like this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4572898854790276, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.763862"} {"text": "a laparoscopy ( lap - uh - ross - coe - pee ) is a surgical procedure in which a small instrument is inserted through an incision in the navel. this instrument, called a laparoscope ( lap - uh - roe - scope ), functions like a miniature telescope, with a light on the end, giving doctors an internal view of the abdominal cavity. sometimes, the abdomen is inflated with carbon dioxide gas, so internal organs can be re - positioned as needed. a laparoscopy may be done to investigate a problem like pelvic pain, or infertility when a tubal blockage is suspected. it ' s also used to remove an ectopic embryo, which is one that ' s developed in a fallopian tube by mistake, instead of in the uterus. one of the most common uses of laparoscopy is in tubal sterilization procedures. here, both the laparoscope and the laser or other cutting instrument are passed through the navel, thus eliminating any abdominal scar. examination of the liver, gallbladder, and appendix may also be done by laparoscopy. regardless of its purpose, the operation is typically done under general anesthesia, on an outpatient basis. to find out more about laparoscopy, speak with a physician.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5274955856773005, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.765218"} {"text": "how the wild west really looked : gorgeous sepia - tinted pictures show the landscape as it was charted for the very first time by rob cooper these remarkable 19th century sepia - tinted pictures show the american west as you have never seen it before - as it was charted for the first time. the photos, by timothy o ' sullivan, are the first ever taken of the rocky and barren landscape. at the time federal government officials were travelling across arizona, nevada, utah and the rest of the west as they sought to uncover the land ' s untapped natural resources. breathtaking landscape : a view across the shoshone falls, snake river, idaho in 1874 as it was caught on camera by photographer timothy o ' sullivan during lt. george m. wheeler ' s survey west of the one hundredth meridian that lasted from 1871 to 1874. approximately 45 feet higher than the niagara falls of the u. s and canada, the shoshone falls are sometimes called the ' niagara of the west '. before mass migration and industrialisation of the west, the bannock and shoshone indians relied on the huge salmon stocks of the falls as a source of food. and the john c. fremont expedition of 1843, one of the first missions to encounter the falls reported that salmon could be caught simply by throwing a spear into the water, such was the stock land rising from the water : the pyramid and domes, a line of dome - shaped tufa rocks in pyramid lake, nevada photographed in 1867. taken as part of clarence king ' s geological exploration of the fortieth parallel, o ' sullivan ' s mesmerising pictures of the other - wordly rock formations at pyramid lake committed the sacred native american indian site to camera for the first time famous photographer : timothy o ' sullivan whose childhood and background are the subject of debate among photographic scholar was of irish ancestry. it is known that as a teenager he worked in the studio of the legendary 19th century photographer mathew brady, who is seen as the father of photo - journalism. a veteran of the american civil war in its first year, o ' sullivan turned his hand to photographing the horrors of war in during the final three years of the conflict before setting out on his cross - continental expeditions. timothy o ' sullivan, who used a box camera, worked with the government teams as they explored the land. he had earlier covered the u. s. civil war and was one of the most famous photographers of the 19th century. he also took pictures of the native american population for the first time as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3958451824660408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.780647"} {"text": ", worked with the government teams as they explored the land. he had earlier covered the u. s. civil war and was one of the most famous photographers of the 19th century. he also took pictures of the native american population for the first time as a team of artists, photographers, scientists and soldiers explored the land in the 1860s and 1870s. the images of the landscape were remarkable - because the majority of people at the time would not have known they were there or have ever had a chance to see it for themselves. o ' sullivan died from tuberculosis at the age of 42 in 1882 - just years after the project had finished. he carted a dark room wagon around the wild west on horseback so that he could develop his images. he spent seven years exploring the landscape and thousands of pictures have survived from his travels. the project was designed to attract settlers to the largely uninhabited region. o ' sullivan used a primitive wet plate box camera which he would have to spend several minutes setting up every time he wanted to take a photograph. he would have to assemble the device on a tripod, coat a glass plate with collodion - a flammable solution. the glass would then be put in a holder before being inserted into a camera. after a few seconds exposure, he would rush the plate to his dark room wagon and cover it in chemicals to begin the development process. considered one of the forerunners to ansel adams, timothy o ' sullivan is a hero to other photographers according to the tucson weekly. ' most of the photographers sent to document the west ' s native peoples and its geologic formations tried to make this strange new land accessible, even picturesque, ' said keith mcelroy a history of photography professor in tucson. ' at a time when manifest destiny demanded that americans conquer the land, he pictured a west that was forbidding and inhospitable. ' with an almost modern sensibility, he made humans and their works insignificant. ' his photographs picture scenes, like a flimsy boat helpless against the dark shadows of black canyon, or explorers almost swallowed up by the crevices of canyon de chelly. ' native americans : the pah - ute ( paiute ) indian group, near cedar, utah in a picture from 1872. government officials were chartering the land for the first time as part of lt. george m. wheeler ' s survey west of the one hundredth meridian which o ' sullivan accompanied the lieutenant on. during this expedition o ' sullivan nearly drowned in the truckee river ( which runs from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38234462513810175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.781819"} {"text": "land for the first time as part of lt. george m. wheeler ' s survey west of the one hundredth meridian which o ' sullivan accompanied the lieutenant on. during this expedition o ' sullivan nearly drowned in the truckee river ( which runs from lake tahoe to pyramid lake, located in northwestern nevada ) when his boat got jammed against rocks. breathtaking : twin buttes stand near green river city, wyoming, photographed in 1872 four years after settlers made the river basin their home. green river and its distinctive twin rock formations that stand over the horizon was supposed to the site of a division point for the union pacific railroad, but when the engineers arrived they were shocked to find that the area had been settled and so had to move the railroad west 12 miles to bryan, wyoming. 19th century housing : members of clarence king ' s fortieth parallel survey team explore the land near oreana, nevada, in 1867. clarence king was a 25 - year - old yale graduate, who hired irish tough guy o ' sullivan for his geological exploration of the fortieth parallel. funded by the war department, the plan was to survey the unexplored territory that lay between the california sierras and the rockies, with a view toward finding a good place to lay railroad tracks while also looking for mining possibilities and assessing the level of indian hostility in the area. incredible : tents can be seen ( bottom, centre ) at a point known as camp beauty close to canyon walls in canyon de chelly national monument, arizona. photographed in 1873 and situated in northeastern arizona, the area is one of the longest continuously inhabited landscapes in north american and holds preserved ruins of early indigenous people ' s such as the anasazi and navajo. on this rock i build a church : old mission church, zuni pueblo, new mexico pictured in 1873 where the zuni people of north have lived for millennia. o ' sullivan was famous for not trying to romanticise the native american plight or way of life in his photographs and instead of asking them to wear tribal dress was happy to photograph them wearing denim jeans. 9. native americans : boat crew of the ' picture ' at diamond creek. photo shows photographer timothy o ' sullivan, fourth from left, with fellow members of the wheeler survey and native americans, following ascent of the colorado river through the black canyon in 1871. o ' sullivans work during lt. george m. wheeler ' s survey west of the one hundredth meridian in black canyon has been called some of the greatest photography of the 19th century and a clear inspiration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44351592578045584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.782939"} {"text": "colorado river through the black canyon in 1871. o ' sullivans work during lt. george m. wheeler ' s survey west of the one hundredth meridian in black canyon has been called some of the greatest photography of the 19th century and a clear inspiration for that other great american photographer ansel adams. landscape : browns park, colorado, as seen by timothy o ' sullivan in 1872 as he chartered the landscape for the first time. historians have noted that even though the photographer had become a more - than - experienced explorer at this point, the ordeals of the wheeler survey tested him to the extremes of his endurance rockies : a man sits on a shore beside the colorado river in iceberg canyon, on the border of mojave county, arizona, and clark county, nevada in 1871 during the wheeler expedition. lieutenant wheeler insisted that the team explore the colorado river by going upstream into the grand canyon - - apparently to beat a rival, who had first gone downriver in 1869. there was no particular scientific reason to do the trip backward. timothy o ' sullivan ' s darkroom wagon, pulled by four mules, entered the frame at the right side of the photograph, reached the center of the image, and abruptly u - turned, heading back out of the frame. footprints leading from the wagon toward the camera reveal the photographer ' s path. made at the carson sink in nevada, this image of shifting sand dunes reveals the patterns of tracks recently reconfigured by the wind. the wagon ' s striking presence in this otherwise barren scene dramatises the pioneering experience of exploration and discovery in the wide, uncharted landscapes of the american west. industrial revolution : the mining town of gold hill, just south of virginia city, nevada, in 1867 was town whose prosperity was preserved by mining a rare silver ore called comstock lode. on the united states geological exploration of the fortieth parallel, clarence king insisted that his men dress for dinner every evening and speak french, and o ' sullivan had no difficulty fitting in. early rails : a wooden balanced incline used for gold mining, at the illinois mine in the pahranagat mining district, nevada in 1871. an ore car would ride on parallel tracks connected to a pulley wheel at the top of tracks. because of his work in u. s civil war of 1861 to 1865, the organisers of the two geological surveys that he photographed knew that o ' sullivan was made of stern stuff and therefore could cope with the rigors of life outdoors far from home silver mining : here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44943906597067174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.784009"} {"text": "in u. s civil war of 1861 to 1865, the organisers of the two geological surveys that he photographed knew that o ' sullivan was made of stern stuff and therefore could cope with the rigors of life outdoors far from home silver mining : here photographer timothy o ' sullivan documents the actvities of the savage and the gould and curry mines in virginia city, nevada, in 1867 900ft underground, lit by an improvised flash - - a burning magnesium wire, o ' sullivan photographed the miners in tunnels, shafts, and lifts. during the winter of 1867 - 68, in virginia city, nevada, he took the first underground mining pictures in america. deep in mines where temperatures reached 130 degrees, o ' sullivan took pictures by the light of magnesium wire in difficult circumstances untouched landscape : the head of canyon de chelly, looking past walls that rise some 1, 200 feet above the canyon floor, in arizona in 1873. inspiring millions of amateur photographers, o ' sullivan ' s first pivotal canyon de chelly pictures, with his views of indian life and his new mexican churches are now the archetypal images of arizona barren : two men sit looking at headlands north of the colorado river plateau in 1872. as they sailed upstream into the grand canyon, the team commanded by lieutenant wheeler used three boats and o ' sullivan commanded one named ' picture '. during the voyage, ' picture ' was lost along with hundreds of o ' sullivan ' s negatives and food portrait : native american ( paiute ) men, women and children pose for a picture near a tree. the picture is thought to have been taken in cottonwood springs ( washoe county ), nevada, in 1875. known for his dispassionate views towards native americans on his travels, o ' sullivan was more interested in photographing the true lifestyles of the indigenous people and not a preconceived image that those back east had. never asking any native american to change his or her dress, o ' sullivan ' s portraits are noted for their simplicity and truth natural u. s. landscape : the junction of green and yampah canyons, in utah, in 1872. o ' sullivan has been described as the right person who was there at the right time as he managed to document the re - birth of the nation through war in the early 1860 ' s and then managed to be at the nexus of the great wave of exploration and migration westwards as the united states assumed what it thought to be its manifest destiny an earlier visitor : nearly 150 years ago,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41082110880794054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.785204"} {"text": "the nation through war in the early 1860 ' s and then managed to be at the nexus of the great wave of exploration and migration westwards as the united states assumed what it thought to be its manifest destiny an earlier visitor : nearly 150 years ago, photographer o ' sullivan came across this evidence of a visitor to the west that preceded his own expedition by another 150 years - a spanish inscription from 1726. this close - up view of the inscription carved in the sandstone at inscription rock ( el morro national monument ), new mexico reads, in english : \" by this place passed ensign don joseph de payba basconzelos, in the year in which he held the council of the kingdom at his expense, on the 18th of february, in the year 1726 \" insight : aboriginal life among the navajo indians. near old fort defiance, new mexico, in 1873. with this simple picture of the navajo indians, o ' sullivan managed to capture the domesticity of a dying people as wave after wave of migration snuffed out their way of life. it is noticeable that there is nothing romantic about the pictures and one profile of timothy o ' sullivan described these scenes as of ' a defeated people trying their best to put back together a life. ' incredible backdrop : the canyon of lodore, colorado, in 1872. after o ' sullivan spent one last season with clarence king in 1872, he returned back to washington d. c to marry laura pywell in e street baptist church, although his parents thoughts on this non - catholic marriage went unrecorded settlement : view of the white house, ancestral pueblo native american ( anasazi ) ruins in canyon de chelly, arizona, in 1873. the cliff dwellings were built by the anasazi more than 500 years earlier. at the bottom, men stand and pose on cliff dwellings in a niche and on ruins on the canyon floor. climbing ropes connect the groups of men. anthropologists and archeologists place the anasazi peoples of native american culture on the continent from the 12th century bc. their unique architecture incorporated ' great houses ' which averaged up to 200 rooms and could take in up to 700 sailing away : the nettie, an expedition boat on the truckee river, western nevada, in 1867. this was the river that o ' sullivan almost died in and according to the magazine harper ' s ' being a swimmer of no ordinary power, he succeeded in reaching the shore... he was carried a hundred yards down the rapids... the sharp rocks... had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4190659305882318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.786251"} {"text": "' sullivan almost died in and according to the magazine harper ' s ' being a swimmer of no ordinary power, he succeeded in reaching the shore... he was carried a hundred yards down the rapids... the sharp rocks... had so cut and bruised his body that he was glad to crawl into the brier tangle that fringed the river ' s brink. ' he is also supposed to to have lost three hundred dollars worth of gold pieces during the accident too taking a dip : a man bathing in pagosa hot spring, colorado, in 1874. coming to the end of his adventures, o ' sullivan returned to washington to live with his wife laura and worked as a commercial photographer for lieutenant wheeler. in 1876, he buried his only child who was stillborn and it is thought that o ' sullivan buried the baby himself. a man sits in a wooden boat with a mast on the edge of the colorado river in the black canyon, mojave county, arizona. photo taken in 1871, from an expedition camp, looking upstream. at this time, photographer timothy o ' sullivan was working as a military photographer for lt. george montague wheeler ' s u. s. geographical surveys west of the one hundredth meridian. native : maiman, a mojave indian, guide and interpreter during a portion of the season in the colorado country, in 1871. it has been observed that 30 years before edward s curtis began his famous study of native american ' s dying way of life, o ' sullivan was working without prejudice within the field of his photographic art. trying to capture the everyday aspects of life for the indigenous people ' s of north america, o ' sullivan did not use a studio to capture imagery of native americans, like many other photographers were at the time valley view : alta city, little cottonwood, utah, in 1873. o ' sullivan ' s amazing eye and work ethic allowed him to compose photographs that evoked the vastness of the west that future generations would come to recognise in the work of ansel adams and in the films of john houston remarkable landscape : cathedral mesa, colorado river, arizona in 1871. o ' sullivan ' s second expedition employer, lieutenant george wheeler, ' was just interested in knowing what kind of fuss the indians would put up, ' according to a profile in the tucson weekly and the photographs were used to grease the wheels of expansion westwards mountains : big cottonwood canyon, utah, in 1869. a man can be seen with his horse at the bottom near the bridge ( right", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37828477957876727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.787297"} {"text": "' according to a profile in the tucson weekly and the photographs were used to grease the wheels of expansion westwards mountains : big cottonwood canyon, utah, in 1869. a man can be seen with his horse at the bottom near the bridge ( right ). as people in the east came to see o ' sullivan ' s photographs the legend of the pioneering west as a land of limitless opportunity even for americans came to form. rock formations in the washakie badlands, wyoming, in 1872. a survey member stands at lower right for scale. tragically, o ' sullivan ' s health declined after the death of his boy and he contracted tuberculosis. his wife laura died from the same disease in 1881. tree - mendous : oak grove, white mountains, sierra blanca, arizona in 1873. in 1881, o ' sullivan returned to his parent ' s home in staten island where he died from tuberculosis. seen as an irony as he had survived some of the most inhospitable conditions known to man beforehand, such as death valley and the grand canyon shoshone falls, idaho near present - day twin falls, idaho, is 212 feet high, and flows over a rim 1, 000 feet wide. it is pictured in 1868. these were some of the first iconic pictures of the western expeditions that o ' sullivan took on the united states geological exploration of the fortieth parallel. they were also one of the last places he photographed before he returned home to the east coast and washington d. c rocky : the south side of inscription rock ( now el morro national monument ), in new mexico in 1873. the prominent feature stands near a small pool of water, and has been a resting place for travellers for centuries. since at least the 17th century, natives, europeans, and later american pioneers carved names and messages into the rock face as they paused. in 1906, a law was passed, prohibiting further carving. very plain landscape : a distant view of santa fe, new mexico in 1873. santa fe is one of the oldest continually inhabited places in north america. thought to have been settled by native american ' s in around 1050 ad, the city has grown into one of the most prosperous in new mexico and the southwestern united states", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38163956656724957, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.789370"} {"text": "previous dailytech stories have detailed recent cooling experienced by the planet, and highlighted some of the scientists currently predicting extended global cooling. even the un ipcc has stated that world temperatures may continue to decline, if only briefly. now, an expert in geophysics at the national autonomous university of mexico has added his voice to the fray. victor manuel velasco herrera, a researcher at unam ' s institute of geophysics, has predicted an imminent period of cooling intense enough to be called a small ice age. speaking to a crowd at a conference at the center for applied sciences and technological development, herrera says the sun can both cool and warm the planet. variations in solar activity, he says, are causing changes in the earth ' s climate. \" so that in two years or so, there will be a small ice age that lasts from 60 to 80 years \", he said. \" the most immediate result will be drought. \" herrera says satellite temperature data indicates this cooling may have already begun. recent increases in glacier mass in the andes, patagonia, and canada were given as further evidence of an upcoming cold spell. herrera also described the predictions of the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) as \" erroneous \". according to herrera, their forecasts \u201c are incorrect because are only based on mathematical models which do not include [ factors such as ] solar activity \". herrera pointed to the so - called \" little ice age \" which peaked in the 17th century, as a previous cooling event caused by solar fluctuations. herrera made his remarks at unam, located in mexico city, is the oldest university on the north american continent.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5125289767992369, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.791220"} {"text": "indian space program was rocked by a setback on christmas day. an unmanned indian rocket lifted off from the satish dhawan space center on saturday and blew up live on television after its launch because of a malfunction. the geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle ( gslv ) was carrying an advanced gsat - 5p communication satellite into orbit when it veered off its intended path and exploded moments after take - off. the indian space research organization ( isro ) is citing electronic failure as the cause. performance of the ( rocket ) was normal up to about 50 seconds. soon after that the vehicle developed large altitude error leading to breaking up of the vehicle, \" isro chairman k. radhakrishnan said. indicates commands from onboard computers ceased to reach circuits of the first stage ( engines ) but what caused the interruption needs to be studied and we hope to get an assessment of what triggered to some reports, the rocket was deliberately blown up by mission control following the malfunction. originally scheduled for december 20, engineers postponed the launch after they found a leak in one of the russian - made cryogenic engines of the gslv. the failed launch is the second this year for the space agency. the first rocket plunged into the bay of bengal during a developmental flight in april. india has scheduled its first manned space flight for the year 2016.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43740749183049776, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.792873"} {"text": "new solar cell gives its \" 110 percent \" in efficiency december 20, 2011 6 : 23 pm comment ( s ) - last by like tebow, these new solar cells are giving their \" 110 percent \" week in and week out. gains to quantum efficiency could yield around a 35 percent gain in conversion efficiency, the key metric using quantum dots - - tiny nanometer scale semiconductor crystals - - researchers at the u. s. national renewable energy laboratory have cracked an important physical barrier and achieved levels of performance long considered impossible for a solar cell. i. giving its 110 percent the special design used by the team utilized quantum dot nanocrystals in the 1 - 20 nm range. the nanocrystals were composed of lead selenide treated with ethanedithol and hydrazine. the photon - harvesting quantum dot - populated plane was sandwiched between a nanostructured zinc oxide layer and a thin gold electrode. a top layer was formed using a transparent conductor. the overall design is in line with the \" thin - film \" methodology, which is currently rising in commercial production. thin film cells tend to rely on scarce ( i. e. expensive on a per mass basis ) resources, such as rare earth metals. however, they use so little of them - - given the low mass of the thin film - - that they are not significantly more expensive than existing polycrystalline silicon cells. generally, the only major extra cost to thin film is the initial cost of shifting the production technology. the new nrel cell shatters the quantum efficiencies of previous designs, posting a peak external quantum efficiency of 114 \u00b1 1 % and a peak internal quantum efficiency of 130 %. in order to understand these numbers and how any power efficiency device can be more than \" 100 percent \" efficient, you must understand the meaning of quantum efficiency ( qe ), which is overall quite different, but related to conversion efficiency ( which will be over 100 percent - - or even to 100 percent - - in traditional physics ). the new cell is a thin film design. [ image source : nrel ] quantum efficiency is a measure of how many electrons come out of a cell for every photon that goes into the cell. traditional silicon solar cells can achieve near 100 percent quantum efficiency at around 600 nm, but drop to around 80 percent on either end of the 500 - 1000 nm range ( visible light is 380 to 740 nm ). what this means is that the perfect \" color \" of light for silicon cells is orangish, while purple light can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6042453821032006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.810496"} {"text": "but drop to around 80 percent on either end of the 500 - 1000 nm range ( visible light is 380 to 740 nm ). what this means is that the perfect \" color \" of light for silicon cells is orangish, while purple light can have a less than 45 percent conversion rate. as white light ( sunlight ) is a mixture of different wavelengths, the lower quantum efficiency of certain parts of the spectrum leads to lower average quantum efficiency. external efficiency directly uses the number of input photons and the number of output electrons from a device. internal efficiency, by contrast, uses theory to adjust these numbers to account for losses due to reflection and absorption. we took the liberty of borrowing ( fair use clause title 17 > chapter 1 > \u00a7 107 ) the charts for their 0. 72 ev bandgap cell ( their best - performing design ) and comparing it to a traditional pc silicon cell, adding a helpful reference that shows what evs roughly correspond to in the visible light range : comparing the external quantum efficiencies of the new nrel design ( top ) and the ps silicon design ( bottom ) over the visible light range ( middle bar ), we see that the new cell is slightly less efficient in capturing red - end light, but is much more efficient in capturing blue - end light. ( the black line in bottom graph and the blue line in the top right graph are the internal qes. ) overall this could grant up to a 35 percent efficiency gain versus today ' s standard ps silicon cells, according to the paper ' s authors. ii. you \" cannot change the laws of physics \" - - so pick a better law! the better blue - range performance comes thanks to multiple exciton generation ( meg ), a unique quantum effect, which like other oddball quantum effects, occurs at an extremely small scale. in an meg scenario, a single photon hits an atom, but rather than simply knocking off one electron via the formation of an \" exciton \" ( an electron / hole pair ), it puts multiple electrons into the flow. meg - - multiple exciton generation - - bends the traditional laws of physics. [ image source : los alamos science & tech mag. / u. s. department of energy ' s nnsa ] the exact quantum mechanics of this phenomena are being debated by physics. currently the three leading hypotheses are : - - the high energy exciton ( \" x \" ) becomes a \" multi \" - x, decaying through a dense range of multi - x", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6126269266421378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.818021"} {"text": "of this phenomena are being debated by physics. currently the three leading hypotheses are : - - the high energy exciton ( \" x \" ) becomes a \" multi \" - x, decaying through a dense range of multi - x states. - - a mixed \" virtual \" state consisting of multi - x and x ( think superposition ) is triggered by photon energetic absorption. - - photon absorption creates standard x, but in the special material x waffles back and forth, switching identity from x to multi - x and back, slowly dropping in energy, in the process. without meg, no solar cell can have more than a 100 percent internal or external qe. hence no traditional solar cell has had greater than a 100 percent qe, even at its optimal part of the spectrum ( e. g. orange light for silicon cells ). this means that the overall efficiency ( ce ) of a traditional cell - - even if perfectly optimized - - would not exceed 32 percent. cumulatively this 100 / 32 ( qe / ce ) limit is named the shockley - queisser limit after its discoverers ( s - q limit, for short ). as scotty would say \" you cannot change the laws of physics. \" but sometimes you have your cake and eat it to, if only you find the right quirk in complex and poorly understood physics of our universe. that ' s fundamentally what has been done here. meg was first theorized by nrel researcher arthur j. nozik, ph. d back in 2001, and was later confirmed to work in quantum dots, thanks to their special scale. this method is also known as \" hot carrier generation \". using this quantum effect, later proved in the laboratory, the s - q performance barrier could be shattered. a useful property of quantum dots, is that their size determines their band gap, and hence the efficiency. thus building the \" perfect \" meg cell is simply a matter of picking the right size dots. as the bandgap tends to decrease as the quantum dot size and efficiency increase, the trick is to pick a quantum dot that is as big as possible, without losing the quantum effects. quantum dots don ' t just look pretty, they have some handy physics quirks too! [ image source : elec - intro ] quantum dots also generate electron / hole pairs easier, with room temperature being enough excite ( generate electricity ) in some quantum dot materials. the most recent paper was [ abstract ] in the peer - reviewed journal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6785989285640806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.825671"} {"text": "[ image source : elec - intro ] quantum dots also generate electron / hole pairs easier, with room temperature being enough excite ( generate electricity ) in some quantum dot materials. the most recent paper was [ abstract ] in the peer - reviewed journal, with matthew c. beard taking the distinction of senior author and octavi e. semonin the distinction of being first author. professor novik was listed second to last, after four additional nrel colleagues. iii. third generation solar cells - - finally a solar tech. worth investing in \" first \" and \" second \" generation solar cells use various bulk semiconductors such as silicon, cadmium telluride, or copper indium gallium ( di ) selenide, which are then mixed with third, fourth, and fifth column ( in the periodic table ) elements to improve performance. ideally quantum dot cells could be combined with these traditional thin - film semiconductor cell designs, or applied using a mixture of nanocrystalline quantum dots optimized for different wavelengths. either methodology could yield an optimized \" third \" generation ( aka. next generation ) design. such a cell would enjoy the best of both worlds - - silicon cells ' excellent red range performance, along with quantum dots excellent performance on the higher end ( blue ) of the visible light spectrum. one approach to make a third generation ultra - efficient cell is to use a mixture of wavelength optimized quantum dots. [ image source : los alamos science & tech mag. / u. s. department of energy ' s nnsa ] while quantum dots are generally thought to be amenable to thin film cell \" roll - to - roll \" printing processes, the precise methods to do this on a mass production scale still have to be ironed out. furthermore, the quantum dot cells measured in this study exhibited a pretty low 4. 5 percent efficiency. while that sounds quite bad, it \u2019 s largely a result of the lower amount of quantum dots used in the absorbing layer. if quantum dot deposition techniques can be refined, the aforementioned \" third \" generation mixed cell could be finally realized. if somebody is going to do that, it will probably be professor nozik ' s team at the nrel. after all, they ' re who first discovered how to play the grand meg prank on the laws of physics in the first place. with these third generation solar cells, the technology may finally have the legs under it to compete with cheaper power generation methods ( e. g. carbon - based fuels and nuclear energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5955450044231007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.831882"} {"text": "play the grand meg prank on the laws of physics in the first place. with these third generation solar cells, the technology may finally have the legs under it to compete with cheaper power generation methods ( e. g. carbon - based fuels and nuclear energy ). that ' s not only good news for mankind ' s terrestrial future ; it ' s good news for future interstellar travellers, who will likely rely heavily on a mixture of solar and nuclear ( fusion ) energy this article is over a month old, voting and posting comments is disabled re : the break through needed 12 / 20 / 2011 10 : 17 : 47 pm you can also allow more water to flow through hydro dams at night and when overcast, the point is not to be dependent on one source. re : the break through needed 12 / 21 / 2011 4 : 13 : 34 am exactly. there is too much negativity towards solar. of course it won ' t work if this is our sole method of power generation but it definitely has its place. \" well, there may be a reason why they call them ' mac ' trucks! windows machines will not be trucks. \" - - microsoft ceo steve ballmer scientists cook up artificial leaf, quantum dots for solar cells march 29, 2011, 8 : 32 am \" snowflake \" plasma containment field could hold key to fusion ' s future november 8, 2010, 1 : 30 pm ucsd scientists create direct electron to photon circuitry june 23, 2008, 2 : 24 pm nasa introduces asteroid grand challenge to protect earth june 18, 2013, 8 : 48 pm nsa leaker may be killed in drone strike says ron paul june 17, 2013, 11 : 18 am airbus a350 xwb \" msn1 \" has successful first flight june 17, 2013, 11 : 02 am study : gamers have better visual, decision - making skills than non - gamers june 12, 2013, 11 : 26 am airbus a350 xwb to take first flight friday, looks to challenge boeing dreamliner june 11, 2013, 8 : 20 pm berkeley lab tests artificial photosynthesis with new microfluidic test - bed june 11, 2013, 11 : 41 am most popular articles source : don ' t worry, nsa spies on \" 99 percent \" of americans ' locations, call records june 14, 2013, 3 : 57 pm xbox chief : if you can ' t get online, don ' t buy an xbox one june 12, 2013, 9 : 57 am gigahertz wars 2. 0?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5461288448340684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.835933"} {"text": "fine, david j. jewish integration in the german army in the first world war - together with \" wartime shanghai and the jewish refugees from central europe \" by irene eber, this volume opens up the new series \" new perspectives on modern jewish history \". - this ground - breaking study on jewish officers in the german army utilizes published and unpublished sources - including letters, diaries, memoirs, military service records, press accounts, photographs, drawings, and tomb stone inscriptions. - additional material from allgemeine zeitung des judentums aims and scope in jewish integration in the german army in the first world war david j. fine offers a surprising portrayal of jewish officers in the german army as integrated and comfortably identified as both jews and germans. fine explores how both judaism and christianity were experienced by jewish soldiers at the front, making an important contribution to the study of the experience of religion in war. fine shows how the encounter of german jewish soldiers with the old world of the shtetl on the eastern front tested both their german and jewish identities. finally, utilizing published and unpublished sources including letters, diaries, memoirs, military service records, press accounts, photographs, drawings and tomb stone inscriptions, the author argues that antisemitism was not a primary factor in the war experience of jewish soldiers. - xii, 180 pages - type of publication : - anti semitism ; christianity ; world war i ; judaism ; jewish identity ; religion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4805594188182656, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.843009"} {"text": "defining a wireless solution, page 2 5. 1 wireless building blocks before jumping into the mechanics of solution development, it is worth reviewing the basic building blocks that compose a complete wireless solution. while wireless solutions vary widely in characteristics, they all draw items from four categories of architectural components : client devices, wireless applications, information infrastructure, and wireless networks. these components are shown in figure 5. 2. client devices are the most visible component of a wireless solution. they are the physical platform for wireless applications and provide services such as voice communications, data capture and display, information processing, and location detection. these devices may be carried by users, mounted within shipping containers, or installed inside a car. client devices include smart phones, pagers, pdas, e - mail appliances, and special - purpose units for scanning, bar coding, and credit card reading. the components of a complete wireless solution wireless applications supply the business functionality behind the wireless solution. they can cover any need from personal productivity to safety and asset monitoring. depending on the functionality required, these applications may be \" off - the - shelf \" packages, custom developed, or \" re - purposed \" from existing web applications. the information infrastructure is the repository of knowledge incorporated within the wireless solution. although these data components are invisible to most users, access to information is the \" raison d ' etre \" for most wireless solutions. this information may be environmental data captured on an oil rig for display at a monitoring station or it may be an amalgam of customer information drawn from a variety of corporate information systems and databases. the information infrastructure consists of the back - end applications, databases, voice systems, e - mail systems, middleware, and other components needed to support the information requirements of the chosen wireless application. wireless networks serve as the conduit, or transport mechanism, between devices or between devices and traditional wired networks ( corporate networks, the internet, etc. ). these networks vary widely in cost, coverage, and transmission rates ; they include options such as infrared, bluetooth, wlan, digital cellular, and satellite. together, these four components constitute the wireless solution ' s architecture. in the simplest case, this architecture consists of a single device type, using a single application and connected to a single network. however, many business solutions will be more complex, supporting multiple client devices, offering a variety of applications, and stitching together multiple networks to gain the desired level of coverage. the solution ' s implementation and support infrastructure provides the processes, tools, and resources used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5620066222234128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.854053"} {"text": "many business solutions will be more complex, supporting multiple client devices, offering a variety of applications, and stitching together multiple networks to gain the desired level of coverage. the solution ' s implementation and support infrastructure provides the processes, tools, and resources used to create, operate, and support the wireless solution. this infrastructure ensures that users are trained, data is backed up, secured and synchronized, system and application software is kept up - to - date, devices remain functional, and networks operate efficiently. although not part of the wireless architecture, the quality of this infrastructure is crucial for the success of the overall solution. as such, it merits as much consideration as the other wireless components when designing the solution. business processes form the final component of a complete wireless solution. these are the processes that inspired the solution in the first place. depending on the goals of the project, the wireless solution should enable your company to perform these processes faster, cheaper, and more efficiently than before. gaining these benefits, however, requires redesigning and implementing new versions of processes that take advantage of the wireless solution. to capture the benefits of immediate, on - site invoicing offered by the field service example in chapter 2, a company needs to change processes and job responsibilities in the customer service, field service, and billing organizations. without these changes, work orders will still be entered manually in the company ' s systems by customer service, invoices will still be produced by the billing department, and the wireless device will simply end up as a new toy in the hands of the field service worker. while they are an integral part of a successful solution, business processes are usually outside the scope of responsibility of the technical team implementing and supporting the wireless solution. implementing new business processes is its own project and requires knowledgeable resources backed by management commitment to the change.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5040949925985949, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.862241"} {"text": "in 2006, a new class of medicine for type 2 diabetes was introduced to the u. s. market. called dpp - 4 inhibitors, these drugs work in a way that is different from any previous diabetes treatment. sitagliptin ( brand name januvia ) was the first drug in this class to be approved ; it can be used alone or in combination with other oral diabetes drugs. saxagliptin ( onglyza ), another dpp - 4 inhibitor, received approval in july 2009. at the turn of the 20th century, several different researchers were examining the role of the intestines and the pancreas in diabetes. research soon demonstrated, through experiments with animals and autopsies of people who had died of diabetes complications, that type 1 diabetes was caused by a problem with the pancreas. after extracts of the pancreas were shown to treat diabetes, a research team at the university of toronto ( frederick banting and charles best ) isolated insulin in 1921. further experiments went on to explore the relationship between the pancreas and the intestines. some of these demonstrated that intestinal extracts could lower blood glucose by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin. hormones from the intestines with this effect are called incretins. significant research on incretins was not conducted again until the 1960 \u2019 s, when researchers were faced with a puzzle : when people were given the same amount of glucose at different times by vein and by mouth, the amount of insulin produced was much greater when the glucose was given by mouth. the researchers concluded that the gastrointestinal tract was signaling the pancreas to produce insulin. the hunt was on for the exact chemicals involved in this process, and finally a hormone was isolated : gastric inhibitory polypeptide, or gip. a second hormone called glucagon - like polypeptide 1, or glp - 1, was later isolated. glp - 1 was found to have a profound effect on stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. it was also found to be active for a very short time in the blood. this is because it is broken down quickly by an enzyme called dipeptidyl peptidase 4, or dpp - 4. a drug that could inhibit the action of dpp - 4 would extend the insulin - releasing effect of glp - 1. function in the body drugs that inhibit the action of dpp - 4 are intervening in a complex set of reactions that occur when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45753184289772075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.920949"} {"text": "a drug that could inhibit the action of dpp - 4 would extend the insulin - releasing effect of glp - 1. function in the body drugs that inhibit the action of dpp - 4 are intervening in a complex set of reactions that occur when food is eaten. in response to meals, specialized cells in the intestines called l cells secrete glp - 1. l cells are mainly found in the ileum, the last segment of the small intestine, and in the large intestine ( also known as the colon ). glp - 1 appears to be secreted, however, before food from a meal reaches these areas of the intestines. the l cells have receptors for a variety of hormones secreted by the digestive system, which helps them determine the type of nutrients that have been consumed and control the amount of glp - 1 they release. it is thought that hormonal signals from the upper intestine, as well as a chemical released by nerves in response to eating, stimulate the release of glp - 1. glp - 1 has several effects in the body other than stimulating the release of insulin. it also slows stomach emptying, inhibits the release of glucagon ( glucagon is a hormone that signals the liver to release glucose and is usually elevated in people with type 2 diabetes ), and enhances the survival and growth of pancreatic beta cells, which secrete insulin. it has been found in laboratory studies that animals treated with dpp - 4 inhibitors seem to have an increased number of pancreatic beta cells, indicating that these drugs may stimulate beta - cell growth ( most likely through the action of glp - 1 ). this effect has not yet been demonstrated in humans, but if confirmed, it means that dpp - 4 inhibitors could play a significant role in delaying and possibly reversing the progression of type 2 diabetes. dpp - 4 is a protein that is found both circulating in the blood and attached to cell membranes. it breaks down several hormones, not just glp - 1, and helps transmit signals from outside cells to the inside. dpp - 4 was originally identified as a protein on lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell in the immune system. it was later found on many different types of tissue, including the kidneys, lungs, liver, intestines, pancreas, blood vessels, and brain. the breakdown of glp - 1 occurs within several minutes of dpp - 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4308614863825755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.922556"} {"text": "it was later found on many different types of tissue, including the kidneys, lungs, liver, intestines, pancreas, blood vessels, and brain. the breakdown of glp - 1 occurs within several minutes of dpp - 4 being released into the blood. several studies have shown that people with type 2 diabetes tend to have impaired glp - 1 secretion as well as elevated dpp - 4 activity. this combination results in substantially reduced insulin production. researchers have found that after gastrointestinal surgery to treat obesity ( such as gastric banding or gastric bypass ), glp - 1 levels increase and glucose control improves, suggesting that enhanced glp - 1 activity may be one way that these surgeries help reverse type 2 diabetes in many patients. since dpp - 4 inhibitors only enhance the body \u2019 s own ability to release insulin and regulate blood glucose, these drugs can only treat type 2 diabetes. their effect is dependent on some function of the insulin - releasing beta cells in the pancreas, and people with type 1 diabetes generally do not have a significant number of functioning pancreatic beta cells. results of clinical trials many compounds believed to inhibit the activity of dpp - 4 have been tested in humans. the ones that have been developed the furthest for medical use are sitagliptin ( januvia ), approved by the food and drug administration ( fda ) in 2006, saxagliptin ( onglyza ), approved by the fda in 2009, and vildagliptin ( galvus ), whose approval has been delayed by the fda pending further data on people with kidney disease. ( vildagliptin was approved in europe in 2007. ) another drug in the same family, alogliptin, was recently tested in large, phase iii trials ( the results of phase iii trials provide much of the information that the fda requires to grant marketing approval ). numerous studies have been carried out to evaluate the effects of dpp - 4 inhibitors in people with diabetes. these studies have generally shown an increase in both glp - 1 and insulin, as well as a decrease in blood glucose and glucagon levels after meals with use of the drugs. long - term dpp - 4 inhibition has been shown to reduce hba1c levels, as well ( hba1c is a measure of blood glucose control over the previous 2 \u2013 3 months ). since only sitagliptin is currently available in the united states, studies of it are probably the most widely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45450274314551714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.925258"} {"text": ". 05 %. sitagliptin used alone to treat type 2 diabetes generally lowered hba1c levels 0. 77 % more than a placebo did. sitagliptin was also tested in combination with other drugs in four major trials. three of the trials used sitagliptin combined with one other drug. these include studies that compared sitagliptin plus pioglitazone ( actos ) with pioglitazone alone, and ones that compared sitagliptin plus metformin with both metformin alone and glipizide plus metformin. the studies ranged in length from 24 to 52 weeks. when sitagliptin was combined with metformin and with pioglitazone, the average hba1c level of participants decreased by 0. 65 % and 0. 70 % more, respectively, than in those who took metformin alone and pioglitazone alone. when sitagliptin plus metformin was compared with glipizide plus metformin, there was no significant difference in reduction of hba1c levels ; both groups experienced an average drop of 0. 67 % ( from an average starting hba1c level of 7. 5 % ). sitagliptin was also tested in combination with both glimepiride and metformin. ( like glipizide, glimepiride stimulates the pancreas to release more insulin. ) in this study, participants were divided into four treatment groups, receiving either glimepiride only, sitagliptin and glimepiride, metformin and glimepiride, or sitagliptin, metformin, and glimepiride. compared with glimepiride alone, the addition of sitagliptin reduced the average hba1c level by 0. 6 % more, and compared with metformin plus glimepiride, the addition of sitagliptin caused a drop of 0. 9 % more. based on all of the studies mentioned, the recommended dose of sitagliptin is 100 mg taken once daily, either alone or in combination with metformin, a sulfonylurea drug such as glipizide or glimepiride, or a thiazolidinedione such as pioglitazone. it should be noted that these recommendations were created prior to the new warnings that thiazolidinediones may lead to an increased rate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4265896850240265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.927411"} {"text": "glimepiride, or a thiazolidinedione such as pioglitazone. it should be noted that these recommendations were created prior to the new warnings that thiazolidinediones may lead to an increased rate of heart problems, notably congestive heart failure. sitagliptin is also available in a combination pill with metformin ( janumet ) in two dose sizes. pros and cons as the studies that were just described show, sitagliptin tends to lower hba1c levels about as much as glipizide ( and in some cases, not quite as much ). it is not automatically clear, then, how sitagliptin should fit into diabetes treatment. the american diabetes association has not said in a definitive way how dpp - 4 inhibitors should be used ; it simply states that they may play a role in diabetes care. this is due to the relatively few studies done on sitagliptin compared with the wealth of information available for other drugs, as well as the newness of the data on sitagliptin. yet sitagliptin does have potential advantages over other drugs, as well as known disadvantages and side effects. one disadvantage is that compared with placebo, sitagliptin causes a small weight gain ( about 1 pound on average ). used in combination with metformin, however, it is associated with a loss of 5. 5 pounds on average, compared with a gain of 2 pounds from the combination of metformin and glipizide. since sitagliptin is metabolized, or broken down, primarily by the kidneys and only metabolized by the liver to a small extent, the potential for it to interact with other drugs is relatively low ; this finding has been confirmed in studies that have directly tested drug interactions in humans. however, this also means that the dose size of sitagliptin may need to be reduced for people in the later stages of kidney disease. sitagliptin results in a low incidence of hypoglycemia, comparable to that of placebo, when tested as a stand - alone therapy. it is associated with a somewhat higher rate of hypoglycemia when used in combination with other drugs, especially with a sulfonylurea such as glipizide or glimepiride. as mentioned earlier, dpp - 4 was discovered through its association with the immune system, and some researchers thought that inhibiting it might", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43942243214465365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.930699"} {"text": "drugs, especially with a sulfonylurea such as glipizide or glimepiride. as mentioned earlier, dpp - 4 was discovered through its association with the immune system, and some researchers thought that inhibiting it might impair the immune system. so far, data from clinical studies have not demonstrated a serious immunosuppresive effect. they do indicate, though, that sitagliptin increases the risk of upper respiratory infections and nasopharyngitis ( inflammation of the nose and pharynx ), found in 6. 3 % and 5. 2 % of study subjects, respectively, who took sitagliptin versus 3. 3 % and 3. 4 % for placebo. the most worrying side effects are those reported since the drug came onto the market. these reactions seem to be allergic in nature and include anaphylaxis, a bodywide reaction that results in low blood pressure, and angioedema, a swelling of the tongue, face, and throat. both of these may be life - threatening. the reactions have occurred anytime from immediately after taking the first dose until three months after starting the drug. there have also been reports of skin reactions, including a very severe type of drug reaction called stevens \u2013 johnson syndrome. other diabetes drugs are not typically associated with stevens \u2013 johnson syndrome. one more choice dpp - 4 inhibitors may be a useful addition to the treatment options for type 2 diabetes. while the current dpp - 4 inhibitors do not seem to have major, clearcut advantages over other therapies, they may be a reasonable alternative for people who cannot take certain other drugs. they may also be used with metformin when blood glucose control is not ideal. whether these drugs could be used to preserve or improve pancreatic beta - cell function, as well, will be determined through further clinical trials. as options for treating type 2 diabetes expand, new drugs, including dpp - 4 inhibitors, help make it possible for more people to follow an effective, individualized plan for their diabetes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43687993777315715, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.936858"} {"text": "you can continue to add to your list of positive characteristics and skills by being in tune to the things other people say about you. how often has someone tried to pay you a compliment and rather than thanking them for their kind words and recognition, you tell them they are wrong? not only are you not accepting the compliment, but you are not accepting them or their opinion, and you are likely making it less likely for them to say such things to you again in the future. if you are struggling with self - esteem, let those around you tell you those things that make you special. often those closest to you have a more accurate view of you than you do. if you have a healthy support team, you will hear positive things about yourself, not negative. teach yourself to say \u201c thank you \u201d to every compliment! would you allow someone else to put your child or best friend down in front of you or him / her? do not allow people to do the same to you. most importantly, do not accept negative comments from yourself! we are often our own harshest critics. the thoughts you have about yourself directly effect your self - esteem. have you ever listened to the messages you give yourself, the things you say within your own head or even say about yourself to others? how much of what you say is positive and uplifting v. negative and defeating? no matter how supportive those around you are, you cannot escape yourself and you have the most impact on yourself, your feelings, and your self - assessment. if you were choosing a roommate, best - friend, or significant other, someone that would be around you frequently, you would want to choose someone who wasn \u2019 t saying negative things about you. are you treating yourself as well as you would treat someone else? start responding to the negative things you say to yourself like you would respond to someone you care about if you heard them say those same things about themselves. instead of thinking about how slowly you \u2019 re losing weight, remind yourself of how often you are working out and how you are drinking more water every day. instead of focusing on all the tasks that need to be done, remind yourself of all that you have achieved and that you are capable of doing the rest in time. instead of focusing on your height, consider your adorable nose. i would love to hear some positive messages that you use and could help others! march 4th, 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4676447022837969, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:05.976480"} {"text": "| related fields and sub - fields | information technology ( it ) is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. the term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. several industries are associated with information technology, such as computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, e - commerce and computer services. in a business context, the information technology association of america has defined information technology as \" the study, design, development, application, implementation, support or management of computer - based information systems \". the responsibilities of those working in the field include network administration, software development and installation, and the planning and management of an organisation ' s technology life cycle, by which hardware and software is maintained, upgraded, and replaced. humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating and communicating information since the sumerians in mesopotamia developed writing in about 3000 bc, but the term \" information technology \" in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the harvard business review ; authors harold j. leavitt and thomas l. whisler commented that \" the new technology does not yet have a single established name. we shall call it information technology ( it ). \" based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of it development : pre - mechanical ( 3000 bc \u2013 1450 ad ), mechanical ( 1450 \u2013 1840 ), electromechanical ( 1840 \u2013 1940 ) and electronic ( 1940 \u2013 present ). this article focuses on the most recent period ( electronic ), which began in about 1940. history of computers devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a tally stick. the antikythera mechanism, dating from about the beginning of the first century bc, is generally considered to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer ; it is also the earliest known geared mechanism. comparable geared devices did not emerge in europe until the 16th century, and it was not until 1645 that the first mechanical calculator capable of performing the four basic arithmetical operations was developed. electronic computers, using either relays or valves, began to appear in the early 1940s. the electromechanical zuse z3, completed in 1941, was the world ' s first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.554745414221299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.003552"} {"text": "valves, began to appear in the early 1940s. the electromechanical zuse z3, completed in 1941, was the world ' s first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing machine. colossus, developed during the second world war to decrypt german messages was the first electronic digital computer. although it was programmable, it was not general - purpose, being designed to perform only a single task. it also lacked the ability to store its program in memory. instead, programming was carried out using plugs and switches to alter the internal wiring. the first recognisably modern electronic digital stored - program computer was the manchester small - scale experimental machine ( ssem ), which ran its first program on 21 june 1948. early electronic computers such as colossus made use of punched tape, a long strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes, a technology now obsolete. electronic data storage, which is used in modern computers, dates from the second world war, when a form of delay line memory was developed to remove the clutter from radar signals, the first practical application of which was the mercury delay line. the first random - access digital storage device was the williams tube, based on a standard cathode ray tube, but the information stored in it and delay line memory was volatile in that it had to be continuously refreshed, and thus was lost once power was removed. the earliest form of non - volatile computer storage was the magnetic drum, invented in 1932 and used in the ferranti mark 1, the world ' s first commercially available general - purpose electronic computer. most digital data today is still stored magnetically on devices such as hard disk drives, or optically on media such as cd - roms. it has been estimated that the worldwide capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3 exabytes in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007, doubling roughly every 3 years. database management systems emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly. one of the earliest such systems was ibm ' s information management system ( ims ), which is still widely deployed more than 40 years later. ims stores data hierarchically, but in the 1970s ted codd proposed an alternative relational storage model based on set theory and predicate logic and the familiar concepts of tables, rows and columns. the first commercially available relational database management system ( rdbms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5260982439703557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.006397"} {"text": "' s general - purpose computers doubled every 18 months during the same two decades ; the global telecommunication capacity per capita doubled every 34 months ; the world ' s storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double ( every 3 years ) ; and per capita broadcast information has doubled every 12. 3 years. massive amounts of data are stored worldwide every day, but unless it can be analysed and presented effectively it essentially resides in what have been called data tombs : \" data archives that are seldom visited \". to address that issue, the field of data mining \u2013 \" the process of discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data \" \u2013 emerged in the late 1980s. in an academic context, the association for computing machinery defines it as \" undergraduate degree programs that prepare students to meet the computer technology needs of business, government, healthcare, schools, and other kinds of organizations.... it specialists assume responsibility for selecting hardware and software products appropriate for an organization, integrating those products with organizational needs and infrastructure, and installing, customizing, and maintaining those applications for the organization \u2019 s computer users. \" the business value of information technology lies in the automation of business processes, provision of information for decision making, connecting businesses with their customers, and the provision of productivity tools to increase efficiency. | category | | 2012 spending | | 2013 spending | | data center systems | | 141 | | 147 | - breaches of copyright by those downloading files stored without the permission of the copyright holders - employers monitoring their employees ' emails and other internet usage - unsolicited emails - hackers accessing online databases - web sites installing cookies or spyware to monitor a user ' s online activities - \" format \" refers to the physical characteristics of the stored data such as its encoding scheme ; \" structure \" describes the organisation of that data. - daintith, john, ed. ( 2009 ), \" it \", a dictionary of physics, oxford university press, retrieved 1 august 2012 ( subscription required ) - \" free on - line dictionary of computing ( foldoc ) \". retrieved 9 feb. 2013. - chandler, daniel ; munday, rod, \" information technology \", a dictionary of media and communication ( first ed. ), oxford university press, retrieved 1 august 2012 ( subscription required ) - on the later more broad application of the term it, keary comments - \" in its original application ' information technology ' was appropriate to describe the convergence of technologies with application in the broad field of data storage, retrieval, processing, and dissemination.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5749770652199492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.009846"} {"text": "- on the later more broad application of the term it, keary comments - \" in its original application ' information technology ' was appropriate to describe the convergence of technologies with application in the broad field of data storage, retrieval, processing, and dissemination. this useful conceptual term has since been converted to what purports to be concrete use, but without the reinforcement of definition... the term it lacks substance when applied to the name of any function, discipline, or position. \" anthony ralston ( 2000 ). encyclopedia of computer science. nature pub. group. isbn 978 - 1 - 56159 - 248 - 7. retrieved 12 may 2013.. - proctor 2011, preface. - butler, jeremy g., \" a history of information technology and systems \", university of arizona, retrieved 2 august 2012 - leavitt, harold j. ; whisler, thomas l. 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( october 2009 ), \" a platform for enterprise data services \", idc, retrieved 7 august 2012 - ward & dafoulas 2006, p. 3 - pardede 2009, p. 2 - pardede 2009, p. 4 - kedar 2009, pp. 1 \u2013 9 - van der aalst 2011, p. 2 - dyche 2000, pp. 4 \u2013 6 - weik 2000, p. 361 - pardede 2009, p. xiii. - lewis 2003, pp. 228 \u2013 231. - han, kamber & pei 2011, p. 5 - han, kamber & pei 2011, p. 8 - han, kamber & pei 2011, p. xxiii - the joint task force for computing curricula 2005. computing curricula 2005 : the overview report ( pdf ) - \" forecast alert : it spending, worldwide, 4q12 update \", gartner, retrieved 2 january 2013 - bynum 2008, p. 9. - reynolds 2009, pp. 20 \u2013 21. - alavudeen, a. ; venkateshwaran, n. ( 2010 ), computer integrated manufacturing, phi learning, isbn 978 - 81 - 203 - 3345 - 1 - bynum, terrell ward ( 2008 ), \" norbert wiener and the rise of information ethics \", in van den hoven, jeroen ; weckert, john, information technology and moral philosophy, cambridge university press, isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 85549 - 5 - chaudhuri, p. pal ( 2004 ), computer organization and design, phi learning, isbn 978 - 81 - 203 - 1254 - 8 - childress, david hatcher ( 2000 ), technology of the gods : the incredible sciences of the ancients, adventures unlimited press, isbn 978 - 0 - 932813 - 73 - 2 - dyche, jill ( 2000 ), turning data into information with data warehousing, addison wesley, isbn 978 - 0 - 201 - 65780 - 7 - han, jiawei ; kamber, micheline ; pei, jian ( 2011 ), data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5090056457604445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.012247"} {"text": "jill ( 2000 ), turning data into information with data warehousing, addison wesley, isbn 978 - 0 - 201 - 65780 - 7 - han, jiawei ; kamber, micheline ; pei, jian ( 2011 ), data minining : concepts and techniques ( 3rd ed. ), morgan kaufman, isbn 978 - 0 - 12 - 381479 - 1 - kedar, seema ( 2009 ), database management systems, technical publications, isbn 978 - 81 - 8431 - 584 - 4 - lavington, simon ( 1980 ), early british computers, digital press, isbn 978 - 0 - 7190 - 0810 - 8 - lavington, simon ( 1998 ), a history of manchester computers ( 2 ed. ), the british computer society, isbn 978 - 1 - 902505 - 01 - 5 - lewis, bryn ( 2003 ), \" extraction of xml from relational databases \", in chaudhri, akmal b. ; djeraba, chabane ; unland, rainer et al., xml - based data management and multimedia engineering \u2013 edbt 2002 workshops, springer, isbn 978 - 3540001300 - pardede, eric ( 2009 ), open and novel issues in xml database applications, information science reference, isbn 978 - 1 - 60566 - 308 - 1 - proctor, k. scott ( 2011 ), optimizing and assessing information technology : improving business project execution, john wiley & sons, isbn 978 - 1 - 118 - 10263 - 3 - reynolds, george ( 2009 ), ethics in information technology, cengage learning, isbn 978 - 0 - 538 - 74622 - 9 - van der aalst, wil m. p. ( 2011 ), process mining : discovery, conformance and enhancement of business processes, springer, isbn 978 - 3 - 642 - 19344 - 6 - wang, shan x. ; taratorin, aleksandr markovich ( 1999 ), magnetic information storage technology, academic press, isbn 978 - 0 - 12 - 734570 - 3 - ward, patricia ; dafoulas, george s. ( 2006 ), database management systems, cengage learning emea, isbn 978 - 1 - 84480 - 452 - 8 - weik, martin ( 2000 ), computer science and communications dictionary 2, springer, isbn 978 - 0 - 7923 - 8425 - 0 - wright, michael t. ( 2012 ), \" the front dial of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5403017953952177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.013405"} {"text": "452 - 8 - weik, martin ( 2000 ), computer science and communications dictionary 2, springer, isbn 978 - 0 - 7923 - 8425 - 0 - wright, michael t. ( 2012 ), \" the front dial of the antikythera mechanism \", in koetsier, teun ; ceccarelli, marco, explorations in the history of machines and mechanisms : proceedings of hmm2012, springer, pp. 279 \u2013 292, isbn 978 - 94 - 007 - 4131 - 7 - allen, t., and m. s. morton, eds. 1994. information technology and the corporation of the 1990s. new york : oxford university press. - gleick, james ( 2011 ). the information : a history, a theory, a flood. new york : pantheon books. - shelly, gary, cashman, thomas, vermaat, misty, and walker, tim. ( 1999 ). discovering computers 2000 : concepts for a connected world. cambridge, massachusetts : course technology. - webster, frank, and robins, kevin. ( 1986 ). information technology \u2014 a luddite analysis. norwood, nj : ablex. a portion of the proceeds from advertising on digplanet goes to supporting wikipedia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5757874827209418, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.013924"} {"text": "the spitzer space telescope prior to launch | organization | | nasa / jpl / caltech | | major contractors | | lockheed martin | launch date | | 2003 - 08 - 25, 05 : 35 : 00 utc | | launched from | | cape canaveral, florida | | launch vehicle | | delta ii 7920h elv | | mission length | | 2. 5 to 5 + years ( 9 years, 9 months, and 25 days elapsed ) | mass | | 950 kg ( 2, 100 lb ) | | type of orbit | | heliocentric | | orbit period | | 1 year | | location | | orbiting the sun | | wavelength | | 3 to 180 micrometers | | diameter | | 0. 85 m ( 2 ft 9 in ) | | focal length | | 10. 2 m | | mips | | far infrared detector arrays | the spitzer space telescope ( sst ), formerly the space infrared telescope facility ( sirtf ), is an infrared space observatory launched in 2003. it is the fourth and final of the nasa great observatories program. the planned mission period was to be 2. 5 years with a pre - launch expectation that the mission could extend to five or slightly more years until the onboard liquid helium supply was exhausted. this occurred on 15 may 2009. without liquid helium to cool the telescope to the very cold temperatures needed to operate, most of the instruments are no longer usable. however, the two shortest wavelength modules of the irac camera are still operable with the same sensitivity as before the cryogen was exhausted, and will continue to be used in the spitzer warm mission. in keeping with nasa tradition, the telescope was renamed after its successful demonstration of operation, on december 18, 2003. unlike most telescopes which are named after famous deceased astronomers by a board of scientists, the new name for sirtf was obtained from a contest open to the general public. the contest led to the telescope being named in honor of lyman spitzer, one of the 20th century ' s great scientists. though he was not the first to propose the idea of the space telescope ( hermann oberth being the first, in wege zur raumschiffahrt, 1929, and also in die rakete zu den planetenraumen, 1923 ), spitzer wrote a 1946 report for rand describing the advantages of an extraterrestrial observatory and how it could be realized with available ( or upcoming ) technology. he has been cited for his pioneering contributions to rocketry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4738921491396376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.048338"} {"text": ") strongly. additionally, the atmosphere is opaque at most infrared wavelengths. this necessitates lengthy exposure times and greatly decreases the ability to detect faint objects. it could be compared to trying to observe the stars at noon. previous space - based satellites ( such as iras, the infrared astronomical satellite, and iso, the infrared space observatory ) were operational during the 1980s and 1990s and great advances in astronomical technology have been made since then. most of the early concepts envisioned repeated flights aboard the nasa space shuttle. this approach was developed in an era when the shuttle program was expected to support weekly flights of up to 30 days duration. a may 1983 nasa proposal described sirtf as a shuttle - attached mission, with an evolving scientific instrument payload. several flights were anticipated with a probable transition into a more extended mode of operation, possibly in association with a future space platform or space station. sirtf would be a 1 - meter class, cryogenically cooled, multi - user facility consisting of a telescope and associated focal plane instruments. it would be launched on the space shuttle and remain attached to the shuttle as a spacelab payload during astronomical observations, after which it would be returned to earth for refurbishment prior to re - flight. the first flight was expected to occur about 1990, with the succeeding flights anticipated beginning approximately one year later. however, the spacelab - 2 flight aboard sts - 51 - f showed that the shuttle environment was poorly suited to an onboard infrared telescope due to contamination from the relatively \" dirty \" vacuum associated with the orbiters. by september 1983 nasa was considering the \" possibility of a long duration [ free - flyer ] sirtf mission \". spitzer is the only one of the great observatories not launched by the space shuttle, which had been originally intended. however after the 1986 challenger disaster, the centaur lh2 / lox upper stage, which would have been required to place it in its final orbit, was banned from shuttle use. the mission underwent a series of redesigns during the 1990s, primarily due to budget considerations. this resulted in a much smaller but still fully capable mission which could use the smaller delta ii expendable launch vehicle. one of the most important advances of this redesign was an earth - trailing orbit. cryogenic satellites that require liquid helium ( lhe, t \u2248 4 k ) temperatures in near - earth orbit are typically exposed to a large heat load from the earth, and consequently entail large usage of lhe coolant, which then tends to dominate the total payload mass and limits mission life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.534549034598262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.051358"} {"text": "an infrared spectrometer with four sub - modules which operate at the wavelengths 5. 3 \u2013 14 \u00b5m ( low resolution ), 10 \u2013 19. 5 \u00b5m ( high resolution ), 14 \u2013 40 \u00b5m ( low resolution ), and 19 \u2013 37 \u00b5m ( high resolution ). each module uses a 128\u00d7128 - pixel detector \u2014 the short wavelength pair use arsenic - doped silicon blocked impurity band technology, the long wavelength pair use antimony - doped silicon blocked impurity band technology. the principal investigator is james r. houck of cornell university ; the flight hardware was built by ball aerospace. - mips ( multiband imaging photometer for spitzer ), three detector arrays in the far infrared ( 128 \u00d7 128 pixels at 24 \u00b5m, 32 \u00d7 32 pixels at 70 \u00b5m, 2 \u00d7 20 pixels at 160 \u00b5m ). the 24 \u00b5m detector is identical to one of the irs short wavelength modules. the 70 \u00b5m detector uses gallium - doped germanium technology, and the 160 \u00b5m detector also uses gallium - doped germanium, but with mechanical stress added to each pixel to lower the bandgap and extend sensitivity to this long wavelength. the principal investigator is george h. rieke of the university of arizona ; the flight hardware was built by ball aerospace. as an example of data from the different instruments, the nebula henize 206 was imaged in 2004, allowing comparison of images from each device. the first images taken by sst were designed to show off the abilities of the telescope and showed a glowing stellar nursery ; a big swirling, dusty galaxy ; a disc of planet - forming debris ; and organic material in the distant universe. since then, many monthly press releases have highlighted spitzer ' s capabilities, as the nasa and esa images do for the hubble space telescope. as one of its most noteworthy observations, in 2005, sst became the first telescope to directly capture the light from extrasolar planets, namely the \" hot jupiters \" hd 209458b and tres - 1. ( it did not resolve that light into actual images though. ) this was the first time extrasolar planets had actually been visually seen ; earlier observations had been indirectly made by drawing conclusions from behaviors of the stars the planets were orbiting. the telescope also discovered in april 2005 that cohen - kuhi tau / 4 had a planetary disk that was vastly younger and contained less mass than previously theorized, leading to new understandings of how planets are formed. while some time on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5351165255202281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.054274"} {"text": "were orbiting. the telescope also discovered in april 2005 that cohen - kuhi tau / 4 had a planetary disk that was vastly younger and contained less mass than previously theorized, leading to new understandings of how planets are formed. while some time on the telescope is reserved for participating institutions and crucial projects, astronomers around the world also have the opportunity to submit proposals for observing time. important targets include forming stars ( young stellar objects, or ysos ), planets, and other galaxies. images are freely available for educational and journalistic purposes. in 2004, it was reported that spitzer had spotted a faintly glowing body that may be the youngest star ever seen. the telescope was trained on a core of gas and dust known as l1014 which had previously appeared completely dark to ground - based observatories and to iso ( infrared space observatory ), a predecessor to spitzer. the advanced technology of spitzer revealed a bright red hot spot in the middle of l1014. scientists from the university of texas at austin, who discovered the object, believe the hot spot to be an example of early star development, with the young star collecting gas and dust from the cloud around it. early speculation about the hot spot was that it might have been the faint light of another core that lies 10 times further from earth but along the same line of sight as l1014. follow - up observation from ground - based near - infrared observatories detected a faint fan - shaped glow in the same location as the object found by spitzer. that glow is too feeble to have come from the more distant core, leading to the conclusion that the object is located within l1014. ( young et al., 2004 ) in 2005, astronomers from the university of wisconsin at madison and whitewater determined, on the basis of 400 hours of observation on the spitzer space telescope, that the milky way galaxy has a more substantial bar structure across its core than previously recognized. also in 2005, astronomers alexander kashlinsky and john mather of nasa ' s goddard space flight center reported that one of spitzer ' s earliest images may have captured the light of the first stars in the universe. an image of a quasar in the draco constellation, intended only to help calibrate the telescope, was found to contain an infrared glow after the light of known objects was removed. kashlinsky and mather are convinced that the numerous blobs in this glow are the light of stars that formed as early as 100 million years after the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5178624724606666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.058459"} {"text": ", was found to contain an infrared glow after the light of known objects was removed. kashlinsky and mather are convinced that the numerous blobs in this glow are the light of stars that formed as early as 100 million years after the big bang, red shifted by cosmic expansion. in march 2006, astronomers reported an 80 - light - year - long nebula near the center of the milky way galaxy, the double helix nebula, which is, as the name implies, twisted into a double spiral shape. this is thought to be evidence of massive magnetic fields generated by the gas disc orbiting the supermassive black hole at the galaxy ' s center, 300 light years from the nebula and 25, 000 light years from earth. this nebula was discovered by the spitzer space telescope, and published in the magazine nature on march 16, 2006. in may 2007, astronomers successfully mapped the atmospheric temperature of hd 189733 b, thus obtaining the first map of some kind of an extrasolar planet. since september 2006 the telescope participates in a series of surveys called the gould belt survey, observing the gould ' s belt region in multiple wavelengths. the first set of observations by the spitzer space telescope were completed from september 21, 2006 through september 27. resulting from these observations, the team of astronomers led by dr. robert gutermuth, of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics reported the discovery of serpens south, a cluster of 50 young stars in the serpens constellation. scientists have long wondered how tiny silicate crystals, which need high temperatures to form, have found their way into frozen comets, born in the very cold environment of the solar system ' s outer edges. the crystals would have begun as non - crystallized, amorphous silicate particles, part of the mix of gas and dust from which the solar system developed. this mystery has deepened with the results of the stardust ( spacecraft ) sample return mission, which captured particles from comet wild 2. many of the stardust ( spacecraft ) particles were found to have formed at temperatures in excess of 1000 k. in may 2009, spitzer researchers from germany, hungary and the netherlands found that amorphous silicate appears to have been transformed into crystalline form by an outburst from a star. they detected the infrared signature of forsterite silicate crystals on the disk of dust and gas surrounding the star ex lupi during one of its frequent flare - ups, or outbursts, seen by spitzer in april 2008. these crystals were not present in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5456414553942839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.059834"} {"text": "the infrared signature of forsterite silicate crystals on the disk of dust and gas surrounding the star ex lupi during one of its frequent flare - ups, or outbursts, seen by spitzer in april 2008. these crystals were not present in spitzer ' s previous observations of the star ' s disk during one of its quiet periods. these crystals appear to have formed by radiative heating of the dust within 0. 5 au of ex lupi. in august 2009, the telescope found evidence of a high - speed collision between two burgeoning planets orbiting a young star. in october 2009, astronomers anne j. verbiscer, michael f. skrutskie, and douglas p. hamilton published findings of the \" phoebe ring \" of saturn, which was found with the telescope ; the ring is a huge, tenuous disc of material extending from 128 to 207 times the radius of saturn. spitzer observations, announced in may 2011, indicate that tiny forsterite crystals might be falling down like rain on to the protostar hops - 68. the discovery of the forsterite crystals in the outer collapsing cloud of the proto - star is surprising, because the crystals form at lava - like high temperatures, yet they are found in the molecular cloud where the temperatures are about minus 170 degrees celsius. this led the team of astronomers to speculate that the bipolar outflow from the young star may be transporting the forsterite crystals from near the star ' s surface to the chilly outer cloud. in january 2012, it was reported that further analysis of the spitzer observations of ex lupi can be understood if the forsterite crystalline dust was moving away from the protostar at a remarkable average speed of 38 kilometres per second. it would appear that such high speeds can only arise if the dust grains had been ejected by a bipolar outflow close to the star. such observations are consistent with an astrophysical theory, developed in the early 1990s, where it was suggested that bipolar outflows garden or transform the disks of gas and dust that surround protostars by continually ejecting reprocessed, highly heated material from the inner disk, adjacent to the protostar, to regions of the accretion disk further away from the protostar. glimpse and mipsgal surveys glimpse, the galactic legacy infrared mid - plane survey extraordinaire, is a survey spanning 300\u00b0 of the inner milky way galaxy. it consists of approximately 444, 000 images taken at four separate wavelengths using the infrared array camera. mipsgal is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5221806706925208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.061143"} {"text": "galactic legacy infrared mid - plane survey extraordinaire, is a survey spanning 300\u00b0 of the inner milky way galaxy. it consists of approximately 444, 000 images taken at four separate wavelengths using the infrared array camera. mipsgal is a similar survey covering 278\u00b0 of the galactic disk at longer wavelengths. on june 3, 2008, scientists unveiled the largest, most detailed infra - red portrait of the milky way, created by stitching together more than 800, 000 snapshots, at the 212th meeting of the american astronomical society in st. louis, missouri. this composite survey is now viewable with the glimpse / mipsgal viewer. artificial color image of the double helix nebula, thought to be generated at the galactic center by magnetic torsion 1000 times greater than the sun ' s. a cluster of new stars forming in the serpens south cloud - spitzer space telescope ( 2008 ). \" about spitzer : fast facts \". nasa / jpl. archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 02. retrieved 2007 - 04 - 22. - spitzer space telescope. \" spitzer technology : telescope \". nasa / jpl. archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 24. retrieved 2007 - 04 - 22. - spitzer science center. \" cycle - 6 warm mission \". nasa / jpl. retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16. - \" who was lyman spitzer? \". nasa : for educators. california institute of technology and the jet propulsion laboratory. 11 march 2004. retrieved 6 january 2009. - \" up close and personal \". physics world ( institute of physics ). 2 march 2009. retrieved 20 april 2009. - please refer to hubble space telescope. - hubble vision : further adventures with the hubble space telescope. cup archive. 1998. p. 193. isbn 0 - 521 - 59291 - 7. - zimmerman, robert ( 2008 ). the universe in a mirror : the saga of the hubble telescope and the visionaries who built it. princeton university press. p. 10. isbn 0 - 691 - 13297 - 6. - william harwood ( december 18, 2003 ). \" first images from spitzer space telescope unveiled \". spaceflight now. retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23. - watanabe, susan ( 2007 - 11 - 22 ). \" studying the universe in infrared \". nasa. retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08. - kwok, johnny ( fall 2006 ). \" finding a way : the spit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5122946141166782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.062190"} {"text": "23. - watanabe, susan ( 2007 - 11 - 22 ). \" studying the universe in infrared \". nasa. retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08. - kwok, johnny ( fall 2006 ). \" finding a way : the spitzer space telescope story \". academy sharing knowledge. nasa. archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 08. retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09. - spitzer science center home page - - public information. - ssc observatory general information page, 4 oct 2009. - ssc observatory overview, 4 oct 2009. - ssc science information home page, 4 oct 2009. - spitzer observers ' manual, reference for technical instrument information, ver 8, 15 aug 2008. - ssc irac ( mid ir camera ) science users information page, 4 oct 2009. - ssc irs ( spectrometer ) science users ' information page, 4 oct 2009. - ssc mips ( long wavelength 24um, 70um, & 160um ) imaging photometer and spectrometer science users ' information page, 4 oct 2009. - press release : nasa ' s spitzer marks beginning of new age of planetary science. - infrared glow of first stars found : scientific american. - jpl news | spitzer catches star cooking up comet crystals - abraham et al. ( published online may 14, 2009 ). \" episodic formation of cometary material in the outburst of a young sun - like star \". nature 459 ( 7244 ) : 224 \u2013 226. arxiv : 0906. 3161. bibcode : 2009natur. 459.. 224a. doi : 10. 1038 / nature08004. - bbc news | science & environment | traces of planet collision found - verbiscer, anne ; michael skrutskie, douglas hamilton ( published online october 7, 2009 ). \" saturn ' s largest ring \". nature 461 ( 7267 ) : 1098 \u2013 100. bibcode : 2009natur. 461. 1098v. doi : 10. 1038 / nature08515. pmid 19812546. - nasa mission news | spitzer sees crystal rain in infant star outer clouds - poteet, c. a., et al. ( published online june, 2011 ). \" a spitzer infrared spectrograph detection of crystalline silicates in a protostellar envelope \". the astrophysical journal letters 733 ( 2 ) : l32. arxiv :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5391504227339865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.063097"} {"text": "et al. ( published online june, 2011 ). \" a spitzer infrared spectrograph detection of crystalline silicates in a protostellar envelope \". the astrophysical journal letters 733 ( 2 ) : l32. arxiv : 1104. 4498. bibcode : 2011apj... 733l.. 32p. doi : 10. 1088 / 2041 - 8205 / 733 / 2 / l32. - juhasz, a., et al. ( published online january, 2012 ). \" the 2008 outburst of ex lup \u2014 silicate crystals in motion \". the astrophysical journal 744 ( 2 ) : 118. arxiv : 1110. 3754. bibcode : 2012apj... 744.. 118j. doi : 10. 1088 / 0004 - 637x / 744 / 2 / 118. - liffman k. and brown m. ( published online october, 1995 ). \" the motion and size sorting of particles ejected from a protostellar accretion disk \". icarus 116 ( 2 ) : 275 \u2013 290. bibcode : 1995icar.. 116.. 275l. doi : 10. 1006 / icar. 1995. 1126. - galactic legacy infrared mid - plane survey extraordinaire, university of wisconsin \u2013 madison department of astronomy - press release : spitzer captures stellar coming of age in our galaxy - released images and videos of milky way mosaic - glimpse / mipsgal viewer | wikimedia commons has media related to : spitzer space telescope | - spitzer space telescope official site - spitzer space telescope profile by nasa ' s solar system exploration - spitzer images - spitzer newsroom - spitzer podcasts - spitzer video podcasts - simulation of spitzer ' s orbit - zoomable version of the glimpse / mipsgal surveys a portion of the proceeds from advertising on digplanet goes to supporting wikipedia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5327711089385644, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.064144"} {"text": "by : brian montopoli, cbs political news president obama won the popular presidential vote in november by slightly less than five million votes : the president received about 65. 9 million votes to mitt romney ' s 60. 9 million. of course, it ' s not the popular vote that matters, as 2000 popular vote winner al gore could tell you. it ' s electoral votes that decide who becomes president. mr. obama ' s electoral vote victory was actually significantly larger than his 3. 9 percentage point popular vote advantage : he took 332 electoral votes to 206 for romney. why the disparity? in part because of the way electoral votes are allocated. most states allocate their electoral votes based on who wins the popular vote : even though mr. obama only won florida narrowly in november, for instance, he got all 29 of its electoral votes. there are two states that do things differently. in nebraska and maine, electoral votes are allocated based on who wins each congressional district. that means that the winner of the statewide popular vote doesn ' t necessarily get all of a state ' s electoral votes - or even the majority of them. the allocation system used by nebraska and maine has never been seen as a big deal, because neither state plays a very big role in deciding the president. ( between them, they only controlled nine electoral votes in 2012. ) but a push by republicans in some crucial swing states to adopt the system used in those two small states has democrats accusing the gop of effectively plotting to steal the next presidential election. republican lawmakers in at least five big states that went to mr. obama in november have floated measures to allocate electoral votes based on the outcome in congressional districts : virginia, ohio, michigan, wisconsin and pennsylvania. in virginia, a bill to shift to such a system goes to a state senate committee on tuesday. state sen. charles w. carrico sr., who sponsored the bill, told the washington post that it would mean that smaller, non - urban communities would have more say in the presidential election. \" the last election, constituents were concerned that it didn ' t matter what they did, that more densely populated areas were going to outvote them, \" he said. ( in carrico ' s bill, the state ' s two at - large electors would go to whoever wins the most congressional districts. ) mr. obama won four districts in virginia in 2012. romney won seven. under carrico ' s plan, romney would have taken nine of virginia ' s 13 electoral votes, while", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44126555889789876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.068820"} {"text": "- large electors would go to whoever wins the most congressional districts. ) mr. obama won four districts in virginia in 2012. romney won seven. under carrico ' s plan, romney would have taken nine of virginia ' s 13 electoral votes, while mr. obama would have taken just four - despite winning the statewide vote by almost 150, 000 votes. this is due in large part to the fact that romney won most of his districts relatively narrowly - he took more than 60 percent of the vote in just one of them - while mr. obama won his districts by large margin, taking at least 60 percent of the vote in three of his four districts. \" it ' s sore losers, it ' s a sore losers bill, \" said virginia democratic state senator and former gubernatorial candidate creigh deeds. \" we ' re going to do everything we can to defeat it. \" emory university political science professor alan abramowitz, who considers the carrico proposal and those like it to be \" profoundly undemocratic \" because it skews election results toward the party that has drawn gerrymandered congressional districts, found that if all states had allocated electoral votes in 2012 by congressional district, romney would have taken 276 electoral votes ( and with them the presidency ) to mr. obama ' s 262 electoral votes. that ' s despite mr. obama ' s nearly 5 million vote advantage in the popular vote. ( abramowitz ' calculation was based on the notion that the two at - large electors would go to the statewide popular vote winner, not whoever won the most congressional districts. ) according to abramowitz, romney would have won 12 out of 18 electoral votes in ohio, nine out of 16 electoral votes in michigan, 12 out of 20 electoral votes in pennsylvania, and five out of 10 electoral votes in wisconsin - despite losing all four states, in some cases by large margins. ( because of incomplete data, he had to estimate from previous data in some pennsylvania districts. ) it ' s no coincidence that the states where republicans are pushing proposals to shift to allocation based on congressional districts were all won by mr. obama in november - but are controlled by republicans on a statewide level. reince priebus, the newly reelected chair of the republican national committee, said friday that while such efforts are a \" state issue, \" he is \" pretty intrigued by it \" and believes \" in some cases they should look at it. \" in michigan, rep. pete lund, a republican who plans to introduce a bill soon, told the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4276241937605863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.069825"} {"text": "06 august 2012 with its high poverty levels and low degree of industrialization, africa arguably faces the largest development gap of any region. beyond the usual misery indices and welfare evaluation metrics, we have fundamental challenges that impede meaningful sustainable development. energy is an incontrovertible challenge across sub - saharan africa ( ssa ). data from the world bank and international energy agency ( iea ) on energy poverty does not make for good visuals. two out of three of ssa households \u2014 585 million people \u2014 live without electricity. in stark contrast, 99 percent of north african households have electricity supply. only 14 percent of rural ssa households are linked to the grid. this compares unfavorably with latin america where 74 percent of rural households are connected to power. the figures mask a more disturbing fact about electricity supply in most ssa countries : a high frequency of blackouts and unstable power supply. the world bank estimates that ssa households experienced 91 days of blackouts in 2007. beyond low electrification, energy poverty extends into inefficient and perilous forms of domestic energy for cooking attributable to a lack of modern fuels and clean cookers. according to iea reports, more than 80 % of ssa households \u2014 653 million people \u2014 use biomass for cooking, with devastating consequences for people and the environment. in 2009, more than 1. 45 million african lives were lost to household pollution caused by inefficient biomass cooking stoves. fewer people died from malaria. business and household implications the most inimical constraints faced by ssa businesses and households revolve around inadequate social infrastructure : electricity, water, communication services, security and transportation. whereas businesses and households on other continents have come to take these services for granted, for african economic units, they remain prohibitively expensive, inadequate and, in some areas, unavailable. as a rule, most businesses in my native nigeria provide a large portion of their own utility services \u2014 sometimes pooling with others, but often solo \u2014 with dramatic implications for business viability. if you conflate these \u201c extraneous \u201d costs with extant country - specific costs, then the threshold for business viability escalates to deleterious levels. to illustrate this phenomenon, let \u2019 s consider a glass manufacturer i helped raise capital for a few years ago. for confidentiality reasons, let me label it company x. the company, located near a port city in nigeria, had as primary competitors two ailing local manufacturers and low - cost exporters from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4909310017062242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.085223"} {"text": "manufacturer i helped raise capital for a few years ago. for confidentiality reasons, let me label it company x. the company, located near a port city in nigeria, had as primary competitors two ailing local manufacturers and low - cost exporters from south east asia. on paper, company x should have been very competitive given its seaport location, locally abundant primary raw materials, low real interest rates, and proximity to the domestic market. in reality, its products were uncompetitive with imported products. glass manufacturing requires blasting a furnace round the clock, every day of the week. shutting the furnace abruptly or too quickly could result in very expensive damage. it also requires copious amounts of water for cooling. since the public grid is epileptic, fluctuates when available and was believed destructive for sensitive equipment, company x built its own electricity generation capacity. two plants \u2014 each with 150 percent of the required capacity \u2014 ran in sequence as the primary energy source. the public grid served as back - up power for none - core equipment. the company also installed a large fuel storage tank and maintained a three - week fuel reserve as a necessary buffer against perennial fuel shortage. the story continues. company x built a borehole, water treatment, and distribution equipment for the factory. it also required certain industrial chemicals as additives in the production process. these chemicals cost roughly the same in south east asia, however, shipping costs ( in 2010 nigeria had the second - highest shipping insurance costs on earth ) and an obtuse clearing process at the port, spiked the costs. in the final analysis, company x \u2019 s products cost significantly more than its foreign competitors in the domestic market without an appreciable quality advantage. without tariff protection, its performance outcomes fell below projections. the energy challenge a similar narrative exists with small businesses and households. these economic units face challenges in energy supply, potable water, transportation, and \u2014 in urban areas \u2014 security. while the more affluent households have power generators, boreholes, and private security arrangements, poorer households \u2014 which happen to comprise the majority \u2014 live with dilapidated public utilities or pre - modern forms of energy supply. increasingly available mobile communications, internet access, and school enrollment, convolve to increase the need for domestic energy. today, more than one in two africans owns a cell phone ( itu data 2011 ) and the attendant energy requirement for charging handsets. in a similar vein, more than two of three children are enrolled in school and often need lighting to read at night. there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5151854112899485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.087571"} {"text": "than one in two africans owns a cell phone ( itu data 2011 ) and the attendant energy requirement for charging handsets. in a similar vein, more than two of three children are enrolled in school and often need lighting to read at night. there are also a multitude of public and private projects across the region that aim to increase computer usage, ownership and internet access. increasing urbanization, high urban poverty levels, urban congestion, scarcity and cost of modern fuels have deepened the energy challenge households face for cooking. middle - income households and small businesses have either adapted through a bewildering array of sub - optimal solutions or avoided certain modern necessities entirely. energy and the environment there is a temptation to accept the notion that low environmental standards are permissible for countries at a lower stage of development. some emerging market nations \u2014 notably china \u2014 have argued for exemption from environment protection requirements applicable to oecd nations. their contention is premised on ( i ) equity and ( ii ) development necessity. the equity argument is philosophical at its core. in this paradigm, wealthy industrialized nations produced the preponderance of historic pollution, either in absolute terms or on a per capita basis. wealthier nations should therefore bear a proportional portion of emission reduction. development necessity is a more tenuous argument, given the state of technology today. it is difficult to subscribe to the nation that large - scale development is incompatible with rigorous environmental standards. i believe the following ingredients can catalyze environmentally friendly development : intelligent engineering and design ; sound public policy ; pragmatic regulatory frameworks ; and, stakeholder education. domestic energy solutions decades of planning, international conventions, and development aid have failed to resolve the energy challenge for ssa. if we borrow a leaf from the telecommunications industry, growth and access to communications occurred when the public sector relegated its role to mostly regulation and opened up the industry to private business. furthermore, technology enhanced the scalability and unit cost of mobile telephony to overcome constrains earlier faced by fixed telephony infrastructure. today, scientists have made significant advancements in affordable and clean domestic energy solutions. american researchers continue to create ingenious designs that use a diverse range of energy sources \u2014 solar, biomass, fossil fuels, chemicals, and hydro \u2014 that can provide domestic energy at affordable costs. the challenge is commercializing these ideas by providing manufacturing scale, distribution, and logistics competence. the prospective market is huge. at viridis energy, we project 180 to 300 million ssa consumers can purchase capital products that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5424341712242039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.091716"} {"text": "domestic energy at affordable costs. the challenge is commercializing these ideas by providing manufacturing scale, distribution, and logistics competence. the prospective market is huge. at viridis energy, we project 180 to 300 million ssa consumers can purchase capital products that will provide domestic lighting, low electricity and cooking needs. our vision is to provide affordable, clean retail energy solutions to ssa households and small businesses. we are currently building a pipeline of partnerships with innovative individuals and institutions to provide retail energy solutions. we have commenced relationships with researchers, industrial designers and an academic institution with a view to bringing two innovative retail products to market by first quarter 2013. our criteria for product development qualification are simple : a product concept must be affordable, environmentally neutral and easy to transport. we are currently building distribution, support and marketing channels in nigeria, ghana, and kenya. we are optimistic that private sector involvement in investment, and healthy policy contestation and collaboration with governments and non - profits, would secure energy supply without worsening climate change. market - driven measures can improve lighting, access to power, clean cooking facilities and ultimately lead to a massive reduction in energy poverty. matthias chika mordi spent over two decades in the finance industry across africa where he led and co - led the turnaround of three ailing financial institutions. the most notable one is united bank for africa plc, now one of africa \u2019 s largest banking groups. this article was originally published in the july / august edition of the diplomatic courier.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5339093845532918, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.093494"} {"text": "almost 70 million americans suffer from chronic sleep loss, which translates for adults as getting less than 7 hours each night. new research suggests that not enough sleep leads to weight gain and even obesity. in one study, sleep - deprived folks appeared to burn the same number of calories as people who were well - rested, but they consumed about 300 more calories each day, which can add up to 30 extra pounds a year. dr. michael breus, author of the sleep doctor \u2019 s diet plan, supports the theory of sleep loss being the missing link in understanding america \u2019 s obesity epidemic. lack of sleep slows your metabolism and raises your level of cortisol, the stress hormone that increases food cravings for both high - fat and high - carb items such as packaged snack foods. you end up craving fatty and starchy edibles because they release serotonin, the feel - good hormone, which you seek out to help your system calm down. plus, more cortisol is tied to insulin resistance, a risk factor for both diabetes and obesity. people who lack sleep also produce more of the hormone ghrelin, which increases hunger, and less of the hormone leptin, which helps put the brakes on overeating. lastly, those who are not getting at least 7 hours of shuteye every night are losing precious rem sleep, that deep, restful stage where you burn the most calories. in sum, lack of sleep can undermine even the most dedicated dieter. but here \u2019 s the good news : increasing your sleep by just 1 hour a night \u2013 from 7 to 8 hours \u2013 can actually help you lose up to 14 pounds a year. all you have to do is follow this easy 4 - step plan.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42360523939026945, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.099814"} {"text": "scientists in oregon have created embryos with genes from one man and two women, using a provocative technique that could someday be used to prevent babies from inheriting certain rare incurable diseases. the researchers at oregon health & sciences university said they are not using the embryos to produce children, and it is not clear when or even if this technique will be put to use. but it has already stirred a debate over its risks and ethics in britain, where scientists did similar work a few years ago. the genes they want to replace aren ' t the kind most people think of, which are found in the nucleus of cells and influence traits such as eye color and height. rather, these genes reside outside the nucleus in energy - producing structures called mitochondria. these genes are passed along only by mothers, not fathers. about 1 in every 5, 000 children inherits a disease caused by defective mitochondrial genes. the defects can cause many rare diseases with a host of symptoms, including strokes, epilepsy, dementia, blindness, deafness, kidney failure and heart disease. the new technique, if approved someday for routine use, would allow a woman to give birth to a baby who inherits her nucleus dna but not her mitochondrial dna. here ' s how it would work : doctors would need unfertilized eggs from the patient and a healthy donor. they would remove the nucleus dna from the donor eggs and replace it with nucleus dna from the patient ' s eggs. so, they would end up with eggs that have the prospective mother ' s nucleus dna, but the donor ' s healthy mitochondrial dna. for you formed my inward parts ; you knitted me together in my mother ' s womb. i praise you, for i am fearfully and wonderfully made. wonderful are your works ; my soul knows it very well. my frame was not hidden from you, when i was being made in secret, intricately woven in the depths of the earth. your eyes saw my unformed substance ; in your book were written, every one of them, the days that were formed for me, when as yet there was none of them. ( psalm 139 : 13 - 16 ) because of the fall, some children are born with illness, just as, because of the fall, some men and women suffer illness in their later years. because of the fall, some children may even be the product of horrific circumstances, but this does not make them any less of a creation of god. this does not make them unworthy of life. earlier this week,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5158358888341772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.113269"} {"text": "illness in their later years. because of the fall, some children may even be the product of horrific circumstances, but this does not make them any less of a creation of god. this does not make them unworthy of life. earlier this week, controversy arose when indiana republican senate candidate richard mourdock stated that when a woman becomes pregnant during a rape \" that ' s something god intended. \" it is impossible to not acknowledge the fact that mourdock terrifically garbled his words in this instance. as al mohler stated, \" the cause of defending the unborn is harmed when the argument for that defense is expressed badly and recklessly, and mourdock \u2019 s answer was both reckless and catastrophically incomplete. \" nevertheless, even some liberal media realized that, taken in context, mourdock did not in any way intend to condone rape, but rather was affirming that all life, even when created in tragedy, is intentionally created by god. mourdock clarified his intended meaning and later said, \" i think that god can see beauty in every life, \" mourdock said. \" certainly, i did not intend to suggest that god wants rape, that god pushes people to rape, that god wants to support or condone evil in any way. \" ( source ) of course, what this man intended to say was that, in spite of the atrocious and tragic circumstances by which a child of rape is brought into this world, it nevertheless is still a human child. that child cannot help how it was conceived, and it does not deserve to be punished with death for the sins of its father. when we read the above verses from psalm 139, we can almost see in our mind ' s eye the delicate manner in which our lord created each precious child. and yet we as a nation do not even flinch at the idea of instantly and violently ripping that life away before it even has a chance to open its eyes in this fallen, yet still beautiful world. when we read those verses, we cannot help but gasp in utter awe and wonder at the perfect design wrought by god as he brings together the genes of one man and one woman. yet now we are willing to push god aside, take the reigns ourselves, and attempt to do better. god, forgive us for our prideful, idolatrous, self - elevating aspirations. we are not you. forgive us for thinking that we are. professing christian obstetrician explains \" why i perform abortions \" repent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45666811988739786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.115577"} {"text": "list of threatened species threatened species lists a - z threatened live bearing seastar ( patiriella vivipara ). photo : s bryant species listed under tasmanian threatened species protection act 1995 process for listing threatened species threatened flora within catchments and local government areas threatened species protection act 1995. as nominations are being received all the time, the species or their status may have already changed. where available, these lists contain links to listing statements and recovery plans. more than 600 species of plant and animal are currently threatened in tasmania and are listed on the schedules of the threatened species protection act 1995. threatened species are classified into three levels in tasmania to reflect their risk of extinction. these are endangered, vulnerable or rare. definitions of these terms are outlined in our what these terms mean web page. more information on tasmania ' s approach to conserving tasmania ' s threatened species can be obtained from the threatened species strategy. above. for similar information on threatened fauna species, see the threatened fauna handbook. contact : threatened species section - enquiriesthreatened species section 3rd floor, 134 macquarie street ( gpo box 44 hobart 7001 ) hobart tas 7000 phone : 03 6233 8759 fax : 03 6233 3477 department switchboard : 1300 368 550 ( local call cost within australia ) tasmania online | service tasmania this page - http : / / www. dpipwe. tas. gov. au / inter. nsf / webpages / sjon - 58e2vd? open - was last published on 11 june 2013 by the department of primary industries, parks, water and environment. questions concerning its content can be sent to internet coordinator by using the feedback form, by mail to gpo box 44, hobart, tasmania, australia 7001, or by telephone. please read our disclaimer and copyright statements governing the information we provide on this site. a text version of this page is also available.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40475715281689795, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.119277"} {"text": "about the main monument when was it dedicated? sept. 14, 1887. what is it made out of? sculpture : amherst, ohio silver grey sandstone ; base : amherst, ohio silver grey sandstone. what size is it? sculpture : approx. 12 ft. 4 in. x 3 ft. 1 in. x 3 ft. 1 in. ; base : approx. w. 6 ft. x d. 6 ft. who made it? king, r. r., sculptor. karkadoulias bronze art, founder. what does it depict? sculpture consists on a shaft on a two - tiered base. on the front face of the shaft is a uniformed soldier crouching behind a stone fence. he is firing his rifle and is kneeling on his proper right knee. the 11th corps crescent appears at the top front. this is the site \u2019 s only sandstone monument and the only ohio monument built with ohio materials. unfortunately, the soft stone does not weather well like harder stones such as granite and the monument is actually slowly melting away under the elements. little can be done to correct this problem what does it honor? it marks the location where the 55th ohio held the ground that the 1st and 11th corps retreated to on july 1, 1863. the 55th ohio maintained its position through july 2 & 3. how is it inscribed? 55th / ohio infantry / arrived at 2 : 20 p. m. july 1, in / this position which it held / throughout the battle / with severe loss. / its skirmishers drove back / those of the enemy / and seized a barn between / the lines, / where 12 of its men were surrounded and captured by / the enemy \u2019 s main line. / casualties / 6 killed. 31 wounded. / 12 missing. when was this photograph taken? august 26, 2011. where is it located? located gettysburg national military park, east junction of taneytown road, steinwehr avenue, and washington street, gettysburg, pennsylvania 17325. monument is located east side of the taneytown road at its junction with steinwehr avenue and washington street. is this monument located along the nps auto tour route? no. has this monument been moved or changed? this monument has not been moved. new bronze inscription plaques were added in april 1989 by karkadoulias bronze art. commander : col. charles b. gambee ( 1827 - 1864 ) number engaged : 375 casualties : 6 killed, 31 wounded, 12 missing soldiers buried in the ohio plot of the gettysburg national cemetery : - pvt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3820064424695784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.136070"} {"text": "army corps, army of the cumberland and army of georgia, to july, 1865. service. \u2013 moved from grafton to new creek, w. va., february 3, 1862. expedition to romney february 6. expedition to moorefield february 12 - 16. action at moorefield february 12. moved to grafton february 19, and duty there until march 31. moved to green spring river march 31, thence to romney april 10. ordered to join milroy at monterey. battle of mcdowell may 8. march to the shenandoah valley may 26 - 29. near franklin may 26. harrisonburg june 6. battle of cross keys june 8. at middletown until july 7, and at sperryville until august 8. reconnaissance to madison court house july 16 - 19. battle of cedar mountain august 9 ( reserve ). slaughter mountain august 10. pope \u2019 s campaign in northern virginia august 16 - september 2. catlett \u2019 s station august 22. battles of bull run august 28 - 30. duty in the defenses of washington, d. c., until december. reconnaissance to bristoe station and warrenton junction september 25 - 28. moved to fredericksburg december 12 - 16. \u201c mud march \u201d january 20 - 24, 1863. at falmouth until april. chancellorsville campaign april 27 - may 6. battle of chancellorsville may 1 - 5. gettysburg ( pa. ) campaign june 11 - july 24. battle of gettysburg july 1 - 3. pursuit of lee july 5 - 24. at catlett \u2019 s station, va., july 25 to september 24. movement to bridgeport, ala., september 24 - october 3. reopening tennessee river october 26 - 29. battle of wauhatchie, tenn., october 28 - 29. chattanooga - ringgold campaign november 23 - 27. orchard knob november 23. tunnel hill november 24 - 25. mission ridge november 25. march to relief of knoxville, tenn., november 28 - december 17. duty in lookout valley until may, 1864. atlanta ( ga. ) campaign may 1 to september 8. demonstrations on rocky faced ridge may 8 - 11. buzzard \u2019 s roost gap may 8 - 9. battle of resaca may 14 - 15. cassville may 19. advance on dallas may 22 - 25. action at new hope church may 25. operations on line of pumpkin vine creek and battles about dallas, new hope church and allatoona hills may 26 - june 5. operations about marietta and against kenesaw mountain june 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3982016444318414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.141641"} {"text": "22 - 25. action at new hope church may 25. operations on line of pumpkin vine creek and battles about dallas, new hope church and allatoona hills may 26 - june 5. operations about marietta and against kenesaw mountain june 10 - july 2. pine hill june 11 - 14. lost mountain june 15 - 17. gilgal or golgotha church june 15. muddy creek june 17. noyes creek june 19. cassville june 20. kolb \u2019 s farm june 22. assault on kenesaw june 27. ruffs station july 4. chattahoochie river july 5 - 17. peach tree creek july 19 - 20. siege of atlanta july 22 - august 25. operations at chattahoochie river bridge august 26 - september 2. farmer \u2019 s ferry august 27. occupation of atlanta september 2 to november 15. march to the sea november 15 - december 10. siege of savannah december 10 - 21. campaign of the carolinas january to april, 1865. lawtonville, s. c., february 2. north edisto river february 12 - 13. reconnaissance on goldsboro road, near fayetteville, n. c., march 14. taylor \u2019 s hole creek, aversyboro, march 16. battle of bentonville march 19 - 21. occupation of goldsboro march 24. advance on raleigh april 10 - 14. occupation of raleigh april 14. bennett \u2019 s house april 26. surrender of johnston and his army. march to washington, d. c., via richmond, va., april 29 - may 19. grand review may 24. moved to louisville, ky., june 10, and duty there until july. mustered out july 11, 1865. regiment lost during service 7 officers and 136 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 119 enlisted men by disease. total 262. ohio at gettysburg 4th infantry : : 5th infantry : : 7th infantry : : 8th infantry : : 25th infantry : : 29th infantry : : 55th infantry : : 61st infantry : : 66th infantry : : 73rd infantry : : 75th infantry : : 82nd infantry : : 107th infantry : : 1st cavalry : : 6th cavalry : : 1st artillery h : : 1st artillery i : : 1st artillery k : : 1st artillery l", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3629221649023857, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.143509"} {"text": "high blood pressure ( hypertension ) learn about simple tests that assess you risk of having a heart attack or stroke? blood pressure is the pressure of the blood against the walls of the arteries. blood pressure results from two forces. the heart creates one force as it pumps blood into the arteries and through the circulatory system. the other is the force of the arteries as they resist the blood flow. the higher, systolic number represents the pressure while the heart contracts to pump blood to the body. the lower, diastolic number represents the pressure when the heart relaxes between beats. the systolic pressure is always stated first and the diastolic pressure second. for example : 118 / 76 ( 118 over 76 ) ; systolic = 118, diastolic = 76. according to the american heart association, blood pressure below 120 over 80 mmhg ( millimeters of mercury ) is considered ideal for adults. a systolic pressure of 120 to 139 mmhg or a diastolic pressure of 80 to 89 mmhg is considered \" pre \u2013 hypertension \" and needs to be watched carefully. a blood pressure reading of 140 over 90 or higher is considered elevated or high. high blood pressure usually has no symptoms. in fact, many people have high blood pressure for years without knowing it. that ' s why it ' s called the \" silent killer. \" hypertension is the medical term for high blood pressure. it doesn ' t refer to being tense, nervous or hyperactive. you can be a calm, relaxed person and still have high blood pressure. the only way to find out if you have high blood pressure is to have your blood pressure checked. your doctor or other qualified health professional should check your blood pressure at least once every two years, or more often as necessary. a single elevated blood pressure reading doesn ' t mean you have high blood pressure, but it ' s a sign that further observation is required. how can i tell if i have high blood pressure and what is truly normal? high blood pressure or hypertension is the most common medical diagnosis in the united states with 35 million office visits occurring each year. current treatments to control our nation \u2019 s elevated blood pressure leave a lot to be desired. most people still have less than ideal blood pressure in spite of medication use. high blood pressure is not the consequence of aging. it is the result of the standard american diet ( sad ) utilized by most developed countries in the world today. rich in processed foods, salt and saturated fat animal products, over many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5071545889596869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.171276"} {"text": "of medication use. high blood pressure is not the consequence of aging. it is the result of the standard american diet ( sad ) utilized by most developed countries in the world today. rich in processed foods, salt and saturated fat animal products, over many years, takes a toll. as a result, our blood vessels age, stiffen and lose their elasticity. truly \" normal \" blood pressure readings should remain below 115 over 75. a recently published meta - analysis pooling the results of 61 studies demonstrated that for every incremental increase of 20 mg of systolic blood pressure above 115, heart attack death rates doubled. high blood pressure is also associated with an increased risk of heart failure, kidney failure and strokes ( cva \u2013 cerebral vascular accidents ). it also predisposes to dementia and heart arrhythmias. you may have been told in the past that, if your blood pressure is below 140 / 90, it is normal. unfortunately, this is not true. it is average for those above the age of 60, but certainly not normal. being average in america means you are heavily diseased. over 90 percent of adult americans who die in car accidents show atherosclerosis in their coronary arteries on autopsy. the unfortunate reality is that if you eat the standard american diet you will have a 90 percent chance of developing high blood pressure when you get older. you cannot escape from the biological law of cause and effect. the standard american diet is simply heart attack and stroke causing. the only reason the 140 over 90 figures had been used in the past is that it represents the midpoint of blood pressure readings of americans older than sixty. the risk for strokes and heart attacks starts climbing at 115 / 75. nevertheless, you can make a decision not to have high blood pressure and not to have a heart attack or a stroke. you must educate yourself with life - saving information that, when put into action, can prevent the possibility of a heart attack or stroke. this is the purpose of the information here on this site and in my book, eat to live. i am hoping to develop a huge army of heart attack - proof and stroke \u2013 proof individuals. primitive populations that did not salt their food demonstrate child \u2013 like blood pressure readings in their elderly. in societies where we do not see high rates of heart disease and strokes, we do not see blood pressure increase with age. in rural china the healthy elderly had the same low blood pressure readings as they did when they were children. almost all americans have blood pressure readings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47030427249617857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.172617"} {"text": "we do not see high rates of heart disease and strokes, we do not see blood pressure increase with age. in rural china the healthy elderly had the same low blood pressure readings as they did when they were children. almost all americans have blood pressure readings that are unacceptably high. at a minimum, we should consider blood pressure higher than 120 / 80 abnormal. with nutritional excellence, which includes salt restriction, we have the opportunity to add many quality years to our lives and free ourselves from the fear of these potentially deadly diseases. the majority of elderly americans develop high blood pressure. the years of dietary abuse eventually takes its toll. before long, doctors will inform you that you have high blood pressure and must take medication for the rest of your life. i encourage my patients to do what it takes to normalize their blood pressure so they do not require medication. prescribing medication for high blood pressure has the effect of a permission slip. medication has a minimal effect in reducing heart attack occurrence in patients with high blood pressure because it does not remove the underlying problem \u2014 predominantly atherosclerosis, which created stiff blood vessels. medication just treats the symptoms ; it does not melt away the diseased plaque lining the vessels. the biggest problem with medications is that the patients given medication falsely believe they are protected, and they continue to follow the same disease \u2013 causing lifestyle that caused the problem to begin with, until the inevitable occurs \u2013 their first heart attack or stroke. maybe, if high blood pressure medications were never invented, doctors would have been forced to teach healthful living and nutritional disease causation to their patients. patients would then be forced to lower their blood pressure with an unsalted diet of natural foods. their arteries would gradually lose the risky plaque that predisposes them to create blood clots, and millions of lives could have been saved, but now they have succumbed to death from heart attack and strokes. do not expect to receive valuable health advice from your typical doctor. physicians usually do not disseminate information to reverse disease. they rush through their patient appointments, especially in the current hmo climate, because they are paid so poorly for each visit and are pressured to see as many patients as possible each day. physicians just write prescriptions to dispense drugs. drugs offer only a slight benefit, still leaving blood pressure sufferers at relatively high risk. your physician is likely doing just as poorly as you are and eating just as unhealthily or worse. after following my guidelines in eat to live, you could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44326464748897193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.176137"} {"text": "offer only a slight benefit, still leaving blood pressure sufferers at relatively high risk. your physician is likely doing just as poorly as you are and eating just as unhealthily or worse. after following my guidelines in eat to live, you could improve your doctor \u2019 s health and reduce his or her risk of premature death more than he or she could help yours. even when physicians offer their fullest time and effort, their recommendations are invariably too mild to have a significant benefit. patients should be given the clear facts that medications do not have a significant impact on reducing heart attacks, the leading cause of death in people with high blood pressure. in fact, because of their negative effect on lipids and glucose levels, drug treatments such as beta - blockers and diuretics may even increase the risk of heart attacks in some individuals. some of the side effects of high blood pressure medication are hard to ignore. they include fatigue, headache, swelling, nausea, dizziness and many others. for example, i routinely see patients complaining of sexual dysfunction who are anxious to get off their medication. the main message is that this band - aid approach to high blood pressure is inadequate. for individuals who want to truly protect themselves, they have to look for a comprehensive approach that removes the cause of atherosclerosis and high blood pressure, allowing the body to get well. don \u2019 t be a medical statistic \u2014 disease \u2013 proof your body weight loss, high vegetable diets and lots of uncooked fruits and vegetables have all been shown to be effective at reducing blood pressure. with the nutritional interventions i offer my patients, almost all of them are able to normalize their blood pressure and stop taking high blood pressure medication. most physicians do not offer their patients sufficiently aggressive dietary advice to enable them to improve their condition enough to stop medications. patients come to me looking to get well and not just trying to cover up their symptoms with medication. clearly, this advice is not for everyone, but it ' s for those who want to extend their years of vibrant health and life. my book, eat to live, explains my dietary methods that most effectively normalize blood pressure, without using medication. the difference is that the patient has not merely lowered their blood pressure ; they have improved the flow of blood in their vessels by restoring elasticity, removing plaque and restoring a more youthful normalcy to their tissues. instead of the continuation of a disease, causing diet leading to their premature demise, they have chosen a health, promoting diet leading to disease reversal and health protection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4378093351421073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.177588"} {"text": "vessels by restoring elasticity, removing plaque and restoring a more youthful normalcy to their tissues. instead of the continuation of a disease, causing diet leading to their premature demise, they have chosen a health, promoting diet leading to disease reversal and health protection. when i discuss the futility of medical interventions and the superior results obtained with the methods described in eat to live with my medical colleagues or even with the esteemed physician - researchers at the medical school that i attended, their typical comment is that very few people will want so restrictive a dietary approach no matter how effective. whether this is true or not is irrelevant. we must, at least, offer patients the alternatives open to them and to let them make the decision. it is unethical to decide for them paternalistically and withhold evidence of the effectiveness of this natural nutritional approach. i believe many physicians would be surprised at the large percentage of patients who would choose a natural approach to recover their health rather than resort to continuous drugging and medical interventions. when individuals are educated about the side effects and risks of drugs and how they treat only the symptoms of high blood pressure without addressing the underlying cause, they routinely become very interested in the natural approach. when they find out it is possible to dramatically lower their blood pressure without drugs and prevent a heart attack or stroke from occurring, they want to learn more. i am surprised at the large number of people who are willing to make the necessary dietary modifications, especially when you introduce delicious new recipes that are healthful and show them how delicious healthy eating can be. numerous scientific investigations have shown that the following interventions have some degree of effectiveness in lowering blood pressure : - weight loss - sodium restriction - increased potassium intake - increased calcium and magnesium intake - alcohol restriction - caffeine restriction - increased fiber intake - increased consumption of fruits and vegetables - increased physical activity or exercise studies have shown controlling sodium intake and weight loss to be effective in reducing blood pressure, even in the elderly. how can you implement these interventions into your lifestyle? it \u2019 s easy. to start, first read the dietary guidelines in eat to live and you will be on the road to better health. nutritional supplements, instead of drugs even though dietary excellence is the foundation of care for those with high blood pressure, after a lifetime of eating the standard american diet, dietary modification may not result in sufficient protection in the short run. we want to assure the blood pressure and cholesterol levels achieve favorable levels, and we want to achieve this if possible without the use of medications. the judicious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48843892670516087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.178708"} {"text": "american diet, dietary modification may not result in sufficient protection in the short run. we want to assure the blood pressure and cholesterol levels achieve favorable levels, and we want to achieve this if possible without the use of medications. the judicious use of appropriate nutritional supplements can also be used to lower the blood pressure, lower cholesterol and reduce the risk of blood vessel disease, strokes and heart attacks. i recommend my patients with high blood pressure to take my supplements designed to accelerate reversal of their blood vessel disease. ldl protect \u2013 combines 4 natural cholesterol lowering agents to effectively reduce cholesterol without the side effects risks and toxicity of medications. dha + epa purity \u2013 an all vegetable - derived ( vegan ) omega - 3 supplement containing dha and epa, beneficial fatty acids normally found in fish - oil tablets. detailed descriptions of these uniquely designed supplements are found in the store here at drfuhrman. com my approach combines dietary modifications, utilizing natural foods that lower cholesterol and blood pressure ( incorporating delicious recipes that do not use salt for flavor ), with intelligent supplementation to further reduce and remove disease risks, without taking on a new set of risks from medications themselves. this program enables people to achieve dramatic reversal in their health conditions and dramatic protection from disease. it is the wisest way to address your problem with blood pressure and cholesterol. this does not mean that medication never has to be used to bring blood pressure down, but it does mean that the necessity for medication will be a very rare occurrence. the majority of patients with high blood pressure die of heart attack, not strokes. medications, therefore, have been shown to have little or no effect in reducing overall cardiovascular mortality in major clinical trials. even when researchers lumped together all nine of the major hypertensive trials to achieve the statistical power of very large numbers, no significant trend was noticed in the ability of high blood pressure medication to reduce the mortality or morbidity of coronary heart disease. in the united states, about 400, 000 people a year suffer from strokes. forty percent of these strokes may be fatal, but the 60 percent that live are often doomed to a life of suffering and disability. the cost of strokes is not just measured in the billions of dollars lost in work, hospitalization and the care of survivors in nursing homes, but the major cost or impact of a stroke is the loss of an independent lifestyle that occurs in 30 % of the survivors. after a stroke, a self - sustaining and enjoyable lifestyle may lose most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47101977909066994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.180375"} {"text": "hospitalization and the care of survivors in nursing homes, but the major cost or impact of a stroke is the loss of an independent lifestyle that occurs in 30 % of the survivors. after a stroke, a self - sustaining and enjoyable lifestyle may lose most of its quality as the person can no longer walk, feed, or express him / her self normally. the family members find themselves in a new role as caregivers ; it is a true tragedy. what makes these events even more heartbreaking is that they never had to happen in the first place. when patients are given all of the facts, including the real benefits of removing the disease rather than merely disguising its existence with drugs, they almost invariably choose the natural way to a healthy heart, the eat to live way. don \u2019 t be a statistic! you can choose to protect yourself from both heart attacks and strokes. remember, if you are on medication the effects of this nutritional program are so decisive that you may find yourself dangerously over - medicated. it is important to work with a competent physician who can lower your dose of medications accordingly as your blood pressure and weight decrease. besides office visits, i also offer phone consultations for those needing advice on medication adjustment that will be necessary for those with medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure. lewington s, clarke r, qizilbash n, et al. age - specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality : a meta - analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. lancet 2002 ; 360 : 1903 - 1913.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45376484514742843, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.181057"} {"text": "have you ever stared at a blank computer screen hoping for some inspiring topic to pop into your mind so you can start writing? this can be very frustrating because it not only wastes your precious time, but prevents you from going forward with other business tasks. here are some simple steps to writing an article. 1. select a topic choosing a topic is easy if you know where to look. visit forums, blogs, article directories, create google alerts. create a folder of article topics or write them down on paper as they enter your mind. when reading books, add sticky notes to the pages that contain headings of possible topics on the content you \u2019 re reading. 2. write an introductory paragraph the first paragraph of your article should point out the a specific problem. describe how bad the problem is by tapping into the emotions of your reader. make them feel the pain then point out the solutions. 3. write the main content the body of your article should contain the main content. outline several solutions to the problem you described in the introduction by writing a paragraph on each one. don \u2019 t worry about spelling or grammar as you write. just focus on writing to keep your creative juices flowing. if you stop and correct each sentence your creative ideas won \u2019 t be spontaneous and you \u2019 ll struggle with writing the rest of the content. write short paragraphs of approximately 5 sentences. if you create create white space between paragraphs and use bullet points it will be easier to read the content. 4. write a concluding paragraph this paragraph summarizes the content of your article. don \u2019 t use the same words you used in the body but use synonyms. 5. create a resource box this contains a call to action, a little about yourself or your business and a link to your web site. try to include 2 links \u2026 one that contains link text and the other your full web site address. 6. proof read your article don \u2019 t just run your article through a spell checker, but read it aloud to yourself or get someone else to read it. if the sentences sound strange, rewrite them until they sound and flow well. leave the article for a few hours or a day then read it again. taking a fresh look at the content helps you to find better ways to write it and have greater impact on your readers. 7. submit to article directories manually submit your article to the top article directories in the correct categories. don \u2019 t submit to thousands of directories using automatic submission software. search engines don \u2019 t spider", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.409382899103484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.186206"} {"text": "new technology aims to prevent drunk driving cars and trucks one day may have built - in blood alcohol detectors, the wall street journal reports. research on the driver alcohol detection system for safety ( dadss ) is progressing more quickly than expected, and could be available within eight to 10 years, experts say. the technology could be built into a vehicle \u2019 s dashboard or controls. it would check a driver \u2019 s blood alcohol level, and would not start if the level were above the legal limit. researchers developing the system are working with the alliance of automobile manufacturers and the national highway traffic safety administration ( nhtsa ). the next goal would be to develop a commercially produced vehicle that could drive a drunk owner home, the article notes. about one - third of drivers killed in car crashes have blood alcohol levels of 0. 08 or higher, according to the insurance institute for highway safety. devices called alcohol interlocks are already available to disable a car if the driver is intoxicated. they are primarily used for people who have been caught with blood alcohol levels above the legal limit. about 16 states require people convicted of drunk driving to install these devices in their vehicles. drivers must blow into a tube to verify they are sober before they can start the car. the new technology being developed would not require blowing into a tube. it could be embedded in a starter button or shift lever. a proposed federal transportation bill would give the nhtsa \u2019 s alcohol detector program $ 24 million over two years. the funding would allow the agency to equip 100 or more cars with prototypes of the new alcohol detection devices. one device would measure alcohol in the driver \u2019 s breath, while the other would take a reading from the driver \u2019 s skin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46859288207840427, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.189712"} {"text": "there are many diseases that follow seasonal patterns, especially infectious diseases. for many people, it is not common to associate infections with the summer season because we are all most familiar with the winter cold and flu season. yet certain infections are most common in the summer. among young children, common summer viral infections include a group of viruses known as enteroviruses. some members of this family are notorious, such as poliovirus. members of my parents \u2019 generation recall public - health admonitions to avoid swimming pools during the summer because of concerns about polio, a virus that can infect the nervous system and produce chronic paralysis. like other enteroviruses, poliovirus is transmitted by the so - called fecal - oral route, in which fecal material contaminates water or hands and is transmitted to the mouth when the mouth is touched. fortunately, the development of an effective vaccine and its routine use has virtually eliminated polio except in a few remote areas of the world. other common enteroviruses, for which vaccinations do not exist, continue to produce summer illness, albeit not as severe as poliovirus. common symptoms of enteroviral infection in young children can include fever and rash. most such infections resolve without treatment or complication. such infections can be avoided altogether through effective hygiene, such as hand - washing. other summertime infectious illnesses include those transmitted by bugs, such as mosquitoes and ticks. tick - borne diseases are endemic to many areas of the united states, including colorado. colorado tick fever affects up to 15 percent of campers in the state. it is caused by a tick - borne virus and produces fever and flu - like illness within a few days of the tick bite. fortunately, symptoms usually resolve without treatment or complications once the tick is removed. lyme disease, which can cause rash, arthritis and neurological problems, is not common locally, but can affect summer travelers in the northeast, midwest and pacific northwest. many other tick - borne illnesses are common in other parts of the united states. tick - borne diseases are preventable by wearing protective clothing, use of permethrin - containing insect repellants on clothing and skin and also by carefully inspecting for ticks after activities such as hiking or camping. summer infectious diseases are also transmitted by mosquitoes, including viral diseases caused by the arbovirus and flavivirus families of viruses. many such illnesses actually infect birds, horses and livestock, and are transmitted to people through a mosquito bite. examples are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45188112897491317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.195647"} {"text": "the inanda heritage route takes in some of the most important, albeit little - known, historical sites of durban. winding its way through the inanda valley, it provides a snapshot of critical south african history as well as, perhaps surprisingly, india ' s past. inanda ' s recent history dates back to the early 1800s, when kwazulu natal was a boer republic. it was a farm then, which passed hands several times as the boers left and the british arrived, and then when african and indian farmers came here to farm sugar cane. but it was the events that unfolded at the turn of the century that shaped its future. first mahatma gandhi, then a lawyer, arrived in the region to represent an indian client. after being thrown off a train for sitting in a \" whites only \" section, gandhi stayed on here and started his passive resistance movement. then, in the 1960s, inanda became home to the thousands of people displaced from urban areas under apartheid laws. it quickly grew into a shanty town and then, as segregation laws took further hold, a dense informal settlement that was later the site of intense political violence. in 1994, inanda ' s outlook changed as democracy was born in south africa. to mark the occasion, nelson mandela cast his vote in this historic election at inanda ' s ohlange institute, fitting given that the first - ever president of the african national congress ( anc ), dr. john l. dube, established this school in 1901. it ' s this wealth of history that you can explore on the inanda heritage route. the trail starts in phoenix settlement, established in 1904 by gandhi. here you can see gandhi ' s house, and his international printing press and museum. next it moves on to the ohlange institute, dube ' s house - a national monument - and his grave. a second educational institution on the trail is inanda seminary, the first secondary school for african girls and one of the oldest in south africa. finally the route stops at ebuhleni with a look at the elaborate rituals of the shembe church. combined with a visit to the picturesque inanda dam nearby, this makes for a fascinating day outing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.434193714541065, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.198281"} {"text": "estimations of magnetic core loss are of great interest to power electronics engineers and magnetic material scientists. however, conventional measurement methods, like four - wire and calorimeters are typically not accurate at high frequency, or are too complicated and time consuming. a cpes research team has developed a series of new methods to measure high - frequency magnetic core loss that are simple, fast, accurate and adaptive for any excitation waveform and dc flux level. the new methods compare the core being tested with air core by using reactive cancellation concept, explains mingkai mu, a ph. d. student who invented these methods. \u201c since the air core is lossless, \u201d he says, \u201c the difference in the two cores represents the loss for the core being tested. \u201d the measurement accuracy of the new method is more robust with phase discrepancy, which is the major problem for high - frequency core loss measurement, he notes. the new methods are appropriate for high frequency ( 1 mhz \u2013 100 mhz, or even higher ) measurement. \u201c with these new methods, core loss for different flux waveforms can be accurately measured and many magnetic phenomena and models can be verified, \u201d he says. the new methods can be the standard methods for high - frequency magnetic materials loss characterization, and be built as high - accuracy measurement instruments. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.545550593618505, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.200508"} {"text": "methods used in air pollution prevention air pollution is a major fear, particularly in very inhabited places around the world. the more traffic and people there is in some country the more air pollution that is registered. a little air pollution sums quite fast and with a crowded environment that has in mind in little time at all. the consequences of air pollution can be really damaging to people and animals. it is really abusive to children and those with respiratory problems. experiencing clean air is fundamental for a good quality of life and that is wherefore there is a major concentrate on air pollution prevention. air pollution threats transportation is the most evidential sphere that adds to air pollution. the air pollution induced by vehicles, airplanes, trains and other fashions of transportation is the biggest amount. of course, air pollution can come from other sources. air pollution can be from chemicals, waste material, oil production, nuclear weapons and another toxic substances. on a smaller level air pollution is as well caused by house appliances and cigaret smoking. an important point about air pollution is that even tiny amounts of pollution sum up when there is a heavily inhabited domain. the clean air act is a superb representation of the government \u2019 s role in air pollution prevention. this act aids to influence and enforce laws that attempt to eliminate or dilute the causes of air pollution. the administration sets the standards and serve up to get everyone engaged for cleaner air. the environmental protection agency as well runs a significant role in air pollution prevention. the epa is working hard to shape the discharges of vehicles. standards are rigorously updated to ensure that the coming vehicles are to a greater extent environmentally friendly then those of the past times. in the engagement for air pollution prevention the newest efforts have involved brand - new applied science and educational activity. technologies like hybrid cars have been one of the greatest break throughs for the prevention of air pollution. vehicles contribute greatly to air pollution and through the use of hybrids that pollution level is greatly minimized. this is likewise being supplemented with ideas for innovative energy forms that can even allow a car to operate with no pollution being emitted. education of the public about air pollution and how to prevent it is evenly being found of the essence. the more people know about the damages of air pollution and what induces it, the better fit they are to do their portion. air pollution prevention in truth is about everyone working together. thus, everyone has to understand the situation and be armed with the necessary info so they can practice their part to prevent air pollution. eco friendly posts : - air pollution prevention information brings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4659218057409319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.204507"} {"text": "one issue addressed in my lab is : what are the key synaptic proteins that regulate activity - development of the cerebral cortex and how do they regulate synaptic development? the brain develops as a result of a complex interplay between genetic instruction ( nature ) and experience ( nurture ). our laboratory is interested in genes that allow the brain to learn and store information during development. at the heart of both childhood and adult learning and memory are the molecules that regulate the way neurons communicate, namely neurotransmitter receptors and their downstream signaling pathways. recently several forms of childhood cognitive impairment, including fragile x syndrome ( fxs ), have been shown to result from genetic alteration of genes encoding proteins that regulate glutamate receptors signaling and synaptic development. fxs is the most common form of genetically inherited cognitive impairment with a prevalence of approximately 1 : 4000 boys and 1 : 8000 girls. fxs results from genetic silencing of the fragile x mental retardation gene ( fmr1 ), which encodes the fragile x mental retardation protein ( fmrp ). fmrp is a key regulator of synaptic development and belongs to a family of \u201c synaptopathies \u201d caused by genetic disruption of genes that encode synaptic proteins that result in altered synaptic development. other synaptic proteins being examined in the laboratory whose disruption leads to cognitive impairment in humans include syngap and sap - 102. finally we are examining the role of the tuberous sclerosis genes ( tsc1 and tsc2 ) in cortical development. the research projects in my laboratory are addressing several key issues : mcmahon ac, barnett mw, o \u2019 leary ts, stoney pn, collins mo, papadia s, choudhary js, komiyama nh, grant sgn, hardingham ge, wyllie dja and kind pc ( 2012 ) activity - dependent alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing enable syngap isoforms to exert opposing effects on synaptic strength. nature communications. 3. martel m - a, ryan t, bell kf, fowler jh, mcmahon a, al - mubarak b, komiyama n, horsburgh k, kind pc, grant sg, wyllie dj, hardingham ge the subtype of glun2 ( 2012 ) c - terminal domain determines the response to excitotoxic insults. neuron. 74 : 543 - 556. till sm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5249236980671517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.211562"} {"text": ", grant sg, wyllie dj, hardingham ge the subtype of glun2 ( 2012 ) c - terminal domain determines the response to excitotoxic insults. neuron. 74 : 543 - 556. till sm, wijetunge ls, seidel vg, harlow e, wright a, bagni c, contractor a, gillingwater th, kind pc ( 2012 ) genetic deletion of fmrp alters the trajectory of specific cellular processes during cortical development. human molecular genetics. 21 : 2143 - 2156 jaffer s, vorobyov v, kind pc, sengpiel f ( 2012 ) experience dependent regulation of functional maps in synaptic protein expression in cat visual cortex. eur. j neurosci. in press. kind pc, sengpiel f, beaver cj, kelly gm, matthews rt and mitchell de ( 2012 ) development and activity - dependent expression of aggrecan in the cat visual cortex. cerebral cortex. in press. harlow eg, till sm, russell ta, wijetunge ls, kind pc and contractor a ( 2010 ) critical period plasticity is disrupted in the barrel cortex of fmr1 knockout mice. neuron, 65, 385 - 398. thomson re, kind pc, graham na, etherson ml, kennedy j, fernandes ac, marques cs, hevner rf, iwata t. ( 2009 ) fgf receptor 3 activation promotes selective growth and expansion of occipitotemporal cortex. neural dev. 4 : 4. wijetunge l, till s, ingham c, gillingwater t and kind pc ( 2008 ) mglur5 regulates glutamate - dependent development of the mouse somatosensory cortex. j. neurosci. 28 : 13028 - 13037. watson rf, abdel - majid rm, barnett mw, willis bs, katsnelson a, gillingwater th, mcknight gs, kind pc *, and neumann pe ( 2006 ) involvement of protein kinase a in patterning of the mouse somatosensory cortex. j. neurosci. 17 : 5393 - 5361. * pc kind is communication author. mitchell de, kind pc sengpiel f, murphy k ( 2006 ) short periods of concordant binocular vision prevent the development of deprivation amblyopia. eur. j", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5173100146953389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.212465"} {"text": "- 5361. * pc kind is communication author. mitchell de, kind pc sengpiel f, murphy k ( 2006 ) short periods of concordant binocular vision prevent the development of deprivation amblyopia. eur. j. neurosci. 23 : 2458 - 2466. barnett mw, watson r, vitalis t, porter k, komiyama nh, stoney pn, gillingwater th, grant sgn and kind pc syngap regulates pattern formation in the trigeminal system of mice. j. neurosci. 26 : 1355 - 1365. porter k, komiyama nh, vitalis t, kind pc & grant sgn ( 2005 ) differential expression of two nmda receptor interacting proteins, psd - 95 and syngap during mouse development. eur. j. neurosci. 21 : 351 - 362. spires tl, molnar z, kind pc, cordery pm, upton al, blakemore c, hannan aj. ( 2005 ) activity - dependent regulation of synapse and dendritic spine morphology in developing barrel cortex requires phospholipase c - b1 signalling. cereb. cortex 15 : 385 - 393. mitchell de, kind pc, sengpiel f, murphy k. ( 2003 ) brief daily periods of binocular vision prevent deprivation - induced acuity loss. curr. biol. 13 : 1704 - 8. sengpiel, f and kind, pc ( 2002 ) the role of activity in the development of the visual system. curr. biol. 12 : r818 - 826. vitalis t, cases o, gillies k, hanoun n, hamon m, seif i, gaspar p, kind pc, and price dj ( 2002 ) interactions between trkb - signalling and serotonin excess in the developing murine somatosensory cortex : a role in tangential and radial organisation of thalamocortical axons. j. neurosci. 22 : 4987 - 5000. kind pc, mitchell de, ahmed b, blakemore c, bonhoeffer t and sengpiel f ( 2002 ) correlated binocular activity guides recovery from monocular deprivation. nature 416 : 430 - 433. hannan aj, blakemore c, katsnelson a, huber k, roder jk, bear m, kim d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5612281846476803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.213361"} {"text": "make art like the ancient greeks : black - figure vase painting when is a vase just a vase and when is it art? can it ever be both? in ancient greece, vases were not only utilitarian but they were also visual masterpieces. decorating a vase in the style of the ancient greek artists isn ' t difficult at all ; all you need are a few basic materials and your imagination. so grab your supplies, find a space to work, and get ready to go back in time! hands - on activities like this are a great way to spark your child ' s interest in art history and ancient cultures by bringing the subject to life. reading about greek vases in a textbook can be dull, but making your own is a lot of fun! what you need : - art books on ancient greek art from the library or images downloaded from the internet - plain, unadorned terracotta flower pot ( any size ) - black permanent markers ( fine and extra fine ) or acrylic paint what you do : - before beginning the vase, start by doing a little research into classic greek black - figure pottery with your child. flip through the art books from the library or look at the images downloaded from the internet. as you do, talk about recurring design motifs and the overall style of the black - figure paintings. - using a pencil, have him sketch a design onto the flower pot. while the greeks most often painted scenes from literature, mythology, or daily life on their vases, creating an original design is the most fun part of the project. encourage him to be imaginative and creative with his pattern design or scene. - when he is satisfied with his design, have him erase any stray marks and make sure that his outline is dark enough to guide him when he starts painting. - now have him go over his design in either sharpie or with black acrylic paint. for highly detailed designs, it ' s best to use an extra - fine sharpie. also keep in mind that the greeks weren \u2019 t afraid of leaving blank space on their vases so remind him to let some of the natural terracotta show through! did you know? there were a number of steps to making and decorating a vase in ancient greece. after the potter shaped the vase on a pottery wheel and allowed it to dry, the designs were painted on using a slip that would change color when fired. additional details could be incised after the pot was fired or added using a special glaze. greek vases are one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44139023986112946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.216171"} {"text": "8. scurrula buddleioides ( desrousseaux ) g. don, gen. hist. 3 : 421. 1834. \u751f dian zang li guo ji sheng shrubs 0. 5 - 2 m tall, young branchlets, leaves, and inflorescences with dense short grayish yellow, rarely brown, verticillate and stellate hairs. branches brownish, glabrous, scattered lenticellate. leaves opposite ; petiole 4 - 12 mm, pilose ; leaf blade ovate, ovate - oblong to oblong, 6 - 10 \u00d7 3. 5 - 8 cm, papery or thinly leathery, abaxial surface minutely tomentose, adaxial surface glabrous, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, base obtuse to rounded, apex acute. racemes 2 - 5 - fascicled, axillary, sometimes at leafless nodes, 3 - 5 ( - 7 ) - flowered ; peduncle and rachis 1. 5 - 5 mm, brownish or grayish yellow tomentose. flowers densely alternate ; bracts ovate, ca. 1 mm. pedicel 1 - 1. 5 mm. calyx pyriform, 2 - 3 mm, limb annular, ciliate. mature bud tubular, 1. 5 - 2 cm, tip ellipsoid. corolla red, slightly curved and inflated, tomentose, lobes lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, reflexed. style red ; stigma subcapitate. berry pyriform, 8 - 10 \u00d7 3. 5 - 4 mm, pilose, base tapering into stalk. fl. and fr. jan - dec. forests, thickets, mountain slopes, valleys ; 1100 - 2200 m. sichuan, xizang, yunnan [ india ]. recorded hosts include species of caprifoliaceae, coriariaceae, fagaceae, moraceae, rosaceae, rutaceae, and tiliaceae.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39440408043973496, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.218883"} {"text": "origin and taxonomy of einkorn wheat derived from the german term \u201c einkorn \u201d, meaning \u201c single grain \u201d, einkorn wheat is either triticum boeoticum ( wild wheat ), or triticum monococcum ( domesticated species ). domesticated and wild forms of wheat may be considered either as separate species, or as triticum monococcum \u2019 s subspecies. einkorn is among hulled wheat \u2019 s diploid species, with its grains being tightly enclosed with tough husks, also called the hull. apart from the larger seeds and the intact nature of the ear when ripe, cultivated forms of einkorn wheat are similar to its wild counterparts. although einkorn wheat was found in abundance millennia ago, it is limited to only a few regions today. the crop is not often planted, and has become popular as a super food in recent times. origins of einkorn wheat along with triticum dicoccum ( emmer wheat ), einkorn wheat is recognised among the forms of wheat that were first cultivated by humans. grains of the wild form were traced back to tens of thousands of years ago, and the first domestication of wild einkorn was recorded approximately around 7500 bc. it is believed to originate from the fertile areas of the tigris - euphrates regions. the origination of the wheat is believed to be a result of crossing the triticum speltoides ( wheat grass ) and triticum monococcum ( domesticated wheat ) naturally. dna finger - printing has shown evidence to suggest the domestication of einkorn wheat was carried out close to the mountains of kacara dag, located in the south - eastern parts of turkey. however, the bronze age saw a decrease in the cultivation of the grain. the crop can be found in mountainous regions of morocco, france, turkey, and parts of the former soviet union. it survives and thrives on soils where most other forms of wheat do not flourish. einkorn was among the first cereals that were cultivated, following its wide distribution around transcaucasia, the middle east, south - western europe, the balkans and the mediterranean areas. taxonomy of einkorn wheat einkorn wheat differs from varieties of modern wheat. similar to other ancient forms of the crop ( spelt and emmer ), einkorn is classified as \u201c covered wheat \u201d. if un - branched, the inflorescence or head of cereal crops", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46876452000009056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.222416"} {"text": "can childhood obesity hinder the brain? reading, math worse in kids with many obesity - related risk factors by denise mann reviewed by louise chang, md the risks for metabolic syndrome include : researcher antonio convit, md, says the bottom line is, \" we are seeing brain changes in kids with metabolic syndrome and we don ' t know if this is reversible. \" children with metabolic syndrome scored 10 % lower on mental tasks that are important for learning, he says. the findings appear in pediatrics. what to do? in the new study, obese or overweight teens with metabolic syndrome could not read as well, scored worse on math tests, and took longer to complete tasks than children who did not have metabolic syndrome. what ' s more, their brains also had physical differences. the new study included 49 teens with metabolic syndrome and 62 without it. the more metabolic syndrome risks that participants had, the more pronounced the brain changes were, the study shows. convit calls for testing for insulin resistance among at - risk children, particularly those who are very overweight and those who have a family history of diabetes or heart disease. other solutions include having physical education programs in school. \" we should invest more in physical education so kids are fitter and less likely to have insulin resistance, which is the main driver of these brain changes. \" insulin resistance affects brain insulin is a hormone that helps the body turn sugar into energy. insulin resistance occurs when the body does not use insulin properly. michele mietus - snyder, md, says the new findings should serve as a wake - up call. \" every cell in every organ system requires energy to live and insulin is the gatekeeper, \" she says. \" insulin resistance has reached beyond the traditional organ systems to the brain. \" \" we need to be very vigilant when children start to gain belly fat because we don ' t want children to fall behind the metabolic eight ball. \" if that occurs, it becomes a catch - 22. \" how can you expect someone to make healthy choices when they are [ mentally ] impaired? \" scott kahan, md, mph, is the director of the national center for weight and wellness in washington, d. c. \" metabolic syndrome was unheard of in kids until recently, \" he says. \" it is striking that a significant number of kids have metabolic syndrome, but the fact that we can show further consequences in the brain is even more striking. \" sources : antonio convit, md, professor of psychiatry and medicine, nyu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4543993367738306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.226440"} {"text": "english plus + news, december 1998 last week, for the second time in the 222 year history of the united states a president was impeached. the lower legislative body, the house of representatives, voted to accuse president clinton of certain crimes including perjury and obstruction of justice. according to the u. s. constitution, the charges are sent to the senate, the upper legislative body, where a trial is held and the senate votes on whether or not to remove the president from office. almost immediately there were calls for some kind of compromise or plea bargain. most of these calls were for censure. and that is where the language problems began. censure and censor are similar - sounding and involve some kind of government regulation or judgment. however, these two words mean something very different. if you do not confuse them, it will help you follow a variety of political events more closely. both words are politically loaded. i have seen them frequently misused, even by people who should know better. in the case of censor, i believe that sometimes the people do know better, they do it deliberately. censure is a \" formal rebuke \" or \" official displeasure. \" it is done by someone, usually some kind of assembly, in authority. the s in the word is pronounced like as sh, just as in the word sure. the u. s. congress has censured its members a number of times for unbecoming conduct. usually there is no specific punishment, just an official notice. in the u. s. congress, that may mean the end of a political career, but not always. about ten years ago two congressmen were censured for sexual activity with underage house pages. one resigned as a result of the censure ; the other has been re - elected and still serves. censure can be either a noun or a verb, though the verb is more common. noun example - - \" the censure of sen. mccarthy effectively ended his career. \" verb example - - \" the synod voted to censure the priest for his unauthorized activities. \" censor means \" to regulate or prohibit writing or speech. \" this is normally a verb. when used as a noun, censor is \" a person who censors. \" verb example - - \" soldiers ' letters from war zones are frequently censored to avoid passing on sensitive information. \" noun example - - \" the soldier would have to carefully word his letter so that it would pass", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4922149813679325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.232521"} {"text": "person who censors. \" verb example - - \" soldiers ' letters from war zones are frequently censored to avoid passing on sensitive information. \" noun example - - \" the soldier would have to carefully word his letter so that it would pass the censor. \" the activity or condition of censoring is called censorship, the suffix is like the - ship suffix in friendship. i recently heard one of the elected representatives speak of \" censureship of the president. \" there is no such word. one would think that a professional lawmaker would understand that. now if the president were sent to prison, then what he wrote might be censored by prison authorities. ( please understand, i am trying to carefully not take a stand here on the political issue : i am just using this as an example. ) the word censor has been bandied about loosely in political contexts. we sometimes read of parents of schoolchildren or patrons of libraries objecting to certain books. teachers ' unions and some activist organizations may refer to such things as \" censorship \" or such parents or patrons as \" censors. \" this is not censorship in most cases. there is usually no call to legally ban or rewrite the books in question. it is usually a call to either not have their own children read them or to remove the book from the curriculum. ( i teach ; i have experienced this ). on the other hand, the lord ' s prayer has been censored, at least in u. s. public schools, since 1963. that was an official act of the supreme court limiting this kind of speech in public schools. occasionally college incidents that may involve censorship make the news. many campuses have \" underground \" or \" alternative \" newspapers. on a few campuses, students opposed to the these papers have seized as many copies as they could before the papers could be distributed. in some cases there were hardly any copies left. such students were acting as censors, though they had no official backing. at at least three campuses in the united states, the administration supported such seizures. when it became officially sanctioned as it was in these cases, then the act became censorship. if there were any questions of censorship surrounding president clinton ' s difficulties, they had to do with the content of the special prosecutor ' s report and testimonies of some of the witnesses. some did argue that the special prosecutor ' s report should have been censored to remove some of the explicit details the way that the nixon tapes were during the water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5112461242189845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.233725"} {"text": "of the special prosecutor ' s report and testimonies of some of the witnesses. some did argue that the special prosecutor ' s report should have been censored to remove some of the explicit details the way that the nixon tapes were during the watergate hearings. the famous \" expletive deleted \" from the transcripts of the watergate tapes is an example of censorship. to sum up, censoring is regulating or prohibiting types of speech or writing. censuring is an official rebuke of a person for some offense. this may help you as you sort through the news in the coming weeks. i do hope to continue with the idea of what a grammar checking program can and cannot do next time. our program grammar slammer deluxe includes many words like censor / censure that people often confuse. these words are ones that spell checkers and grammar checkers often overlook because both are real words in english. grammar slammer deluxe has two components - - grammar slammer ( demo available for download ) and spelling slammer ( grammar slammer demo includes sample ). this handy resource will help you overcome such confusion. go to http : / / englishplus. com / pub / grmslm20. zip for latest grammar slammer demo the weekly computer magazine infoworld has been carrying a series of articles on what it calls the \" technopropisms \" caused by unthinking dependence on spell and grammar checkers. grammar slammer deluxe was created to help you overcome this. some of those articles are linked below. a recent article on the seizure and destruction of campus newspapers can be found at http : / / www. usnews. com / usnews / issue / 981207 / 7john. htm. for the original work on freedom of the press and speech, see milton ' s areopagitica from 1644 at a \" modernist \" interpretation of areopagitica is at http : / / www. yale. edu / lawweb / lawschool / occpaper / blasi. htm we wish you the best in 1999, and may all your anguish be vanquished, your friends at english plus + any suggestions for our web site, please send them to firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5437380157522698, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.234650"} {"text": "this park is part of... the gondwana rainforests of australia world heritage area the gondwana rainforests of australia world heritage area is a series of over 40 rainforest national parks and reserves stretching along the great escarpment from barrington tops to south - east queensland and including iluka nature reserve on the nsw coast. they form part of the world ' s heritage, inscribed on the world heritage list in recognition of their outstanding universal value. world heritage areas are irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration \u2014 places of such value that the international community has agreed they must be conserved for all time. the gondwana rainforests contain plants and animals with direct linkages to the ancient forests of gondwana ; a fascinating landscape history of volcanoes and massive continental uplift, and habitats for a great variety of threatened plant and animal species of outstanding universal value. explore the amazing gondwana rainforests of australia world heritage area within north - east nsw and southeast queensland. experience its natural treasures, yours to visit, explore and appreciate. it offers breathtaking views of the great escarpment, shield volcanoes and waterfalls. take a scenic drive, go bushwalking, have a picnic or go camping. most parks have visitor facilities and are easily accessible by sealed or graded gravel roads from major towns. for more information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4234515302492956, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.236068"} {"text": "the atlantic mixed forests ecoregion includes coastal vegetation formations of dunes and heathlands with vegetation that thrives in salty soil. sand dune systems occur along the southwestern coast of france, the region known as les landes, covered by both natural and planted forests of maritime pine ( pinus pinaster ). they are rich in plant life, and home to a number of endemics. bird diversity is particularly high - - over 440 species have been recorded in the netherlands alone. most of the ecoregion \u2019 s mammals are widespread in other parts of europe. several are listed on the international union for conservation of nature and natural resources red list, including otter, european mink, and several species of bat. only fragments of natural vegetation remain in this ecoregion, as most of the area was converted long ago into intensive agriculture or pasture. location and general description this ecoregion is located at the western coast of the eurasian continent. the eastern limits are determined by the progressive disappearance of oceanic species and the appearance of continental species. long - term human activities have wiped out most evident signs of natural forests, so it is difficult to establish a definitive biogeographic boundary. the topography consists of flat and undulating lowlands except for the hills of brittany. sand dune systems occur along the southwestern coast of france, the region known as les landes. these dunes are covered by both natural and planted forests of maritime pine ( pinus pinaster ). rich in plant life, they are home to a number of endemics. temperature variation and precipitation levels are not limiting factors to biodiversity. mean annual temperatures are between 9\u00b0 and 12\u00b0c from north to south, and annual precipitation ranges from 700 to 1000 millimeters ( mm ). soils are generally acidic in sedimentary basins, and on hercynian crystalline bedrock in brittany. the loire river, the only remaining european lowland river without major riverbed regulations is found here, as are the gironde, seine, rhine, ems, weser, and elbe rivers at lower elevations. several mixed oak forests are also found in the ecoregion, dominated by quercus robur and betula pendula, or q. robur and fagus sylvatica. on the coastline, heathlands with ulex gallii occur, adapted to local ecological conditions of wind and sea spray. in general, heathlands with ericaceae ( calluna, erica, and ulex spp. ) have replaced natural forests. further south, different oaks appear, including q. petraea and q. pubescens, but many forests are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4163600333167662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.243905"} {"text": "spray. in general, heathlands with ericaceae ( calluna, erica, and ulex spp. ) have replaced natural forests. further south, different oaks appear, including q. petraea and q. pubescens, but many forests are planted with pinus sylvestris ( pinus maritimus further south ) mainly on poor sandy soils. the netherlands alone has recorded over four hundred and forty species of avifauna, including the threatened ortolan bunting ( emberiza hortulana ), garganey ( anas querquedula ), snipe ( gallinago gallinago ), kentish plover ( charadrius alexandrinus ), corn bunting ( miliaria calandra ), and spotted crake ( porzana porzana ). other notable species of birds in this ecoregion include wryneck ( jynx torquilla ), red backed shrike ( lanius collurio ), black grouse ( lyrurus tetrix ), savi ' s warbler ( locustella luscinioides ), and great reed warbler ( acrocephalus arundinaceus ) the mammal fauna of the ecoregion is mostly composed of species widespread throughout europe : red deer ( cervus elaphus ), fallow deer ( dama dama ), roe deer ( capreolus capreolus ), badger ( meles meles ), stone marten ( martes foina ), and pine marten ( martes martes ). several of the mammals found in the ecoregion are listed on the international union for conservation of nature and natural resources red list, including otter ( lutra lutra ), european mink ( mustela lutreola ), and several species of bat ( rhinolophus euryale, r. hipposideros, barbastella barbastellus, myotis bechsteini, m. dasycneme, and m. emarginatus ). holocene evolution of the ecoregion the ecoregion has undergone considerable transformation over the prior eight to ten thousand years. the prior 8850 years have reflected vegetative changes in the ecoregion which have generally tracked orbital and sub - orbital climate variability. there was a pronounced temperature decline from 6650 bc until the time of christ. in particular, the climate variation from 6740 bc until 6370 bc led to an expansion of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43221462895998985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.244777"} {"text": "the ecoregion which have generally tracked orbital and sub - orbital climate variability. there was a pronounced temperature decline from 6650 bc until the time of christ. in particular, the climate variation from 6740 bc until 6370 bc led to an expansion of corylus woodlands at the expense of deciduous oak woodlands. this forest transition was accentuated by the 8. 2 kyr sudden cooling event and concomitant north atlantic winter ice expansion. reduction in overall forest cover due to human deforestation began by the end of the mesolithic period in this ecoregion. between 6000 and 2000 bc the holocene thermal maximum is deduced to have occurred in this ecoregion, based upon pollen core records and maximum expansion of quercus dominated woodland. these climatic correlations are clearer in northwestern france and northerly sections of the ecoregion and less clear in the more southern mid - latitudes on the coastal european continent. since the time of christ the evolution of the atlantic mixed forests ecoregion was more affected by deforestation and land cover changes due to humans than to climate variability. the inexorable human population expansion of the region has led to massive destruction of most elements of the ecosystems within the atlantic mixed forests over the most recent two millennia. only fragments of natural vegetationremain in this ecoregion, as most of the area was converted long ago into intensive agriculture ( barley, wheat, sugar beets, and corn ) or pasture. these agricultural lands include some of the most productive soils of western europe. there are several important bird areas ( ibas ) in the ecoregion : the wadden sea and voordelta of the netherlands, baie de quiberon and archipel de molene of france, nissum fjord and ringkobing fjord of denmark, and the lower rhine area in germany. basses vallees du cotentin et baie des veys in france serves as an important biogenetic reserve as does the waddenzee biogenetic reserve in the netherlands. types and severity of threats agricultural expansion and intensification are the most serious threat affecting ibas across europe. additionally, urbanization accompanied by the pollution of air, water, and soil brings increased problems. recreation and tourism, unsustainable exploitation, development and habitat fragmentation, agricultural abandonment, and disturbance of wildlife are other major threats. justification of ecoregion delineation this ecoregion comprises two dmeer units : the southern temperate atlantic and northern temperate atlantic. these units include several vegetation units from bohn et al. these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48122128977939416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.245833"} {"text": "abandonment, and disturbance of wildlife are other major threats. justification of ecoregion delineation this ecoregion comprises two dmeer units : the southern temperate atlantic and northern temperate atlantic. these units include several vegetation units from bohn et al. these include areas of lowland to submontane beech and mixed beech forests, lowland to submontane acidophilous oak and mixed oak forests, sub - mediterranean and meso - supra - mediterranean downy oak forests, fen and swamp forests, as well as floodplain, estuarine, and freshwater polder vegetation in the aquitanian plain, armorican massif, paris basin and netherlands. - for a terser summary of this article, see the wwf wildworld profile of this ecoregion. - bohn, udo, gisela gollub, and christoph hettwer. 2000. reduced general map of the natural vegetation of europe. 1 : 10 million. bonn - bad godesberg - davis, s. d., v. h. heywood, and a. c. hamilton. 1994. centres of plant diversity. vol. 1 : europe, africa, southwest asia and middle east. wwf and iucn, washington dc. isbn : 283170197x - heath, m. f., and m. i. evans, editors. 2000. important bird areas in europe : priority sites for conservation. 2 vols. birdlife international, cambridge, uk. isbn : 0946888361 - iucn 2000 : the global redlist of species, of the international union for the conservation of nature. - filipa naughton, jean - francois bourillet, maria gernanda sanchez goni, jean - louis turon and jean - marie jouanneau. 2007. long term and nillennial scale climate variability in northwestern france during the last 8850 years. sage publications - ozenda, p. 1994. vegetation du continent europeen. delachaux et niestle, lausanne, switzerland. isbn : 2603009540 - wheatley, n. 2000. where to watch birds in europe and russia. princeton university press, princeton, new jersey. isbn : 069105729x disclaimer : this article contains some information that was originally published by the world wildlife fund. topic editors and authors for the encyclopedia of earth have edited that content and added new information. the use of information from the world wildlife fund should not be construed as support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4397486846370925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.246784"} {"text": "pao : policy activities \u00bb briefing ( november 2, 2011 ) using science to improve flood management on november 2, 2011, esa sponsored a congressional briefing : \u201c using science to improve flood management. \u201d emily stanley ( university of wisconsin, madison ) and jeff opperman ( the nature conservancy, ohio field office ) addressed the function of floodplains and managing rivers as systems and for multiple benefits. emily stanley \u2019 s presentation focused on the work of rivers and the function of floodplains. industry, transportation, and recreation all constitute work done by rivers. less well known and valued is the work done by floodplains, responsible for such desirable services such as flood attenuation, fish production, improved water quality and groundwater recharge. stanley noted that aging us levee and other infrastructure provide an opportunity to move beyond structural flood control and take greater advantage of the functions of floodplains. jeff opperman \u2019 s presentation focused on the logic of managing rivers as a system and for multiple benefits. these include risk reduction for people and infrastructure as well as benefits such as water storage during droughts and increased fisheries production. opperman said that because the mississippi river is managed as a comprehensive system, the recent flood was far less damaging than that of 1927 even though a greater volume of water passed through the system in 2011. opperman also pointed to the success story of california \u2019 s yolo bypass, which has reduced flood risk while increasing goods and services. to view the complete presentations, please click on the links below :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43733993025450163, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.248488"} {"text": "when will we hear again the glorious music of giacomo meyerbeer? from 1830 until the end of the 19th century no composer of opera was more famous, more successful or more sought after throughout europe than giacomo meyerbeer. it wasn ' t until the 1850s when verdi wrote his masterpieces that anyone challenged his supremacy, but meyerbeer remained a firm favorite until the beginning of the first world war. this bold statement must come as a surprise to many who have neither heard of him nor listened to his music. after 1930 meyerbeer ' s popularity gradually diminished and even here in israel his works have been sadly neglected and seldom played. meyerbeer was born yaakov lieberman beer in 1791, the eldest of three sons of judah and malka beer in germany, an extremely financially successful, well established jewish business family. yaakov ' s musical talents developed at an early age, his first public appearance being as a pianist at nine years of age. at seventeen he was appointed court composer in damstaat and by the age of twenty four he had composed several modest oratorios and operas in german. he was then advised by antonio salieri to go to italy to study art composing for the voice. there he met and became friendly with rossini who, by that time, was a well known, successful composer of operas. yaakov ' s grandfather, liebermann meyer wulff, died during his stay in italy and yaakov inherited a vast fortune from him on condition that he changed his name to meyerbeer. he then changed the yaakov to giacomo and adopted the name of giacomo meyerbeer. rossini recommended to meyerbeer that he move to paris where the opera house was relatively new, having been built in 1812, and could offer numerous resources for the presentation of his works. so it came to be that just after the french revolution of 1830 when the autocratic charles 10th was replaced by the more liberal minded citizen king louis phillipe, that the paris opera was turned over to a directeur - entrepreneur to manage the opera for six years at his own risk and fortune. the first of such men to accept that position was louis veron, a physician turned business man. a veritable fop who understood the mentality of the french public and promptly fired all the staff and brought in new blood, composers, conductor, librettist, stage managers, dancing teachers and last, but not least, the chef de claque. the claque was a body of men", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40070277055031533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.254488"} {"text": "french public and promptly fired all the staff and brought in new blood, composers, conductor, librettist, stage managers, dancing teachers and last, but not least, the chef de claque. the claque was a body of men who were responsible for leading the applause, the screams, sobs, tears, laughter, hissing, howls, the booing, the insults and so on for a fee. it would have been folly for any performer to appear on the stage without first engaging the chef de claque and agreeing on terms of service for leading the right response at the right moment from the audience. by the turn of the century, the paris opera had become the richest and most successful in europe. meyerbeer had a great talent for the theater and wrote successfully for the voice, particularly dazzling coloratura and unusual harmonies. he knew what the public wanted and wrote his operas to satisfy them. his priority was to please the new bourgeoisie public and this he did by writing operas which were spectacular and historically correct in every detail. he knew that they had to have brilliant vocal parts so that no one would be bored by long mediocre arias. he knew that the orchestration had to be glittering and powerful with massed super - fortissimos and that there had to be massed choruses, huge crowd scenes and five acts with a ballet. absolutely everything had to be grand and spectacular to cater for the demands of the rising middle classes. what the paris opera house resources couldn ' t supply, meyerbeer readily paid for out of his own private income. he had a gift for management and publicity, effectively creating the lavish press conference with dinner and fine wines to announce the forthcoming presentations. meyerbeer ' s first great success was robert le diable in 1831, with words by the librettist, eugene scribe. it was performed using gas lighting for the first time on the paris stage. it was a romantic opera about medieval knights and the devil. its success outshone all previous performances, everything about it was spectacular and grand. in the first eight years it was performed in 1, 845 theaters. rossini ' s final opera in paris was william tell in 1829. after that he stopped writing operas and for the next forty years lived the life of a retired gentleman. meyerbeer on the other hand went on to compose several other highly successful grand operas, the main ones being the huguenots 1836, le prophete 1849, l ' etoile du nord 1855, dinorah 1859", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4272681796508166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.256366"} {"text": "of a retired gentleman. meyerbeer on the other hand went on to compose several other highly successful grand operas, the main ones being the huguenots 1836, le prophete 1849, l ' etoile du nord 1855, dinorah 1859, and l ' africain ' 1865. it was the role of marguerite in the huguenots that dame joan sutherland chose for her farewell performance on the operatic stage. berlioz said to schlesinger, the publisher of the score of les huguenots 1836 : \u201c tell me about a score like that, it is superb! i would love to see meyerbeer and shake the hand that wrote such beautiful things. \u201d march 12th 1836. meyerbeer was a practicing jew and unlike several of his jewish contemporaries did not attempt to convert to catholicism. he saw it as his duty to carry out the principles of humanitarian judaism as stated by moses mendelssohn. however, felix mendelssohn, heinrich heine the poet, and later jacques offenbach and gustav mahler all became practicing christians. from 1933 onwards the nazis banned performances of all works by jewish artists and removed the statue of felix mendelssohn in leipzig. in 1839 meyerbeer wrote to heine, ' i believe that jew - hatred is like love in theaters and novels, no matter how often one encounters it in all shapes and sizes, it never misses its target if effectively wielded. what can be done? no pomade or bear grease, not even baptism, can grow back the foreskin of which we were robbed on the eighth day of life ; those who did not bleed to death from this operation shall continue to bleed an entire lifetime, even after death. ' it is not surprising that several of his masterpieces deal with the problem of religious intolerance. meyerbeer died suddenly in paris on may 2, 1864 whilst rehearsals for his final opera l ' africaine were taking place. after a great funeral procession in paris, a special train for the coffin was sent from berlin by the prussian government. he was buried alongside his mother in the jewish cemetery in schonhauser allee among other members of the beer family. in paris today you will find rue meyerbeer adjacent to rue halevy and a bust of meyerbeer is in front of the opera house alongside other famous composers. the belgian town of spa which meyerbeer visited frequently has a statue of him standing in a public park. hans von bulow ( 1830 - 1894 ), a conductor and pianist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40283189512749984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.257524"} {"text": "##beer is in front of the opera house alongside other famous composers. the belgian town of spa which meyerbeer visited frequently has a statue of him standing in a public park. hans von bulow ( 1830 - 1894 ), a conductor and pianist of worldwide reputation and founder of many stylistic interpretations of classic and romantic symphonies, made the following observations on meyerbeer : \" after all, meyerbeer was a man of genius. if we fail to recognize meyerbeer ' s genius, we are not only unjust but also ungrateful. in every sense, in his conception of opera, in his treatment of orchestration, in his handling of choruses, even in stage setting, he gave us new principles by which our modern works have profited to a large extent. \" it is to be hoped that meyerbeer ' s music will soon be heard again ringing throughout our concert halls. post a comment - life ' s journey \u2013 exploring relationships, resolving conflicts. a review - schneider children ' s medical center not just any hospital - children without shadows - stop driving before it is too late - encountering israel - the strawberry woman - for the love of god and virgins - a review - fighting cancer with hyperthermia - ex - volunteers - kibbutz movement wants to hear from you - watt lights my light", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4640062146271356, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.258161"} {"text": "rugby ( pop. 63, 000 ) is a market town sitting on the river avon at the boundary of warwickshire, leicestershire and northamptonshire. it is renowned for its prestigious rugby school, one of the country ' s oldest public school ( i. e. an expensive private school in the uk - see eton ), founded in 1567. some of the famous people who attended rugby school include alice in wonderland ' s author lewis carrol, prime minister neville chamberlain, and essayist salman rushdie. however, the town ' s main claim of fame is to have invented the sport that bears its name. the ball sport was first played by william webb ellis ( 1806 - 1872 ) in 1823, a student of rugby school, who disrespecting the rules of football ( ame = soccer ), took the ball into his hands and started running with it. the claim that he invented the game did not surface before 4 years after his death though. rugby school also educated the australian tom wills, who in 1859 first codified the rules of australian football. the region of rugby was settled since the iron age. the river avon marked the boundary between the dobunni and the coritani celtic tribes. the roman founded tripontium near present - day rugby. not until the 13th century did rugby develop into a small town, after gaining a market charter. 1567 marks the founding of rugby school by lawrence sheriff, a local grocer who left money for the establishment of a school for local boys. fee - paying pupils were soon accepted to pay the bills, and rugby gradually became a largely fee - paying school. rugdy ' s population remained around 1, 000 until the oxford canal ( linking oxford to coventry via rugby ) opened in the 1770 ' s. the town only came into prominence in the 1820 ' s when the school ' s headmaster, dr thomas arnold, pioneered new teaching methods and changed radically public school education in england. most of the buildings in th centre of rugby date from this period. as the railway was developing throughout england in the 1830 ' s, rugby became a major junction. it became so congested that charles dickens satirized it in his short story mugby junction ( 1866 ). from the 1950s, rugby gained a substantial afro - caribbean community, and a sizeable community from the indian sub - continent, making rugby a multi - cultural town ( it even has a hindu temple ). the town as it exists now is mostly victorian in architecture, with a few older timber - framed houses. rugby ' s town", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4319380726309547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.261042"} {"text": "modest weight loss can reap prolonged health benefits study found reduced diabetes risk, even if weight returned. thursday, aug. 2, 2012 ( healthday news ) \u2014 even modest weight loss can give overweight and obese people a decade ' s worth of important health benefits, according to a new study. the study included 3, 000 overweight people with impaired glucose tolerance \u2014 a pre - diabetic condition \u2014 who were shown how to change their behavior rather than being prescribed drugs. the behavioral strategies used by the participants to help them lose weight included keeping track of everything they ate, reducing the amount of unhealthy food they kept in their home and increasing their amount of physical even a modest weight loss \u2014 an average of 14 pounds \u2014 reduced the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 58 percent. and the health benefits of this weight loss lasted up to 10 years, even if people regained the weight, said study author rena wing, professor of psychiatry and human behavior at brown university in the study was scheduled for presentation thursday at the american psychological association annual meeting in orlando, fla. \" helping people find ways to change their eating and activity behaviors and developing interventions other than medication to reinforce a healthy lifestyle have made a huge difference in preventing one of the major health problems in this country, \" wing, who is also director of the weight control and diabetes research center at the miriam hospital in providence, said in an association news release. \" weight losses of just 10 percent of a person ' s body weight... have also been shown to have a long - term impact on sleep apnea, hypertension and quality of life, and to slow the decline in mobility that occurs as people age, \" she noted. wing is now leading a 13 - year study of 5, 000 people with type 2 diabetes to determine whether an intensive behavioral intervention can lower the risk of heart disease and heart attacks. \" we are trying to show that behavior changes not only make people healthier in terms of reducing heart disease risk factors but actually can make them live longer, \" she said. because this study was presented at a medical meeting, the data and conclusions should be viewed as preliminary until published in a peer - reviewed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42702247703238605, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.263386"} {"text": "herpes hsv - 1 and hsv - 2, affects 80 million people in the united states and the most common way to control outbreaks for adults is to use lysine and arginine, and prescribed medicine. the two amino acids keep the virus at a distance but if you are ingesting artificial sweeteners you can suffer and outbreak within as little as 24 hours. monsanto developed the first artificial sweetener, saccharin in 1879 and has since poisoned the world and the controversy has followed it. in today \u2019 s society of \u201c don \u2019 t ask, don \u2019 t tell \u201d many chemicals are at the bottom so - called food and beverages which have no nutritional value and do more harm. artificial sweeteners are used 200 times more than regular sugar. the immune system artificial sweeteners, ( splenda, sucralose, saccharin, acesulfame - k, nutra sweet, equal, nectresse, sugar alcohol, stevia, neotame, sunnette, sweet and safe one, cyclamates, high - fructose - these ingredients can also be listed as inactive ingredients ) neurotoxins come in just about every type of food, beverage, hydrolyzed protein, and even some medications and vaccines ( because it has a very long shelf life ) these days in the name of being \u201c sugar - free \u201d or \u201c diet, \u201d it \u2019 s almost as hard to avoid as it is to stay avoid eating gmo \u2019 s. the best thing to do is to become aware of the variety of names and read your labels to avoid ingesting them altogether. people are known to drink three to four liters of the artificial sweetener - containing beverages a day. the main action of any artificial sweetener is to break down the immune system and once that happens on top of stress all hell ( herpes ) breaks loose. the problem with non - nutritive artificial sweeteners is they don \u2019 t breakdown ( metabolize ) once they are in your body. your body works double - time to fight the toxic chemical once it has been ingested. keep ingesting it over time and your immune system goes on overload from the long voracious battle. the immune system is able to heal cancer but it can \u2019 t heal a chemical made by man constantly being poured into the body hsv - 1 oral herpes, or hsv - 2 genital herpes is a virus running amok in the body.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4457131697984242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.268758"} {"text": "system is able to heal cancer but it can \u2019 t heal a chemical made by man constantly being poured into the body hsv - 1 oral herpes, or hsv - 2 genital herpes is a virus running amok in the body. one of the first lines of defense is to change the diet, by that eating whole foods and fresh fruits, vegetables, meats and avoiding processed foods. the reason for this is natural hygiene keeps the body strong and on the defense. artificial sweeteners contain no calories and are mostly used by diabetics. there is no correlation between weight loss and diet sodas ( also associated with the loss of kidney function ). sodas or pop also erode tooth enamel and bone density. scientists have linked pre - diabetes symptoms to the use of artificial sweeteners. side effects of the taste that kills monsanto \u2019 s silent killer. besides herpes outbreaks, once can of beverage containing an artificial sweetener has been proven to cause : - ear buzzing, - thyroid disorders, - heart problems, - pancreatic inflammation, - dizziness and death are the top two. - brain - pancreatic - breast tumors, - slurred speech, - fluid retention - around the waist, - neurodegenerative diseases like parkinson \u2019 s, - \u201c optic nerve atrophy - decreased vision by 25 % and there is no return, \u201d testified in front of u. s. congress, and lupus is triggered by artificial sweeteners as well as multiple sclerosis. artificial sweeteners do not produce oxygen once in the body because it is a chlorocarbon that causes organ, genetic and reproductive damage. artificial sweeteners break down into : - methanol, formaldehyde - immune and nervous system damage - aspartic acid - emergen c contains apartic acid. - aspatylphenylalanine diketopiporazine the ama and the fda both released statements saying no methanol levels increased, in a child drinking 12 ounces of orange juice containing aspartame, her levels increased significantly 350 %, in others the levels increased as high as 600 %. when monsanto performed the their own tests they were done on lab monkeys and give 3000mg, that same dose would kill a human being. a proven method to insure methanol and formaldehyde safety is that it exists in the body so it must be safe. the reason for this is because the medical community sees low levels of met", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4921112925042428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.269916"} {"text": "that same dose would kill a human being. a proven method to insure methanol and formaldehyde safety is that it exists in the body so it must be safe. the reason for this is because the medical community sees low levels of methanol and formaldehyde in the body as safe because the pharmaceutical drugs they hand out also induce such reactions in the body. herpes outbreaks, when compared to the actual damage being done to your body by artificial sweeteners ) is seemingly mild in comparison. fox5 and \u201c 60 minutes \u201d have done reports on the subject, this is not new news. their reports are counteracted in various methods by the medical community and monsanto in the news, commercials and on the internet. all it takes is one commercial repeated over time about artificial sweetener safety and the people follow after it like the pied piper and the rats. the best place to shop is a health food store where the toxin is not prevalent. the best detox for immune system breakdown from chemical poisoning is clay to absorb it from every pore of the body. the damage from aspartame is slow and silent, most people don \u2019 t even notice it unless you are mindful of your body. the body detoxifies on it \u2019 s own naturally, but if you would like to rid yourself of the damage being done at once, a cleansing of the bowels, liver, kidney, lungs and blood is needed. special bentonite ( fine volcanic clay ) mixed with your bath water draws the chemical out like a magnet detoxification symptoms are less so than using a chelation method for optimum health. the more you sue the quicker you detox. cherynobyl used the french green clay after the disaster and found a way to put it in chocolate bars and handed them out to the residents to remove the residues of radiation, with no side effects. to get the latest updates from atlanta holistic health examiner tina ranieri \u2018 click \u2019 the subscribe button above. to view her body of articles \u2018 click \u2019 tina ranieri, national holistic health examiner, or atlanta fishing examiner.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4331402753920301, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.270739"} {"text": "the big show british cinema culture in the great war ( 1914 - 1918 ) subjects : film history the big show looks at the role played by cinema in british cultural life during world war one. in writing the definitive account of film exhibition and reception in britain in the years 1914 to 1918, michael hammond shows how the british film industry and british audiences responded to the traumatic effects of the great war. the author contends that the war \u2019 s significant effect was to expedite the cultural acceptance of cinema into the fabric of british social life. as a result, by 1918, cinema had emerged as the predominant leisure form in british social life. through a consideration of the films, the audience, the industry and the various regulating and censoring bodies, the book explores the impact of the war on the newly established cinema culture. it also studies the contribution of the new medium to the public \u2019 s perception of the war. list of illustrations ; acknowledgements ; introduction ; chapter 1 : local tracks : exhibition culture in southampton ; chapter 2 : the crisis of total war and new audiences ; chapter 3 : anonymity and recognition : the roll of honour films ; chapter 4 : education or entertainment? public and private interpretations of battle of the somme ; chapter 5 : artful and instructive : respectability and the birth of a nation ; chapter 6 : civilization : a super - film at the palladium, 1917 ; chapter 7 : chaplin : a transatlantic vernacular ; chapter 8 : 1918 : anguished voices and comic slackers ; conclusion ; notes ; bibliography ; filmography ; index \u2018 \u2026 the diversity of materials focused in this book through the specifics of cinema exhibition in southampton provides vivid access to the social, cultural and aesthetic currents that must cross in any historicized moment of viewing. it is therefore both essential reading for anyone concerned with pursuing the further development of cinema in britain and a model for historical analysis. \u2019 ( screen, 48. 1. spring 2007 ) \u2018 there are many reasons to call this book an exceptional endeavor. from the complex intertextual network hammond draws, emerges a vivid panorama of british cinema culture in the war years. so far, no other study has shed such a bright light on the cinema culture from that era and film scholars as well as ( media ) historians will benefit from the fresh approach and vigorous insights of this book. \u2019 \u2018 the book is written clearly and with relatively little recourse to jargon, and hits two areas of growing interest in film history : reception studies and british silent film history. \u2019 ( historical journal of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45087519188995573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.276693"} {"text": "approach and vigorous insights of this book. \u2019 \u2018 the book is written clearly and with relatively little recourse to jargon, and hits two areas of growing interest in film history : reception studies and british silent film history. \u2019 ( historical journal of film, radio and television, june 2007 ) \u2018 the book is written clearly and with relatively little recourse to jargon, and hits two areas of growing interest in film history : reception studies and british silent film history. \u2019 ( early popular visual culture, vol. 6, no. 2, july 2008 ) \u2018 \u2026 michael hammond has written a wonderful book. the big show is carefully researched, well organized and both persuasively and imaginatively argued. it is an ambitious book and well worth the reading of anyone seeking to understand the way movies came to take pride of place among the leisure activities of britons creating a \u2018 cinema culture \u2019. \u2019 ( nineteenth century theatre and film, volume 35, number 1, summer 2008 ) michael hammond is a lecturer in film in the department of english at the university of southampton. he has written extensively in the area of reception of early cinema in britain, including a contribution to young and innocent? the cinema in britain, 1896 - 1930, edited by andrew higson ( uep, 2002 ). new titles list exeter studies in film history - ' film europe ' and ' film america ' - cinema, commerce and cultural exchange 1920 - 1939 - alternative empires - european modernist cinemas and cultures of imperialism - alternative film culture in interwar britain - the appreciation of film - the postwar film society movement and film study - the big show - british cinema culture in the great war ( 1914 - 1918 ) - british cinema and middlebrow culture in the interwar years - cecil hepworth and the rise of the british film industry 1899 - 1911 - charles urban - pioneering the non - fiction film in britain and america, 1897 - 1925 - a chorus of raspberries - british film comedy 1929 - 1939 - going to the movies - hollywood and the social experience of cinema - the great art of light and shadow - archaeology of the cinema - hollywood, westerns and the 1930s - the lost trail - legitimate cinema - theatre stars in silent british films, 1908 - 1918 - the lost jungle - the hollywood sound serial of the 1930s and 1940s - marketing modernity - victorian popular shows and early cinema - multimedia histories - from magic lanterns to internet - parallel tracks - the railroad and silent cinema - a paul rotha reader - popular filmgoing in 1930s britain - a choice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4470447901868999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.277838"} {"text": "business across cultures : the meaning of words translate this page one of the most common sources of intercultural friction in a multinational office in indonesia is a misunderstanding between a foreign professional and an indonesian manager. often there is no fault to be found in such a circumstance. it may well be because of the way people ' s understanding of the meaning of words or concepts differs between cultures. for instance, indonesian managers often speak of the need for respect and politeness in business transactions. the meaning of those terms, \u201c what is respect? \u201d, \u201c what is polite? \u201d vary with the perceptions of the person or persons involved. what can be considered impolite in indonesian business culture may be a commonplace and accepted facet of western business culture. however, the miscommunication or misperception of meanings by a foreign co - worker is often a reason for cultural friction. one of the most frustrating conflicts in meaning for both western and indonesian managers is the question of proper feedback or of \u201c closing the loop \u201d. what may seem sufficient response and information on an on - going assignment to one party, may be considered grossly insufficient by another and this insufficiency may never be properly addressed. one of the benefits of a cross - cultural training program is having the different cultural sides of a team or office sit down together and decide on what terms and words mean exactly in the separate cultural context of their own office. it should be a basic premise of these programs that indonesians are not expected to become westerners in outlook and neither are the expatriates expected to become indonesian, but rather both have to work towards establishing a separate corporate culture one that works best to meet the bottom - line goals of their company in indonesia. \u201c closing the loop \u201d normally involves four distinct information steps. these are giving, receiving, acting, and reporting. each of these steps are important and each contain the seeds for misinterpretation. for instance, there is often a general disagreement as to the level of the reporting or \u201c feedback \u201d required in an office. the feeling of many indonesian managers is that a lesser level of feedback to superiors is considered sufficient than many expatriate managers are comfortable with. one thought on the indonesian side being that delays may not be within the manager ' s power to control. many expatriate managers disagree that such lower levels of feedback are acceptable feeling that indonesian managers should not wait until an action is completed before reporting progress on an action being important also. these are issues that need to be discussed and decided by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5353783749393943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.282746"} {"text": ". many expatriate managers disagree that such lower levels of feedback are acceptable feeling that indonesian managers should not wait until an action is completed before reporting progress on an action being important also. these are issues that need to be discussed and decided by the people who work on the team or in the office. ignoring or complaining that the other party is not giving proper feedback, or worse, that the other party is incompetent, will not improve the harmony of the office. these miscommunications can be resolved if the different cultural sides of an office take the time and effort to try to understand one another. for instance, i recently facilitated a mixed, cross - cultural program for a major multinational operating in the financial sector. the indonesian and expatriate sides in the discussion thought that they had understood what each other expected. as it turned out, there was a large gap in those expectations. after several hours of guided discussions, the following agreement on meaning was reached. \u201c closing the loop \u201d is taking responsibility that you give information clearly, that you indicate that you have received and understood the information, that you act promptly on that information, and that you report back not only when the action is complete, but when there is additional information that is of importance. \u201c some western managers think that these kind of mission statements ' go without saying '. that they are clearly understood by anyone working in an international business environment. i sometimes wonder how many times i have heard an expatriate participant on one of my programs exclaim, \u201d well, they [ indonesian managers ] must understand that! ' when it is clear that they do not. the culture that one grows up in effects the entire way that he or she perceives actions and words. these perceptions are altered through personal observation, experience, and training. however, the assumption that someone else looks at a particular situation the same way that you do is often incorrect and can lead to many cross - cultural conflicts. the way around these cultural barriers is through mutual understanding. multicultural offices and teams need to take the time and effort to set the ground rules for future cooperation. they need to determine the meaning of words and concepts so that their understanding is clear. denial, often a criticism of indonesian managers in problem resolution, is one trait that is also often found in their expatriate counterparts. this article was generously contributed by george b. whitfield, iii when he was a technical advisor with executive orientation services. copyright \u00a9 1997 - 2012, expat web site association jakarta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5072363712768606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.283835"} {"text": "in christianity there are many diverse beliefs and denominations which include pentecostals, apostolic faith, 7th day adventists, and jehovah witness amongst others. some believe we should not eat certain foods, some say a certain day should be esteemed more than the other, some don \u2019 t believe in celebrating festive periods. others include prohibition from wearing certain clothes, jewelleries amongst others ( more reference in romans 14 ). rom 14 : 17 \u201c for the kingdom of god is not meat and drink ; but righteousness and peace and joy in the holy ghost \u201d whichever belief we may have as christians, we should not judge our fellow christians based on our different beliefs or values. no belief is superior to the other ; that someone doesn \u2019 t consent to your belief does not make yours superior or inferior. rather we should see ourselves as one as long as we believe in god and our lord jesus christ. christianity is more of a personal relationship with god. at the end of the day, god will not judge us based on our denominations but on our personal relationship with god. rom 14 : 12 \u2013 \u201c so then every one of us shall give account of himself to god \u201d in conclusion, god is a god of diversities not divisions. that there are diverse beliefs even in christianity does not mean that we should be divided. as someone rightly said \u201c what we belief may divide us but in whom we belief should unite us \u201d. 1 corinthians 14 : 33 \u2013 \u201c for god is not the author of confusion, but of peace, as in all churches of the saints \u201d if you died today, are you absolutely certain that you would go to heaven? you can be! trust jesus now read more articles by efezokhae grace or search for articles on the same topic or others.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4685642319457194, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.286896"} {"text": "know what you ' re getting into we believe in safe diy. that ' s why we ' ve always been reluctant to show readers how to open a breaker box and connect a new circuit. even with the power shut off, there ' s a chance you could touch the wrong parts and kill yourself. but then we figured if we didn ' t show you, you ' d just go search the internet. and that scared us even more. so we ' re going to walk you through the process, showing you the safest way to open the breaker box, wire a new breaker and test your work. opening the main breaker box and installing a new circuit is actually pretty easy. you only have to connect three wires, and each is color - coded. but there are some safety precautions, and if you ignore them, you could kill yourself. really. if you follow our safety steps in order and to the letter, you ' ll be fine. but if at any point you ' re unsure how to proceed or feel uncomfortable with the project, call an electrician. stay away from the large wires and lugs. they ' re always live, even with the main breaker ( service disconnect ) shut off. if you touch them, you could die. cover the live areas with a cardboard shield to prevent accidental contact while installing the new circuit. if you have any doubts about which areas stay live, contact an electrician. know what ' s what a : main lugs. they ' re always live \u2014 even when the main breaker is off. never touch them. b : main cables. the black ones are always live. and although they ' re insulated, avoid touching them. c : main breaker. always switch it off before removing the panel ' s cover. d : breaker. the hot wire ( usually red or black ) from each circuit connects to a breaker. if you ' re installing an afci breaker ( as shown on the following pages ), you ' ll also connect the neutral wire to the breaker. e : breaker bus. distributes power from the main breaker to the individual circuit breakers. each breaker snaps onto the bus. f : neutral bus. all ground and neutral ( white ) wires connect here. if you ' re installing a standard breaker, the neutral ( white ) wire connects here, too. if you ' re installing an arc - fault circuit interrupter ( afci ) breaker, you ' ll connect the neutral to the breaker and run a \u201c pigtail \u201d wire to the neutral bus. g :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4373755695451172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.302583"} {"text": "white ) wire connects here, too. if you ' re installing an arc - fault circuit interrupter ( afci ) breaker, you ' ll connect the neutral to the breaker and run a \u201c pigtail \u201d wire to the neutral bus. g : breaker space. this panel has room for three more breakers. you can install your new breaker in any open space. get the right parts and tools before you go shopping, open the door of your breaker box and copy the manufacturer ' s name, the box model number, and the style numbers of the breakers that are approved for your box. then buy one of those breakers. if your home center doesn ' t sell the right model or brand, you ' ll have to go to an electrical supplier. you cannot install a circuit breaker style that isn ' t specifically approved for use in your box \u2014 even if it fits inside the box. while at the store, pick up a few 1 / 2 - in. plastic snap - in cable clamps to secure the new cable. they ' re safer than metal clamps because you don ' t put your hand in the panel to install them. you have to shut off the power to your whole house, so you ' ll need a powerful work light. an led headlamp is also a great idea so you won ' t have to juggle a flashlight, wire strippers and a screwdriver. round up a utility knife, wire strippers, electrical tape, a circuit tester ( not a voltage sniffer ), and a flat - blade screwdriver or no. 2 square - drive tip for your multi - bit driver. power down, then remove the cover turn off all computers in the house before you switch off the power. then switch off the main breaker ( the service disconnect ) and follow the cover removal procedure shown in the photo. test to make sure it ' s dead it ' s dangerous to assume the power is really off just because you ' ve flipped the service disconnect to the off position. there ' s a slim chance that the service disconnect didn ' t work properly, keeping power to some breakers. so test each and every breaker to make sure it ' s really dead. if the test light lights up, stop and call an electrician. insert a cardboard safety shield, remove a knockout, and feed in the cable you can insert the new cable into any knockout on the top, bottom or sides of the box. find the least congested area and remove one small knockout. then snap in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4607880344751944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.304340"} {"text": "insert a cardboard safety shield, remove a knockout, and feed in the cable you can insert the new cable into any knockout on the top, bottom or sides of the box. find the least congested area and remove one small knockout. then snap in a plastic cable clamp ( the screw - style ones shown aren ' t as easy to use ). hold the cable up to the box to determine how much of the outer jacket you should strip off. slice off the jacket and remove the paper insulator. then wrap the ends of the loose wires with electrical tape to prevent them from touching a live portion of the box. route the cable and install the breaker neatly route the black and white wires to the empty breaker space. attach the wires to the breaker and then snap it into the box, or install the breaker first and insert the wires last. just be aware that wiring an afci - style breaker is different from wiring ordinary breakers. the neutral ( white ) from the new cable attaches to the afci. on a main panel, you connect the ground wire from the new cable and the neutral ( white ) pigtail from the afci to the neutral bus. if you ' re installing a breaker on a subpanel, place the neutral and ground on separate bus bars. back to top test the installation and finish the job remove the panel cover plate knockout that corresponds to the slot where you installed the new breaker ( bend it back and forth until it breaks off ). then install the cover and turn on the main breaker. switch the new afci to \u201c on. \u201d wait a few seconds and press the \u201c test \u201d button. the breaker should trip. if it doesn ' t trip, refer to the package instructions for troubleshooting or call an electrician. check wire gauge with your loose change. fourteen - gauge wire is the thickness of a dime ; 12 - gauge is the thickness of a nickel. how to plan a new branch circuit - you can usually mix lighting and receptacles on the same circuit. but it ' s not a good idea to place lighting and receptacles in the same room on a single circuit. if the breaker trips, you ' ll lose all the light fixtures and receptacles at the same time. - if you ' re wiring living areas, you can install 10 to 13 lights and receptacles on a single 15 - amp circuit. locate the receptacles so you ' re never more than 6 ft. away from one on each wall. - run a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4371737589478766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.305747"} {"text": "wiring living areas, you can install 10 to 13 lights and receptacles on a single 15 - amp circuit. locate the receptacles so you ' re never more than 6 ft. away from one on each wall. - run a separate 15 - or 20 - amp circuit for each of these watt - sucking appliances : garbage disposer, dishwasher, microwave, vent hood, trash compactor and space heater. - run a separate 20 - amp circuit to each bathroom and laundry room. install a minimum of two 20 - amp circuits for the kitchen. protect the receptacles with a ground - fault circuit interrupter ( gfci ) breaker or gfci - style receptacles. - use 12 - gauge cable for 20 - amp circuits and 14 - gauge for 15 - amp. many cable manufacturers color - code the outer jacket of their cable, but the color schemes are not universal. so always double - check the wire itself to be sure. - new branch circuits to all \u201c living areas \u201d ( bedroom, living room, family room, den, dining room, library, sunroom, closet, hallway and similar locations ) must be connected to an arc - fault circuit interrupter ( afci ). afci breakers are pricey ( $ 40 ), so you may be tempted to buy an ordinary $ 5 breaker. don ' t. the electrical inspector will just make you change it out.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4222110878337328, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.307256"} {"text": "the american liver foundation is a national, voluntary nonprofit organization dedicated to the prevention, treatment, and cure of hepatitis and other liver diseases through research, education and advocacy. although liver diseases are among the leading seven major causes of death in the united states, there was no national voluntary health agency devoted exclusively to combating liver diseases until 1976, when the american liver foundation was formed. many serious liver diseases are potentially preventable ; education about them can give individuals an opportunity to participate in their own preventive health care. an increase in research can make it possible to develop improved treatments and find cures. a major effort is necessary to control the increase in liver diseases. the children ' s liver association for support services has a mission to provide family support, emotional support and educational materials for families with children afflicted with liver disease and liver transplantation and they provide medical research seed grants. additionally, they strive to increase public awareness about the importance of organ donation. class maintains a telephone hot line to enable liver disease patients, their families and the general public to obtain information about liver disease, services of the organization, and referrals to medical professionals. they perform family matching with other families in their geographical area via database and provide direct financial assistance to families in need directly related to their child ' s liver disease. class publishes a quarterly newsletter, class notes, that is free, and are planning to have several brochures available. they have a bibliography of books and articles that are available to members and a lending library of articles on liver transplants, immunosuppressant medications, hepatitis, and books that include, \" puzzle people, love, medicine, miracles, \" and \" how it feels to fight for your life. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4177129561470511, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.309884"} {"text": "\u201c states don \u2019 t fail overnight. the seeds of of their destruction are sown deep within their political institutions. \u201d is it cutlure, weather, or geography? what about war or some singular event that re - writes history? in their new book, why nations fail : the origins of power, prosperity, and poverty, authors daron acemoglu and james robinson argue that man, not nature, sows the seeds of his own destruction through political and economic institutions. \u201c korea, \u201d they write, \u201c to take just one example, is a remarkably homogeneous nation, yet the people of north korea are among the poorest on earth while their brothers and sisters in south korea are among the richest. the south forges a society that created incentives, rewarded innovation, and allowed everyone to participate in economic opportunities. \u201d 1. lack of property rights ( e. g., north korea ) north korea \u2019 s economic institutions make it almost impossible for people to own property ; the state owns everything, including nearly all land and capital. agriculture is organized via collective farms. people work for the ruling korean workers \u2019 party, not themselves, which destroys their incentive to succeed. 2. forced labor ( e. g., uzbekistan ) coercion is a surefire way to fail. yet, until recently, at least in the scope of human history, most economies were based on the coercion of workers \u2014 think slavery, serfdom, and other forms of forced labor. in fact, the list of strategies for getting people to do what they don \u2019 t want to do is as long as the list of societies that relied on them. forced labor is also responsible for the lack of innovation and technological progress in most of these societies, ranging from ancient rome to the u. s. south. 3. a tilted playing field ( e. g., south africa ) in 1904 in south africa, the mining industry created a caste system for jobs. from then on, only europeans could be blacksmiths, brickmakers, boilermakers \u2014 basically any skilled job or profession. this \u201c color bar, \u201d as south africans called it, was extended to the entire economy in 1926 and lasted until the 1980s, robbing black south africans of any opportunity to use their skills and talents. they were condemned to work as unskilled laborers in the mines and in agriculture \u2014 and at very low wages, too, making it extremely profitable for the elite who owned the mines and farms. 4. the big men get greedy ( e. g.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4747242328818928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.316645"} {"text": "condemned to work as unskilled laborers in the mines and in agriculture \u2014 and at very low wages, too, making it extremely profitable for the elite who owned the mines and farms. 4. the big men get greedy ( e. g., egypt ) when elites control an economy, they often use their power to create monopolies and block the entry of new people and firms. this was exactly how egypt worked for three decades under hosni mubarak. the government and military owned vast swaths of the economy \u2014 by some estimates, as much as 40 percent. even when they did \u201c liberalize, \u201d they privatized large parts of the economy right into the hands of mubarak \u2019 s friends and those of his son gamal. 5. elites block new technologies ( e. g., austria and russia ) new technologies are extremely disruptive. they sweep aside old business models and make existing skills and organizations obsolete. they redistribute not just income and wealth but also political power. this gives elites a big incentive to try to stop the march of progress. good for them, but not for society. consider what happened in the 19th century, as railways were spreading across britain and the united states. when a proposal to build a railway was put before francis i, emperor of austria, he was still haunted by the specter of the 1789 french revolution and replied, \u201c no, no, i will have nothing to do with it, lest the revolution might come into the country. \u201d the same thing happened in russia until the 1860s. with new technologies blocked, the tsarist regime was safe, at least for a while. as britain and the united states grew rapidly, however, austria and russia failed to do so. 6. no law and order ( e. g., somalia ) one must - have for successful economies is an effective centralized state. without this, there is no hope of providing order, an effective system of laws, mechanisms for resolving disputes, or basic public goods. yet large parts of the world today are still dominated by stateless societies. although countries like somalia or the new country of south sudan do have internationally recognized governments, they exercise little power outside their capitals, and maybe not even there. both countries have been built atop societies that historically never created a centralized state but were divided into clans where decisions were made by consensus among adult males. no clan was ever able to dominate or create a set of nationally respected laws or rules. there were no political positions, no administrators, no taxes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45927684819855064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.317694"} {"text": "historically never created a centralized state but were divided into clans where decisions were made by consensus among adult males. no clan was ever able to dominate or create a set of nationally respected laws or rules. there were no political positions, no administrators, no taxes, no government expenditures, no police, no lawyers \u2014 in other words, no government. 7. a weak central government ( e. g., colombia ) \u2026 its central government is unable or unwilling to exert control over probably half the country, which is dominated by left - wing guerrillas, most famously the farc, and, increasingly, right - wing paramilitaries. the drug lords may be on the run, but the state \u2019 s absence from much of the country leads not only to lack of public services such as roads and health care, but also to lack of well - defined, institutionalized property rights. 8. bad public services ( e. g., peru ) calca and nearby acomayo are two peruvian provinces. both are high in the mountains, and both are inhabited by the quechua - speaking descendants of the incas. both grow the same crops, yet acomayo is much poorer, with its inhabitants consuming about one - third less than those in calca. \u2026 the road to calca is paved, while the one to acomayo is in terrible disrepair. to get beyond acomayo you need a horse or a mule \u2014 not due to any differences in topography, but because there are no paved roads. in calca, they sell their corn and beans on the market for money, while in acomayo they grow the same crops for their own subsistence. 9. political exploitation ( e. g, bolivia ) for the great mass of rural bolivians, one elite had simply replaced another in what german sociologist robert michels called the \u201c iron law of oligarchy. \u201d rural people still had insecure property rights and still had to sell their votes for access to land, credit, or work. the main difference was that instead of providing these services to the traditional landowners, they now provided them to the mnr. 10. fighting over the spoils ( e. g., sierra leone ) intense extraction breeds instability and failure because, consistent with the iron law of oligarchy, it creates incentives for others to depose the existing elites and take over. this is exactly what happened in sierra leone. siaka stevens and his all people \u2019 s congress ( apc ) party ran the country from 1967 until 1985 as their personal fi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4309635075201998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.318759"} {"text": "terms of impairment the ada blurs the line between lawful activity and unlawful discrimination october 01, 1998 by george c. leef the americans with disabilities act ( ada ) was passed by congress and signed into law by president george bush in 1990 amid much congratulatory hoopla. \u201c let the shameful wall of exclusion finally come tumbling down, \u201d the president declared. \u201c every man, woman, and child with a disability can now pass through once - closed doors into a bright new era of equality, independence, and freedom. \u201d like all the other grand, noble exercises in federal utopia - building, the ada is proving to be a prolific source of examples of the law of unintended consequences. one would almost suspect that a group of crazed free - market economists had dreamed this law up so as to never run out of illustrations of the ways coercive legislation leads to harmful results. stories about the litigation the ada has spawned are legion : a suit by a 350 - pound tennessee woman against a movie theater for not having seats wide enough to accommodate her ; a judge who argued that he should not be removed from the bench after being caught shoplifting because he was \u201c disabled \u201d by depression over his daughter \u2019 s failure to get into law school ; a suit by a deaf lifeguard over a ymca \u2019 s insistence that all lifeguards be able to hear distress cries. the list goes on and on. the remarkable vagueness of the law makes it easy for prowling lawyers to concoct federal cases out of rejection, disappointment, or inconvenience. a person has a \u201c disability \u201d if he has a \u201c physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities. \u201d but what counts as an \u201c impairment \u201d? what is a \u201c major life activity \u201d? what is a \u201c substantial limit \u201d? laws used to be very precise. you knew whether you had stolen another person \u2019 s car or not. but with the ada, the demarcation between lawful activity and unlawful \u201c discrimination \u201d is pure fog. among the \u201c impairments \u201d that have become prominent under the ada is attention - deficit disorder ( add ). this recently \u201c discovered \u201d learning disability can entitle the \u201c sufferer \u201d to special legal status and obligates others to provide special compensatory treatment, known in legal parlance as \u201c accommodation. \u201d in the years to come, one of the most uttered phrases in america will be, \u201c you must accommodate me \u2014 or else. \u201d children who have trouble staying focused", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4640416483224187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.327108"} {"text": "special compensatory treatment, known in legal parlance as \u201c accommodation. \u201d in the years to come, one of the most uttered phrases in america will be, \u201c you must accommodate me \u2014 or else. \u201d children who have trouble staying focused, following instructions, or playing calmly are said to have add. there are no objective symptoms, and everyone who has ever been around children very much knows that at times virtually every child has trouble paying attention to what adults want him to pay attention to. fortunately, trained experts \u2014 child psychologists and counselors with the appropriate university degrees and state certificates \u2014 are able to diagnose add. in fact, parents often ask them to. why would a parent want to have his child diagnosed as having a learning disability? the answer is that in the perverse world of the ada, the special privileges to which you are entitled if you fall into the \u201c protected class \u201d of the disabled give you significant advantages over normal ( or, to use the politically correct term, \u201c differently abled \u201d ) people. one accommodation to which those with this learning disability are entitled is the right to take crucial exams, such as the scholastic assessment test ( sat ), the law school admission test ( lsat ), and the medical college admission test ( mcat ) under special conditions \u2014 in a distraction - free room and with extended time. taking away the normal, pressure - filled test conditions and replacing them with the congenial conditions of ada accommodation can make a large difference in performance. parents know that, and, wanting to maximize the chances of success for their children, some shop around for a specialist who will give the desired diagnosis. the number of exams given under \u201c special circumstances \u201d has risen exponentially ever since the ada became law. the educational testing service ( ets ) administers the sat, lsat, mcat, and other exams. when students show their add papers, they are routinely given the mandatory \u201c accommodation. \u201d when their scores are reported to colleges and universities, ets marks them as \u201c nonstandard administration, \u201d which could mean that the test was given in braille, in enlarged print, or, as with those \u201c disabled \u201d with add, additional time. more than that ets does not dare say, for fear that it would be sued if it provided any further information about the exact testing conditions. once they have the test results, colleges and universities are careful not to treat the standard ones as any different from the nonstandard ones. to do so would, again, be to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45831119568532924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.328361"} {"text": "sued if it provided any further information about the exact testing conditions. once they have the test results, colleges and universities are careful not to treat the standard ones as any different from the nonstandard ones. to do so would, again, be to invite litigation. the expense and adverse publicity that would come from a suit alleging one of the most heinous of all contemporary offenses \u2014 discrimination against the disabled \u2014 is simply not worth the benefit of being able to assess more fully the capabilities of the various applicants. the result is that students whose parents were clever and wealthy enough to use the ada to their advantage by securing a \u201c disability \u201d diagnosis wind up with a substantial advantage over others. the student who was allowed to take, for example, the mcat without time pressure is more likely to gain admittance into medical school than an otherwise comparable student who took the mcat normally. a legal leg up to the extent that attention - deficit disorder diagnoses are just a scam ( and some medical experts argue that the very notion of add is quackery ), the law is simply giving the unscrupulous a means of getting ahead of everyone else. to the extent that add is real and the law is assisting individuals who have a hard time concentrating to get into colleges and professional schools, it is attacking one of the most important functions of market competition, namely, steering people into the kinds of work for which they are best suited. not even the most vociferous advocate for \u201c the disabled \u201d would be willing to be treated or operated on by a doctor who has difficulty in staying focused. by short - circuiting the market \u2019 s tendency to direct people into appropriate work, the ada increases the likelihood that consumers will suffer at the hands of less - than - competent practitioners. ordinarily, the slightest chance that something might harm a consumer is enough to send statists into frantic activity. several years ago, for instance, the federal government banned the use of alar in apple orchards when it was disclosed that some lab rats developed tumors after being force - fed megadoses of the chemical. the resulting publicity had mothers wondering if it was even safe to dump apple juice down the drain. sober scientists pointed out that neither the apple juice nor alar posed even the slightest threat to humans, but their voices were drowned out by the cry, \u201c we must not take chances! \u201d there is far more likelihood that someone will be harmed by the egalitarians \u2019 attack on standards, of which the ada is an integral part. however,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4306618292769556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.329796"} {"text": "but their voices were drowned out by the cry, \u201c we must not take chances! \u201d there is far more likelihood that someone will be harmed by the egalitarians \u2019 attack on standards, of which the ada is an integral part. however, you search in vain for any expression of concern from them that compelling schools to admit lesser - qualified individuals involves taking chances. evidently, risks brought on by their own feel - good meddling with individual decision - making and the natural order of the world don \u2019 t count. despite the high - blown rhetoric, the ada is a terrible solution to a virtually non - existent problem. most truly handicapped people who wanted to work, attend college, or do anything else were able to do so prior to the enactment of the ada. they had to adapt to the world, however, pursuing goals that were realistic given their mental and physical limitations. they had to seek out institutions and employers that wanted them, rather than forcing themselves on those that didn \u2019 t. they naturally steered themselves toward those situations where their handicaps were not handicaps at all, just as people lacking an aptitude for mathematics steer themselves into fields where mathematical ability is not important. the statists with their mania for group rights, however, can \u2019 t tolerate that \u201c the handicapped \u201d sometimes have to take \u201c no \u201d for an answer. rather than trying to help the handicapped to improve their abilities and find the places where they fit in naturally, they take the political path of legislated coercion. much as we may feel for the disabled individual struggling to make ends meet ( and bear in mind that many disabled people succeed very well on their own ), it is wrong to use coercion to deprive other people of their freedom to make decisions \u2014 their right to say \u201c no. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44673738749918246, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.330689"} {"text": "28th mayo 2010 masters student uses pedal power to create novel machine an innovative bicycle - powered water pump, created by a student at the university of sheffield, has proved a huge success and is now in regular production in guatemala, transforming the lives of rural residents. jon leary, 24, a meng student in the university \u2019 s department of mechanical engineering, took his bicycle machine design from a steel city drawing board to the heart of guatemala as part of his dissertation, which required him to \u2018 make something useful out of rubbish. \u2019 during his four month stint in guatemala, jon spent time improving the design for his bicibomba movil \u2013 a mobile bicycle - powered water pump to be used for irrigation and general water distribution - by working with the guatemalan ngo maya pedal, who design and build a variety of weird and wonderful bicycle machines using abandoned bikes sent over from the us and canada. maya pedal \u2019 s aim is to produce machines which can improve the daily lives of locals, without them having to resort to expensive electrical or environmentally damaging fossil fuelled machines. their machines, which are human - powered sustainable energy sources, range from the bicilavadora ( bicycle washing machine ) to the bicimolino ( corn grinder ). jon created the machine using a normal bike, which is plugged into a frame with an old electrical pump converted to a friction drive attached to the back wheel. the back tyre of the bike makes direct contact with the former armature of the motor, which is covered with rubber from an old tyre to give better grip. the machine was tested to a range of heights and on flat ground the pump can achieve a 40 litres per minute flow rate - equal to about three normal showers. at 26 meters, a flow rate of 5 liters per minute can be achieved. the bike frame can be built quickly and easily using only basic workshop tools and materials, including a few lengths of angle iron, some flat lengths of metal, bicycle seat posts and seat tubes, and a scrapped standard electric centrifugal water pump. prior to jon \u2019 s design, maya pedal had already produced a popular machine capable of drawing water from up to 30m below the surface, however many farmers lived on steep inclines and wanted to distribute the water once it had been extracted from the well. as a result, unlike maya pedal \u2019 s other static designs, jon \u2019 s bike is completely mobile - when a person is done pumping, they can simply flip the frame upside down and it will sit on top of the back wheel like a pan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.51438736525767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.337069"} {"text": ". as a result, unlike maya pedal \u2019 s other static designs, jon \u2019 s bike is completely mobile - when a person is done pumping, they can simply flip the frame upside down and it will sit on top of the back wheel like a pannier rack. this mobility enables users to pump from the bottom of the hill to a mid - way tank until full, and then continue pumping from the mid - way tank to the top of the hill. the number of mid - way tanks can be increased indefinitely, effectively making the pumping distance unlimited. the machine is now in regular production in guatemala and at least six more models have been made since jon \u2019 s departure from the country last summer. jon has since produced an open source construction manual for the machine, which is freely available on maya pedal \u2019 s web site. the manual was recently sent to malawi by students from the university of strathclyde involved in a rural irrigation project aiming to address some of the agricultural problems that the developing nation is facing. in two months time, jon will return to guatemala with a team of three more of the university \u2019 s recent graduates from the department of mechanical engineering to design, build and test a wind turbine. the turbine will be designed specifically for maya pedal and as a result will be constructed from disused bicycle parts and other scrap materials. jon said : \u201c when i was asked to design a novel product from waste material for my master ' s thesis, i never would have expected that i ' d end up welding together bicycle machines in the highlands of guatemala! working at maya pedal was like being on scrapheap challenge - there is a storeroom full of stripped down bicycle parts, a workshop full of tools and the only limit is your own imagination. there was never a dull day, the volunteers came from all around the world to be there and everyone in the local town was so friendly - it \u2019 s certainly an experience i \u2019 ll never forget. \u201d dr steve bradbury from the department of mechanical engineering at the university of sheffield, said : \u201c it is gratifying to see that the design expertise that we foster in our students can be utilised in worthy projects such as this. it is a result where everybody wins ; jon, the university and most importantly, the people of guatamala. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4866446475983261, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.339483"} {"text": "lykes brothers is studying the carbon footprint of its 337, 000 - acre ranch in highlands county. john alleyne thinks highlands county, already known for its 450, 000 acres of prime agricultural lands, has the potential for at least one more significant crop : carbon credits. under a cap - and - trade system, which many see coming within the next few years, the federal government is likely to cap carbon emissions for various kinds of activities, from farming to manufacturing. some enterprises will be able to earn \u201c credits \u201d because they consume more carbon than they produce ; others will be able to earn credits because they can easily reduce their emissions well below their limits. in either case, the credits can then be sold to other businesses for whom lowering emissions is tougher. in europe, carbon trading is rapidly expanding, from $ 31 billion in value in 2006 to $ 78. 6 billion last year. the european carbon markets have emerged in response to the kyoto protocol, an international treaty that mandates cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. the treaty wasn \u2019 t ratified by the u. s., so carbon trading here remains voluntary and less lucrative. still, for public relations reasons, businesses in the u. s. that produce high levels of greenhouse gases can purchase credits to help offset their excess emissions. currently, a single carbon credit, defined as a metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent, trades for as low as a dollar on the chicago climate exchange. in europe, carbon credits can trade for $ 20 or more. sandra kling, chief environmental scientist for eco 2 asset solutions, says the proposed waxman - markey climate change bill includes a cap - and - trade plan much like the kyoto agreement that, if approved, would likely boost the price significantly. the limits for farm lands will depend on how much carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide is created in growing and harvesting crops. farms can cut their greenhouse gas emissions and earn carbon credits by implementing greener farming methods, not farming the land at all or planting cleaner crops, such as carbon - absorbing trees. a typical 100 acres of citrus, for example, would garner about 80 carbon credits a year, while 100 acres of longleaf or slash pine trees would equal about 108 carbon credits annually. alleyne, director of the county \u2019 s agricultural extension office, says land owners and farmers are asking questions about carbon credits particularly as citrus, one of county \u2019 s cornerstone crops, continues to fade after 20 years of losses from citrus canker and greening. \u201c some of the growers are in a transition stage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43965130118854157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.344460"} {"text": "in the media china battles desertification july 05, 2012 as scientists increasingly label desertification as one of the most burning challenges facing the world today, a small village in china \u2019 s semi - arid northeastern region of inner mongolia is fighting back. chifeng city \u2019 s dry climate and sparse vegetation have given way to severe surface erosion and poor soil fertility. agriculture and animal husbandry, the two economic cornerstones of chifeng city \u2019 s nine counties and three districts, are increasingly threatened by the spell of desertification, though afforestation began as early as 1940. chifeng city identified deforestation and plowing of hill slopes, continued overuse of sandified farmlands and intensive grazing as the main culprits of the problem, in a region low in plant density and productivity. china is currently saddled with a colossal 2. 6 million square - kilometre area of desertified and sandified land \u2013 almost a quarter of the country \u2019 s total territory, covering 18 provinces and impacting 400 million people. \u201c by 2030, the demand for food is likely to increase by 50 percent, and by 45 percent for energy and 30 percent for water. each of these demands will claim more land. this would lead to more deforestation unless we commit to restore degraded land, \u201d luc gnacadja, executive secretary of the unccd stressed. please click here to read the original news item. keywords : asia, china, deforestation, desert, desertification, inner mongolia, unccd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42706554372250194, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.348110"} {"text": "when i am afraid explore the bible series october 18, 2009 background passage : psalm 56 : 1 - 13 lesson passage : psalm 56 : 1 - 13 the superscription of this psalm indicates that david wrote these words during his sojourn with the philistines ( see i samuel 21 : 10 - 15 ). wearied by the constant threats of king saul, david nearly broke under the stress of fear, and he used this psalm to give expression to his emotional distress. i value this psalm, among many others, because it provides insight into the emotional life of a great man of god. david \u2019 s godliness did not exempt him from the frailties of human nature, and his genuine transparency about his fears helps me understand the machinations of my own heart. david \u2019 s relationship with saul deteriorated badly after saul \u2019 s disobedience at gilgal ( see i samuel 15 : 1 - 35 ). god rejected saul as king of in a frantic effort to escape saul \u2019 s treachery, david sought refuge, of all places, among the philistines. achish, king of the philistine city of fear has a crippling effect on god \u2019 s people. this debilitating malady may take many forms, but, at its heart, fear arises from a struggle with trusting god. the world seemed to close in on david. for reasons he could not control, his relationship with saul disintegrated quickly, and death loomed at every turn. for a long season david sought to run from his pursuer, but his efforts left him emotionally exhausted and without refuge. he saw no reliable route of escape. perhaps some of you feel like david. you encounter danger at every turn. escape seems impossible, and you weary of the struggle. i. david \u2019 s great trial ( vv. 1 - 7 ) a. the nature of david \u2019 s trials 1. \u201c a man tramples me \u201d ( v. 1b and 2a ) : david spent his youth in an agrarian environment, and he knew the destructiveness of animal stampedes. panicked herds can do great damage to anything in their paths, and this poor man felt like he had been trampled under hoof. 2. \u201c all day long an attacker oppresses me \u201d ( 1c and 2a ) : saul \u2019 s pursuit seemed interminable ; all day long he harassed the beleaguered young man. while the pursuit had acute moments of danger, david emphasized, in this phrase, his exhaustion from the dogg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45539764599815225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.357972"} {"text": "( 1c and 2a ) : saul \u2019 s pursuit seemed interminable ; all day long he harassed the beleaguered young man. while the pursuit had acute moments of danger, david emphasized, in this phrase, his exhaustion from the dogged, ongoing pursuit of his adversary. \u201c oppresses \u201d denotes a weighing down, to labor under an unbearable load. 3. \u201c many attack me proudly \u201d ( v. 2b ) : saul amassed a vast array of allies to murder david. in his conceit, saul apparently believed his alliances would spell doom for his prey. 4. \u201c all day long they injure my cause \u201d ( v. 5a ) : some translations ( nkjv and niv ) render this verse \u201c twist my words. \u201d whatever the case, david believed his adversaries had constructed their murderous alliances around a superstructure of lies. 5. \u201c all their thoughts are against me for evil \u201d ( v. 5b ) : saul was obsessed with murdering his friend and servant, and every waking thought centered on the king \u2019 s fixation on killing his rival. 6. \u201c they stir up strife, they lurk, they watch my steps, as they have waited for my life \u201d ( v. 6 ) : this series of brief descriptions depict the insidious nature of saul \u2019 s conspiracy. like many obsessed people, he used subterfuge and whispered conversations to rally his co - conspirators. dear readers, i have often found that whispered, \u201c confidential \u201d conversations reveal a sinister, ungodly, diabolical motive. refuse to let conspiratorial people to dump their \u201c trash \u201d in your ear ( see romans 1 : 28 - 31, i timothy 5 : 13, and i peter 2 : 1 ). b. david \u2019 s confidence in god 1. \u201c be gracious to me, o god \u201d ( 1a and 7 ) : david \u2019 s hope, we see, rested in the lord. his first recourse was to devote his cause to god, in prayer. his supplications demonstrated that he had not lost all hope, and he still had confidence that god would help him, according to the lord \u2019 s grace. the prayer continues in verse seven where david asked the lord to vindicate him before his enemies, especially those nations that had allied with saul, against david. 2. \u201c when i am afraid, i will put my trust in you ( v. 3 ) : some stressful situations call for careful expressions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48276348115189727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.359326"} {"text": "lord to vindicate him before his enemies, especially those nations that had allied with saul, against david. 2. \u201c when i am afraid, i will put my trust in you ( v. 3 ) : some stressful situations call for careful expressions of trust, and, for david, fear did not repel him from the lord ; rather, the distress attracted the supplicant to the throne of grace. these words do not imply that david only sought the lord during times of trial, but they reflect the consistent course of david \u2019 s practice of prayer. some days ago, as i babysat my little grandson, i turned my eyes for a split second, and, as i was distracted, he pushed a button on our stereo system. instantaneously, loud music blared from the speakers, and the sound startled kyle. a look of panic coursed over his face, and he fled immediately to the safety of my arms. no one taught him to seek safety ; he fled to me instinctively. like our little boy, david \u2019 s turned intuitively to the arms of the lord, during a season of peril. god, whose word i praise, in god, i trust ; i shall not be afraid \u201d ( v. 4 ) : some time earlier, god had given his word to make david king of ii. david \u2019 s confidence in the faithfulness of god ( vv. 8 - 11 ) a. \u201c you have kept count of my tossings \u201d ( v. 8a ) : the word translated \u201c tossings \u201d ( esv ) may also mean \u201c wanderings. \u201d whatever the translation, david \u2019 s point is unmistakable. he took comfort that god had not forgotten him ; that the lord noticed his suffering and fear. b. \u201c put my tears in your bottle, are they not in your book? \u201d ( v. 8b ) : \u201c bottle \u201d refers to an animal skin used to store liquids, like wine. david called on the lord to collect his tears ; that is, he petitioned god to take note of his weeping. in mid - verse, the psalmist changed analogies when he referred to the lord \u2019 s book. in this context david seems to have seen the lord as a business man who keeps meticulous records, and he hoped that god would record his tears. c. \u201c then my enemies will turn back \u2026 this i know, that god is for me \u201d ( v. 9 ) : david had many enemies, but he also enjoyed the support of one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45937976430958005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.360427"} {"text": ", and he hoped that god would record his tears. c. \u201c then my enemies will turn back \u2026 this i know, that god is for me \u201d ( v. 9 ) : david had many enemies, but he also enjoyed the support of one important ally, the lord. saul was against him, but god was for him. d. \u201c in god i trust ; i shall not be afraid. what can man do to me? \u201d ( vv. 10 - 11 ) : again, david referred to his fear, a fear that only trust in god can relieve. iii. david \u2019 s vows to the lord ( vv. 12 - 13 ) : in this section, david made two vows to god ; then, he followed his promises with a final note of thanksgiving. a. \u201c i must perform my vows to you \u201d ( v. 12a ) : we do not know the nature of these promises david made, but, perhaps, the hardships of life had deterred him from keeping his word. this phrase seems to indicate a renewal of david \u2019 s vows to god. b. i will render thank offerings to you, o god \u201d ( v. 12b - 13 ) : the mosaic law encouraged a \u201c peace offering \u201d that the jewish people made in seasons of thanksgiving ( see leviticus 7 : 11 - 21, 28 - 36 ). perhaps david, during his flight from saul, neglected his sacrificial responsibilities. in the final verse of the psalm, david identified the object of his thanksgiving, god \u2019 s deliverance of his soul from death. the lord had kept david from stumbling, thus enabling him to walk before the lord in the light of life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4230775358334723, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.361191"} {"text": "the sun sets over welsh mountains in a december 2008 file photo. sunspot group 1024, which finally developed over the 4th of july weekend. a large flare shoots out from the sun. after one of the longest sunspot droughts in modern times, solar activity picked up quickly over the weekend. a new group of sunspots developed, and while not dramatic by historic standards, the spots were the most significant in many months. \" this is the best sunspot i ' ve seen in two years, \" observer michael buxton of ocean beach, calif., said on spaceweather. com. solar activity goes in a roughly 11 - year cycle. sunspots are the visible signs of that activity, and they are the sites from which massive solar storms lift off. the past two years have marked the lowest low in the cycle since 1913, and for a while scientists were wondering if activity would ever pick back up. during 2009 so far, the sun has been completely free of spots about 77 percent of the time. nasa researchers last month said quiet jet streams inside the sun were responsible, and that activity would soon return to normal. the new set of spots, named 1024, is kicking up modest solar flares. sunspots are cool regions on the sun where magnetic energy builds up. they serve as a cap on material welling up from below. often, that material is released in spectacular light shows called solar flares and discharges of charged particles known as coronal mass ejections. the ejections can travel as space storms to earth within a day or so, and major storms can knock out satellites and trip power grids on the surface. prior to the low - activity period, astronomers had been predicting that the next peak in solar activity, expected in 2013, might be one of the most active in many decades. that forecast was recently revised, however, and scientists now expect the next peak to be modest. all this matters because, as laid out in a report earlier this year by the national academy of sciences, a major solar storm nowadays could cause up to $ 2 trillion in initial damages by crippling communications on earth and fueling chaos among residents and even governments in a scenario that would require four to 10 years for recovery. such a storm struck in 1859, knocking out telegraph communications and causing those lines to erupt in flames. the world then was not so dependent on electronic communication systems, however. copyright \u00a9 2009 imaginova corp. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.487947139099555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.365601"} {"text": "health & medicine - posted by futurity - jenny leonard on wednesday, july 6, 2011 16 : 53 - 1 comment in 20s, hypertension risk for low earners duke ( us ) \u2014 young adults with lower income and less education face the greatest risk of having high blood pressure, new data shows. researchers examined data from more than 14, 000 men and women between 24 and 32 years old, exploring why nearly one in five has high blood pressure. the results were published in the july issue of the journal hypertension. \u201c the rates of obesity and high blood pressure in this young adult population are striking and our findings provide a clearer picture of who appears to be at highest risk, \u201d says beverly brummett, the study \u2019 s lead author and associate research professor at duke university. \u201c those with low education and income tended to be more overweight and exercised less, and in turn had higher blood pressure. \u201d the recent studies are from the 2008 national longitudinal study of adolescent health, known as add health, funded by the national institutes of health. findings published in the may issue of the journal epidemiology found 19 percent of young adults had elevated blood pressure, which significantly increases the likelihood of developing heart disease and stroke. only 11 percent of the study participants had ever been told by their doctor they had the condition. in the latest study, researchers found that lower household income was most strongly associated with elevated blood pressure. a lower education level was also related to higher blood pressure, but not as strongly as household income and by way of behavioral risk factors, such as smoking and less exercise. researchers contrasted their findings with a smaller study among a similar young adult population in france conducted during the same timeframe. in the french study, education was more strongly associated than income with high blood pressure. \u201c the u. s. data were collected amid the recent economic recession, which resulted in job loss and diminished household incomes among many study participants, \u201d says redford williams, director of duke \u2019 s behavioral medicine research center and study co - author. \u201c it \u2019 s interesting to consider that in the u. s., where we do not have a national health care system as they do in france, we find that household income is most strongly associated with blood pressure. the differences in the health care systems may play a role. \u201d \u201c it wasn \u2019 t all good news for people with higher education and incomes, \u201d brummett says. \u201c young adults with higher income and education tended to have higher alcohol intake, which is strongly related to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44005574169684997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.372404"} {"text": "by the lead project published august 2012 list price : $ 24. 95, your amazon. com price : $ 13. 95 amazon. com sales rank : 1, 750 availability : usually ships in 24 hours scratch is the wildly popular educational programming language used by millions of first - time learners in classrooms, libraries, and homes worldwide. by dragging together colorful blocks of code, kids quickly learn computer programming concepts and make cool games and animations. in super scratch programming adventure!, kids learn programming fundamentals as they make their very own playable video games. they ' ll create projects inspired by classic arcade games that can be programmed ( and played! ) in an afternoon. the book ' s patient, step - by - step explanations of the code and fun programming challenges will have kids creating their own games in no time. this full - color comic book makes programming concepts like flow control, subroutines, and data types effortless to absorb. packed with ideas for games that kids will be proud to show off, super scratch programming adventure! is the perfect first step for the budding programmer. gdnet staff review : super scratch programming adventure is a departure from the typical books i review. for one, it is for kids. and it is written in the style of a comic book ( or \" graphic novel \" as some soon - to - be - mentioned kids corrected me ). it is a book designed to gently get kids involved in game programming using the already - gentle \" scratch \" programming / animating tool for kids. as for my reviewers, i knew i was so far out of the target demographic that i wouldn ' t be able to fairly review this title, so i recruited a couple of local kids to help me. my first reviewer was my ten year - old daughter, and the second was her 12 year - old male manga - obsessed friend from across the street. i figured they would give me a good idea of how this book would appeal to kids. my daughter was already a bit of a scratch - adept, having taken a one - week course in it over the summer. she was also a bit lazy in her approach, as each chapter of the book is a two - page framing story followed by several pages of \" how to make a scratch program that resolves the situation in the story \". there are plenty of code listings and screenshots, but since scratch is such a colorful lego - esque environment to start with, the code listings merge in seamlessly with the comic characters. and that ' s how programmers start", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5134426075012188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.379987"} {"text": "the story \". there are plenty of code listings and screenshots, but since scratch is such a colorful lego - esque environment to start with, the code listings merge in seamlessly with the comic characters. and that ' s how programmers start out! super scratch programming adventure is a bit of a grand experiment in cultivating baby programmers. it is written for a very young audience ' ' ' the 10 and 12 year - olds i tested the book on were probably on the upper bound of the audience. it is clearly the child of no starch press ' s \" manga guide \" series, only even more approachable and colorful, with splashy colorful listings and screenshots on every page. the amazon price for this book at the time of this review is under $ 14. you can buy a pdf version from no starch press ' s website but it ' s more expensive. and if you get this in the hands of the right kid, it is going to be read a dozen times and will be traded with friends and will be generally abused, so you probably want the paper copy anyway. if you have a 6 - 10 year old boy or girl in your family, i unhesitatingly recommend super scratch programming adventure for their holiday gift. it is not too expensive, and if it ends up in the hands of the right kid, it will be a life - changing experience. if anything, check out the \" click to look inside \" link on the amazon page to see how kids ' programming books should be done. this is one of those books that, 40 years from now, experienced programmers will be sharing \" oh yeah, that ' s the book that got me started \" stories.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.498853233678663, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.380655"} {"text": "( best months for planting tomato in usa - zone 5a regions ) s = plant undercover in seed trays. p = plant direct in garden where they are to grow. there is nothing like the taste of a freshly picked tomato, warm from the sunshine. in the smallest of gardens or even an apartment with a window - box, it is worth growing at least one tomato plant for the pleasure it will give you. they will grow in pots, troughs or even hanging baskets. tomatoes are frost tender and should be grown in shelter or under cover in cool climates. tomatoes need feeding. in a garden bed, compost and mulching will produce a crop from one or two plants. in containers, use some suitable long term fertiliser pellets or feed regularly when you water. feeding also improves the flavour of the fruit. when you plant out, put the seedlings in a deep holes, up to the top set of leaves. the covered stems will put out extra roots and you will have a stronger, healthier plant. there are many different varieties of tomatoes but they all have one of two growth habits. compact bush growth, stops at a specific height and useful for containers. if left without supporting stakes, they will form a dense carpet which excludes weeds and keeps the soil cool and damp. will continue growing a main stem, or vine until stopped by frost. the majority of heirloom tomatoes are indeterminate. both types need stakes to give them some support otherwise they will sprawl across the garden. varieties include acid - free, bush, tall, cherry, yellow and many others. use in sauces, with fried meals, in sandwiches. can be frozen whole or in pieces. this planting guide is a general reference intended for home gardeners. we recommend that you take into account your local conditions in making planting decisions. gardenate is not a farming or commercial advisory service. for specific advice, please contact your local plant suppliers, gardening groups, or agricultural department. the information on this site is presented in good faith, but we take no responsibility as to the accuracy of the information provided.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41283357719724173, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.386381"} {"text": "the length of amyloid fibrils found in diseases such as alzheimer and parkinson appears to play a role in the degree of their toxicity, according to researchers at the university of leeds. their findings are published in the journal of biological chemistry in a paper titled \u201c fibril fragmentation enhances amyloid cytotoxicity. \u201d sheena radford, ph. d., and colleagues systematically analyzed the effects of fragmentation on three of the 30 or so proteins that form amyloid in human diseases. their results showed that in addition to the expected relationship between fragmentation and the ability to seed, the length of fibrils also correlated with their ability to disrupt membranes and reduce cell viability. this was evident even when there were no other changes in molecular architecture. co - author, eric hewitt, ph. d., says that while the findings provide scientists with unexpected new insights for the development of therapeutics against amyloid deposit - related diseases, the next stage of research will involve looking at a greater numbers of the proteins that form amyloid fibrils. \u201c we anticipate that when we look at amyloid fibers formed from other proteins, they may well follow the same rules. \u201d \u201c it may be that because they \u2019 re smaller it \u2019 s easier for them to infiltrate cells, \u201d dr. hewitt suggests. \u201c we \u2019 ve observed them killing cells, but we \u2019 re not sure yet exactly how they do it. nor do we know whether these short fibers form naturally when amyloid fibers assemble or whether some molecular process makes them disassemble or fragment into shorter fibers. these are our next big challenges. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5187463396969842, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.389954"} {"text": "santo domingo, aug 03 ( ips ) - one of the major difficulties to overcome in climate change adaptation policies in the dominican republic is society \u2019 s low awareness of the risks, even though this caribbean island nation is seriously exposed to the impacts of the phenomenon. the probable consequences of climate change for the dominican republic range from the loss of 14 percent of the country \u2019 s territory by 2100 and the salinisation of half of its aquifers, to more intense natural catastrophes like hurricanes and unusual rainfall patterns. \u201c this is why one of the main focuses of our work is to try to sensitise people about the issue, to get them to understand how much they could lose due to this problem, \u201d the projects coordinator at the dominican institute for integral development ( iddi ), evaydee perez, told ips. she said risk perception among dominicans is low. that is also true for those involved in the tourism business, she added, pointing out that the rule for building hotels at least 60 metres from the coast is not always respected. and awareness remains low, she said, despite the risk of salinisation, which is already affecting the water supplies of hotels that depend on the millions of tourists who visit the country every year. the expert said there is still a tendency to see climate change as a problem of the future. nor do people realise that it is not only an environmental issue, but also an economic and social concern, she added. \u201c many people don \u2019 t understand this, and see it as a myth, an excuse, \u201d she said. a gallup poll commissioned by the government found that climate change was the fifth most pressing concern among the dominicans surveyed, and that the population had very little knowledge about the causes of the phenomenon. the iddi, a non - profit institution created in 1984 to help fight poverty in both rural and urban areas, sponsors several projects designed to foment understanding and promote climate change adaptation measures in the most vulnerable communities. the institute is part of climaccion, a dominican initiative that brings together individuals, organisations, companies and academic institutions in a movement that generates ideas and actions mainly aimed at raising awareness on and researching climate change. after clarifying that the idea is to complement government efforts, perez said public policies would be more efficient if the local population participated. \u201c for example, it is important for women to talk about how they are affected by climate change, and what can be done. they are hit harder by the effects of this problem, \u201d she said. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41342220189025747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.399464"} {"text": "more efficient if the local population participated. \u201c for example, it is important for women to talk about how they are affected by climate change, and what can be done. they are hit harder by the effects of this problem, \u201d she said. in the la barquita de los mina neighbourhoods, one of many that stretch along the ozama river in santo domingo, eridania rosario is one of the women who do not seem to be daunted by the rigours of the climate - even though on more than one occasion, her house has been almost completely covered with water when the river flooded. \u201c if you ask 50 people from la barquita, they will all say the same thing. our main problem here is the river, which overflows its banks when it rains a lot, \u201d she told ips. as the president of the neighbourhood association, rosario is more informed than most local people, and believes the rains have become more intense as a result of climate change. other people told ips they did not know why the ozama river kept flooding, and said they built their humble shacks there, defying the danger, because they had nowhere else to live. \u201c without a doubt, these sectors are the most vulnerable to climate change, \u201d perez said. some 30 organisations in the capital joined together in may in the \u201c community network for adaptation to climate change \u201d, to come up with joint actions, especially in the city \u2019 s most vulnerable communities, which are home to some 400, 000 people, according to perez \u2019 s estimates. the network was created through an iddi project to promote education and communication. \u201c we talk about the issue in plain language, because one of the hurdles to eliminating barriers is that information on climate change is still couched in scientific terms, and the message doesn \u2019 t reach the public, \u201d she said. a study that the iddi published in july states that 13 of the country \u2019 s 31 provinces face high or very high vulnerability to climate change, including santo domingo, the country \u2019 s industrial and economic hub, as well as provinces along the border with haiti. ( the dominican republic covers two - thirds of the island of hispaniola, and haiti makes up the remaining portion. ) the study says that one of the top priorities is capacity - building to raise the level of awareness of the local population on the risks they face. \u201c there are many families who live in those areas as if they had adapted to the danger, \u201d said luis alejo, coordinator of the iddi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.428848257743057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.400739"} {"text": "is capacity - building to raise the level of awareness of the local population on the risks they face. \u201c there are many families who live in those areas as if they had adapted to the danger, \u201d said luis alejo, coordinator of the iddi risk management group. the strategy followed by his unit in communities at risk of natural disasters is to sensitise people about the dangers to which they are exposed, while strengthening local capacities of prevention, mitigation and response to extreme weather events. \u201c there is a national system that includes municipal prevention committees, but they have to be rooted in, and accompanied by, the grassroots level. neighbourhood organisations and associations, clubs and churches must be included in the process of training, capacity - building and coordination, \u201d alejo told ips. the support includes supplying the tools for local residents to act in an organised manner in case of floods, landslides or other emergencies, such as loudspeakers, generators, radio equipment, shovels, wheelbarrows, flashlights and other elements. \u00a9 inter press service ( 2012 ) \u2014 all rights reservedoriginal source : inter press service latest news headlines read the latest news stories : - u. s. - taliban talks set to begin wednesday, june 19, 2013 - u. s. and rest of g8 won \u2019 t follow uk on corporate transparency wednesday, june 19, 2013 - opponents question proposed trans - atlantic trade deal wednesday, june 19, 2013 - job creation looming challenge for post - 2015 world wednesday, june 19, 2013 - hunger persists in latin america \u2019 s bread basket tuesday, june 18, 2013 - rural mexican communities protest wind farms tuesday, june 18, 2013 - clean ripples spread across east europe tuesday, june 18, 2013 - colombia, the united states, and montesquieu tuesday, june 18, 2013 - the taliban torches a lifeline tuesday, june 18, 2013 - entrepreneurs seek way out of crisis in spain tuesday, june 18, 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4597137422868714, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.401577"} {"text": "new study finds link between flu shot, h1n1 pandemic a new study has found that people who received a flu shot before the outbreak of the 2009 h1n1 pandemic were more likely to catch the swine flu virus, a startling discovery given the fact that experts have blamed the pharmaceutical industry for deliberately engineering the pandemic to make huge profits from vaccines. \u201c researchers, led by vancouver \u2019 s dr. danuta skowronski, an influenza expert at the b. c. centre for disease control, noticed in the early weeks of the pandemic that people who got a flu shot for the 2008 - 09 winter seemed to be more likely to get infected with the pandemic virus than people who hadn \u2019 t received a flu shot, \u201d reports the vancouver sun. despite the claim that the link was only related to canadians who had received the flu shot, dr. skowronski was able to re - create the results in ferrets. giving half the ferrets the 2008 seasonal flu shot and the rest a placebo injection, eventually all the ferrets were infected with the pandemic h1n1 virus. despite the results of the experiment, skowronsk still bizarrely encouraged people to get the flu shot. according to the cdc, the 2009 h1n1 outbreak killed as many as 400, 000 people \u2013 although others dispute this figure. confirmation that the seasonal flu vaccine could very well have been the cause of the h1n1 outbreak or at least helped it spread validates the testimony of experts like former chair of the council of europe \u2019 s sub - committee on health wolfgang wodarg, who in february 2010 told the alex jones show that the pandemic was manufactured by pharmaceutical companies in league with the world health organization to make vast profits while endangering public health. initial reports that the swine flu bug was a never - before - seen intercontinental mixture of human, avian and pig viruses from america, europe and asia prompted theories that the virus could have been synthetically manufactured in a lab. wodarg said that governments were \u201c threatened \u201d by special interest groups within the pharmaceutical industry as well as the who to buy the vaccines and inject their populations without any reasonable scientific reason for doing so, and yet in countries like germany and france only around 6 per cent took the vaccine despite enough being available to cover 90 per cent of the population. wodarg said there was \u201c no other explanation \u201d for what happened than the fact that the who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4265385716753095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.406020"} {"text": "you can speed up the access to nodes of a large info file by giving it a tags table. unlike the tags table for a program, the tags table for an info file lives inside the file itself and is used automatically whenever info reads in the file. to make a tags table, go to a node in the file using emacs info mode and type m - x info - tagify. then you must use c - x c - s to save the file. info files produced by the makeinfo command that is part of the texinfo package always have tags tables to begin with. once the info file has a tags table, you must make certain it is up to date. if you edit an info file directly ( as opposed to editing its texinfo source ), and, as a result of deletion of text, any node moves back more than a thousand characters in the file from the position recorded in the tags table, info will no longer be able to find that node. to update the tags table, use the an info file tags table appears at the end of the file and looks like this : ^ _ ^ l tag table : file : info, node : cross - refs ^? 21419 file : info, node : tags ^? 22145 ^ _ end tag table note that it contains one line per node, and this line contains the beginning of the node \u2019 s header ( ending just after the node name ), a \u2018 del \u2019 character, and the character position in the file of the beginning of the node.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4129289323748271, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.408999"} {"text": "* * * i ' ve posted a copy of this in here, but you may want to check the link at the bottom as it gives a variety of resources. * * * did you know that with one wrong mouse click you could make it possible for someone to read all your email, documents, or instant messages? that they could also view your grades, online bank accounts, or change your course schedule? that they could read or change anything on your computer? or anything accessed from it? that they could turn on your computer ' s microphone to listen in on conversations? or command your computer to attack other network users or sites? or use your computer for a computer crime for which you may be blamed? did you know a newly installed windows xp, 2000, nt, or linux computer is likely vulnerable to the same type of compromise without even a mouse click just by being attached to the network? did you know several such incidents have occurred on computers at jmu... from windows 95 and macintosh desktops to windows nt and unix servers? that they ' ve been used to attack other computers and divulge information? did you know all our computers are scanned constantly from around the world by people hoping to take advantage of them? did you know that your behavior impacts your neighbors ' security and their behavior yours? the internet, paired with today ' s software, provides us astonishing capabilities for sharing and communication. however, these same capabilities also provide access and computer power to more than 300 million people around the world... some of whom may not share our behavioral expectations. examples, such as random acts of vandalism, can be found in any local newspaper. the threats associated with online folks ' behavior are very different from similar threats in the physical world. using the same freedom and functionality we treasure, they can communicate with our computers almost instantaneously, almost anonymously, and en masse from around the world. they don ' t even need to be a computer expert. it only takes one person to write a destructive program to enable many people without technical knowledge to cause problems, just as all of us use word processors and web browsers without knowing how they work or being able to write one ourselves. while the risks associated with these threats can be decreased by limiting communications, limiting computer functionality, and increasing the complexity involved with our computing environment, they can ' t be eliminated because security is never absolute. moreover, the more we wish to maintain our current freedom in communications and computing, the more necessary it is that we individually take steps to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5351759950195843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.431299"} {"text": ", and increasing the complexity involved with our computing environment, they can ' t be eliminated because security is never absolute. moreover, the more we wish to maintain our current freedom in communications and computing, the more necessary it is that we individually take steps to take care of ourselves and reduce the need for outside controls and limitations. the only person ultimately in control of a computer is the operator in front of the keyboard. that person presently has the freedom to run any software he or she wants and communicate with anyone around the world. each of us must do his or her part to help ensure the integrity of our network by operating our computers safely. our computers can do almost anything we tell them to do. unfortunately, this versatility makes them very complicated. a certain amount of awareness and skill is necessary to operate such a complicated device safely on a world wide network. the goal of the r. u. n. s. a. f. e. program is to help you attain the knowledge and skills necessary for safely operating an internet connected computer. the information and associated steps listed on this page are key components to everyone ' s online security. everyone should understand them and be able to take the actions described. r. u. n. s. a. f. e. workshops are offered once per semester that describe the incidents we ' ve seen at jmu, the threats we ' re exposed to, and that teach the defensive concepts and procedures described here. onsite workshops are also available to groups. ( contact gary flynn to schedule one ). click here to download the runsafe workshop powerpoint presentation. if you don ' t have powerpoint, you can get a free viewer from microsoft here. a sixteen minute runsafe awareness video is available. it can be downloaded here. the material is copyrighted by jim blackburn but may be used for educational purposes. the file is 161 mb in size. r. u. n. s. a. f. e. goal for all computer operators on the jmu network : * understand the material on this page. * run anti - virus software and update it weekly. preferably the campus supported norton anti - virus. * treat email attachments and other unknown programs with caution. * use the windows update site on every new installation and monthly thereafter. * choose strong passwords for your own desktop, particularly windows nt / 2000 / xp machines, and on servers which you may use and keep them confidential. * use care if you enable microsoft file sharing. * visit the hot topics! page at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5565925429936736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.432392"} {"text": ". * choose strong passwords for your own desktop, particularly windows nt / 2000 / xp machines, and on servers which you may use and keep them confidential. * use care if you enable microsoft file sharing. * visit the hot topics! page at least monthly. * for all server operators ( windows 2000 / iis / unix / mac / whatever ) and all unix desktop operators : 1. set up new computers with the network cable disconnected. 2. turn off all services running on the newly installed computer. 3. connect to network and download and install patches. 4. turn on only needed services. 5. subscribe to vendor security bulletins and check the hot topics page weekly. refuse to run unknown programs our computers operate the way they do entirely because of the programs we run on them. when we run a program, we give control of our computer to the author of the program. in fact, a computer break - in is just someone running a program on our computer. a perpetrator may convince us to run their program which then takes control of our computer. or they may force our computer to run their program by using software defects or unintentional access. the program may then tell our computer to email viruses to our friends. it may tell our computer to collect and reveal our passwords. it may tell our computer to disable its anti - virus and personal firewall protection. it may tell our computer to flood a web site with traffic in an attempt to disable it. or it may tell our computer to break into someone else ' s computer to help hide the identity of the perpetrator. since programs control the computer and everything the computer does or has access to, it is very important that we not run programs written by people we don ' t know or trust. almost every other security precaution depends upon our having control of our computers. if we run unknown programs, we don ' t. a program can take many forms. it might be a windows. exe file. it might be a microsoft word macro. it might be a script. we may find programs in many places. they may be offered to us in email attachments. they may be on web sites. they may be on shared folders. as we ' ll see later, they even may be forced on us over the network if we don ' t keep our computers up to date. for now, we ' ll concentrate on the programs over which we have a choice about running. in our point and click world, knowing what to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5435739552507548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.433514"} {"text": "even may be forced on us over the network if we don ' t keep our computers up to date. for now, we ' ll concentrate on the programs over which we have a choice about running. in our point and click world, knowing what to click and what not to click can be confusing. we are conditioned to click on everything. here are some rules of thumb that may be helpful : * we should pause a moment to consider the nature of the site, file, or message and how much we want to trust our computer to it before clicking : o when the file or icon is an email attachment or associated with an instant message o when the file or icon is in a shared directory accessible to other people on the network. for example, a kazaa or windows file sharing directory. o when our browser asks us if we want to allow extra access. for example, to download or execute a file, plug - in, or activex control. o when our word processor or spreadsheet asks us if we want to allow a macro to run. o when we don ' t know for certain where the file came from or through whose hands it passed * we ' re generally safe to click in the following situations as long as our computer software is kept up to date. o when the file is on our own computer. note that an icon may point to a file actually on a shared drive or web site particularly with microsoft ' s active desktop enabled. o when we ' re browsing the web and our browser doesn ' t prompt us for extra access. o when we ' re reading email and there are no attachments. it all cases, risk is decreased if we save a file and open it with its related application rather than double - click it or choose \" open this file from its current location \". * by design or defect, a file displayed on our screen may not always appear as it should. it may look like a relatively harmless word document ( resume. doc ), picture file ( mydog. jpg ) or sound file but may actually be a malicious executable program ( spy. exe ). by saving it to disk and opening it with the application that should go with it, we ' ll protect ourselves from this scenario. the couple of additional mouse clicks it takes to do this may save a lot of aggravation or worse. * for example, if you are offered a file displayed as \" resume. doc \" in an email attachment or on a web site, don ' t double - click it or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47367857132656477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.434614"} {"text": "takes to do this may save a lot of aggravation or worse. * for example, if you are offered a file displayed as \" resume. doc \" in an email attachment or on a web site, don ' t double - click it or open it from its current location. instead, save it to disk, open word, and use word ' s file - > open menu to open the file you saved. if the file doesn ' t open properly, or its name changes, its almost a sure sign something is badly wrong with the file. there have been many instances of malicious programs spread automatically or getting passed around purposely or innocently. when such a program is discovered, vendors of anti - virus software update their products to recognize the new program. running the anti - virus product on our computers protects us from this recognized program if we fail in our efforts at refusing unknown programs. but like flu shots, anti - virus software won ' t protect us from new viruses. fast moving, email based viruses can circle the globe in hours and infect a lot of computers before antivirus software can be updated. nevertheless, installing and maintaining anti - virus software is a very important part of maintaining the security of our computers. jmu has purchased licenses for norton anti - virus for faculty, staff, and students home and office computers. it is fully supported by the helpdesk. why not install it now? * click here to learn how to install the campus provided norton antivirus software. * click here for instructions on checking the campus provided norton antivirus software for proper operation. when we receive email, we can rarely be sure who sent it. the from : information is as easily falsified as the return address on a paper envelope. virus programs running on an infected computer can easily send out email in anyone ' s name. accordingly, email attachments, which may contain malicious programs, should all be treated with caution. one click is all it takes to lose complete control of our computer and everything it accesses. * be particularly careful of unexpected or unusual email or attachments regardless of the source, content, or attachment name. * treat any email attachment whose name ends in \". exe \", \". com \", \". bat \",. \" scr \", \". pif \", \". shs \", \". js \", \". hta \", \". vbs \", or any ending you ' re not familiar with as you would hazardous waste material. find out what it is from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4728667552185202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.435700"} {"text": "pif \", \". shs \", \". js \", \". hta \", \". vbs \", or any ending you ' re not familiar with as you would hazardous waste material. find out what it is from the sender before opening it! - - > more information on refusing unknown programs... update our computers regularly computer programs frequently contain defects. some of these defects can allow third parties to run programs of their choice on our computers without any action on our part. this allows the third party to take control of our computers, and all the resources and data they have access to, for their own purposes. * defects in client programs like browsers, email clients, and media players may allow unwanted programs to run if we click a link to a malicious web page or receive malicious email. these types of defects can cause us to lose control of our computer simply by browsing the web or starting our email client. * defects in server programs like web or file servers, can allow someone to force unwanted programs to be run on our server. they exploit the defect by making malicious web or file requests. the exploitation might be carried out by an individual or by an automated program like a worm. running defective, vulnerable software on our networked computers is similar to leaving broken windows in our homes and offices for strangers to enter. except with the internet, people can enter these \" windows \" from anywhere in the world. large scale scans from around the world are often seen within days of new vulnerabilities being announced. machines with defective software or vulnerable configurations have been known to be compromised within hours of being attached to the network both here and elsewhere. most software is out - of - date and full of vulnerable defects on the installation cds and even sometimes when downloaded from vendor web sites. scanners and automated worms may find a vulnerable server almost as soon as it is connected to the network. it is necessary to check for updates as soon as new software is installed and regularly thereafter. microsoft windows systems windows desktop operators : * use the windows update service after every new installation. * re - use the windows update service once a month to keep the computer up to date. * if microsoft office is installed and you ' re not using jmu ' s novell services for software management, visit the office update site monthly. you ' ll need the original distribution media to install office patches. people using jmu ' s novell services can wait until office patches are available through the jmuapps menu or use the office update", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5204346923182142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.436834"} {"text": "management, visit the office update site monthly. you ' ll need the original distribution media to install office patches. people using jmu ' s novell services can wait until office patches are available through the jmuapps menu or use the office update site as desired. * double - click the norton anti - virus gold shield icon in the lower left of your screen. a norton window will come up. check the date of the virus definition file. if it is more than two weeks old, the norton anti - virus program is not updating itself correctly. click here for further instructions. * upgrade or replace software which microsoft doesn ' t support with security patches. of particular importance in this respect are : o microsoft personal web server and peer web services o internet explorer versions 3 and 4 o office 97 and 98 for windows o windows 95 * cygwin users must also check for defect updates in unix programs packaged with cygwin or installed separately. for example, openssh. * review computer security hot topics page at least monthly for announcements of software defects or other issues that may affect you. windows server operators : servers need to have more timely patches as they run software that is accessible to anyone on the internet. patches should be installed as they become available. * never bring up a server until all patches and configuration changes have been completed. unpatched servers have been found and compromised in minutes by automated worms and scripts. install the software while the machine is disconnected from the network, make sure all servers are shut down, connect to the network and download the patches, disconnect from the network, and apply patches. * use microsoft ' s hfnetchk patch analyzer tool to check windows nt, 2000, and xp systems for needed patches. the qchain utility may be used to chain together multiple patches so they canbe installed without individual reboots. * subscribe to microsoft ' s security bulletin mailing list and apply patches as soon after they are announced and can be tested as possible. * cygwin users must also check for defect updates in unix programs packaged with cygwin or installed separately. for example, openssh. * review computer security hot topics and serious defects pages weekly for announcements of software defects or other issues that may affect you. * if you install non - microsoft software, subscribe to vendor security bulletins or check their web site regularly for updates. linux and other unix systems these systems often have server programs running after even a desktop default installation. * never bring up a server until all patches and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45999611045862404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.437919"} {"text": "non - microsoft software, subscribe to vendor security bulletins or check their web site regularly for updates. linux and other unix systems these systems often have server programs running after even a desktop default installation. * never bring up a server until all patches and configuration changes have been completed. unpatched servers have been found and compromised in minutes by automated worms and scripts. install the software while the machine is disconnected from the network, make sure all services started in the inetd. conf file, / etc / rc * files, or your vendor ' s equivalent have been disabled, connect to the network and download the patches, disconnect from the network, and apply patches. * subscribe to vendor security bulletins and apply patches as soon after they are available as possible. click here for a list of various vendor security sites and notification services. * review computer security hot topics page at least monthly for announcements of software defects or other issues that may affect you. server operators should check both the hot topics and serious defects pages weekly. macintosh osx is based on unix. many unix related defects also affect macintosh osx. * current security roll - up patches can be viewed and downloaded at http : / / www. info. appl... ty _ updates. html * software updates can be requested using the software update pane in system preferences. * email notification of security defects in macosx can be obtained by subscribing to the apple notification service at http : / / lists. apple. c... curity - announce * review computer security hot topics page at least monthly for announcements of software defects or other issues that may affect you. * keep anti - virus software up to date. * if available, check your vendor ' s security site monthly for critical security updates. - - > more information on updating our computers... nullify unneeded risks whether by operator mistakes, attempts at making computers easy to use, or encouraging open access, our computer ' s software sometimes grants more access to our computers than is needed. we can decrease risk by eliminating unneeded access to our computers. * microsoft windows generally installs with several open doors by default. shut these doors by following the following precautions : o assign a good password to all windows nt, 2000, and xp accounts paying particular attention to the administrator and other privileged accounts. o disable network access to the windows administrator account. o be very careful with microsoft file sharing. it is commonly misconfigured. don ' t share more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5134863407233073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.439777"} {"text": "2000, and xp accounts paying particular attention to the administrator and other privileged accounts. o disable network access to the windows administrator account. o be very careful with microsoft file sharing. it is commonly misconfigured. don ' t share more than you need to. * install and configure the iis lockdown tool on nt, 2000, and xp computers to disable unneeded access and oft - exploited functionality on iis web servers that may be running. * disable unused linux services * nullify risks of anonymous, public storage. * limit unwanted network communications with a firewall. if your computer is only used to communicate in certain ways, the consequences of mistakes or defects can be decreased by disabling other, unnecessary communication channels. one way this can be done is through desktop firewalls. windows xp comes with firewall functionality built - in in the form of its internet connection firewall. other windows operators have many commercial and no - cost choices. zonealarm, by zonelabs, is free for personal or non - profit use but they specifically exclude educational institutions from this offer. you can, however, use it on a personal computer at home. keep in mind that all desktop firewalls are vulnerable to locally run code. some viruses disable them. linux operators can take advantage of the built in ipchains or iptables facilities. more information on personal firewalls. * web service designers, providers, and administrators should familiarize themselves with guidelines on securing public web servers ( pdf - national institute of standards and technology ) * follow platform specific \" best practices \" guidelines when configuring a public server * disable music and peer sharing services when not needed * use the nt / 2000 / xp administrator and unix root accounts only when needed for system maintenance. use a normal user account for all other activities particularly browsing the web and reading email. the checkup! security scanning service periodically scans jmu computers looking for those with vulnerabilities that others may exploit. if your computer is found to have a vulnerability, you may receive an automated email message alerting you to the problem. more information will be available shortly. - - > more information on nullifying unneeded risk... safeguard our identity and password passwords are the combination locks used to protect our computer accounts. it goes without saying that giving out our combination or leaving the lock unlatched ( i. e. walking away from a logged on computer ), compromises our security. however", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48351932712744733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.441429"} {"text": "password passwords are the combination locks used to protect our computer accounts. it goes without saying that giving out our combination or leaving the lock unlatched ( i. e. walking away from a logged on computer ), compromises our security. however, technology provides ways for people to obtain our combination even if we aren ' t careless. to thwart such misuse, we must choose complex combinations. there are three elements to a complex combination : 1. it can ' t be obvious. that is, it can ' t exist in an attack dictionary. * every word in an english language dictionary can be tried in minutes. attack dictionaries also include names, common misspellings, words with numbers, and other commonly used passwords. you also don ' t want the password to have any personal significance to you... your dog ' s name for example. using a dictionary word for a password is like using a locker number for a combination. 2. it can ' t be a short * a combination lock with a two number combination wouldn ' t protect very well. anything less than an eight character password is like having a such a combination. it simply won ' t hold up for long on the network. 3. it can ' t be made up of just a few characters * a combination lock with only ten numbers on the dial isn ' t as effective as one with fifty. using just lower case letters is like limiting a combination lock to ten numbers. on systems that support them, passwords should contain at least one of each of the following characters : o uppercase letters ( a - z ) o lowercase letters ( a - z ) o numbers ( 0 - 9 ) o punctuation marks (! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + = - ) etc. different systems have different capabilities. some will not let you use all the strength features mentioned here. when you get an account or change your password on a system, you should be given instructions on any limitations. how, you may ask, am i ever going to remember such a complicated password? * pick a sentence that reminds you of the password. for example : o if my car makes it through 2 semesters, i ' ll be lucky ( imcmit2s, ibl ) o only bill gates could afford this $ 70. 00 textbook ( obgcat $ 7t ) o what time is my accounting class in showker 240? ( wtimacis2? ) * if you absolutely have to, record it in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.604190573337897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.442431"} {"text": "o only bill gates could afford this $ 70. 00 textbook ( obgcat $ 7t ) o what time is my accounting class in showker 240? ( wtimacis2? ) * if you absolutely have to, record it in a secure location. it ' s probably safer to store a strong password in a place where someone would have to physically break in than to expose a weak password to 300, 000, 000 people on the internet. accounts that are not accessible from the network, or that can be disabled if too many unsuccessful attempts are detected, are not as susceptible to high - speed guessing attacks. however, some systems have network accessible accounts you may not know about. passwords for windows nt, 2000, and xp professional administrator accounts and accounts included in the administrator, backup operator, and server operator groups must be as strong as possible as these accounts have full, remote access to the entire file system through hidden shares. you can disable network access to these accounts by following the procedures here. never type your password into an untrusted computer or web site. - - > more information on safeguarding passwords... assure sufficient resources for proper system care do you want your organization ' s web server to become known as the one that makes headlines when it is used to bring down a high profile internet site? that is used to break into your neighbors computer? that harbors illegal or inappropriate files? that gives away any privileged information that is stored on it? that is unreliable? a publicly accessible network resource needs special care in its initial setup. today ' s development projects often encompass many architectures, products, and technologies. depending upon the level of your involvement with each component, you or your project team may need to be aware of a wide variety of issues. for example, a safe deployment of a web based application may involve taking into account implementation and development issues in any of the following environments : * core operating system issues in unix or windows * web server issues in internet information services or apache * web development issues in server and client side scripting and components * issues with transaction processors or application servers like tuxedo or mts * backend database issues with access, oracle, or mysql issues with authentication, file access controls, data authorization, encryption, and network access controls often cross os, web server, web development, application server, and database realms. perhaps less well known due to vendor marketing efforts and perhaps our own wishful thinking, a service needs ongoing monitoring and maintenance regardless of platform. without", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4952326391560541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.443513"} {"text": "and network access controls often cross os, web server, web development, application server, and database realms. perhaps less well known due to vendor marketing efforts and perhaps our own wishful thinking, a service needs ongoing monitoring and maintenance regardless of platform. without this care, the server may not remain in operation long, it may not preserve the confidentiality and integrity of resident data and accounts, or it may be used as a base of operations for criminal activity including attacks on other computers. * budget planning, hiring procedures, staffing levels, and job descriptions should reflect the need for developer and administrator training and ongoing monitoring and maintenance in a complex and ever changing environment. * allow time for regular maintenance * elevate security and ongoing maintenance to the same level of consideration as cost, ease of use, functionality, and performance. - - > more information on assuring system care... it is impossible to provide absolute security for our computers just as it is impossible to provide absolute security for ourselves or our possessions in the physical world. insecurity is a fact of life. there are no technical panaceas. there are 200 million people connected to the internet and we cannot control their actions. they have world - wide, almost instantaneous and anonymous access to our computers ' network ports. there are practical compromises in the design of our computers and networks that may leave them vulnerable to certain activities. accordingly, we must temper our actions with awareness and take some precautions. * regularly backup critical or hard to replace data * be careful about whom and what you trust. don ' t believe everything you see on the web or in email messages. * do not ignore warning messages. in particular, those associated with : o web browsers warning about site certificate mismatches o web browsers warning about file downloads or potential security problems o ssh clients like putty, f - secure, and securecrt warning about host key mismatches o repeated virus warnings - - > more information on facing insecurity... everybody needs to do their part your particular computer may not seem to be a desirable target of a compromise attempt but any computer is attractive as a stepping stone or attack vehicle. simple windows 95 and macintosh desktops have been involved in security incidents. even with switched networks, a compromised computer may be used to sniff network traffic from neighboring computers. thus, your security is dependant upon your neighbors ' security and their security on yours. in the days of standalone computers, reckless or unauthorized use of a computer affected just one computer. with a network", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.504689079424891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.444635"} {"text": "be used to sniff network traffic from neighboring computers. thus, your security is dependant upon your neighbors ' security and their security on yours. in the days of standalone computers, reckless or unauthorized use of a computer affected just one computer. with a networked computer and its access to shared network resources and common communications lines, the same actions may affect many computers, accounts, services, or people. as long as we want to continue to have relatively open computing and communications choices, and preserve our privacy, services, and data, each one of us must do his or her part to help ensure the integrity of our network. * do your part - runsafe * encourage and help your peers to do their part - runsafe - - > more information on doing our part... feel free to use or derive from r. u. n. s. a. f. e. material as long as you give credit to jmu. a note to email @ example. com describing your project would be greatly appreciated! sponsored by : sparkhost - hosting without compromises! hybrid performance web hosting spark host stream hosting hybrid irc & ircd server shell accounts no replies to this topic 0 user ( s ) are reading this topic 0 members, 0 guests, 0 anonymous users", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5657731245847729, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.445218"} {"text": "our oceans are an absolute marvel - but they are also in a deep, deep crisis. if we don \u2019 t act fast, our oceans will continue to deteriorate and vital food sources and essential functions provided to our planet and its people by the oceans could be lost forever. since healthy oceans underpin our very survival, greenpeace is today releasing an \u201c emergency oceans rescue plan \u201d aimed at world leaders, which sets out the best way to save our oceans - something that can and should be done at the convention on biological diversity ( cbd ) which takes place later this month in japan. our plan shows how to create a global network of marine reserves - wildlife parks at sea - to cover 40 % of the world \u2019 s oceans. as scientists keep telling us, that \u2019 s exactly the kind of large - scale protection we need if we are to maintain living oceans. our \u201c emergency oceans rescue plan \u201d is a call for policy - makers to implement it. the benefits are obvious. large - scale marine reserves will not just protect the full diversity of marine life and ensure healthy fisheries. they will also help us to alleviate food insecurity and poverty and build the resilience of our oceans to the impacts of climate change and, ultimately, allow us to sustain life on earth for future generations. if we want our oceans to thrive and to continue to support human and animal life, then we need marine reserves now. marine reserves are off - limits to fishing, fossil fuel extraction and other industrial activities. establishing marine reserves effectively puts a massive \u2018 stop \u2019 sign right in the front of those destructive bottom trawlers and dirty oil exploration ships that roam our oceans so freely right now, and says \u201c yes \u201d to healthy oceans and fish for the future. \u2019 last month, un secretary - general ban ki - moon told politicians gathered in new york that a \u201c rescue package similar to that introduced after the global financial crisis is urgently needed to halt the worldwide loss of biodiversity, which is resulting in a heavy human cost. \u201d well, with respect to our oceans, world leaders preparing for the cbd meeting need look no further than the emergency oceans rescue plan. the cbd meeting is a chance for world leaders to halt the massive loss of marine biodiversity and ensure the survival of the millions dependent on the oceans for food and their livelihoods - all that is needed is political will. please spread the word and join the call for marine reserves.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44177656945591864, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.449616"} {"text": "organizations or clubs are designed for students in diverting their attention and with purpose of bringing them extra form of relaxation and interaction with other students. it may be innumerable but almost serving the same purpose, they may differ from types of it. some are into music, religion, science, major subjects or let us say law, theatre, political, sports, community service and groups that are dedicated with the all about of \u201c essay on speech writing and presentation. \u201d approval of the faculty and the dean is significant in order to make it formal and legal. these organizations are led by fellow students who they thought would best fit the position of being the president. advantages lie from joining and participating from the aforesaid. it keeps you on track, active and away from vices. school clubs also serves a training ground for selected participants and haven especially with their free time. social interaction is enhanced and which develop at its best that will be beneficial on their future. the students are draw closer despite of their differences. sharing ideas, swopping of opinions can bring them together which in the end can give them positive result in terms of personality building. today, students are always up for challenges and responsibilities, and these clubs is counted in. at times, being not able to attend the class they make these clubs as an excuse. but is taken for granted to the fullest that sometimes affect their performance in school. the policies of school organizations when not executed well will always be the reason of irresponsible students in skipping classes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5139802680757484, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.451463"} {"text": "greenwood strongly believes that students need to develop their hidden talents and deserve every opportunity to do so. at previous schools many greenwood students have never had a chance to develop their creative abilities ; they were pulled out of fine arts classes in order to receive more individualized academic instruction. for this reason, greenwood has developed a strong fine arts program that encompasses art, music, and drama. each fine arts class is taught by professionals in their respective fields, who also enjoy working with young people while many schools question the role that the arts have in education, greenwood has seen how : - it encourages creative problem solving and self - expression. - it fosters patience and confidence in handling unfamiliar materials and assignments. - it helps students improve their visual - spatial skills. although the object of art classes is to develop imagination and skill, the therapeutic benefits, such as the enhancement of fine motor skills, cannot be ignored. many of our students have been found to possess superior talent in this discipline. a typical greenwood student \u2019 s class week includes two art classes. drawing, sculpture, pottery, watercolor painting, and pen - and - ink techniques are taught. in addition, a popular student - drawn calendar is distributed to all on our mailing list each year. crafts are also offered as extracurricular activities and as part of the village program. music is a valued and required course at greenwood. we provide regular instruction in music appreciation and drumming, with private instruction for students who are studying an instrument. our more advanced students perform as a rock band. it is our belief that developing a sense of rhythm, meter, and pitch is important for all students and may have significant benefits for those whose learning is hampered by auditory or kinesthetic difficulties.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.450941600303967, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.453506"} {"text": "field biology laboratory the field biology laboratory is not only a space for the continuing study of the flora and fauna of north carolina, but is also a rich source of archival materials collected over many decades. the lab contains a collection of study skins and mounts of birds native to north carolina, and a collection of bird nests from the piedmont region. this laboratory houses two historical collections of bird eggs gathered in the 1800s, including the t. gilbert pearson egg collection. in addition, students have access to a herbarium of north carolina plants, and reference collections of preserved reptiles, amphibians, and mammal skulls of species native to north carolina and beyond. anatomy and physiology laboratory students investigate various aspects of human physiology using computer - based software for recording electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and electroencephalograms. advanced studies in neuroscience include the recording of individual neuronal action potentials. an associated laboratory for field studies in fisheries biology houses a complete array of equipment for the investigation of aquatic ecology, limnology, and ichthyology. microbial genetics and molecular biology facility standard and advanced equipment in the molecular biology and microbial genetics lab provide students with the tools for the study of the phylogenetic relationship between microbial organisms and the molecular analysis of signaling processes in nematodes. in their independent research projects, students utilize instrumentation for the growth of organisms under a variety of conditions, and the isolation, purification and quantification of genomic dna. students routinely utilize the techniques of pcr, pulsed - field gel electrophoresis, fluorescent microscopy, recombinant dna technologies and rnai. the department has two fully - equipped laboratories dedicated to independent, student research projects. forensic biology laboratory the forensic biology laboratory supports advanced forensics students in molecular cell biology and forensic anthropology. students pursue the identification of drugs and toxins utilizing the gas chromatograph - mass spectrograph, which provides definitive identification of these substances. the laboratory is also where students investigate a variety of topics related to cause of death, e. g., identification of diatoms related to deaths by drowning, and skeletal damage due to ballistics, cutting and blunt force trauma. the highlight of the forensic anthropology course, the investigation of clandestine graves, utilizes the equipment and archival materials of the forensic biology lab for this capstone experience in forensics. forensic chemistry laboratory students utilize research - grade microscopes for the analysis of trace forensic evidence, and explore a variety of chemical methods for developing latent fingerprints. forensic chemistry students employ the fully automated shimadzu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5288178647617694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.461001"} {"text": "become a fan of h2g2 there is a stretch of coast running along north west somerset, which points to an extraordinary episode in the life of the earth. along this coast is evidence of : a jurassic sea invading a triassic desert in the form of fossilised ripples of sand. the recession of the sea preserved in cliffs composed almost entirely of alabaster. the resurgence of the sea, as evidenced by thousands of iridescent ammonites, tiny scallops, fish, and a myriad of warm, shallow sea fossils. unfortunately, the exact location will have to remain obscure, as fossil ' collectors ' have had a deleterious impact over the years. a general location, however, will probably cause no harm. the following beaches and their fossils can be found between hinkley point and porlock. look across the bristol channel and you will be able to make out the south coast of wales. the modern coast other than the odd flat section caused by shallow river valleys, this coast is a mass of cliffs which end abruptly, diving straight down on to beaches that shelve off into the deep waters of the bristol channel. the coast here is exposed to the atlantic weather, which is why, in part, it is so attractive to the fossil hunter. based on observations by the renowned geologist dr peter hardy of the university of bristol, it has been estimated that the water erosion on this stretch totals about a millimetre a year ( for the hard cliff rock ). there are other, lower, cliffs composed of red mudstone which erode at a much faster rate, often causing a lethal environment for the unwary walker. one of the reasons for this quick mudstone erosion is the height of the landscape behind the cliffs. the quantocks are at one end, and exmoor begins a little further on. rain thunders down on to both, and percolates down, saturating the porous and mudstone rocks. mudstone is similar to clay, in that it is composed of microscopic sheets of crystal lattice. when pressure is applied to these lattices, they slide off each other, like a surf board over water. this is why clay is so slippery. destabilise these mudstone cliffs with lots of water, and things begin to slide. pillars of alabaster the alabaster cliff fall in 1998 was a tremendous sight. five or six house - sized squares of cliff had fallen to the beach and jammed up against each other to form a room. these squares were composed of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4855060149516693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.468441"} {"text": "slide. pillars of alabaster the alabaster cliff fall in 1998 was a tremendous sight. five or six house - sized squares of cliff had fallen to the beach and jammed up against each other to form a room. these squares were composed of pink, orange and red alabaster, striated ( marked with striate ) with a shale - like rock. where they had bashed against each other on the tumble down from the cliff, thousands of shards of alabaster had been knocked off, and lay scattered across the beach like a carpet. within a couple of months there was not a single shard left. a mixture of high tides and tourists had scoured the beach. today, the fall is even more impressive. several more blocks of alabaster, weighing at least a hundred tons apiece, have fallen from the cliff to join the other pioneers. now it is easy to see that the entire cliff behind is composed of the same material. one of the layers of alabaster has slipped out, slid sideways, and now rises 35ft into the air from the beach. from the sea side of the beach it resembles a pillar. erosion of the alabaster is fast. since 1998, the sea has eroded the lower portions of the blocks, so they have ' waists '. although interesting to look at, this feature has rendered the blocks even more unsafe than before. be very careful when close to the blocks, and get ready to run at the faintest of noises. this coast records the turning point between the triassic and jurassic eras. it used to be mountainous desert around here and you can still see evidence of it. the soil is stained red by haematite ( oxidised iron ore, usually in particulate form ), laid down when the desert was young. there is also more obvious evidence. among the two hundred million - year - old rocks on the beach you can see fossilised ripples - identical to those found on the beach sand after the tide has gone out. there are also rocks that look like the cracked mud you would get at the bottom of a dried up puddle or pool, and this is precisely what they record - an incursion of sea into a desert, followed by a retreat. this happened many times, perhaps over a period of millions of years. there is other evidence of a turbulent past ; jumbled conglomerates lie here and there. conglomerates usually gather where a vigorous, fast flowing river or stream connects with a slower moving body of water or lake. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4389073238280527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.469675"} {"text": "a period of millions of years. there is other evidence of a turbulent past ; jumbled conglomerates lie here and there. conglomerates usually gather where a vigorous, fast flowing river or stream connects with a slower moving body of water or lake. the vigorous river then dumps its detritus ( wood, gravel, rocks, etc ) into the slow body, where it might compact over years and turn into a conglomerate. the higgledy - piggledy patterns of the conglomerate rocks on this beach point to violent flooding and recession as the seas washed in and out of the ancient desert. the desert was eventually covered in ocean, marking the beginning of the lower jurassic period. the iridescent ammonites found here ( caloceras johnstoni ) are the ' zone fossils ' for the lower jurassic. a zone fossil marks definitive borders between one age and the next. when a fossil is particularly common worldwide, strata can be identified and dated by their presence. sea - shells, bone - beds and iridescent ammonites among the more famous fossils along this stretch are the bone beds. these are, as the name would suggest, beds of fossils composed of bones, mainly of fishes, but also containing scales and teeth. entire fishes have been found a little further on. there are also what appear to be miniature scallops in profusion, captured in a dark, hard rock. but the most obvious of fossils in this area have to be the aforementioned iridescent ammonites. some are over two feet across, and when wet, shine like mother of pearl. this researcher has a 12 \" by 10 \" slate covered edge to edge with ammonites of this nature, none larger than an inch across. people have been down to this beach with pneumatic drills and other heavy equipment to dig these prizes out of the rock. this is a huge shame, as some of the largest ammonites are otherwise too heavy to move, and would have given the casual passer - by enjoyment for years to come. is there somewhere else you could go? the short and happy answer is yes. britain is brimming with fossils, some of which are easier to find than others. the easiest of all are in gravel paths and driveways. have a good look in among the stones and, if you find one that has a patterned surface ( rather like someone has pushed a sponge into it ) you have found yourself a fossil coral. also, everyone has heard about lyme regis. again, caution is advised under the cliffs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5172252665559283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.470741"} {"text": "click here to view an interactive map of the northern ireland dataset as currently collated by cedar. the map is generated through the nbn gateway using their interactive mapping tool. coregonus autumnalis pollan thompson pollan is a glacial relict of an alaskan - siberian whitefish species and is not found anywhere in western europe outside of ireland. it is a good example of the importance of correct taxonomy in determining conservation importance. for most of the twentieth century, pollan was regarded as one or other of two coregonid species found in britain. however, molecular studies in the 1970s showed conclusively that it was c. autumnalis, but that there were sufficient differences to regard it as a distinct subspecies c. a. pollan. in a recent revision, kottelat has suggested that it should be designated as a full species c. pollan rather than a subspecies, which would make it an endemic irish species. further work is required to validate this proposal. irrespective of its exact classification, pollan is one of the most unique elements of the irish fauna. pollan entered the shannon system as a migratory fish at the end of the last ice age, some 14, 000 years ago, and from there it spread to loughs erne and neagh, all of which were interconnected in the period of glacial retreat. as the sea temperature and salinity increased, pollan lost its migratory habit and became restricted to freshwater. however, pollan have been found in the erne estuary at ballyshannon and downstream of coleraine on the lower river bann. since neagh, erne and shannon ( ree and derg ) stocks have been isolated for over 10, 000 years, undoubtedly genetic differences have evolved among them as a result of adaptation to local conditions and by genetic drift. there is also some evidence of distinct populations within lough neagh, presumably maintained as a result of natal homing to separate spawning areas. pollan is a silvery trout - shaped fish, with a dark greeny - blue back. superficially, it resembles a herring but is easily recognised due to the presence of the diagnostic salmonid adipose fin, a small fleshy dorsal fin just in front of the tail. pollan spawn in december and january in shallow rocky areas of the loughs where wave action provides good oxygenation for the developing eggs. the young fish feed on animal plankton and on larger invertebrates as they grow older. $ mysis relicta $, a glacial relict crustacean", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45795893563770873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.477975"} {"text": "shallow rocky areas of the loughs where wave action provides good oxygenation for the developing eggs. the young fish feed on animal plankton and on larger invertebrates as they grow older. $ mysis relicta $, a glacial relict crustacean, is an important food source in lough neagh, as are the abundant larvae of chironomid midges. spawning takes place from about three years of age and individuals can generally live for about five years, although a seven - year - old has been recorded from lower lough erne. there are no similar freshwater species present in ireland but two related whitefish species are found in scotland, cumbria, and wales, although several populations of these have become extinct in recent decades. how to see this species lough neagh pollan are fished for commercially and can be seen as fishermen land their catches at various quays around the lough. they can be bought in some fish markets and shops during the fishing season ( march to october ). pollan sometimes move down the lower river bann and they have been caught by anglers downstream of coleraine. although still common in lough neagh, pollan is no longer found in upper lough erne and has become very rare in lower lough erne since the 1970s. it was abundant in lough erne in the early part of the twentieth century where it formed the subject of a substantial commercial fishery. exploitation of lough neagh pollan is controlled by fisheries legislation, enforced by the fisheries conservancy board northern ireland. why is this species a priority in northern ireland? pollan is not found anywhere else in western europe outside ireland threats / causes of decline pollan require water with a good level of oxygen and so eutrophication, due to nutrient enrichment, and climatic warming are major threats, especially in the deeper lakes where oxygenation due to wind - mixing is reduced. the other major threat is increase of non - native species such as pike, roach and zebra mussel, which have been linked to the decline in lower lough erne, possibly as a result of predation and decline in zooplankton availability. the recent introduction of zebra mussel into lough neagh presents a serious threat to pollan in this lough. conservation of this species an all - ireland species action plan was published in 2005. there is also a uk species action plan which was published in 1995. what you can do support the restoration of northern ireland lakes to high water quality status. help prevent the further spread of zebra mussels within lough neagh. text", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3984138784431315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.479598"} {"text": "power is actualized only where word and deed have not parted company, where words are not empty and deeds not brutal, where words are not used to veil intentions but to disclose realities, and where deeds are not used to violate and destroy but to establish relations and create new realities. - hannah arendt, the human condition arendt \u2019 s conception of power is one of the most subtle and elusive features of her political theory. here arendt poses the problem of power in terms of power \u2019 s loss, of powerlessness, which is also what she calls \u201c the death of political communities. \u201d what is powerlessness? what, exactly, is lost when power is lost? there are many ways to become powerless in the world of twenty - first century politics. in the united states we often imagine that citizens would be powerless without their constitutional rights \u2013 the vote, free speech, due process. in and around the world \u2019 s many war zones, the loss of military protection seems to produce a very different kind of powerlessness, one that is linked to both our physical vulnerability to violence as human beings and the persistence of violence between sovereign states ( and within them. ) there is also the powerlessness that seems to follow from the dislocations or migrations of peoples, a condition that arendt calls mass homelessness, which may come from the movement of peoples across borders or the redrawing of borders across peoples. poverty appears to be another form of powerlessness altogether, one that disrupts our capacity to appropriate nonhuman nature through labor and work and thereby sustain our lives. arendt argues that mass destitution, alongside mass homelessness, is a form of powerlessness that is peculiar to the political condition of the modern age. many other kinds of powerlessness can be added to this list. the list is disturbing not only for its variety and length, but also because the felt urgency of each danger invites us to elevate one or two above the others, so that we risk settling for powerlessness of several kinds in order to secure power in one or two \u201c emergency \u201d domains. we choose between the power of kill lists and drone strikes and the power of due process for americans accused of terrorism. we weigh our powerlessness in the face of global warming against the powerlessness caused by the great recession, where the hoped - for \u201c recovery \u201d will be defined by consumption - led \u201c growth, \u201d rendered tangible by lower gas prices and more crowded shopping malls. or, we may think that us power in the globalizing world of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5601374598207406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.486710"} {"text": "by the great recession, where the hoped - for \u201c recovery \u201d will be defined by consumption - led \u201c growth, \u201d rendered tangible by lower gas prices and more crowded shopping malls. or, we may think that us power in the globalizing world of free trade and faster capital flows is dependent upon \u201c securing our national borders, \u201d achieved through the quasi - militarization of immigration enforcement. hard choices are the stuff of politics - they are supposed to be what power is all about - but the dilemmas of modern powerlessness are peculiarly wrenching in large part because they are not readily negotiable by political action, by those practices of public creativity and initiative that are uniquely capable of redefining what is possible in the common world. rather, these \u201c choices \u201d and others like them seem more like dead - ends, tired old traps that mark the growing powerlessness of politics itself. the death of the body politic, which can only occur by way of the powerlessness of politics itself, is arendt \u2019 s main concern in the above quote. in contrast to hobbes, rousseau, weber, and habermas, among others, arendt distinguishes power from domination, strength, rationality, propaganda, and violence. located within the open and common world of human speech and action, power reveals its ethical and political limits when it is overcome by deception, empty words, destruction, and \u201c brutality. \u201d rooted in the human conditions of natality and plurality, and constituted by the gathered actions of many in a public space of appearance, power exists only in its actualization through speech and deed. like action, power depends upon the public self - disclosure of actors in historical time. actors acting together with other actors generate power. yet because we do not know \u201c who \u201d we disclose ourselves to be in the course of collective action, or what the effects of our actions will turn out to mean in the web of human stories, power itself is always \u201c boundless and unpredictable, \u201d which in part explains its peculiar force. given its boundlessness and unpredictability, power cannot be stored up for emergencies, like weapons or food and water, nor kept in place through fixed territories, as with national sovereignty. power therefore co - exists only uneasily with machpolitik. power can overcome violence and strength through the gathered voices and acts of the many ; it can also be destroyed ( but not replaced ) through the dispersal of the many and the dissolution of the space of appearance. in - between gathering and dispersal, power", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5542874833257778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.487693"} {"text": ". power can overcome violence and strength through the gathered voices and acts of the many ; it can also be destroyed ( but not replaced ) through the dispersal of the many and the dissolution of the space of appearance. in - between gathering and dispersal, power is preserved through what arendt calls \u201c organization, \u201d the laws, traditions, habits, and institutions that sustain the space of appearance during those interims when actors disperse temporarily and withdraw back into the private realm, only to reappear later. for arendt, the loss of power is the loss of our capacity to act with others in a way that generates, sustains, and discloses a common world. powerlessness is marked by the receding of public spaces. this may occur, for example, through the gentle decline of a formally constituted public realm into the technocratic shadows of the social, or through the brutal sovereign repression of spontaneously emergent spaces of appearance. in both cases, our ethical and political incapacities to act together, and the philosophical inability to recognize power when we see it, are at the root of modern political powerlessness. power - seekers, on arendt \u2019 s view, would be well advised to cultivate a deeper political appreciation for both the immaterial force and fragility of human natality, plurality, and public space, which will be lost when power is mistaken for its rivals, like reason, strength, violence, or sovereignty. congratulations and welcome to the newest hannah arendt center fellows, wyatt mason, bill dixon, laura ephraim, and ursula ludz. wyatt mason ( senior arendt center fellow ) is a contributing editor of harper ' s magazine and a contributing writer to the new york times magazine. his writing also appears in the new york review of books and the new yorker. modern library publishes his translations of the works of arthur rimbaud, rimbaud complete and i promise to be good. a 2003 - 2004 fellow of the cullman center for scholars and writers at the new york public library, he received the 2005 nona balakian citation from the national book critics circle and a national magazine award in 2006. he teaches non - fiction in the bennington writing seminars and will be senior fellow at the hannah arendt center at bard college for 2010 - 2011. charles ( bill ) dixon ( post - doctoral fellow ) is a political theorist and a phd. candidate in political science at johns hopkins university. dixon \u2019 s research interests include ancient and modern theories of democracy, political judgment and action, political economy, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5432727053235981, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.488623"} {"text": "depression is a mental illness characterized by feelings of profound sadness and lack of interest in enjoyable activities. it may cause a wide range of symptoms, both physical and emotional. unlike a blue mood, depression can last for weeks, months, or years, and rarely subsides without treatment. depression in college here \u2019 s what you need to know about how to prevent and treat depression while you or your child is in college. can folic acid help ease depression? folic acid, the b - vitamin that is famous for its role in preventing birth defects, is now under scrutiny for its effects on another devastating condition \u2014 depression. how to choose a therapist or counselor perhaps you have a chronic or difficult problem, or maybe you feel depressed or sad. before you jump into therapy, there are important issues that you need to consider. could your depression be related to your medication? after two weeks of taking accutane, an acne medication, 19 - year - old joe began experiencing fatigue, lack of motivation, sleep problems, and crying spells. he was diagnosed with depression \u2014 something his healthcare provider eventually believed was related to his use of accutane. creativity and depression : is there a link? history is filled with writers, poets, artists, musicians, composers, and other creative people who wrestled with mood disorders. but is this portrayal just a stereotype, or is there really a link between creativity and depression? depression screening advised for all adults soon your doctor may start asking more questions about your mental health. prompting these changes are innovative new recommendations from the us preventive services task force on screening for depression in adults. the role of depression in adolescent obesity about 5 % of children and adolescents in the unites states suffer from depression. could this put them at increased risk for obesity? a study from the journal explores the possible link.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.532150170141872, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.492664"} {"text": "international healthcare worker safety center global initiative for healthcare worker safety a forum for sharing research and best practices worldwide in the prevention of needlesticks and occupational exposures to bloodborne pathogens defining the problem... healthcare workers are a critical resource in every corner of the globe - - the infrastructure without which healthcare cannot exist. but in caring for us, they place themselves at risk daily of contracting life - threatening infections from bloodborne pathogens, including hiv, hepatitis b and hepatitis c. injuries from needles and other sharp medical devices, along with accidental exposures to blood and body fluids from splashes and sprays, are the most serious occupational hazard faced by healthcare workers. ( read more )... and the solution. who should use this site? devices with engineered sharps injury protection are highly effective in reducing the risk of needlesticks and sharps injuries. we know that a combination of safer devices, hepatitis b vaccine and basic barrier garments save lives. the challenge is to get protective devices and products into the hands of healthcare workers who need them most - - in every corner of the globe. - occupational health and infection control practitioners looking for training and educational resources in needlestick prevention and - researchers looking for the latest articles and abstracts related to occupational - hospital and healthcare administrators looking for information about epinet, a sharps injury surveillance program - epinet users worldwide who want to share ask technical questions - medical device manufacturers looking to improve their products and participate in the global strategy for healthcare worker protection we welcome your comments, questions, and suggestions for additions to this website. to submit a comment, please click here. to learn more about the center ' s global initiative for healthcare worker safety and how you can participate, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5064561409842011, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.494906"} {"text": "any responsible pet owner knows that owning pets, especially dogs, is a big responsibility. however, in costa rica there is a big dog dilemma. with thousands of puppy mills, so - called breeders, and pet shops throughout the island nation, dogs are everywhere, yet sadly, an estimated one million dogs are released to the streets each year by owners no longer able to or perhaps no longer want to care for them. just as in many other countries, dogs in costa rica are used as status symbols, given as gifts to children and loved ones, and brought in as companions. however, when the novelty wears off and the dogs grow, often without proper training or space to live, they can become more work than their owners think they are worth, and the dogs are thrown out into the street. dogs once welcomed into homes are just as quickly left to fend for themselves on the streets and even given a new name, \u201c callejeros \u201d or \u201c street dogs \u201d. animals rescue workers have long urged residents to carefully consider bringing a pet into their home, and to never buy from pet stores, as many of the dogs come from puppy mills that continue to mistreat and over breed dogs, that as many now see just wind up on the streets. during a recent national geographic channel documentary, \u201c dog whisperer \u201d cesar milan traveled to with last chance for animals ( lca ) to take a look inside puppy mills. lat year, the cesar milan foundation and lca teamed up to create a psa in costa rica tilted, \u201c adopt, don \u2019 t shop. \u201d see the spanish - language psa here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3919921324884802, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.501064"} {"text": "the problem of the holy roman empire in the survey course : a chaos approach in 1980 jack gagliardo noted that the holy roman empire had \" virtually disappeared from modern european history textbooks. \" the situation has probably gotten worse in the past 15 years. despite the efforts of historians like mack walker, one would be hard pressed to find a western civilization student who has even a remote understanding of or interest in the empire. the reasons for this neglect are well known. european history has long been fettered by an overly teleological conception of history, in which the \" modern \" nation is seen as the inevitable culmination of human development. within this context the holy roman empire appears as an embryonic german nation - state that died before it could be bornand thus as a failure. a reconsideration of the way we teach the \" old reich \" would be welcome, if only because it offers us a unique oppor tunity to break out of the linear and highly nationalist framework of the standard survey. 1 but to transcend the nationalist framework, we need to understand it. a brief examination of the main western civilization texts shows that they continue to evaluate institutions like the old reich in terms of how they contributed to the development of the modern nation. although more recently published survey texts generally pay lip service to the idea that we cannot really project the notion of \" france \" and \" germany \" into medieval times, they nevertheless treat the empire as an essentially german entity, even when they know otherwise. marvin perry, for one, sees the empire merely as a \" kingdom consisting mainly of german - speaking principalities. \" in the same vein, thomas greer and galvin lewis note that \" by the eleventh century there were three principal feudal states in europe ; the holy roman empire, the kingdom of france, and the kingdom of england, \" thus putting all three on the same footing and tempting us to regard them all as embryonic national monarchies. 2 confining the facts about the empire within the nationalist paradigm inherited from the 19th century distorts the history of central europe by prematurely marking it off as unique. for example, by holding that otto and his successors were merely kings of germany, the investiture contest and its sequelae appear as the harbingers of a kind of political anarchy unique to middle europe. likewise, equating the disintegration of the holy roman empire with the disintegration of the german state gives central european history a uniquely anarchic and \" backward \" character. this in turn implies that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49893938441699404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.525257"} {"text": "unique to middle europe. likewise, equating the disintegration of the holy roman empire with the disintegration of the german state gives central european history a uniquely anarchic and \" backward \" character. this in turn implies that german history in particular is cursed with a lingering barbarism, preventing germans from forming a modern state. the rulers of central european states like austria, bavaria, prussia, and wurttemberg thus appear as purely destructive forces of decentralization rebelling against an imaginary german kingdom that never was. any reconsideration of the empire ' s place in european history really depends on emancipating ourselves from the nationalist presuppositions of the last two centuries and beginning with entirely new categories. but to ask whether the nation - state was the inevitable culmination of some developmental sequence is ultimately to question whether historical outcomes are always predetermined. one way to approach this question is to examine the emerging science of \" chaos. \" according to evolutionary paleontologist stephen jay gould, a distinction must be made between historical and experimental knowledge. while theoretical physics may attempt to deduce universal laws which can be tested in the lab, historical explanations depend on \" contingent detail \" that occurs only once. although \" we can explain an event after it occurs, \" gould argues that \" contingency precludes its repetition, even from an identical starting point. \" 3 astro nomer stephen dole affords an example of this contingency on a vast scale. with the aid of a computer program known as acrete, dole suggests how the present planetary system might have evolved from a primeval gas cloud. specifying the exact size and shape of the gas, dole simulated the evolution of a number of alternative solar systems out of more or less the same cloud. some of the solar systems generated featured planets even larger than jupiter, while others ended up with a number of smaller planets. in a later discussion of dole ' s work, richard isaacman and carl sagan noted that it was possible to generate very different solar systems by only slightly varying the initial conditions. 4 if isaacman and sagan are correct, the history of our solar system apparently depended on contingencies which preclude that history being repeated, even if one started with more or less the same conditions. at some point in the historical process, the chance collision of two gas molecules might have set in motion a chain of events leading to the formation of a very different solar system. moreover, even if we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5682719383393051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.528366"} {"text": "one started with more or less the same conditions. at some point in the historical process, the chance collision of two gas molecules might have set in motion a chain of events leading to the formation of a very different solar system. moreover, even if we accept the inevitability of our solar system and the formation of earth as we know it, the human species ' rise to prominence was by no means guaranteed. gould thus argues that humanity ' s ascension to dominance was the result of a \" curious chain of events \" that \" would probably never happen again. \" 5 a matter of probability now, i would argue that the history of europe lends itself to a chaos approach. although authors of the major texts write as if nationalism was some ineluctable component of \" modernity, \" the emergence of nations such as france or germany may have actually been a mere matter of probability. if the carolinian empire had either held together or fallen apart completely, the history of the west would have been radically different. even the treaty of verdun in 843 was, according to geoffrey barraclough, \" the result not of racial or provincial differences, but simply of dynastic conflicts within the royal house \" in which power was up for grabs. 6 in this context, the emergence of the various states in the west appears as a fortuitous accretion of territorial units not unlike the emergence of our solar system out of some primeval gas cloud. while the cloud ( europe ) might have resolved itself into a single star ( empire ) or fragmented into billions of asteroids ( anarchy ), it ended up slowly resolving itself into a number of small planets ( nations ). that the western frankish kingdom eventually resolved itself into one state while the eastern developed into a number of states may have been the result of a series of unpredictable choices made by real individuals at crucial points in the historical process. the constant division and redivision of the carolinian realm after verdun meant that any rival king within that realm had the right to take the imperial power if he was strong enough. no supposed \" national character \" predisposed otto the great, rather than his royal contemporary across the rhine, to take the imperial title. not only was the imperial title not reserved for the eastern ( as opposed to the western ) franks, but otto ' s assumption of the imperial crown was a kind of accident. if otto had died or a west frankish ruler of equal ability had arisen, the latter might have taken the imperial crown, intervened in papal affairs and fragmented", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5526881463170699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.538182"} {"text": "western ) franks, but otto ' s assumption of the imperial crown was a kind of accident. if otto had died or a west frankish ruler of equal ability had arisen, the latter might have taken the imperial crown, intervened in papal affairs and fragmented his realm. consequently, the association of the \" empire \" with the east franks ( and thus the germans ) was also a mere accident of history. moreover, as d. j. a. matthew has pointed out, the medieval emperors had every reason for believing that the division between east and west francia was not permanent. 7 the fact that the eastern rather than western kingdom happened to produce a leader powerful enough to claim the imperial title does not in any way establish some kind of metaphysical link between the eastern franks and the reich. even after the division between the eastern and western frankish kingdom, otto and his successors claimed a spiritual domain over the west in some ways similar to that of the pope. in this context, the east frankish domains of the ottonian rulers appear analogous to the papal states, because both were local temporal symbols of a universal moral authority. the emperors ' special relationship with the church gave them an indirect authority over other european kings that should not be underestimated. according to barraclough, there was thus originally \" less divergence between europe and asia [ china ] than is sometimes supposed, \" because the european imperial \" ideal \" embodied by the reich \" was basically the same as that of the chinese and other oriental rulers. \" 8 regarding the empire as a vestigial universal state that only gradually shrank to its final dimensions, rather than a stillborn german national entity, allows us to open up a whole new way of looking at central european history. by recognizing the genuinely universal characteristics of the empire, we are in a position to see the history of mitteleuropa in a new light. the universal claims of otto and his successors, we may now argue, led to two related developments concerning the princes. on the one hand, otto ' s elevation promoted them. when their liege lord claimed a vague supremacy over even the king of france, the east frankish vassals became potentially equal to that king. on the other hand, the papacy confirmed the independence of the great princes by periodically excommunicating the emperors. a common european history in other words, by putting the story of the empire on an equal level with that of the papacy, we put the history of wurttemberg and bavaria on an equal level with that of france. if the empire, like the papacy,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49749205113400163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.542025"} {"text": "a common european history in other words, by putting the story of the empire on an equal level with that of the papacy, we put the history of wurttemberg and bavaria on an equal level with that of france. if the empire, like the papacy, was a fundamentally universalist institution, it became the framework for a system of states that stretched far beyond the domains of \" germany. \" what the princely states had in common with states such as france was their basis in dynastic politics. in the making of a state : wurttemberg, 15931793, james a. vann delineated in the greatest detail how even one of the smaller central european states followed the same pattern of centralization as its larger neighbors on both sides of the rhine, at a time when the old reich itself was becoming a sort of league of central european states. 9 again, mary fulbrook notes that \" concomitant with \" the \" overall pattern of imperial decentralization was... a rather high degree of centralization of power at the territorial level, \" a fact that takes on new significance when we free ourselves from the erroneous notion that the old reich was the national german state that should have evolved in middle europe. 10 only such a reinterpretation of the history of the empire will enable us to recognize that the development of central europe was \" normal \" and not inherently \" backward, \" thus avoiding the necessity of postulating a german special path predestined from time immemoriala postulate that has provided both an explanation and an alibi for nazism. like other european rulers, the german princes were not proponents but opponents of feudalism. no less than the kings of france, the princes struggled against the pretensions of their vassals. indeed, the transformation of the empire during the struggle between the reformation and the counter - reformation makes perfect sense within a larger european context. like elsewhere in europe, religious war in central europe actually strengthened the dynastic state ( as opposed to european unity under emperor or pope ). within this framework, a good deal of the peculiarity of central european historyat least before the 19th centurybegins to disappear. if european history was not some inevitable progress toward the nation as 19th - century scholars would have had it, if chance events could have enormous long - run consequences, we can ask ourselves what might have happened if the emperors had been successful in creating a chinese - like europe dominated by a universal empire, or if the west frankish rather than the east frankish rulers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4953188847486556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.543320"} {"text": ", if chance events could have enormous long - run consequences, we can ask ourselves what might have happened if the emperors had been successful in creating a chinese - like europe dominated by a universal empire, or if the west frankish rather than the east frankish rulers had taken the imperial crown. clearly, a different europe with different national boundaries, or perhaps no nations at all as we understand them, might have resulted. by opening up a new appreciation of the unpredictability of the historical process, the study of the holy roman empire might well have a truly universal significance to students of history after all. lawrence birken teaches history at ball state university. his most recent book is hitler as philosophe : remnants of the enlightenment in national socialism ( new york : praeger, 1995 ). he is currently working on a new intellectual history of modern europe. 1. see john gagliardo, reich and nation : the holy roman empire as idea and reality, 17631806 ( bloomington : indiana university press, 1980 ), 3. 2. thomas greer and galvin lewis, a brief history of the western world, 6th ed. ( new york : harcourt brace jovanovich, 1992 ), 214 ; marvin perry, western civilization : a brief history, 3rd ed. ( boston : houghton mifflin, 1997 ), 260. 3. stephen jay gould, wonderful life : the burgess shale and the nature of history ( new york : w. w. norton and co., 1989 ), 278. 4. stephen dole, \" computer simulation of the formation of planetary systems, \" icarus 13 ( 1970 ) : 494508 ; richard isaacman and carl sagan, \" computer simulation of planetary accretion dynamics : sensitivity to initial conditions, \" icarus 31 ( 1977 ) : 530. 5. gould, wonderful life, 285. 6. geoffrey barraclough, factors in german history ( westport, conn. : greenwood, 1979 ), 6. 7. d. j. a. matthew, \" reflections on the medieval roman empire, \" history 77 ( october 1992 ), 36869, 390. 8. geoffrey barraclough, turning points in world history ( london : thames and hudson, 1977 ), 2122. 9. james a. vann, the making of a state : wurttemberg, 15931793 ( ithaca : cornell university, 1984 ), 1819, 3435. 10. mary fulbrook, a concise history of germany ( new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5435402576273556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.544906"} {"text": "john calvin was born in 1509. he died in 1564. john calvin was the son of a lawyer. he was born in noyon, picardy and was therefore a frenchman. calvin developed a love for scholarship and literature. in 1523 he went to the university of paris where he studied theology. to maintain himself while a student, calvin secured a small chaplaincy attached to noyon cathedral. in 1528 he went to orleans to study law, and one year later calvin went to bourges also to study law. calvin was pressurised by his father to study law but in 1531 his father died giving calvin the freedom to resume his religious studies. in the same year that his father died, calvin went to the college de france in paris to study greek. this college was noted for its humanistic approach to learning. in fact, all the colleges that calvin attended had humanistic leanings and it was only natural that this influenced calvin. he became an admirer of erasmus. at some point between 1528 and 1533 he experienced a \" sudden conversion \" and grasped protestantism. \" god subdued my soul to docility by a sudden conversion \" was how calvin described this many historians look on the time from 1531 to 1533 as being the key time as this was the first time that he had been free from his father \u2019 s \u2018 shackles \u2019. calvin was highly critical of the abuses in the french catholic church but he never doubted that he was god \u2019 s chosen instrument in the spiritual regeneration of the world. at this time in france his ideas would have been heretical especially after the day of the placards incident when francis i felt personally threatened by the protestants and joined with the sorbonne and the parlement of paris to hunt out heretics. calvin lived at a dangerous time for heretics and in 1533 he fled paris. in the following year 24 heretics were burned at the stake. for three years ( 1533 to 1536 ) he roamed france, italy and switzerland. in 1536 the first edition of \" institutes of the christian religion \" was published in basle. it was revised on a number of occasions and the final edition was published in 1559. this book was a clear explanation of his religious beliefs. the later versions expanded on how his church should be organised. in july 1536, calvin went to geneva which became the centre of his work. he had been trying to go to strasbourg but the spread of the habsburg - valois wars made him detour to geneva where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40699143840360014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.608777"} {"text": "on how his church should be organised. in july 1536, calvin went to geneva which became the centre of his work. he had been trying to go to strasbourg but the spread of the habsburg - valois wars made him detour to geneva where a fiery protestant called guillaume farel persuaded him to stay. geneva was a french - speaking swiss city. at the time of calvin \u2019 s arrival the city was struggling to achieve independence against two authorities who were trying to exercise control over geneva. the first was the dukes of savoy and the second was the bishop of geneva. geneva was not yet part of switzerland ( not until 1815 ) and the city allied with the cantons of bern and fribourg against savoy. the bishop fled geneva and savoy was defeated in 1535. in may 1536 the city adopted religious reform : 1 ) monasteries were dissolved 2 ) mass was abolished 3 ) papal authority renounced but within geneva itself a struggle took place between those who wanted mild reform ( such as no compulsory church attendance ) and those who demanded radical reform such as calvin and farel. the split was deeper than this however. the mild reformers were called the libertines and they wanted magistrates firmly in control of the clergy. calvin wanted a city controlled by the clergy - a theocracy. in 1538, the libertines won the day and farel and calvin fled the city and went to strasbourg. from 1538 to 1541 calvin stayed in strasbourg. here he learned a lot about the ideas of martin bucer ; a moderate protestant reformer from germany. calvin was especially interested in bucer \u2019 s ideas on ecclesiastical organisation. in 1540 calvin attended a catholic / protestant conference at hagenau and in the following year he attended similar conferences at worms and regensburg. in september 1541 calvin returned to geneva after the libertines had fallen from power in 1540. it took calvin 14 years before he could fully impose his version of liturgy, doctrine, organisation of the church and moral behaviour. calvin \u2019 s services were plain and simple. he placed great importance on the sermon. his sermons were very logical and learned. though he himself liked music, he distrusted its use in religious services believing that it distracted people from the matter in hand - the worship and the seeking knowledge of god. musical instruments were banned from churches - though congregational singing was permitted and this proved to be both popular and an effective way of \u2018 spreading \u2019 the message. all matters relating to worship came from the scriptures - so psalms took the place of hymns in services. in 154", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4407033011736261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.611230"} {"text": "were banned from churches - though congregational singing was permitted and this proved to be both popular and an effective way of \u2018 spreading \u2019 the message. all matters relating to worship came from the scriptures - so psalms took the place of hymns in services. in 1541, added by the city council, calvin drew up the ecclesiastical ordinances. he rejected the organisation of the medieval church as contrary to the new testament. he wanted a church modelled on the church in apostolic times. there were to be no bishops. all ministers were equal. they had to preach, administer the sacraments and look after the spiritual welfare of the people. moral discipline was also upheld by the ministers - but they were helped by the elders. the elders were civilian ( laymen ) who lived within the congregation and who were elected by the city council. calvin was not keen on this but it provided a link between the church and state. the elders and deacons ( also laymen who looked after the relief of the poor were subject to popular appointment and in that respect they introduced an important element of democracy into the church. all officers in the church belonged to the consistory and if there was a power struggle between the ministers and the laymen the outcome of that power struggle determined whether the church became erastian ( i. e. followed the way erasmus wished a church to go ) or the state would become theocratic i. e. the church controlled all aspects of life. eventually geneva became theocratic. calvin was a strong believer in behaving as god wished. immorality was severely condemned but to begin with the consistory was not an effective body. it only started to be so when the number of appointed ministers was greater than the elders. also in 1555, the city council gave the consistory the right to excommunicate offenders. only after this date was a strict moral code imposed and every sin was made a crime e. g. no work or pleasure on a sunday ; no extravagance in dress. if you were excommunicated you were banished from the city. blasphemy could be punished by death ; lewd singing could be punished by your tongue being pierced. calvin believed that the church and state should be separate but the consistory tried moral and religious offenders. two members of the consistory, accompanied by a minister, visited every parish to see that all was well and that people could see that they were being checked on. the state had to obey the teachings of the church, according to calvin, and once he had managed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4624382522228355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.613222"} {"text": "consistory, accompanied by a minister, visited every parish to see that all was well and that people could see that they were being checked on. the state had to obey the teachings of the church, according to calvin, and once he had managed to ensure this power, he felt confident enough to shut down taverns - though this was actually done by magistrates - and replace them with \" evangelical refreshment places \" where you could drink alcohol but this was accompanied by bible readings. meals ( in public ) were preceded by the saying of grace. not surprisingly these were far from popular and even calvin recognised that he had gone too far and the taverns were re - opened with due speed!! was calvin totally supported in geneva? it must be remembered that he was introducing a very disciplined code to the city and that this code effectively controlled peoples lives. there were those who opposed calvin and he was never totally secure until he had the support of geneva \u2019 s most important families. these 1, 500 men had a right to elect the city council which governed the city \u2019 s 13, 000 people. many felt angered that their privacy was being trespassed on and though a moral code to maintain standards was accepted, calvin saw it going all the way so that everybody in the city was affected - a view not shared by everyone. this changed in favour of calvin when a spanish scholar called michael servetus came to geneva in 1553. he questioned the validity of the trinity which is central to all christianity. the libertines sided with servetus to \u2018 get \u2019 at calvin and but his trial and burning as a heretic gave calvin the opportunity to target the libertines who fled geneva. in may 1555, the libertines attempted a take - over of geneva which was a disaster. the ringleaders were caught and executed and this success further strengthened calvin \u2019 s hand. what were calvin \u2019 s beliefs? calvinism was based around the absolute power and supremacy of god. the world was created so that mankind might get to know him. calvin believed that man was sinful and could only approach god through faith in christ - not through mass and pilgrimages. calvin believed that the new testament and baptism and the eucharist had been created to provide man with continual divine guidance when seeking faith. in calvin \u2019 s view, man, who is corrupt, is confronted by the omnipotent ( all powerful ) and omnipresent ( present everywhere ) god who before the world began predestined some for eternal salvation ( the elect )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4733258811217912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.614886"} {"text": "calvin \u2019 s view, man, who is corrupt, is confronted by the omnipotent ( all powerful ) and omnipresent ( present everywhere ) god who before the world began predestined some for eternal salvation ( the elect ) while the others would suffer everlasting damnation ( the reprobates ). the chosen few were saved by the operation of divine grace which cannot be challenged and cannot be earned by man \u2019 s merits. you might have lead what you might have considered a perfectly good life that was true to god but if you were a reprobate you remained one because for all your qualities you were inherently corrupt and god would know this even if you did not. however, a reprobate by behaving decently could achieve an inner conviction of salvation. an elect could never fall from grace. however, god remained the judge and lawgiver of men. predestination remained a vital belief in calvinism. | \" we call predestination god \u2019 s eternal decree, by which he determined what he willed to become of each man. for all are not created in equal condition ; rather, eternal life is ordained for some, eternal damnation for others. \" ( institutes ) | calvin and europe calvinism was a belief that was dependent on the strength of the individual. you controlled your own goodness on earth and this depended on the strength of your inner conviction. this was a personal belief not dependent on the whims of an individual pope or relics, indulgences etc. you may have been a reprobate in the eyes of god but you would not know this and so a person would lead a life for god to fully know him. geneva became the most influential city in the protestant movement. it represented the city where religion had been most truly reformed and changed for the better. john knox, the scottish protestant leader, called geneva \" the most perfect school of christ. \" geneva \u2019 s impact on europe was huge for two reasons : calvin did not want his belief to be restricted to just one area and he did not want geneva to become a refuge for fleeing protestants. the city was to be the heart that pumped calvinism to all of europe. this spread was to be based on a new educational system which was established in geneva. both primary and secondary schools were created and in 1559 the academy was established which was to become the university of geneva. geneva was / is french speaking and calvin spoke french. it was expected that many french huguenots ( calvinists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4995974450477234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.616005"} {"text": "in geneva. both primary and secondary schools were created and in 1559 the academy was established which was to become the university of geneva. geneva was / is french speaking and calvin spoke french. it was expected that many french huguenots ( calvinists in france were known as huguenots ) would head for the university to train as missionaries. this was the main task of the university. in 1559 it had 162 students. in 1564, it had over 1500 students. most of these were foreign. calvin had some luck with his teaching staff as there had been a dispute over the level of pay at lausanne university and many of the teaching staff there simply transferred to geneva as the pay was better and the financial structure of the university was on a stronger footing. after their course at geneva, the missionaries were given a french - speaking congregation in switzerland where they could perfect their skills before moving on to france itself. the ease with which ministers could get into france was a bonus for calvin. however, the size of the country was to be both a help and a hindrance to calvinists. the first huguenot ( calvinist ) ministers arrived in france in 1553. by 1563, there were nearly 90 huguenots in france and the speed of its spread surprised even calvin. henry ii of france was a strong catholic and he had established a body called the chambre ardente in 1547 to monitor and hunt out \u2018 heresy \u2019 in france. it was not a success and was disbanded in 1550. whereas his father ( francis i ) had used protestantism to help advance his power against the parlement de paris, henry had no wish to have any association with protestants whatsoever. in 1555 the first huguenot congregation to have a permanent minister was established in paris. by 1558, this congregation was worshipping in the open guarded by armed sympathisers. in 1559, the first synod ( national council ) was held in paris. 72 local congregations were represented by the elders from each congregation. in some regions of france travelling ministers had to be used but this was never a major problem as the organisation of the church was so tight. many huguenot communities were near each other so communication was never really a problem. educated merchants were drawn to calvinism. this occurred probably as a result of the impact of the renaissance and as a reaction to the rigidity of the catholic church. a number of noble families converted to calvinism though there is not one common link to explain their conversion. each family had its own", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41947910031131475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.617460"} {"text": "occurred probably as a result of the impact of the renaissance and as a reaction to the rigidity of the catholic church. a number of noble families converted to calvinism though there is not one common link to explain their conversion. each family had its own individual reason. ironically one of these reasons may have been patriotic. catholicism was linked to rome and since the concordat of bologna, the french had always linked their religion to national causes. by associating yourself with calvinism, you would be expressing your belief that france should have no links to italy. the huguenots were concentrated on the coast mainly in the west ( la rochelle ) and in the south - east. they develop their own cavalry force and openly worshipped in their own churches. the sheer size of france aided them in the respect that the royal government in paris found it difficult enough to assert its authority generally. the strict organisation of the huguenots made any attempt by the authorities to crush them very difficult. added to this was the simple fact that la rochelle was a long way from paris. by 1561, there were 2150 huguenot churches in france and calvinists were estimated to be about 10 % of the population - about 1 million people. it has to be remembered that the first calvinist ministers only got to france in 1553. calvinism within france became a large minority religion. calvin made important gains in this state. ministers first arrived here in the 1550 \u2019 s aided by huguenot preachers who were fleeing from france. they made slow progress at first. why? lutheranism had already taken root as had anabaptism so calvinism was seen as another protest religion in a ever crowded field. there was also a lot of persecution in general against protestants. in 1524, charles v had introduced his own inquisition to the region and in 1529 and 1531 new edicts were introduced ordering death to anyone who was found guilty of being a lutheran or simply sheltered them or help lutherans spread their beliefs. in 1550 charles v removed the authority of city councils to try heretics. it was his belief that city magistrates were too lenient and that the provincial courts which took over this duty would have far greater control than the city magistrates. these measures did check the spread of protestantism but calvinism was the most successful of the three and the best equipped to survive. why? its system of non - religious governments by elders allowed it to operate regardless of the authorities. the anabaptists were too reliant on the role of the individual as opposed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4410004562578145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.618632"} {"text": "most successful of the three and the best equipped to survive. why? its system of non - religious governments by elders allowed it to operate regardless of the authorities. the anabaptists were too reliant on the role of the individual as opposed to strength in numbers and organisation while the lutherans were poorly organised and more open to attack from the authorities. by 1560, calvinism had not spread far because the authorities were very active against it. in total, protestantism accounted for 5 % of the whole population in the netherlands of which the calvinists were just a small part. no noble men appeared to be interested as they were too concerned with their political power and economic well being. their knew that the catholic church was corrupt but they found the calvinists far too authoritarian as the church told you what you could do and what you could not. most calvinists were from antwerp, ghent and regions near germany. calvinism developed into a popular movement in nw rhineland and westphalia - both neighbours of the netherlands. these were the only areas to convert. in 1562, frederick iii modelled churches in his territory on the calvinist model which was contrary to the 1555 religious settlement of augsburg which stated that churches could only be catholic or lutheran. heidelburg became a leading intellectual centre but the spread elsewhere was very limited due to lutheranism and the input of calvinism into germany served to disunite the protestant movement and help the catholic church in the counter - reformation. john sigismund of brandenburg was to convert at a later date and his state followed. the western area of poland was german speaking which had helped luther. however, poland had a history of nationalism and a desire to be independent and this did not help luther who had not spent time organising his church. calvinism first reached poland in 1550 and the nobles latched on to the idea of using the civilian population - and giving them some power in their religious rights - as a lever to expand their own power. two leading nobles ( prince radziwill the black and john a lasco ) actively helped the spread of calvinism as did two kings ( stephen ii and stephen bathory ). regardless of this, calvinism did not spread far. why? most poles did not speak german and therefore language remained a major stumbling block as most calvinist preachers did not speak polish and could not communicate with the population. another problem was that numerous protestant religions already existed in poland ( bohemian brethren, anabaptists, unitarians etc. ) and those who might be won away from the catholic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42199802570624795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.619777"} {"text": "the house of commons, 1793 - 94 by karl anton hickel. national portrait gallery, london. published in 2010 the history of parliament : the house of commons 1604 - 1629 edited by andrew thrush and john p. ferris, was published in six volumes in november 2010. some of the darkest moments in the history of parliament are revealed in the most comprehensive survey ever compiled of the house of commons in the early seventeenth century. while many mps feared that england \u2019 s representative institution was teetering on the brink of extinction, two successive kings were no less fearful that some of the most influential members of the commons were secretly trying to undermine the monarchy. in 1629 the king forced the house of commons to adjourn amid scenes of uproar as a band of members, led by sir john eliot, dragged the speaker back to his chair while the house agreed a formal protest. parliament was not called again until 1640, when the king, having failed to suppress rebellion in scotland, was left with no other option. two years later the country descended into civil war. the volumes include biographies of each of the 1, 782 men who sat in the house of commons. the composition of the commons is included in dr andrew thrush \u2019 s introductory survey the mps featured in the biographies include : - the key commons politicians of the period, among them sir edward coke, the finest lawyer of his day with an arrogance to match his talents ; edward alford, the talented and bluntly - spoken sussex squire who was one of the foremost champions of the commons \u2019 right to free speech ; sir edwin sandys, famed for his razor - sharp intellect and an ability to articulate clearly and powerfully the concerns of his colleagues, but who went on to lose all his credit in the commons over his views on religion and support for buckingham ; and sir robert phelips, son of a former speaker of the commons and the greatest orator of his day, a man described by sir john eliot as possessing \u2018 elegance of words, readiness and dexterity in fancy and conception, a voice and pronunciation of much sweetness \u2019. - men who went on to become famous during the civil war, such as the parliamentary hero john hampden and the military strongman and lord protector oliver cromwell, who made a single intervention in the 1628 parliament. - men who sat in parliament but were more famous outside politics, such as the architect inigo jones, who was brought into parliament in 1621 through the intervention of his friend the earl of arundel, and who was put to work by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4002859733151508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.624282"} {"text": "smte will develop, research, and evaluate an instructional model and a prototypical six - week hybrid learning experience that consists of an educational computer game with screen - based 3 - d design simulations ( three weeks ) and follow - up hands - on physical modeling activities and reflection time ( three weeks ). the game will situate the students in an inhospitable environment and invite them to undertake a quest that requires solving technological design problems to sustain themselves. the quest will contextualize grades 6 - 8 standards for technological literacy ( pi hacker was a member of the stl development team ) and apply standards - based mathematics and science. development of materials will be guided by the process described by wiggins and mctigue in understanding by design ( ubd ), and will be informed by nrc \u2019 s how people learn and by research on anchored instruction. the project will follow the planning process described in ubd : 1 ) identify desired results, 2 ) determine acceptable evidence, and 3 ) plan learning experiences and instruction. grant and denise wiggins will serve as project consultants to ensure congruence with the ubd model. the project will foster a thoughtful pedagogical approach to design that will serve as the core instructional strategy. the nsf - developed informed design model melds guided inquiry with open - ended design and leads students to develop conceptual understanding before they engage in design activity. consequently, students approach design from a more \u201c informed \u201d perspective. ctl co - directors burghardt and hacker will embed the informed design pedagogy into both the 3 - d simulations and the physical modeling. bloomsburg university \u2019 s institute for interactive technologies will provide the expertise in gaming, game development, and instructional design. bloomsburg faculty and students will build the active 3 - d worlds, design the background scenery, and develop animated human - like characters ( avatars ). knowledge and skill builder activities ( see informed design text box ), designed to teach important stem background concepts and skills, will be presented as realistic 3 - d simulations. the simulations will be driven by a knowledge - based engineering ( kbe ) framework. using kbe ( an object - oriented programming language tightly integrated with a geometric modeling tool ), developers capture knowledge about a design process, so that users, aided by 3 - d simulations, can evaluate the effect of design changes. tom robertson, president and ceo, kinetics inc., chapel hill, nc, is one of the nation \u2019 s foremost kbe experts. he will serve as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5403536727815843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.628380"} {"text": "the fruit of the church is holiness. it was therefore natural for the long process of the establishment of the orthodox church in america to be climaxed by witness of holiness - - the canonization of the holy elder herman of alaska. for those who participated in the ceremonies of the canonization in alaska, as well as for those who prayed to the newly glorified saint in churches throughout the united states and canada, this holiness was manifested in the depth of the holy elder ' s humility and in the strength of his faith. the act of canonization eclipsed everything else - - human plans for the future, fears, accomplishments, successes and failures. all this was illumined by new light, the light of sanctity now shining above america - - a light surpassing human reason and bringing the fullness of divine grace into the life of the church. in the course of its 175 - year existence the russian orthodox greek catholic church in america and canada went through many phases of a sociological and psychological nature. it began with the missionary efforts of the valaam monks and was at first totally involved in the christian enlightenment of the aleut natives and in the planting of christian morality and christian socio - economic foundations among them. it spread throughout the american continent and began to create new pan - orthodox units in america, continuing to be concerned about mission among the americans on the one hand, and organizing the first parishes for orthodox immigrants o all national origins on the other. when the orthodox immigrants were divided into more definite ethnic groups in which orthodoxy began to coincide with and sometimes was even replaced by ethnic aspirations, the church naturally began to expend much energy on the organization of our socio - ethnic \" ghettos. \" in these ghettos all that was brought from the old world was not developed but \" preserved \", beginning with recipes and ending with language, culture and provincial politics. this period, which continued for a considerable time, had an undisputed significance in the process of church growth and development. thanks to this period a number of important principles in the areas of liturgical life, piety, traditions, character and order were preserved. it also created a prolonged crisis which caused members of our younger generations who were leaving their ethnic and parochial ghetto and associated it with something totally contradictory to the \" american way of life \" to reject not only their sociological roots but orthodoxy as well - - orthodoxy being so closely associated with sociological factors. in the last two or three decades a new current has appeared in our church life. the desire to \" conserve \" traditional values", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5131622966454128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.647143"} {"text": "of life \" to reject not only their sociological roots but orthodoxy as well - - orthodoxy being so closely associated with sociological factors. in the last two or three decades a new current has appeared in our church life. the desire to \" conserve \" traditional values, so predominant in the sociological ghetto, began to be replaced gradually by the attempt to integrate orthodoxy into american life. these efforts were not always successful ; quite often they carried with them the danger simply of replacing what is russian, carpatho - russian, ukrainian by what is american. this, in terms of its quality, threatened to be as provincial as everything that preceded it. at the same time there was a growth of the healthy tendency to accomplish the \" churching of americanism, \" if one may put it that way, rather than the \" americanization of orthodoxy. \" there began an era of the discovery of orthodoxy in all it untarnished value of orthodoxy as a self - sufficient principle, to which all other principles must be subordinate. there began a rediscovery of the church ' s sacramental life, in which were to be found the sources of spiritual and intellectual sustenance. at first, orthodoxy was an \" embarrassment \" because it was a \" foreign faith, \" because it was something contradictory to \" american culture. \" later, orthodoxy became a source of \" pride, \" as one can be \" proud \" of exotic costumes, traditions and background. now, glory be to god, we have begun to live orthodoxy, that is, to understand fully that orthodoxy is not a museum, not a repository, not exoticism, but life. for many long years our ecclesiastical and social interests were concentrated almost exclusively upon ourselves, upon our own problems. even when we thought we were speaking about america our point of departure was our ethnic identity. america for us was \" they \" and not \" we \". if, as a church, we participated in the life of the nation, this participation expressed itself first of all in the fact that we sent our children to the front, where they fought heroically for the country ' s freedom. as for the rest, our reactions always concentrated on negative things : we warned the country ( and were justified in doing so ) about political, moral and social dangers. although a portion of our participation was directed to creative ends, basically our participation was concentrated upon ourselves and the solution of our \" internal problems. \" we are accustomed to this approach ; it will not be easy for us to survive the crisis which has been placed before us by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5023763068960693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.648225"} {"text": "participation was directed to creative ends, basically our participation was concentrated upon ourselves and the solution of our \" internal problems. \" we are accustomed to this approach ; it will not be easy for us to survive the crisis which has been placed before us by the course of historical and ecclesiastical events. the resolution of this crisis is the major theme of the extremely important test to which our autocephaly has called us. it is useful to remember that in greek the world \" crisis \" means \" judgment \". now the meaning of this word is relevant for us in the most direct way. god ' s judgment is being done to us, the judgment of history and the judgment of our conscience. in the light of this judgment we will have to justify the gift which has been handed to us by the church, the gift of maturity and independence. we wanted this and our desire has been fulfilled. looking with gratitude to all our past, to the entire and great tradition of russian and ecumenical orthodoxy which we have inherited, we should see in this a good and favorable wind and not a crutch for our support nor eyeglasses through which we can look at the reality of life. in accepting autocephaly we witnessed to our maximal loyalty to the historical road of america and canada. in accepting autocephaly our church accepted american and canadian citizenship ; the acceptance of citizenship always implies liberation from and rejection of any other historical and political loyalties. in turning from the 14th all - american sobor of the metropolia to the first council of the orthodox church in america we close the last volume of our 175 - year history and place it together with the other volumes on the shelf of experience and respect, simultaneously opening a fresh page of a new book of our ecclesiastical life. the title page of this book bears the inscription \" orthodox church in america. \" what will appear on the pages after the title depends on us. and so our autocephaly has placed our church face to face with america. all those things which earlier could stand between us psychologically - - \" russian heritage, \" our \" emigre identity, \" \" tradition \" and all similar factors - - have now disappeared. there is nothing that can shelter us from the reality before which god has placed us. to what extent does american life need us as a christian spiritual force, and to what degree do we need american reality? the second part of this question is so clear that no one is asking it : american life is our life. even those of us who have become american not by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.531947694086716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.649646"} {"text": "need us as a christian spiritual force, and to what degree do we need american reality? the second part of this question is so clear that no one is asking it : american life is our life. even those of us who have become american not by birth but by choice have lived here a very considerable portion of our life. every day, through newspapers, through the television screen, through encounters, through our work we continually meet american life. if we are still inclined to think that this american life does not depend on us and has no relationship to us, that it is \" they \" and not \" we \" who die at the front in vietnam, poison themselves with drugs, kill, and fall victim to killers, make the politics of the nation, get lost in search of higher values, are joyful and suffer - - woe to us! for a long, long time, and especially from the moment we proclaimed ourselves the church of america, it is we, these are our children, this is our present and our future. incidentally, this does not even contradict all our attachment to other cultures, to other peoples and their history : everything in the world is so closely interwoven, so full of mutual responsibility, that everything occurring in america has its reflex in india, in africa, in russia, in the world. \" i am not involved \", \" i do not care \", \" it is none of my business \", was never a respectable criterion : now this formula can only be defective. it is better to resurrect the wonderful thought of dostoyevsky according to which \" everyone is guilty before all men for everything. \" and we add the words of christ : \" he who puts his hand to the plow and turns back is unworthy of the kingdom of god. \" there can be no doubt that america is passing through a deep crisis touching on the spiritual, social and political life of the nation. we can point out that the crisis is not exclusively an american one. it has the same manifestations - - and even more radical ones - - in all countries and all peoples of the world. there can be no doubt that the solution of the crisis and a constructive way out of it do not lie merely in the area of new legislation, limitation of \" excessive \" freedom, police control of the population. the profound causes of the crisis are on the spiritual level ; therefore its solution requires a colossal effort of the spiritual strength of the nation. doubtless at the root of the crisis there is a wrong understanding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4599905505508325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.652012"} {"text": "excessive \" freedom, police control of the population. the profound causes of the crisis are on the spiritual level ; therefore its solution requires a colossal effort of the spiritual strength of the nation. doubtless at the root of the crisis there is a wrong understanding of freedom. the error extends in two directions. those who wish to limit freedom forget that the limitation of freedom has no end - - how can we know when to stop, how can we make certain that the limitation of freedoms will not lead to a police state and concentration camps for dissenters. those who lean in the other direction forget ( or do not want to remember ) that freedom without responsibility is not freedom but arbitrariness, anarchy, nihilism. those who struggle against the establishment do not think about the fact that \" anti - system \" can become a much more frightful system than the \" establishment. \" therefore the country is torn by the radicalism of two beliefs, both of which are intent on tearing the country apart. in addition to all this, and notwithstanding all the horrors that are so zealously described in our press, we must remember, first of all, the great majority represented by those whom the president has called the \" silent majority. \" these words are often repeated ironically, but they are a very good description of the mass of american people to which most of us belong and which, like a working horse, pulls the country out of moral, economic and political crises. secondly, among the young ( and sometimes not so young ) representatives of the \" new culture \" who give us such a fright and whom we are ready to bury in the mass grave of historical forgetfulness it is good to look for those who depart from \" normal \" american life for a number of reasons deserving our full attention. due to a lack of spiritual guidance as well as because of inbred american conformity, they often take the wrong road and perish ignominiously and uselessly. it is good to scrutinize the fundamental themes, the motivations, which drive these young people out of well - to - do homes, a successful life, practical materialism. close analysis inevitably leads us to the fact that youth is repulsed by complacent satisfaction with american well - being, by the false sense of security, by the exaggerated individualism that pushes people into loneliness and isolation, by the rationalization of even religious experience, by social injustice. these are negative themes. the positive ones are a desire for spiritual experience, for liberation from captivity to material values", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5442240571193417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.653360"} {"text": "security, by the exaggerated individualism that pushes people into loneliness and isolation, by the rationalization of even religious experience, by social injustice. these are negative themes. the positive ones are a desire for spiritual experience, for liberation from captivity to material values, a search for spiritual reality and mystical experience, for a sacramental justification of life in all its details - - love, sex, friendship, race, and so on. there is a search for the realities of life and death, which were so long concealed by our \" funeral home culture \" and were so cruelly revealed by the conflict in vietnam. youth is only partially responsible for the uncontrolled spiritualistic experimentation which has brought and is bringing so many of them to a tragic end ; a great - - much greater - - responsibility lies on those who did not support, reveal, teach, be an example in time. we also bear responsibility, particularly because we - - our church - - have long possessed first - class answers to all these questions. what can we, as a church, as the heirs of a spiritual experience of many centuries, say to contemporary young america? even on the basis of our historical experience, on a purely negative plane, we can witness to the ease with which freedom can be lost. the trouble is that freedom, like good health, the comforts of life, or even hot water every day, is understood best when it is no longer available. we know very well what not - freedom is. what it is to be endangered when you think, to be in even greater danger when you speak, and to invite catastrophe when you set thoughts on paper. we know what it is to be unfree to believe, to pray, to go to church when you choose. what it is to be unfree to leave your country when you wish. what it is to be unfree to organize your life as you see fit. it is our holy duty to share our negative experience with all politically naive people, with all those who are easily caught in the net of the demonic propaganda of the other side, where man means nothing. where \" the death of one man is a tragedy - - the death of ten thousand is a statistic, \" in the words of one ideologist on the \" other side. \" this is not a political statement, for it concerns not only \" political freedoms \" but, first of all, the freedom of the spirit. this is witnessing to the real presence of the demonic in politics, in history, in sociology, of demonism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5212296202007863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.654428"} {"text": "this is not a political statement, for it concerns not only \" political freedoms \" but, first of all, the freedom of the spirit. this is witnessing to the real presence of the demonic in politics, in history, in sociology, of demonism which quenches the spirit and which rises against god and humanity. therefore the power of this witness must be evangelical power, the power of christ, always denying darkness and the devil, whatever the coloring which they adopt - - even if they appear \" in the image of an angel of light. \" the voice of orthodox spiritual experience will have even greater power in answering the spiritual quest of our time. for this we ourselves must realize the spiritual strength of our church, which is not an exotic museum, but the living power of the holy spirit, who breathes \" wherever he wills \" in this world. all contemporary problems can be answered, first of all, in the sacramental theology of the orthodox church. human interrelationships ( the social order ), love and the family ( sex ), the value of the human personality ( racial problems ), freedom and responsibility ( legislation and jurisprudence ), morality ( discipline ), social reforms ( \" love thy neighbor \" ), suffering ( purification ), death ( resurrection ) - - all these problems can be properly solved in the light of the sacramental understanding of life as organic co - operation in the divine act of the creation of the world. the experience of spiritual life ( the jesus prayer, solitary life, monasticism, fasting, effort ) is the answer to the search for spiritual life. the practice of orthodox contemplation ( hesychasm ) is the answer to the thirst for mystical experience. the divine services, particularly the eucharist, are the answers to the thirst for sacrifice, cult, communion in love, union with god. our time is looking for symbols and for cult. symbols are justified only when a genuine spiritual content stands behind them. otherwise they turn into ritual. ritual and idols sooner or later lead to demonology. here is a boundless field for our preaching, for our mission in america, in canada. this is why it is good to bring down the walls, to tear the bonds which tie us to ourselves and keep us away from serving \" these little ones. \" these, then, in very brief form, are the tasks - - responsible, important, holy tasks - - which confront our orthodox church in america. and so we stand - - weak and uncertain as yet - - before these tasks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47889667741955555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.656548"} {"text": "little ones. \" these, then, in very brief form, are the tasks - - responsible, important, holy tasks - - which confront our orthodox church in america. and so we stand - - weak and uncertain as yet - - before these tasks, the extent of which is very simple. it was once clearly expressed by his grace, bishop dmitri, when he was asked what he considers the ultimate goal of orthodoxy in america. without any hesitation, his grace said : \" america must become orthodox. if i believe that orthodoxy is the revelation of truth, then this, and only this, can be the purpose of its presence in america. \" the road leading to this goal is long. the way to holiness, to god, to the kingdom of god, is equally long. we have set out on a new road. many issues, problems, projects, opportunities, difficulties, achievements are ahead of us on the road. on the agendas of our councils old and familiar \" unfinished business \" will appear once again - - the statute, pensions, ecumenism, charity, education and so on. it would be good, at this council and at subsequent ones, to put in first place the questions of our spiritual growth, the deepening of our commitment to the church, our sacramental and eucharistic rebirth, our organic entrance into the very essence of the church, our total life in the church. no matter how important all other questions may be, they are among those things which will be \" added \" to those who first of all seek the kingdom of god and its righteousness. in thirst for god ' s truth, in hunger for the bread of the holy eucharist, in the creation of god ' s christian family welded together by the bonds of the love of christ - - there is found the only token of the success of our service to the church, to america, and to humanity, the token of the justification of our autocephaly, of our membership in the orthodox church in america. the orthodox church, february, march, april 1971. should you have any questions or comments please e - mail us!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4391081523660455, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.657745"} {"text": "have you ever sprouted a bean seed? every one of my kids did this in preschool, and i remember sprouting beans in grade school. at some arts festivals and county fairs, i \u2019 ve seen booths where you could plant a bean seed and take it home to watch it grow. maybe you \u2019 ve sprouted a bean seed? amazingly, bean seeds will sprout even under somewhat unnatural conditions. for example, the seed i started in grade school was in a clear plastic cup. we folded a piece of paper towel into a strip, rolled it into a cylinder, and lined the cup with it. then we wet the paper, shoved the bean seed between the paper and the wall of the cup, and set it on a windowsill. we watched roots grow down while stem and leaves grew up. i \u2019 d be willing to bet that most people who have sprouted beans have never seen their bean plants grow up. let \u2019 s reverse that trend! make a point in the next growing season to plant some beans in your kitchen garden. there are bush beans and climbing beans ( also known as pole beans ). bush bean plants grow short and nearly support their own weight. they can look like very small shrubs. climbing bean plants grow long and twist around whatever they find nearby that \u2019 s at least as tall as they are ; they \u2019 re vines. all the climbing bean plants i \u2019 ve grown have reached at least 10 feet in length. the photos show what you can look forward to if you plant climbing beans ( which i recommend over bush beans in an article titled canning and freezing : how big should beans be? ) in hopes of encouraging you : i gave the bean plants in the photographs no special care. before i planted seeds, i dug an eight - inch circular hole about eight inches deep, filled it halfway with compost, and added back soil i \u2019 d removed to make the hole. i tossed the compost and soil to blend it a bit, and then erected a support in the center of the hole. then i set four seeds around the support. i watered heavily the day i planted seeds, and kept the soil damp until seeds sprouted. then, for the remainder of the season, i left the plants alone except when i harvested beans. it \u2019 s that easy. you can grow that! you can grow that is a loose coalition of garden bloggers encouraging people to garden. please visit the you can grow that website for a list of other participating blogs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3947386349726879, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.660366"} {"text": "the term \u201c heart failure \u201d can be very alarming. while it does not mean the heart has \u201c failed \u201d or stopped working, it is a serious condition. congestive heart failure ( chf ) means the heart does not pump as well as it should to meet the body \u2019 s oxygen demands, often due to heart diseases such as cardiomyopathy or cardiovascular disease. chf can result from either a reduced ability of the heart muscle to contract or from a mechanical problem that limits the ability of the heart \u2019 s chambers to fill with blood. when weakened, the heart is unable to keep up with the demands placed upon it ; blood returns to the heart faster than it can be pumped out so that it gets backed up or congested \u2014 hence the name of the disorder. chf occurs most frequently in those over age 60 and is the leading cause of hospitalization and death in that age group. in over 50 percent of cases, sudden death occurs due to a cardiac arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat. unfortunately, antiarrhythmic medications may not be effective in controlling arrhythmias caused by chf. patients with chf can enjoy better health if they treat the underlying cause, if possible. for many patients the outlook is uncertain and depends on the extent of the disease and the patient \u2019 s response to therapy. however, in other cases, restricted salt intake and medication are used to ease the strain on the heart and to relieve symptoms. while chf is a serious health risk, it is possible for patients to live with chf and manage many symptoms effectively with proper treatment if they adhere to prescribed regimens. noncompliance with a doctor \u2019 s recommendations regarding diet or medication increases the risk that the disease will worsen. when to call an ambulance call an ambulance immediately if you experience severe breathlessness or crushing chest pain with or without nausea, vomiting, profuse sweating, weakness or intense feelings of dread. such symptoms may indicate a heart attack. - make an appointment with a doctor if you regularly experience fatigue and shortness of breath after mild physical activity. - call your doctor if you experience any of the following during treatment for congestive heart failure : fever, rapid or irregular heartbeat, wheezing, severe shortness of breath or any worsening of the other symptoms of congestive heart failure. congestive heart failure is a progressive process and should not be confused with a heart attack, which involves sudden tissue death of the heart muscle. although heart failure may occur suddenly in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5010766955832079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.672860"} {"text": "any worsening of the other symptoms of congestive heart failure. congestive heart failure is a progressive process and should not be confused with a heart attack, which involves sudden tissue death of the heart muscle. although heart failure may occur suddenly in some cases, gradual loss of function is more common. fatigue, shortness of breath on exertion and increased frequency of nighttime urination develop and worsen over time. shortness of breath is often worse when lying down, ( a condition known as orthopnea ), as fluid from the legs pools in the lungs. elevating the head with pillows eases chest congestion, but in advanced stages the patient may be unable to recline at all without severe breathlessness, and may need to sleep upright in a chair. failure of the left side of the heart ( left - sided failure ) is most common. it leads to increased pressure in the pulmonary veins in the lungs, which forces fluid into the surrounding microscopic air sacs, or alveoli, that transfer oxygen to the bloodstream. as the alveoli fill with fluid, they no longer function properly, which limits the amount of oxygen available to the body ( see pulmonary edema for more information ) and produces the most characteristic symptoms of congestive heart failure : fatigue and shortness of breath. in right - sided failure, the increased pressure in the veins returning blood from the rest of the body combined with the compensatory retention of sodium and water leads to fluid accumulation and swelling in the abdomen, liver and legs. often, both left - and right - sided heart failure occur together. chf symptoms include : - shortness of breath and wheezing after limited physical exertion. in advanced cases shortness of breath occurs even at rest, and attacks of severe breathlessness disturb sleep ( left - sided failure ). - severe fatigue and weakness. - dry cough or cough that produces frothy or bloody sputum ( left - sided failure ). - frequent urination during the night ( right - sided failure ). - swelling of the ankles and feet, or swelling in the lower back if the patient is bedridden ( right - sided failure ). - rapid weight gain due to fluid retention ( right - sided failure ). - abdominal pain and a feeling of fullness ( right - sided failure ). - swollen neck veins ( right - sided failure ). - loss of appetite ( anorexia ) ; nausea and / or vomiting. - irregular or rapid heartbeat. - anxiety ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4501269780254248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.675293"} {"text": "pain and a feeling of fullness ( right - sided failure ). - swollen neck veins ( right - sided failure ). - loss of appetite ( anorexia ) ; nausea and / or vomiting. - irregular or rapid heartbeat. - anxiety ; in severe cases irritability, restlessness, and mental confusion may occur. chf occurs when the heart attempts to compensate for the \u201c congestion \u201d ( or backup ) of blood in a number of ways. it beats faster and expands somewhat more than usual as it fills with blood, so that when it contracts, more blood is forced out to the body. in addition, the decreased volume of blood reaching the kidneys causes them to start a hormonal cascade ( renin - angiotensin system ), which results in the retention of sodium and water. these efforts help meet the body \u2019 s demands in the short term, but they ultimately have very harmful long - term effects. faster beating allows less time for the heart to refill after contraction, so that less blood ends up being circulated. also, the extra effort increases the heart muscle \u2019 s demand for oxygen ; if this need is not met adequately, heart rhythm can become dangerously erratic ( see cardiac arrhythmias for more information ) and ultimately fatal. the following provides an overview of some of the underlying diseases or conditions that can cause chf : - coronary artery disease ( obstruction of the coronary arteries by atherosclerotic plaque so that heart tissue is starved of oxygen ) often leads to a heart attack, which damages the heart muscle and causes chf. - valvular heart disease, such as aortic stenosis can cause chf. - heart muscle injury due to viral infections ( see myocarditis ) or long - term drug or alcohol use ( see cardiomyopathy ) may result in chf. - conditions that overwork the heart, such as heart valve defects, high blood pressure, increased levels of thyroid hormones ( thyrotoxicosis ) and anemia may lead to chf. - infiltration of the heart muscle by other tissue, as occurs with amyloidosis ( accumulation of a waxy substance ), may cause chf. - pulmonary embolism, severe bacterial or viral infections, pregnancy or childbirth, and physical overexertion are all triggers for chf to develop in a weakened heart. - right - sided heart failure commonly results from left - sided heart failure. - chf may result from restricted entry of blood into the heart due to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4703662258170756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.676329"} {"text": ", and physical overexertion are all triggers for chf to develop in a weakened heart. - right - sided heart failure commonly results from left - sided heart failure. - chf may result from restricted entry of blood into the heart due to thickening of the tissue surrounding the heart ( pericardium ), or to accumulation of excessive fibrous tissue in the heart muscle. - familial cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure - don \u2019 t smoke. - consume no more than two alcoholic beverages a day. - eat a healthy, balanced diet low in salt and fat, exercise regularly and lose weight if you are overweight. - adhere to a prescribed treatment program for other forms of heart disease. - if you are diabetic, maintain careful control of your blood sugar. the johns hopkins cardiomyopathy and heart failure practice, directed by dr. stuart russell, uses a multidisciplinary approach to the evaluation and management of patients with heart failure due to any cause. important components of this team approach include social work, dietary counseling, physical rehabilitation, educational programs and support groups. our goal is to empower patients to better care for themselves. we believe that transplantation is the \u201c court of last resort \u201d and will do everything possible to avoid transplantation, if possible. at johns hopkins, evaluation for heart failure begins with an examination by one of our physicians at our outpatient center ( satellite facility ) at green spring station. if necessary, you may be asked to undergo one or more of the following tests. exercise treadmill tests and electrocardiograms are performed at the outpatient locations. the others are done in the hospital \u2019 s cardiovascular diagnostic laboratory. we can also now offer all these tests in a single day at the same place in our heart success one - day clinic. - chest x - rays may be taken to determine the heart \u2019 s size and shape, as well as the presence of congestion in the lungs. - an electrocardiogram, also called an ecg or ekg, records your heart \u2019 s electrical activity during rest to determine abnormal heart rhythms. ecg abnormalities can indicate rhythm disturbances, heart muscle damage, inadequate blood flow to segments of the heart, and enlargement of the heart muscle. you may be given a portable ecg device, known as a holter monitor, to measure the heart \u2019 s electrical activity over a 24 - hour period. - exercise stress tests, also known as treadmill tests, help determine irregular heart rhythms during exercise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4779804654105629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.677536"} {"text": "may be given a portable ecg device, known as a holter monitor, to measure the heart \u2019 s electrical activity over a 24 - hour period. - exercise stress tests, also known as treadmill tests, help determine irregular heart rhythms during exercise. during this test, the heart \u2019 s electrical activity is monitored through small metal sensors applied to your skin while you exercise on a stationary bicycle or treadmill. - your doctor may order an echocardiogram to evaluate heart function. during this test, sound waves bounced off the heart are recorded and translated into images. the pictures can reveal abnormal heart size, shape and movement. echocardiography also can be used to calculate the ejection fraction, or volume of blood pumped out to the body when the heart contracts. - coronary angiography, or x - ray of the heart \u2019 s blood vessels, may be performed to evaluate pressures in the heart chambers and the pumping function. in this procedure, a tiny catheter is inserted into an artery of a leg or arm and threaded up into the coronary arteries. a contrast material is then injected from the end of the catheter into the coronary arteries, which provides a clear image of the blood vessels on x - ray. for more information about terms used in this section, please visit our heart and circulatory system glossary. the johns hopkins cardiomyopathy and heart failure practice, as described in the previous section, evaluates and manages patients with heart failure due to any cause. core components of treatment : - clinical care of patients with heart failure and following cardiac transplantation. - basic science, hemodynamic, genetic and clinical research pertaining to cardiomyopathy, heart failure and cardiac transplantation. - education directed at both patients and professionals regarding cardiomyopathy, heart failure and cardiac transplantation. - all facets of clinical care of patients with cardiomyopathy, heart failure or cardiac transplantation. - left ventricular assist devices. - novel research programs for patients with cardiomyopathy or heart failure. - endomyocardial biopsy. possible courses of treatment : - lifestyle changes such as reducing salt intake ( salt contributes to fluid retention and swelling ), eating smaller, more frequent meals ( less effort is required to digest smaller portions ) and avoiding caffeine ( which can exacerbate heartbeat irregularities ) may be helpful. - wearing support stockings can help reduce swelling in the legs. - most often, some type of medication is prescribed for heart failure patients. - va", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5305206994296466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.678609"} {"text": "portions ) and avoiding caffeine ( which can exacerbate heartbeat irregularities ) may be helpful. - wearing support stockings can help reduce swelling in the legs. - most often, some type of medication is prescribed for heart failure patients. - vasodilators, often the foundation of treatment for chf, may be prescribed to dilate blood vessels, reducing blood pressure and easing blood flow. - diuretics ( such as hydrochloro thiazide, metolazone, furosemide or bumetanide ) reduce the amount of fluid in the body and are useful for patients with fluid retention and hypertension. - weigh yourself daily, because a sudden gain in weight is usually due to fluid retention and may require an increase in your water pill ( diuretic ). - digitalis glycosides strengthen the heart \u2019 s contractions, helping to improve circulation. in the united states digoxin is the most commonly prescribed type of digitalis. - anticoagulants ( such as warfarin ) help prevent blood clots. - beta blockers ( such as carvedilol and metoprolol ), calcium channel blockers ( such as amlodipine ) and tranquilizers ( such as diazepam ) help improve blood flow, ease breathing and relieve anxiety. - beta blockers added to ace inhibitors have been shown to improve survival. if ace inhibitors are not tolerated, angiotension receptor blockers, such as losartan and valsartan, may be substituted. - it may be necessary, in advanced cases, to administer oxygen through a nasal tube. mechanical devices for administration of oxygen are available for home use after the condition has stabilized in the hospital. - more severe cases of heart failure may require surgery to bypass blocked blood vessels or replace heart valves. - if the blood vessels are clogged with plaque, the doctor may perform an outpatient procedure called percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. - during this procedure the doctor will use local anesthesia and insert a catheter ( a long, narrow tube ) with a deflated balloon at its tip into the narrowed part of the artery. the balloon is then inflated, compressing the plaque and enlarging the inner diameter of the blood vessel so blood can flow more easily. if other treatments fail and the heart muscle has been too badly damaged, you may require a heart transplant. the survival rate for this surgery is 80 percent after one year and over 60 percent after four", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4278862581551974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.679674"} {"text": "an excerpt from www. houseofnames. com archives copyright \u00a9 2000 - 2013 where did the french nanteuil family come from? what is the french nanteuil family crest and coat of arms? when did the nanteuil family first arrive in the united states? where did the various branches of the family go? what is the nanteuil family history? spelling variations of this family name include : nantel, nantauil, le nantel, le nanteuil, nanteuil, le nantauil, de nantel, de nanteuil and many more. first found in ile - de - france where they held a family seat in the seigneurie of haudoin. this region of france is notable for the inclusion of paris as its main urban center and extends to the north and east. this web page shows only a small excerpt of our nanteuil research. another 122 words ( 9 lines of text ) are included under the topic early nanteuil history in all our pdf extended history products. more information is included under the topic early nanteuil notables in all our pdf extended history products. some of the first settlers of this family name or some of its variants were : louis nantel who settled in quebec in 1668 from picardy. the nanteuil family crest was acquired from the houseofnames. com archives. the nanteuil family crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. we generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname. this page was last modified on 21 october 2010 at 14 : 17. houseofnames. com is an internet property owned by swyrich corporation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3621431500227278, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.681285"} {"text": "chapter 18 - your first all - grain batch 18. 4 starting the mash 1. heat up enough water to conduct the mash. at a water to grain ratio of 1. 5 : 1 qt. / lb., the amount would be 12. 5 quarts or about 3 gallons. always make more, you will often need it. heat up 4 gallons if you can. at a ratio of 1. 5 : 1, the initial infusion temperature should 163\u00b0f to create a mash temperature of 152\u00b0f. ( see chapter 16 - mash methods for the infusion calculations. ) 2. preheat the cooler with some hot water, about a gallon. swirl it around to heat up the cooler and then dump it. preheating will prevent initial heat loss from the mash to the tun. 3. pour in about 1 gallon of your strike water into the mash tun and stir in the crushed grain. this is the doughing - in stage. mix the water and grist together gradually to avoid shocking the enzymes. stir it to make sure all the grain is fully wetted, but don ' t splash. hot side aeration can occur anytime the wort is hotter than 80\u00b0f. oxidation of wort compounds will not be affected by the subsequent boil, and will cause flavor stability problems later. 4. check the temperature to see if it has stabilized at the target temperature range of 150 - 155\u00b0f. if the temperature is too low, ex. 145 \u00b0f, add some more hot water. if it is too high, ex. 160\u00b0f, then add cold water to bring it down. 155\u00b0f is the highest we want for this recipe. it will yield a sweet, full bodied wort. 5. okay, the mash temperature came out a little low ( 148\u00b0f ) so i am adding 2. 5 quarts of hot water to bring it up to 152\u00b0f.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4196355139999457, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.683417"} {"text": "supplement studies : sorting out the confusion to consumers, keeping track of the research on vitamin supplements can be an exercise in frustration. different studies on the same vitamins often present conflicting information. why the contrary findings? a closer look at the study design often reveals the cause of these discrepancies. next time you read a news story about a vitamin trial, keep the following questions in mind, since the answers may help you put conflicting results into context : 1. what vitamin dose did study participants take \u2014 and for how long did they take it? the most obvious source of conflicting findings is the fact that different studies test different doses of vitamins, for different lengths of time. take vitamin d as an example. studies have found that it protects against fractures at doses of 700 to 800 iu a day, ( 1 ) but that 400 iu a day has less benefit. ( 2 ) a short vitamin supplement trial may not show any benefit simply because it takes a long time for a disease to develop or for the vitamin \u2019 s protective effects to emerge. 2. who were the study participants \u2014 and how healthy were their lifestyles? everyone knows that diet, smoking, exercise, and other lifestyle choices can have a dramatic effect on our health. these lifestyle characteristics can also have an effect on how our bodies respond to vitamins. a supplement is only useful to people whose diets are lacking in that specific nutrient ; a randomized trial that gives vitamin pills to well - fed participants may not show any results. similarly, people who smoke may have greater need for certain vitamins, so a study conducted on smokers could have different results from one conducted on people who never smoked or who have kicked the habit. 3. when did study participants take the supplement? a supplement may only be beneficial at one stage of a disease or condition and not another, so studies done at different stages may have different results. folate deficiency in mothers, for example, leads to neural tube defects, but folate supplements only protect against defects if taken in the first few weeks after conception. 4. how did researchers measure the supplement \u2019 s effectiveness? studies often differ in how they measure their outcomes \u2014 that is, how they measure whether a supplement had any benefit. heart disease, for example, covers a wide range of conditions, including heart attack, stroke, or peripheral vascular disease. if a study measures the effect of a vitamin supplement on heart disease overall, it may miss a supplement \u2019 s protective effect against stroke. for more information on how to understand news stories about nutrition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4817913577627706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.691852"} {"text": "the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) ' s list of world heritage sites contains over 900 of the most important natural and cultural locations in world. sadly, 35 of 200 + sites designated as natural world heritage properties are considered in danger and face threats such as pollution, human armed conflict, poaching, uncontrolled urbanization, and unchecked tourism and development. here are five locations where humans have left their mark, perhaps irreversibly damaging some of the world ' s most biodiverse sites. belize barrier reef the largest barrier reef in north america, this world heritage site comprises a diverse range of coastal lagoons, mangrove forests and estuaries. it is home to many threatened species - - such as marine turtles, manatees and the american marine crocodile - - as well as over 425 species of plants and more than 500 species of fish. dangers to the site include heavy tourism and other human development in coastal areas. kahuzi - biega national park democratic republic of the congo comprising mostly tropical forest, kahuzi - biega national park is named for its two extinct volcanoes : kahuzi and biega. the park is home to one of the last groups of eastern lowland gorillas, of which only about 150 individuals remain, according to unesco. kahuzi - biega national park is situated in one of the most densely populated areas of the democratic republic of the congo, placing its flora and fauna - including many endangered species - under constant threat. rainforests of the atsinanana this world heritage site comprises six national parks in eastern madagascar, one of the most biodiverse countries on the planet. the african island is home to over 12, 000 endemic plant species and several primate groups, including several species of lemurs. madagascar ' s atsinanana rainforests are a critical to the island ' s unique ecosystem and biodiversity, but they continue to be threatened by deforestation. garamba national park democratic republic of the congo located in the northeastern part of the congo, near the sudanese border, garamba national park lies between the nile and zaire rivers. savannahs, grasslands, woodlands, forests and swamps make up the landscape, which is home to animals such as elephants, giraffes, hippos, chimpanzees, leopards, lions, antelope and the extremely rare white rhino. ( according to unesco, only about 30 white rhinos remain in the wild ). despite local conservation efforts, poaching remains a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.392528988881648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.697929"} {"text": "clogged roadways need new approaches next time you ' re stuck in traffic ground to a halt, think about this : as smart as our cars have become, our roadways are about to get a whole lot smarter. it ' s certainly needed. cities everywhere are battling an increase in demand and an inability to build sufficient infrastructure to cope. for example, in the u. s., as population grew nearly 20 % between 1982 and 2001, traffic jumped 236 %. building new roads and new lanes often just isn ' t possible any longer, but building intelligence into the roads and the cars \u2014 with roadside sensors, radio frequency tags, and global positioning systems \u2014 certainly is. in london, a congestion management system has lowered traffic volume to mid - 1980s levels. in singapore, a system can predict traffic speeds with nearly 90 % accuracy. with future enhancements, the system will help predict \u2014 rather than merely monitor \u2014 other traffic conditions, as well. a series of conversations for a smarter planet nobody likes traffic congestion every year, traffic wastes 58 supertankers of fuel. what can you do? build a smarter planet. ibm smarter trends this new resource shares content on key issues such as : transport, energy, water and city development. traffic systems are part of a larger system rethinking how we get from point a to point b means applying new technology and new policies to old assumptions and habits. it means improving the drivers ' experience, not just where and when they drive. and it could lead to advances in the cars we drive, the roads we drive them on, and the public transit we might take instead. for example : many cities around the world face common transport challenges. download this report ( us ) from the ibm institute for business value on how cities can learn from one another ' s success in integrating their transportation services. read further examples ( us ) of how ibm has helped organisations tackle their transportation issues. smarter transportation means better systems for rail, air, public transit and freight. these can improve our cities, our economy and our daily lives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48410039798079485, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.702123"} {"text": "what is the media? what does it do? students examine the types and roles of the media by taking on the role of newsmaker and agenda setter. students will be able to : anticipate by asking students if they \u2019 ve ever seen a television newscast. ask students to recall any details they remember ( graphics, music, story topics ). ask students who they think makes decisions about what stories television newscasts discuss. distribute the reading pages to each student. read the two reading pages with the class, pausing to discuss as necessary. check for understanding by doing the t / f active participation activity. have students respond \u201c true \u201d or \u201c false \u201d as a chorus or use thumbs up / thumbs down. distribute scissors, glue, and the agenda cutout activity pages. students can complete this activity individually or in pairs. read the directions for the cutout activity. allow students to complete the cutout activity. review the answers to the cutout activity. distribute one worksheet to each student and review the directions for the activities. allow students to complete the worksheet. distribute one extension activity to each student and review the directions. allow students to complete the extension activity. close by asking students to silently recall as many roles of the media as they can. call on students until all roles have been named.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48288848739861856, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.705320"} {"text": "altruistic aphids, an evolutionary anomaly by brian thomas, m. s. * certain aphids manipulate plant tissues to form a hollow gall in which they then reside. but aphids will also help heal plant tissue that they \u2019 ve damaged. this behavior serves as a vital self - defense mechanism, because when the gall \u2019 s walls are eaten by caterpillars, the tender aphids inside become easy prey for other insect predators. evolutionary biologist takema fukatsu of the national institute of advanced industrial science and technology in tsukuba, japan, found that specialized aphid guards extrude their body contents to fill holes in the plant wall, \u201c kneading their own gooey blood into a big scab. \u201d 1 many of these types of aphids, named nipponaphis monzeni, die in the process. in a recently - published study, the research team examined gall walls in various stages of repair and found that the aphid - made scab played the same role as animal - skin scabs, serving as templates for body tissue to grow over the area and repair the wound. 2 moreover, the aphids were responsible for manipulating the repair of the plant tissue, \u201c because it healed only if live aphids were still in the gall. \u201d 1 interestingly, scientists have labored for decades to manipulate plant tissue growth like these aphids do. this process entails many technical problems, since some kind of chemical must provide precise communication with the particular plant \u2019 s biochemical networks to signal specific dormant genes to activate. natural processes alone would not produce what is observed here : organisms sacrificing their lives for the greater good of the remaining individuals. nor do they adequately account for the origin of tiny creatures that can precisely manipulate intricate biochemical pathways for the purpose of healing a plant wound. natural processes alone cannot explain it, but creation does. and now the creator \u2019 s intricate and complex handiwork is providing a blueprint for scientists seeking to find \u201c novel compounds that could prove useful for manipulating plant cell and tissue cultures. \u201d 1 - youngsteadt, e. aphids play doctor. sciencenow daily news. posted on sciencenow. sciencemag. org february 25, 2009. - kutsukake, m. scab formation and wound healing of plant tissue by soldier aphid. proceedings of the royal society b : biological sciences. published online before print february 25, 2009. * mr. thomas is science writer at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45335329924147005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.710338"} {"text": "satellite project to predict earthquakes will ' help save lives ' scientists have launched a project that they hope could one day help save thousands of lives by predicting when and where earthquakes will happen. a group of british and russian scientists signed an agreement to work together on the project earlier this week in moscow. the twinsat project involves the launch of two satellites \u2013 one of which they say is about the size of an old television set and the other smaller than a shoebox \u2013 which will orbit the earth a few hundred miles apart. data from the satellites will be collated with data from the ground as the scientists try to understand what natural warnings are given prior to earthquakes. \" as stress builds up in the earth prior to an earthquake, subtle electromagnetic signals are released that can be read from the upper atmosphere, \" said professor alan smith, director of the mullard space science laboratory at university college, london, who was in moscow this week to launch the project. \" we want to try to work out how these signals differ from all the other things that are present at any given time. \" the two linked satellites will monitor zones with high seismic and volcanic activity, such as iceland and the kamchatka peninsula in the far east of russia. the project is being run by a team of british and russian scientists and was heralded \" a new milestone in uk - russia space collaboration \" by professor smith. professor vitaly chmyrev, of the institute of physics of the earth in moscow, one of the russian partners, said that the possibilities for progress in earthquake research were extremely exciting. he said that the project will \" benefit both russian and british science in addition to making the earth a safer place \". professor chmyrev noted that in the days leading up to the devastating earthquake in haiti last year, satellites picked up electromagnetic signals from the area, but they were only analysed afterwards. this project could be a huge step towards understanding how to read these signals. \" just imagine if we could have accurately predicted the haiti earthquake a few weeks before, \" said professor chmyrev. \" or if we had predicted the icelandic volcano eruption that paralysed transport routes for weeks. the potential human and economic benefits are enormous. \" peter sammonds, professor of geophysics at ucl and another member of the project team, said that because the satellites were so small, the technology was relatively cheap. \" these satellites are absolutely incredible, you can almost hold them in the palm of your hand, \" he said. \" if the project progresses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4804175459445125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.717931"} {"text": "another member of the project team, said that because the satellites were so small, the technology was relatively cheap. \" these satellites are absolutely incredible, you can almost hold them in the palm of your hand, \" he said. \" if the project progresses as we want it to, we ' ll be able to send up several more of them to increase coverage. \" the first satellite launch is planned for 2015, and the team is confident that the project could change the way we understand earthquakes. \" it wasn ' t long ago that if you said there was a chance of predicting earthquakes, people would say you were a charlatan, and not a real scientist, \" said professor chmyrev. \" but science moves quickly and i ' m absolutely certain that sooner or later we ' ll be able to make very accurate predictions. \" bosses of collapsed banks should be sent to jail, banking standards commission tells george osborne feat of engineering : incredible photographs show construction beneath new york ' s second avenue brazil kicks off : world cup excess draws hundreds of thousands to street protests world news in pictures google challenges us surveillance gagging order - 1 diary of second world war german teenager reveals young lives untroubled by nazi holocaust in wartime berlin - 2 breaking the silence : in the reality of occupation, there are no palestinian civilians \u2013 only potential terrorists - 3 uri geller psychic spy? the spoon - bender ' s secret life as a mossad and cia agent revealed - 4 viral video straps colt. 45 handgun to a home - use drone negotiable depending on experience : the green recruitment company : the green r... \u00a325000 - \u00a330000 per annum : the green recruitment company : the green recruitmen... negotiable : progressive recruitment : dear sumadhab, a growing engineering comp... negotiable : randstad education ilford : we are currently recruiting for a year...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4690672666333564, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.718712"} {"text": "there are three different types of drought, not one. there is a meteorological drought, when actual rainfall is deficient ( 20 per cent below normal ) or scanty ( 60 per cent or more below normal ). the indian meteorological department has now declared a deficiency of 29 per cent in the south - west monsoon. let with three quarters of all districts receiving deficient rainfall so far and the overall rain deficit worsening since last week, the country seems headed into the worst drought year over the last two decades. new delhi : with the india meteorological department declaring on thursday a deficiency of 29 per cent in the southwest monsoon, the number of drought - affected districts has risen to 177. last week, prime minister manmohan singh said 141 districts were drought - hit. met department says rains might return tomorrow ahmedabad : monsoon has taken a break and there has been not a single spell of shower since july 27. however, there seems to be some good news in store as the monsoon is expected to revive by august 13. however, the rains this year have so far blessed only saurashtra and kutch which have already received more than its annual average rainfall. new delhi : with the monsoon showing no sign of any major recovery, the india meteorological department late on monday decided to reduce its estimate of rainfall during the season to 87 per cent for the country as a whole and for the season in its entirety.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4481668826302938, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.720159"} {"text": "london, dec mber 6 : a new has demonstrated for the first time that a simple breath test could be used for colorectal cancer screening. cancer tissue has different metabolism compared to normal healthy cells and produces some substances which can be detected in the breath of these patients. analysis of the volatile organic compounds ( vocs ) linked to cancer is a new frontier in cancer screening. led by donato f. altomare, md, of the department of emergency and organ transplantation at the university aldo moro of bari, researchers collected exhaled breath from 37 patients with colorectal cancer and 41 healthy controls which was processed offline to evaluate the voc profile. vocs of interest had been identified and selected, and voc patterns able to discriminate patients from controls set up. a probabilistic neural network ( pnn ) was used to identify the pattern of vocs that better discriminated between the two groups. results showed that patients with colorectal cancer have a different selective voc pattern compared with healthy controls, based on analysis of 15 of 58 specific compounds in exhaled breath samples. the pnn in this study was able to discriminate patients with colorectal cancer with an accuracy of over 75 percent, with the model correctly assigning 19 patients. \u201c the technique of breath sampling is very easy and non - invasive, although the method is still in the early phase of development, \u201d altomare notes. \u201c our study \u2019 s findings provide further support for the value of breath testing as a screening tool. \u201d the study has been published in bjs. ( ani )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5079815420638096, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.722500"} {"text": "great ape profiles | gorilla ( gorilla gorilla ) | the largest great ape males : 400 pounds ( 180 kg ) ; up to 6 feet ( 1. 8 m ) standing females : 200 pounds ( 90 kg ) ; up to 5 feet ( 1. 5 m ) standing habitat : lowland gorillas live in rainforests in east and west africa ; mountain gorillas live in rainforests in the democratic republic of the congo, rwanda, and uganda. community : up to 30 gorillas live in a troop. a troop includes one male, many females, and their offspring. diet : plants and some insects. wild gorillas have big potbellies, which are full of bulky plants. you ' ll notice : the silvery back of the adult male baby fact : baby gorillas have little white tufts of hair on their bottoms that look like tails. did you know? an adult male gorilla is very protective of his family. he will stand and beat his chest to scare away intruders. this is where the idea of king kong comes from. but the truth is that gorillas generally have quiet, peaceful lives. | orangutan ( pongo pygmaeus, pongo abelii ) | the world ' s largest arboreal ( tree - dwelling ) animal males : 200 pounds ( 90 kg ) ; up to 4. 5 feet ( 1. 4 m ) standing females : 110 pounds ( 50 kg ) ; up to 3. 5 feet ( 1. 1 m ) standing habitat : tropical rainforests in borneo and sumatra community : orangutans are more solitary than other great apes, though mothers and their young stay close for years. an orangutan eats a lot of fruit, and since fruit trees can grow far apart, it is probably better for a single orangutan to find a tree and eat its fill. diet : mostly fruit ; other plants, some birds ' eggs and meat you ' ll notice : its long red hair baby fact : baby orangutans play in the treetops like little acrobats. did you know? during rainstorms, an orangutan may hold a big leaf over its head like an umbrella. | chimpanzee ( pan troglodytes, pan paniscus ) | most people ' s favorite ape males : 115 pounds ( 52 kg ) ; up to 4. 5 feet ( 1. 4 m ) standing females : 90 pounds ( 40. 5 kg ) ; up to 4 feet ( 1. 2 m ) standing habitat :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40090261816658057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.726171"} {"text": "' s favorite ape males : 115 pounds ( 52 kg ) ; up to 4. 5 feet ( 1. 4 m ) standing females : 90 pounds ( 40. 5 kg ) ; up to 4 feet ( 1. 2 m ) standing habitat : forests and savannas in western and central africa community : an average community has about 50 members - males, females, and offspring. each group has a complex hierarchy that is headed by an \" alpha male, \" or boss. the alpha male is usually the smartest male ape, rather than the biggest. diet : mostly fruit ; other plants and some meat you ' ll notice : its strong bald brow baby fact : a baby chimpanzee weighs only two or three pounds at birth. did you know? chimps use a variety of tools. for example, a chimp may peel a twig and use it to catch ants, or find just the right - sized rock to crack nuts. also, sick chimps have been seen eating plants that have medicinal properties. | bonobos ( pan paniscus ) the smallest great ape males : 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) ; up to 3. 3 feet ( 1 m ) standing females : 75 pounds ( 34 kg ) ; up to 3. 3 feet ( 1 m ) standing habitat : rainforests in central democratic republic of the congo community : bonobos live in groups of about 20 to 50 that are as complex as chimpanzee groups, but more close - knit. bonobos are not as aggressive with each other as chimps are, and female bonobos have a more dominant role than females in chimp groups. diet : mostly fruit ; other plants and some meat ( rarely ) you ' ll notice : how the hair on its head often \" parts \" in the middle baby fact : unlike chimps, bonobos are born with dark faces that match their bodies. did you know? bonobos are much like chimps, and in fact were once thought to be just another kind of chimp. they were only \" discovered \" in 1929. scientists still know less about bonobos than about any of the other great apes. what ' s your favorite ape? information please\u00ae database, \u00a9 2007 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. 24 x 7 | | 24 x 7 tutor availability | | unlimited online tutoring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.447342210542504, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.727022"} {"text": "the risk of drinking too much water - seattle chiropractor ' s report seattle chiropractor ' s report typically this time of year, we are reading articles on dehydration ( lack of water ). for good reason! more often then not, drinking too little water can become a major problem for people who are active in summer weather. what about drinking too much water? is there such a thing? the answer is a startling \u201c yes \u201d, it \u2019 s called hyponatremia. although extremely rare, endurance athletes tend to have the highest risk of experiencing this condition. for example, in 2002, a healthy 28 - year - old female collapsed during the boston marathon as a result of hyponatremia. she didn \u2019 t make it, which prompted not only the running community but also the scientist to start asking questions. symptoms : nausea, cramps, dizziness and headaches. it is difficult to distinguish between dehydration and hyponatremia symptoms. the difference in symptoms is that people experiencing hyponatremia have normal vital signs in the initial states. they are also more likely to vomit and become puffy. treatment : iv with a concentrated sodium solution, a diuretic medication to speed water loss and an anti - convulsive medication, in case of seizure, according to dr. john cianca, medical director for the houston marathon. it is important that hyponatremia is diagnosed correctly and not mistaken for dehydration as the treatment for these two conditions are opposite of each other. dr. arthur siegel, director of internal medicine at mclean hospital, studied 2 women who died during marathons from hyponatremia. he found that they both died of brain swelling from the water intoxication. he determined that they died not from \u201c drinking too much water, but because their kidneys stopped excreting water as a response to skeletal muscle injury. when runners \u201c hit the wall \u201d they force their muscles to continue to exercise even after they \u2019 ve run out of glycogen, or fuel. this triggers a stress hormone in the brain to tell the kidneys to halt water excretion, in an effort to maximize blood volume. when this happens, even a relatively small amount of fluid can cause the brain to swell. if a person continues to consume fluids, the body reacts to the inflammation by continue to protect blood volume making the brain swell even more. \u201d dr. siegel thinks that it \u2019 s the combination of over -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4471753398609221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.732427"} {"text": "the same holds true for cultures. american history offers many things to make us proud, but there are just as many actions we ' ve undertaken and attitudes we ' ve held that we ' d just as soon forget. and yet, to truly understand who we are, in all our complexity, we need to acknowledge the past - - both the glories and the gaffes. that ' s the idea behind \" living legacy, \" the new exhibit of items from the mac ' s extensive and prestigious american indian collection. the legacy of museum collecting over the past century is indeed a mixed bag, and the museum ' s own collection echoes that tension. \" when we started looking at it, we realized we wanted to [ create ] an exhibit that looked at the mixed legacy of collecting indian cultural materials, \" says curator of collections laura thayer, who served as the exhibit ' s project manager. \" so in this exhibit we try to show the more negative aspects of that, and what we hope are the more positive, contemporary aspects. \" the exhibit serves as a look in the memory mirror for the mac. \" it ' s a historic journey of the evolution of this organization, \" thayer says, \" of how we went from collecting objects from a race of people that everybody at the time thought would disappear, to a more modern approach of involving tribal members in the management of the collection. \" & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & s & lt ; / span & pokane ' s museum got its start back in 1916, when william m. manning - - a former surveyor and stevens county engineer - - loaned his collection of american indian cultural materials to the nascent spokane historical society for an exhibit. two years later, the organization became the eastern washington state historical society ; several years after that, the museum finally got a permanent home when helen campbell powell donated her family ' s house in browne ' s addition. the organization continued to grow and expand to its present form : the northwest museum of arts and culture. but the very first pieces acquired - - accession no. 1, in museum - speak - - came from manning. at the time that manning was amassing his collection ( roughly 1900 to 1915 ), non - indian collectors of indian cultural materials believed that tribal culture was disappearing across the continent, and they set out to collect and document as much of this culture as possible before it was gone. at a meeting of the historical society in 1916, manning reportedly said that \" much can be gathered in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46096017016296753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.779062"} {"text": "that tribal culture was disappearing across the continent, and they set out to collect and document as much of this culture as possible before it was gone. at a meeting of the historical society in 1916, manning reportedly said that \" much can be gathered in the way of historical material from the indians if an effort is made before it is too late. \" unfortunately, manning and others had little understanding of what was considered sacred among native cultures - - and the resultant hurt and anger continue to this day. and once the materials made their way into museums and exhibits, most of their stories - - the cultural and personal context - - were lost. in \" living legacy, \" six glass cases in the center of the gallery hold several items on display. \" the cases provide a good preservation environment for a long - term exhibit like this one, \" thayer says, \" but they ' re also a metaphor for how these objects were perceived [ by the collectors ] as art objects, divorced from their meaning. \" the manning collection was the starting point for the exhibit, but objects from other significant collections tell part of the story of the northern plateau tribes as well. \" tisa [ matheson, curator of american indian collections, ] chose objects from other collections within the american indian collection, \" says thayer, \" other major collections that are factors in how prominent and important our plateau collection is today. \" one of those is the chap dunning collection, she says. \" at the time it was acquired in ' 62, it was considered to be the most important and high - quality northern plateau collection on the planet, \" she says. \" even now, with the addition of the monac collection, her collection makes up one - third of our plateau collection. \" many of the items from the dunning collection that are part of the exhibit can be seen in historic photographs taken by dunning ' s friend, photographer dick lewis. the photographs become a step along the path to reconnect the objects with their stories. & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & t & lt ; / span & he mac continues to collect items from area cultures, including local tribes, but now the focus is more on working jointly with the tribes to assure the stewardship of our regional cultural heritage. following passage of the native american graves and repatriation act ( nagpra ) in 1990, regional tribes and the museum worked to develop a closer relationship. one result was the creation of the museum ' s american indian cultural council, with representation from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4382811294708915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.781213"} {"text": "following passage of the native american graves and repatriation act ( nagpra ) in 1990, regional tribes and the museum worked to develop a closer relationship. one result was the creation of the museum ' s american indian cultural council, with representation from the four northern plateau tribes. the council oversees the museum ' s american indian collections, programs and exhibits - - including this one. \" the cultural council has the final say with anything that ' s done with the [ american indian ] collection, \" says thayer. in addition to the historical collections, the exhibit features the work of contemporary artists from the plateau region. \" we recently developed and adopted a five - year collecting plan for all the collections, \" thayer says. \" this exhibit comes at a great time because it gives us the impetus to carry out the acquisition plan, and show it off right away. \" one of the featured artists is basket maker elaine timentwa emerson of the colville confederated tribes. her work has been featured at the smithsonian ' s national museum of the american indian, and the mac recently acquired one of her baskets for its permanent collection. her baskets are beautiful, but her words speak just as eloquently : \" i make baskets, \" she says, \" because i want people to know... we are still here. \" \" living legacy : the american indian collection \" is on display through july 18, 2010. the mac, 2316 w. first ave., is open tuesdays - sundays from 11 am - 5 pm. tickets : $ 7 ; $ 5, seniors and students. e - mail email @ example. com or call 456 - 3931. by jack nisbet & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & a & lt ; / span & t the end of the 19th century, the inland northwest abounded with mineral wealth - - from silver in the coeur d ' alenes to lead - zinc strikes on the lower pend oreille, from the huge gold mines in rossland to the copper queen on chewelah mountain. young men of all descriptions found their way to spokane to fan out and stake a claim. william morley manning ' s story begins there - - a kid bouncing back and forth between his home in ontario, canada, and the region ' s mines. in the years to come, he ' d leave his mark on the inland northwest, but not for mining. manning was a collector of indian artifacts - - a controversial collector - - and his collection was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43781728659496266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.783258"} {"text": ", canada, and the region ' s mines. in the years to come, he ' d leave his mark on the inland northwest, but not for mining. manning was a collector of indian artifacts - - a controversial collector - - and his collection was the starting point for the museum that has since become the northwest museum of arts and culture. along the way, manning met legendary local tribal leaders like chief joseph of the nez perce, chief masseslow of the kalispel tribe and william three mountain the younger of the spokanes. now the mac ' s latest and perhaps most ambitious show since 2001, \" living legacy, \" is bringing manning ' s collection - - along with other historical materials and contemporary artworks - - out for all to see. & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & a & lt ; / span & s early as 1897, a 20 - year - old manning filed for u. s. citizenship in idaho, but then he retreated back to toronto to enroll in a course for mining engineers. although there is no evidence he ever received any kind of degree, he soon found his way back west and put whatever skills he had gained to use ; the 1900 washington state census lists manning as a 23 - year - old assayer in stevens county, which at that time covered the entire northeast corner of the state and encompassed several rich mining districts. that region also boiled with a host of unresolved indian land issues - - although the spokane and colville reservations had been established, there were still families living on traditional lands in the colville and kettle river valleys. a large portion of the kalispel tribe had refused to move to the flathead reservation in montana, and still lived in the pend oreille valley without any treaty benefits at all. manning plunged into these territorial matters when he became involved with some mining claims on first thought mountain just west of orient on the kettle river. and over the next couple of years, manning met chief joseph on the colville reservation and started his collecting by purchasing some artifacts from him. manning described one of them as a council pipe :... of serpentine rock having a solid silver inlay from end to end... it is about 12 inches long, one and a half at large end by three quarters at small end and weighs about a couple of pounds. this pipe was a personal gift from chief joseph and is contained in a leather case which is beaded to represent the design on the pipe. in his account, written two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4422176827869907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.785291"} {"text": "large end by three quarters at small end and weighs about a couple of pounds. this pipe was a personal gift from chief joseph and is contained in a leather case which is beaded to represent the design on the pipe. in his account, written two decades after the fact, manning related nothing about how he came in contact with joseph, or what he might have done to deserve such a gift, but such exchanges would not have been considered unusual at the time. chief joseph was a well - known figure, respected by many in the white community for the resilience and humanity he displayed during the nez perce conflict of 1877 - 78, and his fame had only increased as he was exiled first to oklahoma and then to the colville reservation. many white collectors recognized the cultural value and craftsmanship inherent in tribal artifacts, and many tribal people sold or made them as a source of income. after joseph ' s death in 1904, headdresses and clothing articles that were said to have belonged to the famous nez perce chief went on display in towns throughout the inland northwest. manning became acquainted with other people on the colville reservation besides chief joseph, and he purchased a range of other artifacts from them. these included a fish spear carved from a cedar shaft 16 feet long that ended in two delicate long tines. the fork was held apart by a spreader, and a running noose of native hemp ran from the lower end to an iron point that fit into a socket in the center. minus the iron spear point, this was exactly the rigging described in words by fur trapper and explorer david thompson when he visited kettle falls in 1811, and shown in a painting by paul kane on the same site in 1847. according to manning, the colville fisherman was well aware of his spear ' s value as both an artifact and a useful tool. \" the indian from whom i got this spear would not sell me the 16 - foot pole at any price but permitted me to cut off the pole just above the spear crotch attachment, \" manning wrote. \" these fish spears are not to be found any more in this section of the country. \" & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & d & lt ; / span & uring the early years of the 20th century, manning shuttled between colville and spokane, and by 1905 he had signed on as a member of the mining and geology committee for a newly formed historical society in spokane. at the same time he continued to collect tribal artifacts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.454436060059231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.787375"} {"text": "years of the 20th century, manning shuttled between colville and spokane, and by 1905 he had signed on as a member of the mining and geology committee for a newly formed historical society in spokane. at the same time he continued to collect tribal artifacts, and his contacts branched out from the colville to the kalispel. during that same time, masseslow ( see story, page 24 ) and other kalispel people had also sold a variety of cultural objects to manning, including more than a dozen beautiful flat twined bags, with both traditional and modern designs, constructed of traditional materials such as indian hemp, wild rye, corn husks and rawhide ties. manning had bought gloves, leggings, tobacco pouches, belts, parfleches ( folded bags made from animal hide ), mortars and pestles, cedar weaving needles and a pack saddle fashioned from wood, elk horn and rawhide. when kalispel tribal elder francis cullooyah thumbs through the list of manning purchases today, practically every object reminds him of another scene from his own youth - - leggings he saw at a dance, one old woman dipping fingers into her tobacco pouch, a pack saddle buried in the mud for who knows how long before someone stepped on it while climbing up the bank from a creek. in 1906, manning became a naturalized u. s. citizen. he was still based in stevens county, and the local colville newspaper began running humorous lines about seeing \" bill \" in spokane with a lady friend named pet cummings, who he later married. during this period, manning ' s job as a road surveyor required him to trace boundary lines on the spokane reservation. there manning developed a relationship with a tribal leader named william three mountain the younger ( see story, page 26 ). once again, the young mining engineer, not yet 30 years old, had stumbled into one of the leading figures of a tribe involved in serious questions of territory, removal and cultural survival. & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & i & lt ; / span & n 1916, the spokane historical society, precursor to the current northwest museum of arts and culture, mounted a display of \" curios \" on the third floor of spokane ' s city hall. an article in a city newspaper recorded the transactions of the meeting. w. m. manning, who has loaned to the historical society the largest single exhibit, said much can be gathered in the way of historical material from the indians if an effort is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4595031922765693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.789346"} {"text": ". an article in a city newspaper recorded the transactions of the meeting. w. m. manning, who has loaned to the historical society the largest single exhibit, said much can be gathered in the way of historical material from the indians if an effort is made before it is too late. he spent several years in collecting his exhibit. manning valued his collection at $ 1, 200. that original display moved several times over the years, and in 1924 manning removed certain items, including chief joseph ' s council pipe, from the exhibit. aside from the absence of those items, manning ' s collection has remained with the eastern washington state historical society ever since. manning moved to helena in the 1930s. in 1944, while inspecting a mine in the garnet range, he suffered a heart attack and died within a few days. in the early 1950s, joel ferris of the eastern washington state historical society officially purchased manning ' s collection of tribal material from his widow for a price of $ 750. today, that collection is at the center of the mac ' s american indian collection - - and the largest collection of plateau cultural materials anywhere in the world. in going through the artifacts, curators found that manning had collected scattered items from a variety of cultures, including the southwest and coastal traditions. some of these may have been trade items in the possession of local tribes, and manning had misidentified the origin of several of his artifacts. the museum also found that the collector had picked up rather than purchased some of the items. these included a handful of grave goods from the spokane reservation. the robbing of ancestral graves by white collectors has long been a source of tremendous bitterness among tribal members, and manning was certainly guilty of it to some degree. many collectors of his time, no matter how much they respected the work and culture of the tribes, felt that american indians would surely soon be extinct, and that by holding an artifact a white person could \" own \" pieces of that vanished history. & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & b & lt ; / span & ut manning and those many others were wrong. all the plateau tribes survived ; their culture is very much alive. the mac now has an american indian cultural council that oversees their important collection of tribal artifacts, including the manning collection. over time, all objects of ceremonial or spiritual importance associated with his collection have been repatriated to the appropriate tribes - - those items will be represented in \" living legacy \" as empty spaces. but the articles that he purchased fairly and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4577982624334992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.790328"} {"text": "manning collection. over time, all objects of ceremonial or spiritual importance associated with his collection have been repatriated to the appropriate tribes - - those items will be represented in \" living legacy \" as empty spaces. but the articles that he purchased fairly and with respect from tribal members will be on display because the tribes themselves want to share them with the larger community. \" we will move on, \" says michael holloman, director of the center for plateau cultural studies at the mac, \" with the understanding that we are not going to tell the story of these pieces in the same way that manning did. they belong to the history of the tribes that made them. \" jack nisbet and his wife claire were consultants for the mac ' s \" living legacy \" exhibit. by jack nisbet & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & o & lt ; / span & ne of william morley manning ' s prized purchases was a beautiful 12 - foot sturgeon - nosed canoe from chief masseslow, a well - known kalispel leader who at the time was fighting a protracted legal battle with the u. s. government over a separate reservation for the kalispel people. \" this canoe was made for me in 1905 by totally blind chief massalaw of the boundary ( kalispel ) tribe, pend d ' oreille river, washington, \" wrote manning in a brief note. \" ends bound with birch bark and sealed with pine pitch. \" the following summer manning bought \" buckskin moccasins & amp ; other clothing from kalispel indians at 4th of july celebration \" in cusick. it ' s impossible to say how much manning might have known about the contentious history of the kalispel situation at the time he was buying these articles, but his collecting habit drew him into contact with the tribe ' s most important political figure of that time. masseslow was born in 1826 near the present kalispel reservation, across the pend oreille river from cusick, wash. his father victor was a secondary leader who grew in stature after the americans assumed control of washington territory. after victor was elected as chief of the kalispel people in 1853, he consistently argued for a kalispel homeland on the pend oreille river, discouraged the encroachment of white settlers and resisted sending kalispel children to the agency school because he thought it was important that they should speak the kalispel language instead of english. in 1884, when the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4383851485851961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.791286"} {"text": "pend oreille river, discouraged the encroachment of white settlers and resisted sending kalispel children to the agency school because he thought it was important that they should speak the kalispel language instead of english. in 1884, when the aged victor appeared before agent sidney waters on the arm of his son, masseslow, waters described the chief as \" the wildest of all indians attached to this agency. \" in 1887, victor and masseslow attended a crucial negotiation between the northwest indian commission and the kalispels in sandpoint. there agent john wright, a former tennessee congressman and confederate colonel, promised that if the kalispel people would leave their valley home and resettle on the colville, coeur d ' alene or flathead reservations, the u. s. government would offer them land, implements and an annual stipend for victor. victor replied that he would rather stay and see his home. \" the old people that are blind and crawling about. what will become of them? must i take them and pack them on my back to the flathead reservation? \" masseslow next rose and stated, \" the little quarter of money you offer will not make us happy. we will not be happy till we die. i am a chief, and these are my people. \" the kalispels then retired to council together, and over the next three days \" obstinately demanded a reservation within the boundary of the lands claimed by them. \" although some kalispels did move to the flathead reservation, the treaty submitted to congress was not signed by masseslow and therefore considered invalid. after the pend oreille valley was opened to white settlers in 1890, masseslow continued to resist offers to buy up indian land on the east side of the pend oreille river. reports of ongoing conflicts led to the summoning of captain j. w. bubb from fort spokane to investigate the situation. chief masseslow met directly with bubb and demanded action, \" complaining that his people in the calispel valley are being abused by white settlers, taking their lands from them and threatening their lives. \" masseslow did befriend some settlers, and the tribal relationship with white residents and visitors was economically complex. when john brown ' s cabin burned, it was masseslow who provided brown ' s family with blankets, cooking utensils and new moccasins for his little girl. during the early 1900s, a steamboat company advertised trips from newport to box canyon as a summer day trip,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39560128401699945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.792349"} {"text": ", it was masseslow who provided brown ' s family with blankets, cooking utensils and new moccasins for his little girl. during the early 1900s, a steamboat company advertised trips from newport to box canyon as a summer day trip, with a stop at the kalispel tribe ' s summer encampment. during these tourist visits, \" kalispel women traded briskly in trinkets and beadwork. \" during those same years, masseslow traveled to see agent john webster at the colville agency in miles to plead for a school and church for his people. when webster reciprocated by visiting the kalispels on their homeland around 1905, it marked the tribe ' s first visit from a bureau agent in a decade. since w. m. manning ' s name is mentioned in a business letter to webster, it is possible that the indian agent formed the connection between the miner and the chief, because 1905 also happened to be the year that w. m. manning obtained his sturgeon - nosed canoe from masseslow. since manning stated that masseslow was completely blind by then, kalispel elder francis cullooyah suggests that the canoe may have been fashioned by some or all of the chief ' s four understudies at that time. by 1908, masseslow had named john bigsmoke as his successor, but even in his later years he remained a familiar figure to both locals and visitors. when photographer edward curtis visited the kalispel people, he took several dramatic photographs of the blind chief, and masseslow ' s name appeared regularly in the newport and spokane newspapers. one article describes how father taelman of gonzaga traveled to the calispel valley on christmas eve 1912. he was rowed across the river from cusick to meet masseslow and john bigsmoke, then performed a midnight mass in honor of the holiday. masseslow, more than 85 years old at the time, addressed the congregation in the kalispel language. that same year he retired as chief, but was still active in 1914 when president woodrow wilson finally signed the order creating the kalispel reservation. when masseslow passed away in 1920, he was well into his 90s. he had watched his kalispel people survive the fur trade, missionary, mining and settlement eras, and helped guide them to the return of their homeland sovereignty. william three mountain by jack nisbet & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & i & lt ; / span &", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42621853831295425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.793396"} {"text": ", mining and settlement eras, and helped guide them to the return of their homeland sovereignty. william three mountain by jack nisbet & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & i & lt ; / span & n 1906, while working as a road surveyor in stevens county, william morley manning first met a tribal leader named william three mountain the younger. the three mountain name predates the early missionary era among the spokane people. spokane tribal elder pauline flett explains that spokane language renders it as chah - tle - hsote, ( three - bare peaks - snag ) and evokes the story of an epic journey. \" tle means mountain, \" flett says. \" we remember hsote, a forest of bare trees, maybe a big burn, maybe a storm of some kind. the original three mountain crossed through that bare forest three times going over the mountain. probably to the coast, we think, because in those days when we said ' the mountain ' we meant the cascade mountains, and crossing over them meant going to the coast. \" as a teenager, william three mountain the elder lived with the family of reverend elkanah walker at tshimakain mission near what is now colville as early as 1839. he left after two years, and in time assumed the leadership of a band of spokanes that spent a good part of the year at the mouth of latah creek. after the modern city began to form around spokane falls, this band moved to deep creek and then to the west end of the present spokane reservation. throughout his life, three mountain the elder played a chief ' s role in questions of tribal politics, resettlement and religion. in fact, he was killed trying to mediate a dispute in 1883. william three mountain the younger was born about 1864. he grew into a tall man, \" always a head above everyone else \" at gatherings. around 1900, he was elected as chief of the band his father had led to the west end opposite the mouth of deep creek. like his father, william took active and sometimes controversial stands in politics and religion. three mountain the younger and his wife mattie developed a farm near detillion bridge, eight miles upstream from the mouth of the spokane river. \" there was a distinctive rock in the river there, we called it detillion rock, \" recalls pauline flett, \" with the old a - frame presbyterian church nearby. william three mountain ' s house was just a stone ' s throw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43128515299026104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.794336"} {"text": ". \" there was a distinctive rock in the river there, we called it detillion rock, \" recalls pauline flett, \" with the old a - frame presbyterian church nearby. william three mountain ' s house was just a stone ' s throw from detillion rock. \" in 1907 and again around 1912, captain john webster of the bureau of indian affairs assessed three mountain the younger ' s work as one of three judges for the agency court sessions : \" intelligent, serious, dignified and straight - forward, with courage and integrity. by temperament an old - time indian who recognizes... the new conditions thrust upon his people... he brings to his duties intelligent observation. keen analysis of evidence and strict impartiality. \" in 1912, when three mountain strenuously objected to webster ' s attempts to erect a sawmill on the west end, the agent seemed to understand three mountain ' s concern. \" like most of the old full bloods he is averse to the introduction of certain devices of the white man on the reservation - - such as railroads, sawmills, etc. \" once again, manning may have been introduced to the three mountain through his relationship with john webster. census records show that in 1905, mattie three mountain was living with her husband william near the proposed road between detillion bridge and the turk mines. w. m. manning surveyed this road three years later, and in 1911, mattie three mountain affixed her thumbprint to an agreement giving consent for a new wagon road 20 feet wide to open along the south boundary of her allotment. in return, an existing wagon road that crossed the northwestern corner of her allotment would be closed. at some point during these years, manning purchased a pair of mattie ' s moccasins right off her feet and entered them into his collection as item no. 88. the moccasins are tiny and most beautifully made. woman ' s buckskin moccasins, bought from wife of chief three mountain of the spokanes, who were at the time, wearing them. solid beaded design in blue, green, yellow, old rose and purple. 7 1 / 2 \" long. beaded on front and outside only. it was probably also around this time that manning purchased catalogue item no. 105 from mattie ' s husband. bow of iron wood, back lined with deer sinew firmly attached by fish glue. both ends so fashioned as to form when strung a cupid bow. 36 inches long.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39745461798264303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.795263"} {"text": "that manning purchased catalogue item no. 105 from mattie ' s husband. bow of iron wood, back lined with deer sinew firmly attached by fish glue. both ends so fashioned as to form when strung a cupid bow. 36 inches long. five plain, wooden or target ( bird ) arrows attached. very old, obtained from chief three mountain of spokanes. william three mountain the younger died at his home near detillion bridge in january of 1939. he was survived by his widow mattie and one son. mattie lived in the house until the plans for grand coulee dam forced her to move higher up on the hillside in 1941. a walk through history by ann m. colford & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & \" t & lt ; / span & he collections you see here are not artifacts, \" reads the gallery ' s opening text. \" they are a living legacy bound within the continuum of cultural tradition and modern plateau indian life. \" that ' s a bold and direct statement of the theme behind the \" living legacy \" exhibit, the first major display from the mac ' s nationally significant american indian collection in five years. with this exhibit, which just opened last week, the museum team has undertaken two tasks - - to display some of the indian materials that the public has been clamoring to see, and to cast a critical eye on museum practices of the past. around the perimeter, visitors see items collected by william m. manning, including a canoe made for him by kalispel chief masseslow and a cornhusk bag acquired from william three mountain of the spokane tribe. the story of manning ' s interactions with local tribal people illustrates the complexities when two cultures meet - - especially when there ' s a power differential between the two groups. non - indian americans in the victorian era felt comfortable acquiring objects from people perceived as \" other \" and putting them on display as exotic art objects. on the other hand, indian people frequently participated in this commerce with non - indian collectors - - it was one more source of trade in a changing world. the interpretive text on the walls and at five learning stations tells this story and provides some of the cultural context for the materials on view. but the six glass display cases in the center of the gallery are the visual draw for visitors. the cases hold stunningly colorful beaded bags, detailed woven bags and baskets, tools, toys and articles of clothing, all arranged on glass shelves with no labels or descriptions immediately apparent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47052678303760115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.796283"} {"text": "recent medical advancements have made it seem possible that the fountain of youth is only a decade away from reality. but even if we could develop something that enables us to achieve immortality, should we? recently, morgan freeman asked a tantalizing question on sci fi \u2019 s popular show \u201c through the wormhole. \u201d it is a question that has baffled scientists, doctors, adventurers and philosophers since humans \u2019 earliest times. the question of \" can we live forever \" is beyond fascinating for many of us, and even if it were possible, is that a good thing and is it really \" possible \" according to the laws of physics? first though, one must consider the broader implications of such a scientific breakthrough that extends beyond the planet earth and even human beings. for example, if in the hypothetical sequence posed, eternal life actually became common, how does it escape most accepted theories of the universe, which explicably say the universe has a beginning and an end? furthermore, there seems to be two competeting theories on the universe and its beginning and demise. the almost collectively accepted theory of the \u201c big bang \u201d seems to satisfy a genesis for the universe, whereas its end is controversial. physicists differ on how the universe may end in what are called \" the big rip \" and \" the big freeze \" or \" big crunch. \" see, astronomers have discovered that other stars are moving away from our star, the sun, at a faster rate than light would seemingly allow. this presents a major problem for scientists, because it seemingly violates the laws of physics. but because the universe is filled with exotic things such as dark matter and dark energy, it is impossible to truly calculate why this phenomenon is happening. so let us assume that this dark energy is something that naturally occurred before the big bang, so therefore it does not violate any natural laws, and it explains the faster - than - light growth of the universe and it would give credence to \" the big rip \" theory. this means, all matter would rip apart, which includes \" us, \" regardless of how long you have lived. in the other scenario, the universe expands like a big fat balloon and then, presumably gravity, contracts the universe and bang, it crunches \" us \" all. so again, regardless of age, there seems to be no escape. but, some scientists have explained there are other dimensions that could, again in theory, connect us to other universes \u2019, which could hypothetically extend life. but until that is proven, it is a long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5534802296807594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.800442"} {"text": ", there seems to be no escape. but, some scientists have explained there are other dimensions that could, again in theory, connect us to other universes \u2019, which could hypothetically extend life. but until that is proven, it is a long shot, and even if true, these other universes could be inhospitable to us. so why are we fascinated with living forever then, when if you look at the science, even if we prolong life, we will still \" die \" anyway? well, let us look at the recent fountain of youth advancements that may enable this philosophical paradox to even exist. currently, most data and scientists seem to conclude that the answer for longevity is in the dna. while some believe that singling out specific dna sequencing could help slow the aging process, others look to something called \u201c removing the garbage. \u201d essentially, this is based on the belief that proper cell division is hindered because too much \u201c garbage \u201d accumulates around the cells, causing them and us to advance more rapidly towards death. it seems that of all the data presented, a combination of gene therapy would be needed, because even if you slow the aging process or remove the dna sequence that makes death inevitable, we would just stay young longer and maybe not as active, or we would just live long but become old and handicapped. either of those two is not ideal, and only when combined is the fountain of youth humans desire accomplished. but again, the eventual death of the universe and the adverse societal impact it would have, makes the fountain of youth a scary proposition. if a sort of combined gene therapy were created that could keep us young and forever living, it would not only be groundbreaking, but dangerous. as we have witnessed with divisive debate over the recent health care bill that simply wanted to allow universal health care, a fountain of youth pill could create a massive war. who would be allowed to live forever? when we look at our current political climate, which even routine things such as raising the debt ceiling are impossible tasks, how could we ever develop a fair system based off of something so naturally intoxicating? well, i do not believe we could, so even if we could develop a form of therapy to allow eternal life, it is pointless for two specific reasons. for one, it still only prolongs the inevitable and it would probably cause the end of the world because something so good would allow people to believe it is ok to kill over, like we have done numerous times through out our history. so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5658373059590707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.801458"} {"text": "in the 21st century, as technology becomes more sophisticated and available, individuals have access to almost infinite opportunities for participation in their communities, as well as for entertainment and leisure - time activities. in today \u2019 s workplaces, as computers take over routine tasks, a far greater proportion of employees are engaged in tasks that require them to be flexible and creative problem solvers. in order for today \u2019 s students to be successful in this environment, schools must provide them with more than basic skills. students also must become proficient at 21st century skills, such as critical thinking, problem solving, collaboration, use of technology, self - direction, and communication. assessing projects meets teachers \u2019 needs in several ways. you can assessment can provide information about more than a students \u2019 knowledge or performance at the end of a unit. read about the many different purposes of assessment. in traditional classrooms, student assessment is often limited to tests, papers, and oral presentations. learn about the different types of assessment. research suggests that students experience significant learning benefits when they are in classrooms where assessment is continuous and ongoing. read about the benefits of formative assessment. determining how and when students are using higher - order thinking such as critical thinking, creativity, problem solving, and metacognition, can be a challenge. learn about ways of assessing thinking. the use of formative assessment is a powerful tool for improving student learning, but it does not happen in a vacuum. read about what components are necessary for successful assessment in your school.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4613608982704974, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.803219"} {"text": "what is it? in generalized anxiety disorder, a person has frequent or nearly constant, nagging feelings of worry or anxiety. these feelings are either unusually intense or out of proportion to the real troubles and dangers of the person ' s everyday life. the disorder is defined as persistent worry every day or almost every day for six months or more. in some cases, a person with generalized anxiety disorder feels he or she has always been a worrier, even since childhood or adolescence. in other cases, the anxiety may be triggered by a crisis or a period of stress, such as a job loss, a family illness or the death of a relative. although the crisis eventually goes away and the stress passes, an unexplained feeling of anxiety may last months or years. in addition to suffering from constant ( or non - stop ) worries and anxieties, people with generalized anxiety disorder may have low self - esteem or feel insecure because they see people ' s intentions or events in negative terms, or they experience them as intimidating or critical. physical symptoms may lead them to seek treatment from a primary care doctor, cardiologist, pulmonary specialist or gastroenterologist. stress can intensify the anxiety. experts believe that some people with this disorder have a genetic ( inherited ) tendency to develop it. the disorder probably stems from how a variety of brain structures communicate with each other as they manage the fear response. chemical messengers, gamma aminobutyric acid ( gaba ) and serotonin, transmit signals along the circuits connecting brain regions. the medications used to treat anxiety affect these chemicals. about 3 % to 8 % of people in the united states have generalized anxiety disorder. women have the problem twice as often as men. the average adult patient first seeks medical attention between the ages of 20 and 30. however, the illness can occur at any age. generalized anxiety disorder also has been diagnosed in young children, teenagers and elderly people. the illness is the most common anxiety disorder affecting people age 65 and older. of all psychiatric illnesses, generalized anxiety disorder is the least likely to occur alone. between 50 % and 90 % of people with the disorder also have at least one other problem, usually panic disorder, a phobia, depression, dysthymia ( a less severe form of depression ), alcoholism or some other form of substance abuse. by definition, in generalized anxiety disorder, the person has persistent worry or anxiety that lasts for at least six months. this worry or anxiety is excessive, troubling and hard to control,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4976650342746915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.809448"} {"text": "depression ), alcoholism or some other form of substance abuse. by definition, in generalized anxiety disorder, the person has persistent worry or anxiety that lasts for at least six months. this worry or anxiety is excessive, troubling and hard to control, and it often interferes with a person ' s ability to function at home, at work or in social situations. to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder, a person has to have at least three of the following symptoms : people with generalized anxiety disorder also may have a wide range of anxiety - related physical symptoms that may seem like symptoms of heart disease, respiratory illness, digestive diseases and other medical illnesses. you may consult a primary care doctor first if you suspect your physical symptoms are part of a medical illness. your doctor may do tests to check for medical problems. if the results are normal, your doctor may ask about your family history, your history of any mental distress, current anxieties, recent stresses, and daily use of prescription and nonprescription drugs. some drugs can cause anxiety symptoms. the doctor then may refer you to a psychiatrist for care. your psychiatrist will diagnose generalized anxiety disorder based on a full psychiatric evaluation that includes : the psychiatrist also may order diagnostic tests, if necessary, to check for a medical illness. these won ' t be needed if they already have been done by the doctor who referred you to the psychiatrist. symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder can last for many months, but the condition can last longer ( many years ) especially without treatment, with symptoms occurring over many years. since stress is a normal part of life, there is usually no way to prevent generalized anxiety disorder in someone who is vulnerable. however, once diagnosed, various treatments can effectively reduce symptoms. if you have generalized anxiety disorder, the most effective treatment is usually a combination of medications and psychotherapy. research shows that using both has a more lasting positive effect than either one alone. your doctor may also offer treatment for other conditions that may be making matters worse, such as a medical problem or depression. you may need to try more than one approach before you find the right one. many different kinds of medications can relieve anxiety. here are the most common categories prescribed : a number of psychotherapy techniques may be helpful. here are some examples : your therapist may combine any of the above approaches or may discuss others - - for example, meditation, hypnosis or exercise - - with you so that the approach fits your specific problems and needs. when to call a professional see your doctor if you are troubled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5002472797559987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.811542"} {"text": "myanmar : peace talks may bring end to conflict and displacement closer displaced woman with her child in eastern myanmar \u2019 s kayin state, refugees international, 2005 - country statistics - latest idp figure : - more than 450, 000... click here for more - number of refugees : - ( originating from the country ) 214, 594 ( unhcr, as of december 2011 ) - total population : - 48. 7 million ( unfpa, 14 november 2012, p. 113 ) download asia - pacific overview 31 december 2012 myanmar is undergoing major political reforms and has initiated a series of peace processes, but in 2012 it also continued to experience armed conflict and new inter - communal violence that led to significant internal displacement. as of the end of the year, the country was estimated to be hosting at least 450, 000 idps. in western rakhine state, inter - communal violence broke out in june pitting ethnic rakhine against ethnic rohingya and other muslim minorities, and forcing more than 100, 000 people from both communities to flee. the idps took shelter in displacement camps in and around the state capital of sittwe or with host communities. following a new outbreak of violence in october, a further 36, 000 fled, many seeking refuge in the same camps. by the end of the year, more than 125, 000 people were internally displaced in rakhine state. of that total, 115, 000 were registered as idps while more than 10, 000 were not. humanitarian organisations and the government have provided assistance, but the camps are overcrowded and lack access to basic services. health care, education and livelihood opportunities are also limited, and it was not safe for idps to leave the camps. as an indirect result of the violence, several hundred thousand ethnic rohingya living in the north of the state lost access to the much - needed humanitarian assistance they had been receiving for years until trouble first broke out in june. in north - eastern kachin state and the northern part of neighbouring shan state, fighting between the kachin independence army ( kia ) and the myanmar military, which began in june 2011, intensified in december 2012. the military reportedly launched airstrikes on the town of laiza, where kia has its main base. by the end of the year, more than 75, 000 people had been internally displaced. over 40, 000 were living in areas controlled by kia, to which un agencies had only limited access, but they also receive some assistance from local organisations. in the south -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4159575856052359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.877717"} {"text": "of the year, more than 75, 000 people had been internally displaced. over 40, 000 were living in areas controlled by kia, to which un agencies had only limited access, but they also receive some assistance from local organisations. in the south - east, tensions between the myanmar army and ethnic non - state armed groups ( nsags ) eased during 2012 when compared with previous years, though there were numerous ceasefire violations in the southern part of shan state. there were no clashes in kayah and mon states and bago and tanintharyi regions, with very few isolated incidents between nsag and border guard force personalities in kayin state that were quickly contained. as of the end of the year these areas were estimated to be hosting around 250, 000 protracted idps who had fled their homes to escape armed conflict and human rights violations. many among them face security risks because of the presence of landmines, and they also lack access to adequate food, clean water, sanitation, durable shelter, health services, education and livelihoods. efforts towards a full - fledged peace process continued as the government on either the national or state level signed preliminary ceasefire or peace agreements with the nsags. as of the end of the year, kia was the only group not to have signed such an agreement. the peace donor support group and the myanmar peace support initiative were set up in 2012 with the aim of providing assistance to conflict - affected people, including idps, and support for the ceasefires and ongoing peace - building efforts. the government has also initiated a process of political reform. in parliamentary by - elections in april, candidates of the formerly banned national league for democracy ( nld ) won 43 of the 45 seats that were contested. among the newly elected nld mps was the nobel laureate aung san suu kyi, who also became chair of the lower house \u2019 s committee for rule of law and peace and stability. the government continued to release political prisoners and liberalise the media, and new legislation and regulations governing demonstrations were also adopted. in response, several countries and regional bodies including the us, norway and the eu, have eased their sanctions on myanmar. a number of high - level officials visited the country in 2012, including president barack obama, the un high commissioner for refugees, antonio guterres, and the un emergency relief coordinator, valerie amos. in 2013, it will be important to ensure that peace - building efforts are matched by an end to fighting on the ground and that the views of idps and a discussion of issues related to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46958407047465556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.880379"} {"text": "serious and peace elusive. since april 2009, armed conflict between the armed forces and nsags has intensified, as several nsags that had concluded a ceasefire with the government in the 1990s refused to obey government orders to transform into army - led border guard forces. (... ) download full overview 19 july 2011 | | displacement continues in context of armed conflicts ( 19 july 2011 ) html | pdf internal displacement profile \" causes, background and patterns of movement \", \" overview of the causes of displacement in myanmar \" \" idp population figures \", \" idp population figures \" \" physical security and integrity \", \" physical security and integrity \" \" basic necessities of life \", \" basic necessities of life \" \" property, livelihoods, education and other economic, social and cultural rights \", \" property \", \" livelihoods \", \" education and other economic \", \" social and cultural rights \" \" national and international response \", \" national and international response \" previous profile updates - key documents - situation of human rights in myanmar, un ga, 16 november 2012 - changing realities, poverty and displacement in south east burma / myanmar, the border consortium ( tbc ), 31 october 2012 - situation of human rights in myanmar, un special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in myanmar, 25 september 2012 - \" the government could have stopped this \", human rights watch ( hrw ), august 2012 - myanmar : the politics of economic reform, international crisis group ( icg ), 27 july 2012 - \" untold miseries \" - wartime abuses and forced displacement in burma \u2019 s kachin state, hrw, 20 march 2012 - towards a burmese spring, himal south asian, december 2011 - myanmar : a new peace initiative, international crisis group ( icg ), 30 november 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4635027678661502, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.887505"} {"text": "judaki, a small lor tribe of the korramabad region in western persia. it forms part of the bala gariva group of tribes, which inhabits the mountainous region between the kaskan and dez rivers, and which also includes the bayranavand ( q. v. ), dirakvand ( q. v. ), papi, and sagvand tribes. according to the british colonial administrator, arnold talbot wilson ( 1884 - 1940 ), around 1910 the judakis \u2019 grazing lands were located between the kaskan river and the main dezful - korramabad caravan route, and they occupied the villages of culhul, which was their headquarters, and jaydar, around which were their only cultivated lands, as well as the villages of badamak, camesk, and rikan in what is today the rural district ( dehestan ) of bala gariva ( p. 29 ). their number was estimated at 500 families in the 1870s by albert houtum - schindler ( q. v. ; p. 86 ), at some 800 families in the early 1900s by hyacinth louis rabino ( 1877 - 1950 p. 33 ), and at some 600 families in the early 1930s by mas\u02bfud kayhan ( p. 66 ). the linguist oskar mann ( 1867 - 1917 ), who conducted research in iran and central asia between 1901 and 1907, mentions a small group of judaki which he calls judaki - ye hoseynabad on his list of the tribes of the post - e kuh ( p. xxv ). but this group is not mentioned by any other authority on the area. albert houtum - schindler, \u201c reisen im sudwestlichen persien, \u201d zeitschrift der gesellschaft fur erdkunde zu berlin 14, 1879, pp. 81 - 124. mas\u02bfud kayhan, jografia - ye mofassal - e iran : ii \u2014 siasi, tehran, 1932. oskar mann, die mundarten der lur - stamme im sudwestlichen persien, berlin, 1910. hyacinth louis rabino, les tribus du louristan : medailles des qadjars, paris, 1916. arnold talbot wilson, luristan, military report on south - west persia 5, simla, 1910. originally published : june 15, 2009 last updated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3681402142239449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.897253"} {"text": "| | a discourse on taqwa ( obedience to allah ) ( 1 of 1 ), read 19 times | | | issues : the islamic personality | | | thursday, january 27, 2005 08 : 01 pm | taqwa - fear of allah ibn juzayy said in his dictionary of terms from the introduction to his tafsir : \" taqwa ' s meaning is fear, clinging to obedience to allah and abandoning disobedience to him. it is the sum of all good. \" and in his commentary : we will discuss taqwa in three sections. concerning its benefits derived from the qur ' an, and they are fifteen : guidance, because of his words \" guidance for the muttaqeen ( the people of taqwa ) \" ; help because of his words \" truly, allah is with the people who have taqwa \" ; close friendship [ with allah ] because of his words, \" allah is the close friend of the muttaqeen \" ; love because of his words, \" truly allah loves the muttaqeen \" ; covering over [ of wrong actions ] because of his words, \" if you have taqwa of allah he will make for you a discrimination and he will cover over for you your wrong actions \" ; a way out from unhappiness, and provision from where one does not expect because of his words, \" whoever has taqwa of allah he will make a way out for him and provide him from where he does not expect \" ; facilitation of affairs because of his words, \" whoever has taqwa of allah he will make ease for him in his affair \" ; full covering over of wrong actions and magnification of rewards because of his words, \" whoever has taqwa of allah he will cover over his wrong actions and magnify a reward for him \" ; acceptance of actions because of his words, \" allah only accepts from the people of taqwa \" ; success because of his words, \" have taqwa of allah in order that you might succeed \" ; good news because of his words \" for them there is good news in this world and in the next \" ; entrance into the garden because of his words \" truly, there are for the people of taqwa with their lord gardens of bliss \" ; salvation from the fire because of his words \" then we will save the ones who had taqwa \". there are ten things which awaken taqwa : fear of punishment in the next", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4868157298043988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.901309"} {"text": "taqwa with their lord gardens of bliss \" ; salvation from the fire because of his words \" then we will save the ones who had taqwa \". there are ten things which awaken taqwa : fear of punishment in the next life ; fear [ of punishment in ] this life ; hope of worldly reward ; hope of the reward of the next world ; fear of the reckoning ; shyness and bashfulness before the gaze of allah, and this is the station of fearful watchfulness ( muraqabah ) ; showing gratitude for his blessings by obeying him ; knowledge, because of his words, \" they only fear allah, of his slaves, the ones who have knowledge \" ; exalting and honouring his majesty, and it is the station of awe ; sincerity in love because of the words of the one who said : \" you disobey god while you make apparent that you love him, this, by my life, in analogy is a marvel. if your love were sincere you would obey him, truly, the lover towards the one he loves is obedient. \" and to allah be attributed the good of the one who said : \" she said, and she had asked about the state of her lover, ' for allah ' s sake, describe him and do not omit nor exceed! ' i said, ' if he had feared death from thirst, and you had said, \" stop! don ' t approach the water! \" then he would not have approached. ' \" the third section there are five degrees of taqwa : that the slave should protect himself from kufr ( covering over the truth ), and that is the station of islam ; that he should protect himself from acts of disobedience and forbidden things, and it is the station of turning or repentance ( tawbah ) ; that he should protects himself from doubtful matters, and that is the station of caution or carefulness ( wara ' ) ; that he should protect himself from even those things that are permitted, and that is the station of doing without ( zuhd ) ; that he should protect himself from the presence of other than allah in his heart, and it is the presence of witnessing ( mushahadah ). that ends what ibn juzayy al - kalbi wrote on taqwa. edited by administrator", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5149326564039282, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.902369"} {"text": "in pushing this position the un demonstrates that emitting co2 is, in fact, not dangerous. why else would they not impose the same requirement on all countries? substitute co2 emissions for mercury or lead being pumped into rivers and the ocean. does it make sense to allow china and india, or any other country, a position in which toxic waste is pumped willy nilly into the water system? of course not. obviously, emitting co2 can ' t be that bad... china and india should be spared the full burden of fighting climate change, the united nations said on tuesday in an agenda - setting report published just days ahead of an intergovernmental conference to agree to a successor to the kyoto protocols. the report of the un development programme recommends that countries such as china and india should be required to reduce their emissions by only 20 per cent by 2050, while the rich industrialised countries shoulder a cut of 80 per cent. the report will provide ammunition for developing countries wishing to avoid adopting stringent targets on emissions. china, india and others have argued that rich countries should carry more responsibility for the climate because most of the stock of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere came from the growth of their industry. but the white house made it clear at international meetings on climate change in september that it would not sign up to any agreement that did not include china and the other developing nations going through rapid industrialisation. heated discussions over the share of the burden that each country should take for cutting emissions are likely to be the main focus of un talks on climate change beginning next week in bali, indonesia. the talks, the most important since the kyoto protocol was drafted in 1997, will mark the first negotiations on a potential successor to the treaty, the main provisions of which expire in 2012. the report estimates that the world needs to spend about 1. 6 per cent of gross domestic product each year until 2030 in order to prevent emissions rising to dangerous levels. developed countries should aim to cut their emissions by 30 per cent by 2020, the undp report said. in a sign of the scale of the task facing ministers at bali the report also risked opening old wounds by questioning whether the carbon - trading system established at kyoto was less effective at reducing emissions than a straightforward carbon tax \u2013 such as the one proposed on tuesday by nicolas sarkozy, the french president, in beijing. kevin watkins, lead author of the report, said : \u201c cap - and - trade is not particularly working. we need to develop the strategy into a carbon tax. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4312192208079966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.906783"} {"text": "washington / london \u2013 it turns out that our ancestors \u2014 meat - eating or tuber - loving, mediterranean or arctic, roaming or sedentary \u2014 all could have used some medicine to help prevent heart disease. a new study of 137 mummified bodies, some as old as 3, 500 years, found a high prevalence of hardening of the arteries, which often presages heart attack or stroke. the condition was common in four groups \u2014 ancient egyptians, pre - columbian people in peru and utah, and 19th - century alaska natives \u2014 with different diets and ways of life. \u201c it kind of casts doubt on \u2014 makes us pause and think about \u2014 whether we understand risk factors ( for cardiovascular disease ) as well as we thought we did, \u201d said randall thompson, a physician at the university of missouri who headed a research team of 19 cardiologists, radiologists and anthropologists. \u201c probable or definite \u201d atherosclerosis was evident in 34 percent of the mummies. only 4 percent, however, had atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries, where it can cause heart attacks. the condition was more common in people who died in middle and old age, but was also seen frequently in those dying in their 30s. the prevalence of diseased arteries in the mummies is not very different from that seen today, leading the researchers to conclude that cardiovascular disease \u201c is an inherent component of human aging and not characteristic of any specific diet or lifestyle. \u201d thompson, who is a practicing cardiologist, said he was especially surprised by how common atherosclerosis was in people whose diets are viewed in some quarters as especially healthful. thompson said there could be unknown factors that contributed to the mummies \u2019 narrowed arteries. he said the ancestral puebloans, who lived in underground caves in modern - day colorado and utah, used fire for heat and cooking. that produced a lot of smoke. \u201c they were breathing in a lot of smoke and that could have had the same effect as cigarettes, \u201d he said. the 51 ancient peruvians, who in life presumably ate a lot of beans and complex carbohydrates such as sweet potatoes and manioc, had atherosclerosis in 25 percent of their mummies. three of the five aleutian hunter - gatherers, who ate a \u201c paleo diet \u201d high in meat and devoid of sweets and grains, showed atherosclerosis. one woman who died in her late 40s had \u201c the kind of disease we see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.437719652739325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.912989"} {"text": "aleutian hunter - gatherers, who ate a \u201c paleo diet \u201d high in meat and devoid of sweets and grains, showed atherosclerosis. one woman who died in her late 40s had \u201c the kind of disease we see in people with bypass surgery, \u201d he said. \u201c i think we \u2019 ll have a debate about just how important diet is and what we ought to be communicating to patients, \u201d he added. \u201c a healthy diet and lifestyle may lead to less disease, but it doesn \u2019 t prevent disease altogether. \u201d many previous studies have sought to diagnose disease in ancient preserved human remains. one study published two years ago found atherosclerosis common in egyptian mummies. whether that represented what was happening elsewhere in the ancient world, or was only an occupational hazard of butter - slurping layabout priests and pharaohs, was unknown. the new study, presented sunday at the american college of cardiology meeting in san francisco and published online by the lancet, appears to be the first to compare findings from many different mummy populations. heart disease epidemiologists were quick to say the study should not undermine evidence from thousands of studies suggesting that atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is mostly a 20th - century problem. \u201c heart attack and stroke are modern plagues that have increased and then steadily decreased over modern times, \u201d said henry blackburn of the university of minnesota, who has documented wildly varying rates of heart attack in different countries with different diets. atherosclerosis is a process in which the wall of an artery fills with fat, fibrous tissue and, in later stages, grains of calcium. if the \u201c plaque \u201d gets large enough, it limits the flow of blood. when that happens and tissue downstream dies, the result is a heart attack or stroke. the researchers used ct scanners to detect calcium in arteries. they looked in the aorta, which is the body \u2019 s main arterial trunk ; the coronary arteries of the heart ; the carotid arteries of the neck ; and the arteries of the thigh and the lower leg. when calcium was present, they concluded the person had atherosclerosis \u2014 a diagnosis supported by studies of living patients. of the 137 mummies, 76 were egyptian, with the oldest from about 1800 b. c. ; 51 peruvian, from 900 b. c. to a. d. 1500 ; five puebloans from the american west, from 1500 b. c. to a. d. 1500 ; and five", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44362741664839195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.913983"} {"text": "with the oldest from about 1800 b. c. ; 51 peruvian, from 900 b. c. to a. d. 1500 ; five puebloans from the american west, from 1500 b. c. to a. d. 1500 ; and five aleutian natives from the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries. atherosclerosis was present in 38 percent of the egyptians, 25 percent of the peruvians, 40 percent of the puebloans and 60 percent of the alaska natives ( although the number of mummies of the latter two groups is so small that the percentages are statistically meaningless ). whether any of the mummified people died of atherosclerotic disease could not be determined. only the egyptian bodies were intentionally preserved. the others were naturally mummified by the cold and dry conditions of the places where the people died. as a consequence, they may not be representative snapshots of their populations. nevertheless, a few generalities stand out. one of them is that atherosclerosis increases with age. those with no sign of the condition had an average estimated age at death of 32 years. slightly more than half the mummies in their 40s, however, had at least one calcified artery. for the few mummies older than 50, the prevalence was lower \u2014 about 40 percent. studies of present - day populations have found a similar increase in calcium with age as well as atherosclerosis in young adults. a review of 3, 832 autopsies done on troops who died in combat or of unintentional injuries in the iraq and afghanistan wars found that 9 percent had atherosclerosis in the coronaries. that \u2019 s a dramatic drop from the prevalence found in autopsies of casualties of the korean ( 77 percent ) and vietnam ( 45 percent ) wars. the team plans to examine more remains. next up are naturally mummified bodies from mongolia and \u201c bog people \u201d preserved in peat deposits in britain and scandinavia. the latter group may be hard to evaluate, however, because the bogs the bodies were thrown into ( often following execution ) had acidic water that dissolves calcium, including most of the bones.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4462849455257978, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.914863"} {"text": "you have been there before. the best part of any professional development activity is the collaboration with other teachers. hearing the struggles and successes of others helps us to articulate our own ideas and spark new excitement in our own curriculum. we hope to strengthen the community of chemistry educators and provide a place for discussion and collaboration right here at this site. summer is one of my favorite times as a teacher! like most teachers i like to take a little time away from school, but, once i ' ve rested a bit, its my favorite time to do research as well. i encourage you to take time this summer to explore labs and activities that you think may work for your classroom, but just didn ' t have time to examine with your busy teaching schedule. call for symposia and workshops for the 23rd bcce at grand valley state university \u2013 greener on the grand : empowering chemical educators for a greener tomorrow, august 3 \u2013 7, 2014 i \u2019 d like to report on one of the end - of - year research projects that two of my general chemistry students completed during class this year. if you \u2019 d like read more about these end - of year research projects in general, click here. wow! talk about an interesting idea! a very neat experiment, called \u201c hydroglyphics \u201d, has been published by philseok kim, jack alvarenga, joanna aizenberg and raymond sleeper in the journal of chemical education. i came across a simple, yet interesting experiment that was first described by elizabeth sumner walter in 2001. she merely had students pour water into a dish containing some gobstoppers candies. i showed this experiment to some of my college chemistry students while they were workin inquiry is a fluid concept. there are some truly fabulous activities on grand valley state university ' s target inquiry ( ti ) website ( www. gvsu. edu / targetinquiry ). yes, i am biased as i was part of the first ti cohort, but there are several labs now that were written later and they, too, are terrific.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5792744682242732, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.918149"} {"text": "flies are a nuisance when buzzing around the home - - especially in large numbers. however, some species of flies also pose a health risk. in particular, house flies can mechanically transmit a wide range of disease - causing microbes, including those responsible for food poisoning, dysentery, tuberculosis, cholera and parasitic worm infections. call ehrlich free at to arrange a free pest inspection or find out how to get rid of flies. flies found in the house there are thousands of different species of flies but the most common fly problems are caused by : - house flies \u2013 adults 1 / 4 \" - 5 / 16 \". female houseflies lay 400 - 600 eggs in decaying matter or faeces which develop into maggots or larvae. attracted to any uncovered food or organic waste. - blow fly or bottle fly \u2013 adults 1 / 4 \" - 1 / 2 \", usually metallic blue or green but can be black or grey. significant numbers in a house will often indicate a dead animal ( such as a mouse or rat ) in the property. - cluster fly - adults 1 / 4 \" - 3 / 8 \". cluster flies often take shelter over the winter inside homes ( such as in attics ) and can occur in very large numbers in the home as they emerge in the spring. - fruit fly - adults 1 / 10 \u201d - 1 / 5 \u201d. small, chunky flies with large eyes, either red or black in color. often seen around food, they are a big pest problem for bars and restaurants. these flies cause a high percentage of the insect contamination of fruit products. - moth fly - adults 1 / 4 \" - 3 / 8 \". moth flies, can be identified because their body and wings are very hairy, and they have a heart - shaped appearance. they live in the gelatinous material found in drains which is their preferred breeding habitat. usually a bigger pest problem for businesses. - phorid fly - adults 1 / 6 \" - 1 / 8 \". phorid flies, can be identified because of their humpbacked appearance. but the most identifying characteristic are the two heavy veins of the wing. they breed in decaying organic matter that has almost become an unrecognizable state and are attracted to slimy drains, sewer leaks and dirty garbage cans. generally a bigger pest problem for businesses than private homes. to some extent, you can prevent flies around your home by minimizing food sources and larval habitat : - always cover food \u2013 flies spread diseases by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.489066364373545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.921290"} {"text": "when prayers for rain are answered the sight of floodwaters covering tel aviv highways and modi \u2019 in shopping malls from this week \u2019 s rains was jarring and unexpected. israel is, in most minds, an arid land bereft of water, not cursed with its superabundance. but a look at geography and history suggests differently, pointing to both the accomplishments of zionist technology and their fragility. where today there are high - tech industries, tourists, and millions of israelis, once there were hippopotami. during most of the past 10, 000 years, israel \u2019 s coastal plain was swamp. bones recovered from excavations there suggest that hippos may have been present even into hellenistic times, along with an astonishing array of other wildlife. the nahal taninim, which empties into the sea near kibbutz ma \u2019 agan michael, translates as \u201c crocodile river \u201d, describing another long - extinct denizen. today ' s landscape is not only modern \u2014 tel aviv skyscrapers, the ayalon freeway, apartment buildings as far as the eye can see \u2014 but deceptive. it hints at the existence of nature, in ways that new york and los angeles rarely do, but implies that nature has been overcome. it has not. israel \u2019 s coastal plain stretches from gaza to haifa. bordering the mediterranean are sand dunes and rocky cliffs, cut by rivers from the east and pummeled by waves and storms from the west. the waves breach the dunes and cliffs and deposit sand in the river mouths, which flood to form swamps. through time, settlements were either located to the east along the foothills, like antipatris, or, like jaffa and caesaria, perched on fossilized dunes or rocky outcrops closer to the sea, with the spaces in between occupied by fish, fowl, and mammals. from the bronze age onward, engineers strove to keep the river mouths open, but silt from the highlands and sand from the sea inevitably closed them off. the immense bronze age and iron age fortifications at tel akko were partly created out of sand dredged from a now - disappeared estuary. then, in the middle of the first millennium b. c. e., the phoenicians started over, some two kilometers to the west, and founded the akko \u2014 or acre \u2014 that persists today on a rocky outcrop jutting precariously into the sea. such settlement histories are typical. the swamps and hidden recesses of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40447895429065284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.933307"} {"text": ", some two kilometers to the west, and founded the akko \u2014 or acre \u2014 that persists today on a rocky outcrop jutting precariously into the sea. such settlement histories are typical. the swamps and hidden recesses of the coastal plain held abundant resources \u2014 and abundant bandits and thieves. as early as the late bronze age, the hittite king burnaburiash wrote angrily to the egyptian king akhenaten accusing one of akhenaten \u2019 s canaanite princelings of plundering a caravan. graves of these merchants have been excavated where they appear to have been hastily buried, just north of akko. through the crusader period, kings and villagers kept the coast under control, maintaining waterworks and harbors and fighting the battle between too much water and too little. but from the medieval mamluk period onward, sand, silt, and insecurity gradually made the coastal plain a malarial marsh. on the eve of napoleon \u2019 s invasion of egypt in 1798, the coastal interior was occupied by bedouin who raided coastal plain settlements and whose animals destroyed the fragile vegetation that held sand dunes in check. thereafter, dunes progressed inland at a rate of dozens of feet per year, burying agricultural lands. by the 19th century, the coastal plain, along with much of the country, had fallen into disrepair. before the british mandate, malaria infected a majority of residents ; even in jerusalem, far from the coast, a 1912 survey showed that between 40 and 80 percent of schoolchildren had symptoms. change came quickly. in the 19th century, global interest in palestine, including superpower competition and tourism, began to lift the coast from dereliction. beginning in the 1870s, zionists purchased tracts on the coast and in the jezreel valley and huleh basin, largely unwanted swamps of the coastal plain, and set about making them habitable. the first agricultural settlement \u2014 petach tikvah, along the banks of the yarkon river \u2014 was quickly abandoned because of malaria. but its settlers ' successors dug canals and planted eucalyptus for drainage and suppressed mosquitoes. bypassing traditional subsistence farming methods, they introduced modern agricultural techniques and multiplied yields. prosperity and labor needs helped ignite mass arab migration to the area, especially from egypt, as well as the purchase by absentee arab landlords of previously abandoned land. along with the drained swamps, the most successful symbol of the zionist mastery of nature was tel aviv itself, founded in 1909 on a sand dune north of jaffa. yet an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4100009866109585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.934324"} {"text": "well as the purchase by absentee arab landlords of previously abandoned land. along with the drained swamps, the most successful symbol of the zionist mastery of nature was tel aviv itself, founded in 1909 on a sand dune north of jaffa. yet an increasing population on the coast meant, at first, more grazing animals and cutting of forests for fuel ; both increased soil erosion, clogging streams with silt. complex ecosystems with varied plant and animal species were flattened, reduced to mono - crop orange groves feeding the european market. many of palestine \u2019 s remaining forests fell victim to the building of turkish railroads and world war i. thereafter, the british introduced regulations \u2014 later continued by israel \u2014 for agriculture, land use, town planning, and architecture, rules largely honored in the breach. the coastal plain is israel \u2019 s agricultural, industrial and residential heartland. the new state \u2019 s need for housing, food, and industry was overwhelming and, in turn, overwhelmed sensible planning. by the 1950s, water diverted for all these competing purposes began to reduce the coast \u2019 s streams and rivers, and discharged waste turned them into toxic trickles. the imperatives of growth led to the 1964 construction of the national water carrier, which routed water from the sea of galilee south through pipes and culverts, thereby dramatically reducing the jordan river, the sea of galilee, and the dead sea. by 1967, almost all the streams south of the galilee were being used for sewage, a problem addressed by treatment plants only in the next decades. despite enormous progress in public health and water efficiency, there remains enormous competition among these sectors for water allocations \u2014 as there is between israel and the palestinians. today, israel has over 1, 000 square kilometers of man - made \u201c impervious surface area \u201d \u2014 buildings, roads, parking lots ; this measure places it within the world \u2019 s top 100 countries. coastal aquifers have been severely depleted and contaminated by seawater and industrial pollutants. an increasing part of the rain that falls on judean and samarian hills slides down paved streets, highways, sewers, and riverbeds to the sea, failing to recharge the aquifers. the automobile has been especially destructive. in 1960 there were 70, 000 cars in israel ; today there are 2. 5 million. the construction of a modern highway system has constricted the ability of the landscape to drain and recycle water. technological societies like israel and the united states have manipulated environments with determination but little understanding of the long - term impacts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47135168267708005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.935375"} {"text": ". 5 million. the construction of a modern highway system has constricted the ability of the landscape to drain and recycle water. technological societies like israel and the united states have manipulated environments with determination but little understanding of the long - term impacts. lining riverbeds with concrete, as with the ayalon and throughout los angeles, gives the illusion of mastering nature. in average years, the consequences are mostly invisible ; the absence of thriving ecosystems is apparent, but not the failure of the aquifers to be recharged. then, the inevitable flooding causes surprise. when it comes to environmental issues, liberal democratic societies have been partially self - correcting. they periodically take steps, like dismantling dams in the pacific northwest and reflooding parts of the huleh basin, to ameliorate and undo negative conditions. arguably, however, israel \u2019 s environmental progress is slipping, a victim of both politics and economics. still, if israel and the united states have been environmentally overconfident and insensitive, other countries have been catastrophically cruel. the communist legacy of environmental destruction in russia, eastern europe, and china is nearly beyond description. soviet engineers reversed the flow of entire rivers and nearly emptied the entire aral sea, leaving a chemical - laden dustbowl. communist politics demanded that technology master and subjugate nature to demonstrate the wisdom and superiority of the party. zionists were never so absolute ; they were and, one hopes, are capable of learning to work with nature. the flooding in israel and elsewhere shows that nature will not be mastered. the response to the hundred - year storm or, worse, the earthquake and tsunami, can be planned up to a point \u2014 after which matters are in god \u2019 s hands. humans push the limits, ignoring, minimizing, or rationalizing risks as only they can. but flooded highways are gentle reminders that nature has its own reclamation project, which will triumph over ours. comments are closed for this article.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5118342028225173, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.936181"} {"text": "career and positions part in the removal of opposition through anti - jewish propaganda and incitement ant - jewish boycott of 1933 anti - jewish demonstrations of november 1938 use of his authority as gauleiter in the service of the conspiracy through his words and his deeds julius streicher assumed for himself the unofficial title of \" jew - baiter number one \" of nazi germany. for the course of some twenty - five years, streicher educated the german people in hatred and incited them to the persecution and to the extermination of the jewish race. he was an accessory to murder, on a scale perhaps never attained before. career and positions. streicher was born in 1885. he became a school teacher in nurnberg and formed a party of his own, which he called the german socialist party. the chief policy of that party was anti - semitism. in 1922 he handed over his party to hitler, who wrote a glowing account of streicher ' s generosity in mein the appointments which streicher held in the party and state were few. from 1921 until 1945, he was a member of the nazi party. in 1925 he was appointed gauleiter of franconia, and he remained until about february 1940. from the time that the nazi government came into power in 1933 until 1945 he was a member of the reichstag. in addition to that, he held the title of obergruppenfuehrer in the sa ( 2975 - ps ). the propaganda which streicher carried out throughout those years was chiefly done through the medium of his newspapers. he was the editor and publisher of \" der stuermer ' from 1922 until 1933, and thereafter the publisher and owner of the paper. in 1933 he also founded and thereafter published a daily newspaper called the \" fraenkische tageszeitung. \" in addition, in later years he published several other papers, mostly local journals, from nurnberg. part in the removal of opposition through anti - jewish propaganda and the course of streicher ' s incitement and propaganda may be traced more or less in chronological order by referring to short extracts from \" der stuermer. \" the extracts which follow were selected at random. they were selected with a view to showing the various methods which streicher employed to incite the german people against the jewish race, but his newspapers are crowded with them, week after week, day after day. it is impossible to pick up any copy without finding the same kind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3842886893894013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.973419"} {"text": "showing the various methods which streicher employed to incite the german people against the jewish race, but his newspapers are crowded with them, week after week, day after day. it is impossible to pick up any copy without finding the same kind of invective and incitement in the headlines and in the articles. in a speech which streicher made in 1922 in nurnberg, after abusing the jews in the first paragraph, he went on \" we know that germany will be free when the jew has been excluded from the life of the german people. \" in a speech in 1924 he stated : \" i beg you and particularly those of you who carry the cross throughout the land to become somewhat more serious when i speak of the enemy of the german people, namely, the jew. not out of irresponsibility or for fun do i fight against the jewish enemy, but because i bear within me the knowledge that the whole misfortune was brought to germany by the jews alone. \" i ask you once more, what is at stake today? the jew seeks domination not only among the german people but among all peoples. the communists pave the way for him. do you not know that the god of the old testament orders the jews to consume and enslave the peoples of the earth? \" the government allows the jew to do as he pleases. the people expect action to be taken. you may think about adolf hitler as you please, but one thing you must admit. he possessed the courage to attempt to free the german people from the jew by a national revolution. that was action indeed. \" ( m - 12 ). in a speech in april 1925 streicher declared : \" you must realize that the jew wants our people to perish. that is why you must join us and leave those who have brought you nothing but war, inflation, and discord. for thousands of years the jew has been destroying the nations. let us make a new beginning today so that we can annihilate the this appears to be the earliest expression of one of the conspirators ' primary objectives - - the annihilation of the jewish race. fourteen years later it became the official policy of the nazi government. in april 1932 streicher made the following \" for 13 years i have fought against \" we know that the jew whether he is baptized as a protestant or as a catholic, remains a jew. why cannot you realize, you protestant clergymen, you catholic priests, you who have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4683903465319675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.974523"} {"text": "made the following \" for 13 years i have fought against \" we know that the jew whether he is baptized as a protestant or as a catholic, remains a jew. why cannot you realize, you protestant clergymen, you catholic priests, you who have scales before your eyes and serve the god of the jews who is not the god of love but the god of hate. why do you not listen to christ, who said to the jews, ' you are children of the ant - jewish boycott of 1933. when the nazi party came to power, they officially started their campaign against the jews by the boycott of 1 april 1933. the boycott was agreed on and approved by the whole government, as appears from goebbel ' s diary ( 2409 - ps ). streicher vas appointed the chairman of the central committee for the organization of that boycott. he started his work on wednesday, 29 march ( 2156 - ps ). on that same day the central committee issued a proclamation announcing that the boycott would start on saturday at 10 : 00 - am sharp : \" jewry will realize whom it has on 30 march, two days before the boycott was due to start, an article was published under the title, \" defeat the enemy of the world! by julius streicher, official leader of the central committee to combat the jewish atrocity and boycott campaign \" ( 2153 - ps ). the article stated, in part : \" jewry wanted this battle. it shall have it until it realizes that the germany of the brown battalions is not a country of cowardice and surrender. jewry will have to fight until we have won victory. \" national socialists! defeat the enemy of the world. even if the world is full of devils, we shall succeed in the end. \" ( 2153 - ps ). as head of the central committee for that boycott, streicher outlined in detail the organization of the boycott in orders which the committee published on 31 march 1933 ( 2154 - ps ). the committee stressed that no violence should be employed against the jews during the boycott, but not for humanitarian reasons. the order was issued because, if no violence were employed, jewish employers would have no grounds for discharging their employees without notice, and for refusing to pay them any wages. the jews were also reported, apparently, to be transferring businesses to german figureheads in order to alleviate the results of this persecution ; accordingly the committee declared that any property so transferred was to be considered as jewish for the purpose of the boycott", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46285882500896536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.975697"} {"text": "any wages. the jews were also reported, apparently, to be transferring businesses to german figureheads in order to alleviate the results of this persecution ; accordingly the committee declared that any property so transferred was to be considered as jewish for the purpose of the boycott ( 2154 - ps ). it is therefore clear that early in 1933 streicher was taking a leading part, as appointed by the government, in the persecution against the jews. further extracts from streicher ' s newspapers illustrate the form which his propaganda developed as the years went on. an article in the new year ' s issue of a new paper founded and edited by streicher - - a semimedical paper called \" the people ' s health through blood and soil \" - - is an example of the remarkable lengths to which he went in propagandizing against the \" it is established for all eternity ; alien albumen is the sperm of a man of alien race. the male sperm in cohabitation is partially or completely absorbed by the female, and thus enters her bloodstream. one single cohabitation of a jew with an aryan woman is sufficient to poison her blood forever. together with the alien albumen she has absorbed the alien soul. never again will she be able to bear purely aryan children, even when married to an aryan. they will all be bastards, with a dual soul and a body of a mixed breed. their children will also be crossbreeds ; that means, ugly people of unsteady character and with a tendency to illnesses. now we know why the jew uses every artifice of seduction in order to ravish german girls at as early an age as possible ; why the jewish doctor rapes his patients while they were under anaesthetic. he wants the german girl and the german woman to absorb the alien sperm of the jew. she is never again to bear german children. but the blood products of all animals right down to the bacteria like the serum, lymph, extracts from internal organs etc., are all alien albumen. they have a poisonous effect if directly introduced into the blood stream either by vaccination or by injection. by these products of sick animals the blood is ravished, the aryan is impregnated with an alien species. the author and abettor of such action is the jew. he has been aware of the secrets of the race question for centuries, and therefore plans systematically the annihilation of the nations which are superior to him. science and authorities are his instruments for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5161978087184553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.976750"} {"text": "and abettor of such action is the jew. he has been aware of the secrets of the race question for centuries, and therefore plans systematically the annihilation of the nations which are superior to him. science and authorities are his instruments for the enforcing of pseudo - science and the concealment of truth. \" at the beginning of 1935, the following extract, entitled \" the chosen people of the criminals, \" appeared in \" * * * and all the same, or, let us say, just because of this, the history book of the jews, which is usually called the holy scriptures, impresses us as a horrible criminal romance, which makes the 150 penny - dreadfuls of the british jew, edgar wallace, go green with envy. this ' holy ' book abounds in murder, incest, fraud, theft, and indecency. \" in a speech on 4 october 1935 ( the month following the proclamation of the nurnberg decrees ) streicher made a speech which is reported in the voelkischer beobachter and is entitled in that newspaper \" safeguard of german blood and german honor. \" the report in that article reads in part : \" gauleiter streicher speaks at a german labor front mass demonstration for the nurnberg laws. \" \" we have therefore, to unmask the jew, and that is what i have been doing for the past fifteen years. \" in a leading article in \" der stuermer \" streicher again emphasized the part which he himself had taken in \" the ' stuermer ' s ' 15 years of work of enlightenment has already led an army of those who know - - millions strong - - to national socialism. the continued work of the ' stuermer ' will help to ensure that every german down to the last man will, with heart and hand, join the ranks of those whose aim it is to crush the head of the serpent pan - juda beneath their heels. he who helps to bring this about helps to eliminate the devil, and this devil is the jew. \" ( m - 6 ). the extraordinary length to which streicher went in his propaganda is illustrated by the publication in \" der stuermer \" of a photograph of the burning hull of the airship \" hindenburg, which caught fire in june 1937 in america. the caption beneath the picture includes the comment : \" the first radio picture from the united states of america shows quite clearly that a jew stands behind the explosion of our airship hindenburg.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4769569529385565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.977760"} {"text": "\" hindenburg, which caught fire in june 1937 in america. the caption beneath the picture includes the comment : \" the first radio picture from the united states of america shows quite clearly that a jew stands behind the explosion of our airship hindenburg. nature has depicted clearly and quite correctly that devil in human guise. \" although it is not clear from that photograph, the meaning of that comment is apparently that the cloud of smoke in the air is in the shape of a jewish face. in a speech in september 1937 at the opening of the wilhelm gustloff bridge in nurnberg, streicher declared : \" the man who murdered wilhelm gustloff had to come from the jewish people, because the jewish text books teach that every jew has the right to kill a non - jew, and, indeed, that it is pleasing to the jewish god to kill as many non - jews as \" look at the way the jewish people have been following for thousands of years past ; everywhere murder, everywhere mass murder. neither must we forget that behind present - day wars there stands the jewish financier who pursues his aims and interests. the jew always lives on the blood of other nations ; he needs such murder and such victims. for us who know, the murder of wilhelm gustloff is the same as ritual murder. \" \" it is our duty to tell the children at school and the bigger ones what this memorial means. \" \" the jew no longer shows himself among us openly as he used to. but it would be wrong to say that victory is ours. full and final victory will have been achieved only when the whole world has been rid of jews. \" ( m 4 ) extracts from the correspondence columns of \" der stuermer, \" show another method which streicher employed in his propaganda ( m - 26 ; m - 27 ; m - 28 ). the correspondence columns of every issue are full of purported \" letters \" from germans protesting that some german has been buying shoes from a jewish shop, etc., thus by printing these letters assisting in the general boycott of the jews. \" ritual murder \" propaganda. another form of propaganda employed by streicher concerned the \" ritual murder. \" sometime in 1934 \" der stuermer \" began publishing accounts of jewish ritual murder which horrified the whole world to such an extent that even the archbishop of canterbury, together with people from every country in the world, protested that any government should allow such matter to be published in their national newspapers. streicher based his ritual murder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4857303296827713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.978774"} {"text": "which horrified the whole world to such an extent that even the archbishop of canterbury, together with people from every country in the world, protested that any government should allow such matter to be published in their national newspapers. streicher based his ritual murder propaganda on a medieval belief that during their eastertide celebrations the jews were in the habit of murdering christian children. streicher misrepresented this medieval belief to make it appear that not only was this done in the middle ages, but that the jews are still doing it and still want to do it. a few passages from \" der stuermer \" together with descriptions of photographs published therein will illustrate the type of propaganda that streicher was putting out concerning \" ritual murder \" : \" this the french front - line soldier should take with him to france : the german people have taken a new lease of life. they want peace, but if anyone tries to attack them, if anyone tries to torture them again, if anyone tries to push them back into the past, then the world would see another heroic epic ; then heaven will decide where righteousness lies - - here, or where the jew has the whiphand and where he instigates massacres, one could almost say the biggest ritual murders of all times. if the german people are to be slaughtered according to the jewish rites, the whole world will be thus slaughtered at the same time. \" \" as you have drummed morning and evening prayers into your children ' s heads, so now drum this into their heads, so that the german people may gain the spiritual power to convince the rest of the world which the jews desire to lead against us. \" ( m - 2 ). a photograph published in \" der stuermer \" in april 1937 purports to show three jews ritually murdering a girl by cutting her throat, with the blood pouring out into a bucket on the ground the caption underneath that photograph is as follows : \" ritual murder at polna. ritual murder of agnes hruza by the jews hilsner, erdmann, and wassermann, taken from a contemporary postcard. another article in \" der stuermer \", in april 1937, describes what is alleged to happen when ritual murder takes place, and the blood is mixed with the bread and drunk by the jews in their feast. during the feast the head of the family is supposed to explain : \" may all gentiles perish - - as the child whose blood is contained in the bread and wine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4438742769119525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.979833"} {"text": "blood is mixed with the bread and drunk by the jews in their feast. during the feast the head of the family is supposed to explain : \" may all gentiles perish - - as the child whose blood is contained in the bread and wine. \" ( 2699 - ps ). an article in \" der stuermer \" for july 1938 has these further remarks to make on \" ritual murder \" : \" whoever had the occasion to be an eye - witness during the slaughtering of animals or to see at least a truthful film on the slaughtering - will never forget this horrible experience. it is atrocious. and unwillingly, he is reminded of the crimes which the jews have committed for centuries on men. he will be reminded of the ritual murder. history points out hundreds of cases in which non - jewish children were tortured to death. they also were given the same incision through the throat as is found on slaughtered animals. they also were slowly bled to death while fully conscious. \" ( 2700 - ps ). on special occasions, or when streicher had some particular subject matter to put before germany, he was in the habit of issuing special editions of \" der stuermer. \" \" ritual murder \" was such a special subject that he issued one of these special editions dealing solely with it, in may 1939. one of the photographs published in this issue shows a child having knives stuck into its side, from which blood is spurting ; and below the pedestal on which the child stands are five presumably dead children bleeding on the ground. the caption beneath that picture reads as follows : \" in the year 1476 the jews in regensburg murdered six boys. they drew their blood and tortured them to death in an underground vault which belongs to the jew josfel. the judges found the body of the murdered boys ; and blood stains are on an altar. \" two other pictures are explained by their captions. one reads : \" for the jewish new year celebrations in 1913, world jewry published this picture. on the jewish new year and on the day of atonement the jews slaughtered a so - called ' kapores ' cock ; that is to say, dead cock, whose blood and death is intended to purify the jews. in 1913 the ' kapores ' cock had the head of the russian czar nicholas ii. by publishing this postcard the jews intended to say that nicholas ii would be their next purifying sacrifice. on 6 july 1918, the czar was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4541619148890978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.980859"} {"text": "1913 the ' kapores ' cock had the head of the russian czar nicholas ii. by publishing this postcard the jews intended to say that nicholas ii would be their next purifying sacrifice. on 6 july 1918, the czar was murdered by the jews jurowsky the other picture shows the jews holding a similar \" * * * the ' kapores ' cock which has the head of the fuehrer. the hebrew script says that one day jews will kill all hitlerites. then the jews will be delivered from all misfortunes, but in due course the jews will realize that they have reckoned without an adolf hitler. in addition to reproductions of a number of previous articles on \" ritual murder \" beneath a picture of streicher, another picture bears the caption : \" at the passover meal. the wine and matzoh, unleavened bread, contains non - jewish blood. the jew prays before the meal. he prays for death to all the fifth page of this same issue reproduces some of the european and american newspaper articles and letters protesting against this propaganda on \" ritual murder. \" among these is the \" stuermer ' s \" answer to the letter from the archbishop of canterbury, written to the editor of the london times in protest ( m - 10 ) page 6 contains another picture of a man having his throat cut ; again the usual spurt of blood falling into a basin on the floor, with the following caption : \" the ritual murder of the boy heinrich. in the year 1345 the jews in munich slaughtered a non - jewish boy. the martyr was declared holy by the church. \" on page 8 appears another picture entitled : \" the holy gabriel. this boy was crucified and tortured to death by the jews in the year 1690. the blood was drawn off him. \" page 11 reproduces a piece of sculpture on the wall of the wallfahrts chapel, representing the ritual murder of a boy named werner. the picture shows the boy strung up by his feet and being murdered by two jews. page 12 reproduces another picture taken from the same place. the caption is : \" the embalmed body of trient who was tortured to death by the jews. \" page 13 contains another picture ; somebody else having a knife stuck into him ; more blood coming out into a basin. on page 14 are two pictures. one is said to show the ritual murder of the boy andreas. the other is the picture of a tombstone, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4525502988789195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.981754"} {"text": "another picture ; somebody else having a knife stuck into him ; more blood coming out into a basin. on page 14 are two pictures. one is said to show the ritual murder of the boy andreas. the other is the picture of a tombstone, and the caption reads as follows : \" the tombstone of hilsner. this is the memorial to a jewish ritual murderer, leopold hilsner. he was found guilty of two ritual murders and was condemned to death by hanging in two trials. the emperor was bribed and pardoned him. masaryk, the friend of the jews, liberated him from penal servitude in 1918. on his tombstone iying jewry calls this twofold murderer an the next page produces yet another picture of a woman being murdered by having her throat cut in the same way. page 17 produces a picture of the archbishop of canterbury together with a picture of an old jewish man, with a caption reading : \" dr. lang, the archbishop of canterbury, the highest dignitary of the english church, and his allies, a typical example of the jewish race. \" the last page contains a picture of \" holy simon, who was tortured to death. \" this issue of \" der stuermer \" is nothing but an incitement to the people of germany who read it, an incitement to murder. it is filled with pictures of murder, murder alleged to be against the german people. it is an encouragement, to all who read it to avenge themselves in the same way. in january 1938 the persecution of the jews became more and more severe another special issue of \" der stuermer \" was published. a passage from the leading article in that issue written by streicher, states : \" * * * the supreme aim and highest task of the state is therefore to conserve people, blood, and race. but if this is the supreme task, any crime against this law must be punished with the supreme penalty. ' der steurmer ' takes therefore the view that there are only two punishments for the crime of polluting the race : \" 1. penal servitude for life for attempted \" 2. death for committing race the following are some of the headlines on the articles contained in that edition : \" jewish race polluters at work. \" \" fifteen year old non - jewess ravaged. \" \" a dangerous race polluter. he regards german women as fair game for himself. \" \" the jewish sanatorium. a jewish institution for the cultivation of race pollution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44690623105934224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.982724"} {"text": "being demolished! julius streicher himself inaugurates the work by a speech lasting more than an hour and a half. by his order - - so to speak as a prelude of the demolition - - the tremendous star of david came off the cupola. \" ( 2711 - ps ). streicher took active part in the november demonstrations of that year, particularly in his gau of franconia. the nurnberg demonstrations were reported as follows in the \" fraenksche tageszeitung, which was streicher ' s paper, on 11 november : \" * * * in nurnberg and furth it resulted in demonstrations by the crowd against the jewish murders. these lasted until the early hours of the morning. far too long had one watched the activities of the jews in germany. \" \" after midnight the excitement of the populace reached its peak and a large crowd marched to the synagogues in nurnberg and furth and burned these two jewish buildings where the murder of germans had been preached. \" the fire - brigades, which had been notified immediately, saw to it that the fire was continued to the original outbreak the windows of the jewish shopkeepers, who still had not given up hope of selling their junk to the stupid goims, were smashed. thanks to the disciplined behavior of the sa men and the police, who had rushed to the scene, there was no plundering. \" on 10 november, the day of the demonstrations, streicher made a speech stating in part as follows : \" from the cradle, the jew is not being taught, like we are, such texts as, ' thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself, ' or ' if you are smitten on the left cheek, offer then your right one. ' no, he is told : ' with the non - jew you can do whatever you like. ' he is even taught that the slaughtering of a non - jew is an act pleasing to god. for 20 years we have been writing about this in ' der stuermer ' ; for 20 years we have been preaching it throughout the world and we have made millions recognize the truth. \" \" the jew slaughtered in one night 75, 000 people ; when he emigrated to egypt he killed all the first - born, i. e. a whole future generation of egyptians. what would have happened if the jew had succeeded in driving the nations into war against us, and if we had lost the war? the jew protected by foreign bayone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43463255686657687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.984822"} {"text": "all the first - born, i. e. a whole future generation of egyptians. what would have happened if the jew had succeeded in driving the nations into war against us, and if we had lost the war? the jew protected by foreign bayonets, would have fallen on us and would have slaughtered and murdered us. never forget what history has taught after the november 1938 demonstrations, irregularities occurred in the gau of franconia in connection with the organized aryanization of jewish property. aryanization of jewish property was regulated by the nazi state, which had decreed that the proceeds of the transfer of jewish properties to aryans were to go to the state. in streicher ' s gau of franconia, however, a good deal of the proceeds never found their way as far as the state. - as a result goering set up a commission to investigate what had taken place. the report of that commission ( 1757 - ps ) describes what had been taking place in streicher ' s gau : \" * * * following upon the november demonstrations the deputy gauleiter, holz, took up the jewish questions. his reasons can be given here in detail on the basis of his statement of 25 march 1939 : \" the 9th and 10th of november 1938. \" in the night of the 9 november 1938 and 10 november 1938 and on 10 november 1938, events took place throughout germany which i [ holz ] considered to be the signal for a completely different treatment of the jewish question in germany. synagogues and jewish schools were burnt down and jewish property was smashed both in shops and in private houses. besides this, a large number of particular jews were taken to concentration camps by the police. toward midday we discussed these events in the gauleiter ' s house. all of - us were of the opinion that we now faced a completely new state of affairs on the jewish question. by the great action against the jews, carried out in the night and morning of the 10th of november, all guiding principles and all laws on the subject had been made illusory. we were of the opinion ( particularly myself ) that we should now act on our own initiative in this respect. i proposed to the gauleiter that in view - of the great existing lack of housing, the best thing would be to put the jews into a kind of internment camp. then the houses would become free in a twinkling, and the housing shortage would be relieved, at least in part. besides that, we would have the jews under control and supervision.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46709379638838494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.985797"} {"text": "would be to put the jews into a kind of internment camp. then the houses would become free in a twinkling, and the housing shortage would be relieved, at least in part. besides that, we would have the jews under control and supervision. i added ' the same thing happened to our prisoners of war and war internees. ' the gauleiter said that this suggestion was for the time being impossible to carry out. thereupon i made a new proposal to him. i said that i considered it unthinkable that, after the jews had had their property smashed, they - should continue to be able to own houses and land. i proposed that these houses and this land ought to be taken away from them, and declared myself ready to carry through such an action. i declared that by the aryanization of jewish land and houses a large sum could accrue to the gau out of the proceeds. i named some million of marks. i stated that, in my opinion, this aryanization could be carried out as legally as the aryanization of shops. the gauleiter ' s answer was something to this effect : ' if you think you can carry this out, do so. the sum gained will then be used to build a gau school. ' \" \" the aryanization was accomplished by the alienation of properties, the surrender of claims, especially mortgage claims, and reductions in buying price. \" the payment allowed the jews was basically 10 % of the nominal value or nominal sum of the claim. as a justification for these low prices, holz claimed at the berlin meeting of 6 february 1939, that the jews had mostly bought their property during the inflation period for a tenth of its value. as has been shown by investigating a large number of individual cases selected at random, this claim is not true. \" ( 1757 - ps ) the second part of this report, which contains the findings of the commission, reads in part as follows : \" * * * gauleiter streicher likes to beat people with a riding whip but only if he is in the company of several persons assisting him. usually the beatings are carried out with sadistic brutality. \" the best known case is that of steinruck, whom he beat bloodily in the prison cell, together with deputy gauleiter holz and sa brigadier general koenig. after returning from this scene to the deutscher hof he said : ' now i am relieved. i needed that again! ' later he also stated several times that he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47650175351277785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.986766"} {"text": "together with deputy gauleiter holz and sa brigadier general koenig. after returning from this scene to the deutscher hof he said : ' now i am relieved. i needed that again! ' later he also stated several times that he needed another steinruck case in order to ' relieve ' himself. \" in august 1938, he beat editor burker at the district house together with district office leader schoeller and his adjutant koenig. \" on 2 december 1938 he asked to have three youthful criminals ( 15 to 17 years old ) who had been arrested for robbery brought to the room of the director of the criminal police office in nurnberg - furth. streicher who was accompanied by his son, lothar, had the youths brought in singly and question them about their sex life and in particular, through clear and detailed questioning, he laid stress on determining whether and since when they masturbated. * * * \" * * * the last one of these three boys he beat with his riding whip, with blows on the head and on the rest of the body. \" ( 1757 - ps ) a later passage shows the authority and power which streicher held in his gau : \" according to reports of reliable witnesses gauleiter streicher is in the habit of pointing out on the most varied occasions that he alone gives orders in the district of franconia. for instance, at a meeting in the colosseum in nurnberg in 1935 he said that nobody could remove him from office. in a meeting at herkules hall, where he described how he had beaten professor steinruck, he emphasized that he would not let himself be beaten by anybody, not even by an adolf hitler. \" for, this also must be stated here, in franconia the gau acts first and then orders the absolutely powerless authorities to approve. \" ( 1757 - ps ) that report shows the kind of treatment and persecution which the jews were receiving in the gau over which streicher ruled. it further shows the absolute authority with which streicher acted in his district. as a result either of that investigation or of some other matter, streicher was relieved of his position as gauleiter in february 1940, but he did not cease from propaganda or from control of his newspaper. in an article written in \" der stuermer, \" on 4 november 1943, streicher declared : \" it is really the truth that the jews, so to speak, have disappeared", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4486601071798208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.987627"} {"text": "not cease from propaganda or from control of his newspaper. in an article written in \" der stuermer, \" on 4 november 1943, streicher declared : \" it is really the truth that the jews, so to speak, have disappeared from europe and that the jewish reservoir of the east, from which the jewish plague has for centuries beset the peoples of europe, has ceased to exist. however, the fuehrer of the german people at the beginning of the war prophesied what has now come to pass. \" ( 1965 - ps ). that article, signed by streicher, shows that he had knowledge of the jewish exterminations which were going on in the east. streicher ' s article was written in november 1943. in april 1943 the warsaw ghetto was destroyed. between april 1942 and april 1944 more than 1, 700, 000 jews were killed in auschwitz and dachau. it seems clear from this article that streicher knew what was happening, perhaps not the details, but the fact that jews were being perversion of youth. streicher paid particular attention to the instruction and perversion of the children and youth of germany. he was not content with inciting the german population. he started to poison the minds of the children at school at the earliest possible date. he continually emphasized the need for teaching children antisemitism. in a speech as early as june 1925 streicher said : \" i repeat, we demand the transformation of the school into a national german institution of education. if we let german children be taught by german teachers, then we shall have laid the foundations for the national german school. this national german school must teach racial doctrine. \" \" we demand, therefore, the introduction of racial doctrine into the school. \" ( m - 30 ) the \" fraenkische tageszeitung \" of 19 march 1934 reports streicher ' s address at a girls ' school at \" then julius streicher spoke about his life and told them about a girl who at one time went to his school and who fell for a jew and was finished for the rest of her life. \" every summer in nurnberg a youth celebration was held. at this pagan rite the youth of nurnberg were rallied, organized, and incited, encouraged by streicher. streicher ' s speech to the hitler youth on the \" holy mountain \" near nurnberg on 22 june 1935 contained the following statements : \" boys and girls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4627612867502136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.989317"} {"text": "instruct german children in social questions. as far as the german people is concerned the racial question is a jewish question. those who want to teach the child all about the jew must themselves have a thorough knowledge of the subject. \" those who take to heart all that has been written with such feeling by fritz fink, who for many years has been greatly concerned about the german people, will be grateful for the creator of this outwardly insignificant publication. \" ( m - 46 ). the preface is signed by julius streicher, city of the reich party rallies, nurnberg, in the year 1937. the introduction to this book reads as follows : \" racial and jewish questions are the fundamental problems of the national socialist ideology. the solution of these problems will secure the existence of national socialism and with this the existence of our nation for all time. the enormous significance of the racial question is recognized almost without exception today by all the german people. in order to attain this recognition our people had to travel through a long road of suffering. \" no one should be allowed to grow up in the midst of our people without this knowledge of the monstrous character and dangerousness of the jew. \" ( m - 46 ). a later passage in the book contains this \" one who has reached this stage of understanding will inevitably remain an enemy of the jews all his life and will instill this hatred into his own children. \" ( m - \" der stuermer \" also published some children ' s books. although streicher himself did not write the books, they were published from his publishing business, and they are on the same line of everything else published and issued from that business. among these books was one entitled \" don ' t trust the fox in the green meadow nor the jew on his oath. \" it is a picture book for children. the pictures all depict jews in an offensive light. and opposite each picture there is a little story. for instance, opposite one picture, which portrays an unpleasant - looking jewish butcher cutting up meat, there appears the following \" the jewish butcher : he sells half refuse instead of meat. a piece of meat lies on the floor ; the cat claws another. this doesn ' t worry the jew butcher since the meat increases in weight. besides one mustn ' t forget he won ' t have to eat it the story opposite another picture reads as \" jesus christ says ' the jew is a murderer through and through '. and when christ had to die the lord didn ' t know any other people who would have tortured", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4665903097094871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.992801"} {"text": "forget he won ' t have to eat it the story opposite another picture reads as \" jesus christ says ' the jew is a murderer through and through '. and when christ had to die the lord didn ' t know any other people who would have tortured him to death so he chose the jews. that is why the jews pride themselves on being the chosen people. \" ( m - 32 ). other pictures in this book portray : a girl being led away by an evil - appearing jew ; streicher smiling benignly at a children ' s party, greeting the little children ; children looking at copies of \" der stuermer \" posted on a wall ; jewish children being taken away from an aryan school by an unpleasant - looking father, with all the aryan children shouting and dancing and enjoying the fun very much ( m - 32 ). another book, called \" the poisonous fungus, \" is very similar in character and appearance, and likewise calculated to poison the minds of readers. one of the pictures in this book shows a girl sitting in a jewish doctor ' s waiting room. the story that goes with this picture is not a very pleasant story, but it is only by adverting to these matters that it becomes possible to believe the kind of education which german children received from streicher. the story reads as follows : \" inge sits in the reception room of the jew doctor. she has to wait a long time. she looks through the journals which are on the table. but she is much too nervous to read even a few sentences. again and again she remembers the talk with her mother. and again and again her mind reflects on the warnings of her leader of the league of german girls : ' a german must not consult a jew doctor. and particularly not a german girl. many a girl that went to a jew doctor to be cured, found disease and \" when inge had entered the waiting room, she experienced an extraordinary incident. from the doctor ' s consulting room she could hear the sound of crying. she heard the voice of a young girl : ' doctor, doctor, leave me alone! ' \" then she heard the scornful laughing of a man. and then, all of a sudden, it became absolutely silent. inge had listened breathlessly. \" ' what may be the meaning of all this? ' she asked herself and her heart was pounding. and again she thought of the warning of her leader in the league of german girls. \" inge was already waiting for an hour. again she takes the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.449118976530253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.993873"} {"text": "what may be the meaning of all this? ' she asked herself and her heart was pounding. and again she thought of the warning of her leader in the league of german girls. \" inge was already waiting for an hour. again she takes the journals in an endeavor to read. then the door opens. inge looks up. the jew appears. she screams. in terror she drops the paper. horrified she jumps up. her eyes stare into the face of the jewish doctor. and this face is the face of the devil. in the middle of this devil ' s face is a huge crooked nose. behind the spectacles two criminal eyes. and the thick lips are grinning, a grinning that expresses : ' now i got you at last, you little \" and then the jew approaches her. his fleshy fingers stretch out after her. but now inge has composed herself. before the jew can grab hold of her, she smacks the fat face of the jew doctor with her hand. one jump to the door. breathlessly inge runs down the stairs. breathlessly she escapes the jew house. \" ( 1778 - ps ). another photograph shows youthful admirers standing around looking at streicher ' s picture, with the following \" ' without a solution of the jewish question there will be no salvation for mankind. ' that is what he shouted to us. all of us could understand him. and when, at the end, he shouted ' sieg heil ' for the fuehrer, we all acclaimed him with tremendous enthusiasm. for two hours streicher spoke at that occasion. to us it appeared to have been but a few minutes. \" the effect of all this propaganda is evident from the columns of \" der stuermer \" itself. in april 1936 there was published a letter, which is typical of many others that appear in other copies from children of all ages. the third paragraph of this letter, signed by the boys and girls of the national socialist youth hostel at grossmuellen, reads : \" * * * today we saw a play on how the devil persuades - the jew to shoot a conscientious national socialist. in the course of the play the jew did it too. we all heard the shot. we would have all liked to jump up and arrest the jew. but then the policeman came and after a short struggle took the jew along. you can imagine, dear stuermer, that we heartily cheered the policeman. in the whole play not one name was mentioned,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.520394964481325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.994806"} {"text": "to jump up and arrest the jew. but then the policeman came and after a short struggle took the jew along. you can imagine, dear stuermer, that we heartily cheered the policeman. in the whole play not one name was mentioned, but we all knew that this play represented the murder by the jew frankfurter. we were very sick when we went to bed that night. none felt like talking to the others. this play made it clear to us how the jew sets to use of his authority as gauleiter in the service of the conspiracy streicher ' s authority as a gauleiter was extensive. the organization book of the nsdap for 1938 describes the duties and authority of gauleiters as follows : \" the gauleiter bears over - all responsibility for the fuehrer for the sector of sovereignty entrusted to him. the rights, duties and jurisdiction of the gauleiter result primarily from the mission assigned by the fuehrer and, apart from that, from detailed direction. \" ( 1814 - ps ) streicher ' s association with the fuehrer and other nazi conspirators may also be seen from the newspapers. on the occasion of streicher ' s 50th birthday, hitler paid a visit to nurnberg to congratulate him. the account of that meeting is published in the \" voelkischer beobachter \" of 13 february 1934 as follows : \" adolf hitler spoke to his old comrades in battle and to his followers in words which went straight to their hearts. by way of introduction he remarked that it was a special pleasure to be present for a short while in nurnberg, the town of the national socialist community which had been steeled in battle, at this day of honor of julius streicher, and to be within the circle of the standard bearers of the national socialist idea during many years. \" just as they, all of them, had during the years of oppression unshakeably believed in the victory of the movement, so his friend and comrade in the battle, streicher, had stood faithfully at his side at all times. it had been this unshakeable belief that had moved mountains. \" for streicher it would surely be a solemn thought, that this 50th anniversary meant not only the halfway point of a century, but also of a thousand years of german history to him. he had in streicher a companion of whom he could say that here in nurnberg was a man who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46789013126844525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.995705"} {"text": ", that this 50th anniversary meant not only the halfway point of a century, but also of a thousand years of german history to him. he had in streicher a companion of whom he could say that here in nurnberg was a man who would never waver for a single second and who would unflinchingly stand behind him in every a letter from himmler, published in \" der stuermer \" of april 1937, declared : \" if in future years the history of the reawakening of the german people is written, and if already the next generation will be unable to understand that the german people was once friendly to the jews, it will be stated that julius streicher and his weekly paper ' der stuermer ' have contributed a great deal towards the enlightenment regarding the enemy of humanity. \" ( signed ) for the reichsfuehrer ss, himmler. \" finally a letter from von schirach, the reich youth leader, published in \" der stuermer \" of january 1938, had this to say : \" it is the historical merit of ' der stuermer ' to have enlightened the broad masses of our people in a popular way as to the jewish world danger. ' der stuermer ' is right in refusing to fulfill its task in the tone of the aesthetic drawing room. jewry has shown no regard for the german people. we have, therefore, no cause to be considerate and to spare our worst enemy. what we fail to do today our youngsters of tomorrow will have to suffer for bitterly. \" ( m - 45 ). it may be that streicher is less directly involved in the physical commission of the crimes against jews than some of his coconspirators. the submission of the prosecution is that his crime is no less worse for that reason. no government in the world, before the nazis came to power, could have embarked upon and it ; into effect a policy of mass jewish extermination in the way in which they did, without having a people who would back them and support them, and without having a large number of people who were prepared to carry out the murder themselves. ( see chapter xii on persecution of it was to the task of educating and poisoning the people with hate, and of producing murderers, that streicher set himself. for 25 years he continued unrelentingly the perversion of the people and youth of germany. he went on and on, as he saw the results of his work bearing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44158453789234214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.996654"} {"text": "hate, and of producing murderers, that streicher set himself. for 25 years he continued unrelentingly the perversion of the people and youth of germany. he went on and on, as he saw the results of his work bearing fruit. in the early days he was preaching persecution. as persecution took place he preached extermination and annihilation and, as millions of jews were exterminated and annihilated, in the ghettos of the east, he cried out for more and more. the crime of streicher is that he made these crimes possible, which they would never have been had it not been for him and for those like him. without streicher and his propaganda, the kaltenbrunners, the himmlers, the general stroops would have had nobody to do their in its extent streicher ' s crime is probably greater and more far - reaching than that of any of the other defendants. the misery which they caused ceased with their capture. the effects of this man ' s crime, of the poison that he has put into the minds of millions of young boys and girls goes on, for he concentrated upon the youth and childhood of germany. he leaves behind him a legacy of almost a whole people poisoned with hate, sadism, and murder, and perverted by him. that people remain a problem and perhaps a menace to the rest of civilization for generations to come. [ streicher was sentenced to death by hanging at the nuremberg trial. on october 16, 1946, streicher was executed. when he went up to the scaffolding, he spat at the hangman and said, \" the bolsheviks will hang you one day! \" just before he fell to his death, he shouted, \" purim festival, 1946! \" apparently referring to the jewish celebration commemorating the deliverance of the jews from haman, who had advocated their extermination, but had instead himself been hanged. * ] nazi conspiracy & aggression, volume ii, chapter xvi, pp. * conot, robert. justice at nuremberg. ny : carroll & graf, 1984.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45227529270329114, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:06.997650"} {"text": "in certain areas across north america, energy prices remain regulated. this means that all energy providing processes including pricing are governed by a regulatory or government body, with only the local utility able to sell directly to consumers. the utility or government set the prices for natural gas and electricity supply, along with the associated transportation and distribution costs associated with those commodities. consumers therefore have no choice when it comes to their energy provider. deregulation has taken place in many states and provinces throughout north america. it has allowed competitive energy suppliers, such as just energy, to enter the markets and offer their energy supply products to consumers. energy prices are not regulated in these areas and consumers are not forced to receive supply from their utility. in deregulated markets, consumers can choose their supplier, similar to other common household service providers. the marketing of these services is still deregulation gives consumers choice - the power of the buyer. a deregulated market allows you to choose your commodity supplier. it also motivates retailers to differentiate their products from the utility and those of competitors by developing innovative features, pricing plans and options that would have otherwise not been available to you. green energy products are an example of innovative programs made possible by retailers like just energy. in deregulated electricity markets, these products support the generation and injection of renewable energy into your electricity grid, making it greener than it otherwise would have been. in a deregulated natural gas market, these green products support emission reduction projects that prevent polluting gases from entering the atmosphere and help contribute to a cleaner, greener environment. the utility is still responsible for the distribution of the commodity to your home regardless of the supplier you choose. the supply price however is not set by that same utility. depending on where you live, you may continue to be billed by your utility with a mention of your supplier, or be billed directly by your supplier. you now have options to choose your provider, like just energy, to offer competitive pricing. with more competition in the market, you benefit from a variety of product options that may have otherwise not been available to you, including justgreen, which ensures that the equivalent of up to 100 % of the energy you consume is offset by sustainable energy sources. although your natural gas and / or electricity supply will be coming from a new source, your local utility / distribution company will continue to ensure the consistent delivery of the energy to your home.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49258657812185735, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.001865"} {"text": "( bpt ) - maintain equipment used to detect enemy planes and ships. control steam generators. operate nuclear propulsion plant machinery. these are just a few of the tasks sailors aboard navy aircraft carriers and submarines fulfill in both peace and wartime roles around the world. these sailors are responsible for operating, controlling and maintaining state - of - the - art nuclear components that power the fleet ; the core of the navy \u2019 s ability to operate forward and maintain readiness. today \u2019 s sailors continue to make history. they take on tremendous roles and responsibilities such as working to build the gerald r. ford, a new class of carriers expected to be delivered in 2015. aircraft carriers are the centerpiece of the navy, and the gerald r. ford class builds upon the branch \u2019 s legacy of aircraft carrier innovation stretching back to the first aircraft carrier, uss langley ( cv 1 ) and continuing to the present day. the introduction of jet aircraft, angled decks and nuclear power were all innovations that kept the fleet relevant for cold war needs. gerald r. ford continues the aircraft carrier history of modernization and adaptability that will enable her to serve our country for decades to come. sailors in the nuclear community are involved in maritime security, sea control, deterrence, humanitarian assistance, forward presence and power projection. submarines and their crews provide attack, surveillance, research and nuclear deterrence roles. sailors interested in joining an elite group of professionals who design, build, operate, maintain and manage the navy \u2019 s nuclear - powered ships and submarines can join the nuclear officers in the naval nuclear propulsion program. these officers oversee the nuclear reactors that power the navy \u2019 s vessels, as well as the facilities that support the program \u2019 s ongoing training, operations and technology. the navy has four specialized nuclear officer career paths available for sailors who are a graduate or student of an accredited college or university in the united states or in a u. s. territory pursuing a bachelor \u2019 s or master \u2019 s degree ( in the preferred fields of mathematics, engineering, physics, chemistry or other technical areas ). they must also have completed or be enrolled in a college curriculum that includes a minimum of one year each of calculus - based physics and mathematics through integral calculus. these career paths are : * submarine officer \u2013 this position oversees the specialized personnel, departments and missions of navy attack, ballistic missile and guided missile submarines \u2013 taking charge of all that goes into driving, powering, arming, operating and ultimately commanding these stealth vessels. * surface warfare officer \u2013 these specialists oversee the propulsion systems and personnel aboard multibillion dollar,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4695643480248913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.011197"} {"text": ", ballistic missile and guided missile submarines \u2013 taking charge of all that goes into driving, powering, arming, operating and ultimately commanding these stealth vessels. * surface warfare officer \u2013 these specialists oversee the propulsion systems and personnel aboard multibillion dollar, megaton, nuclear - powered aircraft carriers \u2013 managing the operational intricacies of the most capable ships on earth. * naval reactors engineer \u2013 these technical experts are responsible for researching, designing and maintaining naval nuclear reactors across the navy fleet \u2013 supporting all the activities involved with ongoing operations and personnel training. * naval nuclear power school instructor \u2013 be one of the select few who learn and then teach the fundamentals of nuclear propulsion \u2013 guiding navy understudies through a comprehensive curriculum, encompassing everything from science to math, electrical engineering to reactor dynamics. other nuclear power careers are available for sailors with a high school diploma or ged. these nuclear operations personnel operate, control and maintain the state - of - the - art components that power navy aircraft carriers and submarines, doing anything from operating nuclear propulsion plant machinery to controlling auxiliary equipment that supports naval reactors to maintaining the electronic equipment used to send and receive messages, detect enemy planes and ships and determine target distance. jobs available for nuclear - trained specialists include : * machinist \u2019 s mate ( mm ) \u2013 these specialists work on the mechanical side of everything related to propulsion and power - generating systems. * electrician \u2019 s mate ( em ) \u2013 em \u2019 s work on the electrical side of everything related to propulsion and power - generating systems. * electronics technician ( et ) \u2013 an et works with the electronic equipment related to maintaining reactor safety and control. visit navy. com to learn more about nuclear operations career opportunities and the background required to serve.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4892347927107529, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.012463"} {"text": "the impact of the drought currently gripping the united states is real and tangible, as millions can attest. but the depth of the pain still falls short of that experienced by many in the great plains and beyond during the so - called dust bowl era of the 1930s. here is a look - - by the numbers - - comparing what happened then and what ' s happening now, both times due to pervasive and historic droughts. the dust bowl days 8 : the years of the general duration of the so - called dust bowl era, from 1931 to 1939 3. 5 million : people who left their homes in the great plains and beyond due to drought 250, 000 : families who lost their farms and ranches to bank foreclosures 60 mph : speed of winds pushing a huge dust cloud on april 13, 1935, through colorado, texas, oklahoma, kansas and beyond - - causing hundreds of deaths - - during what is called \" black sunday \" 5 : the string of years in the 1930s of the warmest temperatures ever recorded until recently in amarillo, texas 74 : the degrees of temperature drop in an 18 - hour span in boise city, oklahoma, in february 1933, as dust bowl winters were often bitterly cold 20 million : hectares of range and farmland ruined annually during the dust bowl era", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43659952872465885, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.014100"} {"text": "web search powered by yahoo! search see class lists and photos from each school, and look for a special section in monday ' s edition. the technology they refer for on site systems isn ' t emerging, it ' s been around for years. in the past, state and county officials fought hard against these systems. why? because they could allow building in areas outside of the uga where they say growth is bad. on site septic systems have always been the ultimate recyclers of water. water came out of the ground, into the house, was used, and returned to the ground through a septic were it is treated and returned to the aquifer. a recent study done by kitsap recommends septic in developments with a density of 3. 7units per acres or less. let ' s encourage our state and county officials to approve and use these system. they could save millions in sewage plant upgrades, save water, and lower the cost of a new home. want to participate in the conversation? become a subscriber today. subscribers can read and comment on any story, anytime. non - subscribers will only be able to view comments on select stories. feels like : 65\u00b0 feels like : 56\u00b0 feels like : 61\u00b0 join the conversation, get local news updates and more on facebook. 100 % of the dollars donated are distributed to local food banks. find searchable data, including public employee salaries, crime stats and more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47707260654458705, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.017120"} {"text": "eisenhower was president. elvis was king. it was 19 august 1959, and a new era in kalamazoo ' s history was about to begin. the nation ' s first pedestrian shopping mall opened on the two blocks of south burdick street between water and south streets with much fanfare, a mere two and a half months after construction first began. the jimmy dorsey orchestra was on hand to celebrate the event with 50, 000 people who visited the mall on its first day, more than ten times the usual number. so why would a city construct a pedestrian mall in the heart of its business district? like the rest of the country, kalamazoo faced urban decay. the growth of suburban shopping centers raised fears that downtown would lose its place as the business and cultural heart of the community. the city hoped that a mall would bring back business and counter the decline in real estate values. the gruen plan the kalamazoo 1980 plan, also known as the gruen plan, was presented by the architectural firm victor gruen & associates in march 1958. its revolutionary design called for a loop street system that would encircle downtown ; a series of pedestrian malls, new parking lots, and renovated stores and offices would lie in the center. faced with maintaining the status quo or taking a bold step forward, the city commission approved the design, although funding problems prevented the full plan from being implemented. shared by the city of kalamazoo and the property owners fronting the two - block mall, the cost of construction was only $ 60, 000. a third block was added from south street to lovell street in 1960, and a fourth between water and eleanor streets in 1975. through the leadership of mayor glenn allen jr., elton ham, garret vanhaaften, ray dykema, irving gilmore, and others, the kalamazoo mall became a reality. a street once more kalamazooans enjoyed the mall for nearly forty years, but ultimately it could not counter the continued effects of suburbanization. critics complained of the lack of convenient parking, the exposure of shoppers to bad weather, public perceptions of crime, and less shopping diversity. in the mid - 1990 ' s the proposed introduction of an access street through two blocks of the mall became the most controversial component of project downtown ' s 10 - point plan for kalamazoo ' s revitalization. in a hotly contested election, voters approved the access street in may 1997. construction on the 14 - foot wide street began a year later in april 1998. the city officially", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4446377012334005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.021288"} {"text": "denison, tx - - vaccination for pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is one of several required school shots. grayson county health department request early immunization for kids. but with a recent rise in whooping cough cases, health officials now urge vaccinations for everyone. according to the center for disease control, the number of whooping cough cases have increased each year from 1980 through 2005. a recent study reports a 44 % increase in cases nationwide with confirmed cases in oklahoma. whooping cough is a highly contagious bacterial disease affecting infants, children and adults. symptoms include uncontrollable, violent coughing that create a whooping sound as patients struggle for air. health officials report 970 cases so far this year in new york alone, compared to 931 for all of 2011. the cdc says cases increased the most among kids and teens ages 10 through 19 and in infants less than 6 months old. grayson county clinic nurse nancy grella says the disease is contracted through infected coughs or sneezes but the severity of symptoms vary with the age of the patient. \" for adults who are healthy, it ' s an inconvenience, \" says grella. \" it ' s a nagging lasting cough, i mean it can lead to pneumonia but a lot of times it doesn ' t. the population is really impacts are the babies because the babies are too young too have all of their immunizations. \" she added, \" infants that get whooping cough, get so sick and they cough so hard that... bless their little hearts, it can kill them. so there is a big push throughout the united states to make sure all of those around an infant are immunized with the tetanus that contains pertussis. \" the sherman office of grayson county health is holding a \" back - to - school \" shot clinic on monday august 27th which includes the pertussis vaccination. you can also come anytime from 1 p. m. to 6 p. m. tuesdays in denison at 205 n. houston ( 903 ) 465 - 2878 or wednesdays and thursdays in sherman at 515 n. walnut ( 903 ) 893 - 0131. for even more detailed immunization information, visit their website at http : / / www. co. grayson. tx. us / or the center for disease control at http : / / www. cdc. gov /.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41146621228365743, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.029286"} {"text": "space shuttle endeavour will soon make its final journey and will retire at the california science center in los angeles. but it will make some stops and flyovers along the way, nasa said friday. endeavour, piggybacked on the back of a modified 747 airplane, is scheduled to leave florida ' s kennedy space center at sunrise on september 17. after flyovers of the area it will head west. endeavour will make low flyovers of nasa ' s stennis space center in mississippi and the michoud assembly plant near new orleans. the next stop, nasa says, will be houston, which bid for a retired shuttle but did not get one. several members of the texas legislative delegation were outraged and expressed their displeasure to nasa, but to no avail. as endeavour approaches the texas coast, it will fly over houston, galveston and clearlake. the 747 carrying endeavour will touch down at ellington field near the johnson space center. endeavour will spend the rest of september 17 and all of the september 18 there. at sunrise on the 19th endeavour will depart houston and refuel in el paso at biggs army airfield. the next low flyovers at 1, 500 - feet will take place over white sands tests facility in new mexico and the dryden research center at edwards air force base in california. if for some reason a shuttle cannot land in california or florida, white sands has served as an emergency shuttle landing facility. white sands was used once for a shuttle landing as a test. so much sand was kicked up into the vehicle that after that, white sands became a last resort landing site. edwards in california is where shuttles landed during the early days of the program, and later when weather at the kennedy space center was not cooperative. after the edwards flyover, the shuttle carrier aircraft, sca, will land at dryden. the extensive flyovers will continue on the september 20, first over northern california. the sca is scheduled to pass near the ames research center outside san francisco. it will make numerous flyovers of landmarks, nasa says, in multiple cities including san francisco and sacramento. the final flyovers will take place over los angeles before landing at lax around 11 a. m. pacific time. endeavour will remain there until october 12 when it will be towed through the streets of los angeles to the california science center. endeavour made its first trip to space on may 7, 1992. it replaced challenger, which exploded in 1986, killing seven crew members, including teacher christa mcauliffe.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4130491662349466, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.032345"} {"text": "a guide to the otto wick papers, 1919 - 1967 composer, conductor, teacher, and arranger, otto wick was born in krefeld, germany, on july 8, 1885. wick studied music in krefeld and kiel before emigrating to america in 1905 in order to study composition with vassily ilyich safonoff, the conductor of the new york philharmonic. he worked in new york primarily as a conductor and composer, authoring several compositions for the stage, including the operetta alles fur die kunst, the cantata temples of peshawur, and the opera the moonmaid, among others. wick also composed several works on texas themes. he moved to san antonio in 1935 with his completed historical opera, the lone star. although intended for the texas centennial in 1936, although it was never produced in its entirety. nonetheless, he composed other works on historical themes pertaining to texas and mexico, such as the symphonic poem the gulf of mexico, inspired by william h. prescott \u2019 s conquest of mexico, and a symphonic trilogy entitled, montezuma. in addition to composing, wick was the dean of music at the university of san antonio for four years and also taught at trinity university for three years. furthermore, he served as the musical conductor of the city - wide easter sunrise association for twenty years before his death in 1957. handbook of texas online, s. v. \" wick, otto, \" http : / / www. tshaonline. org / handbook / online / articles / ww / fwibn. html ( accessed october 19, 2010 ). the otto wick papers, 1919 - 1967, contain the scores and libretti of the historical opera, the lone star, scores to the symphonic trilogy montezuma, a bound reprint of temples of peshawur, and three libretti of unpublished compositions, including the moonmaid, matasuntha, and alles fur die kunst. in addition, the collection contains a bound copy of erinnerung, based on a poem by joseph wick, as well as newspaper clippings, stage directions, sheet music, notes, and correspondence. this collection is open for research use. otto wick papers, 1919 - 1967, dolph briscoe center for american history, the university of texas at austin. basic processing and cataloging of this collection was supported with funds from the national historical publications and records commission ( nhprc ) for the briscoe center \u2019 s \" history revealed : bringing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38388389019456526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.039007"} {"text": "simulink basics tutorial simulink is a graphical extension to matlab for modeling and simulation of systems. in simulink, systems are drawn on screen as block diagrams. many elements of block diagrams are available, such as transfer functions, summing junctions, etc., as well as virtual input and output devices such as function generators and oscilloscopes. simulink is integrated with matlab and data can be easily transfered between the programs. in these tutorials, we will apply simulink to the examples from the matlab tutorials to model the systems, build controllers, and simulate the systems. simulink is supported on unix, macintosh, and windows environments ; and is included in the student version of matlab for personal computers. for more information on simulink, contact the mathworks. the idea behind these tutorials is that you can view them in one window while running simulink in another window. system model files can be downloaded from the tutorials and opened in simulink. you will modify and extend these system while learning to use simulink for system modeling, control, and simulation. do not confuse the windows, icons, and menus in the tutorials for your actual simulink windows. most images in these tutorials are not live - they simply display what you should see in your own simulink windows. all simulink operations should be done in your simulink windows. simulink is started from the matlab command prompt by entering the following command : alternatively, you can hit the new simulink model button at the top of the matlab command window as shown below : when it starts, simulink brings up two windows. the first is the main simulink window, which appears as : the second window is a blank, untitled, model window. this is the window into which a new model can be drawn. in simulink, a model is a collection of blocks which, in general, represents a system. in addition, to drawing a model into a blank model window, previously saved model files can be loaded either from the file menu or from the matlab command prompt. as an example, download the following model file by clicking on the following link and saving the file in the directory you are running matlab from. open this file in simulink by entering the following command in the matlab command window. ( alternatively, you can load this file using the open option in the file menu in simulink,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5234070242363962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.058651"} {"text": "in the directory you are running matlab from. open this file in simulink by entering the following command in the matlab command window. ( alternatively, you can load this file using the open option in the file menu in simulink, or by hitting ctrl + o in simulink. ) the following model window should appear. a new model can be created by selecting new from the file menu in any simulink window ( or by hitting ctrl + n ). there are two major classes of items in simulink : blocks and lines. blocks are used to generate, modify, combine, output, and display signals. lines are used to transfer signals from one block to another. there are several general classes of blocks : blocks have zero to several input terminals and zero to several output terminals. unused input terminals are indicated by a small open triangle. unused output terminals are indicated by a small triangular point. the block shown below has an unused input terminal on the left and an unused output terminal on the right. - sources : used to generate various signals - sinks : used to output or display signals - discrete : linear, discrete - time system elements ( transfer functions, state - space models, etc. ) - linear : linear, continuous - time system elements and connections ( summing junctions, gains, etc. ) - nonlinear : nonlinear operators ( arbitrary functions, saturation, delay, etc. ) - connections : multiplex, demultiplex, system macros, etc. lines transmit signals in the direction indicated by the arrow. lines must always transmit signals from the output terminal of one block to the input terminal of another block. on exception to this is a line can tap off of another line, splitting the signal to each of two destination blocks, as shown below ( click the figure to download the model file called split. mdl ). lines can never inject a signal into another line ; lines must be combined through the use of a block such as a summing junction. a signal can be either a scalar signal or a vector signal. for single - input, single - output systems, scalar signals are generally used. for multi - input, multi - output systems, vector signals are often used, consisting of two or more scalar signals. the lines used to transmit scalar and vector signals are identical. the type of signal carried by a line is determined by the blocks on either end of the the simple model ( from the model file section ) consists of three blocks : step, transfer fc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5206952628812582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.060342"} {"text": "the lines used to transmit scalar and vector signals are identical. the type of signal carried by a line is determined by the blocks on either end of the the simple model ( from the model file section ) consists of three blocks : step, transfer fcn, and scope. the step is a source block from which a step input signal originates. this signal is transfered through the line in the direction indicated by the arrow to the transfer function linear block. the transfer function modifies its input signal and outputs a new signal on a line to the scope. the scope is a sink block used to display a signal much like an oscilloscope. there are many more types of blocks available in simulink, some of which will be discussed later. right now, we will examine just the three we have used in the simple model. a block can be modified by double - clicking on it. for example, if you double - click on the \" transfer fcn \" block in the simple model, you will see the following dialog box. this dialog box contains fields for the numerator and the denominator of the block ' s transfer function. by entering a vector containing the coefficients of the desired numerator or denominator polynomial, the desired transfer function can be entered. for example, to change the denominator to s ^ 2 + 2s + 1, enter the following into the denominator [ 1 2 1 ] and hit the close button, the model window will change to the which reflects the change in the denominator of the transfer function. the \" step \" block can also be double - clicked, bringing up the following the default parameters in this dialog box generate a step function occurring at time = 1 sec, from an initial level of zero to a level of 1. ( in other words, a unit step at t = 1 ). each of these parameters can be changed. close this dialog before continuing. the most complicated of these three blocks is the \" scope \" block. double clicking on this brings up a blank oscilloscope screen. when a simulation is performed, the signal which feeds into the scope will be displayed in this window. detailed operation of the scope will not be covered in this tutorial. the only function we will use is the autoscale button, which appears as a pair of binoculars in the upper portion of the window. to run a simulation, we will work with the following model file : download and open this file in simulink following the previous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5451888383463686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.061698"} {"text": "will use is the autoscale button, which appears as a pair of binoculars in the upper portion of the window. to run a simulation, we will work with the following model file : download and open this file in simulink following the previous instructions for this file. you should see the following model window. before running a simulation of this system, first open the scope window by double - clicking on the scope block. then, to start the simulation, either select start from the simulation menu ( as shown below ) or hit ctrl - t in the model window. the simulation should run very quickly and the scope window will appear as shown below. note that the simulation output ( shown in yellow ) is at a very low level relative to the axes of the scope. to fix this, hit the autoscale button ( binoculars ), which will rescale the axes as shown below. note that the step response does not begin until t = 1. this can be changed by double - clicking on the \" step \" block. now, we will change the parameters of the system and simulate the system again. double - click on the \" transfer fcn \" block in the model window and change the denominator to [ 1 20 400 ] re - run the simulation ( hit ctrl - t ) and you should see what appears as a flat line in the scope window. hit the autoscale button, and you should see the following in the scope window. notice that the autoscale button only changes the vertical axis. since the new transfer function has a very fast response, it it compressed into a very narrow part of the scope window. this is not really a problem with the scope, but with the simulation itself. simulink simulated the system for a full ten seconds even though the system had reached steady state shortly after one second. to correct this, you need to change the parameters of the simulation itself. in the model window, select parameters from the simulation menu. you will see the following dialog box. there are many simulation parameter options ; we will only be concerned with the start and stop times, which tell simulink over what time period to perform the simulation. change start time from 0. 0 to 0. 8 ( since the step doesn ' t occur until t = 1. 0. change stop time from 10. 0 to 2. 0, which should be only shortly after the system settles. close the dialog box and rerun the simulation. after hitting the autoscale button, the scope window", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4554879662851127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.063164"} {"text": "t = 1. 0. change stop time from 10. 0 to 2. 0, which should be only shortly after the system settles. close the dialog box and rerun the simulation. after hitting the autoscale button, the scope window should provide a much better display of the step response as shown below. in this section, you will learn how to build systems in simulink using the building blocks in simulink ' s block libraries. you will build the following system. if you would like to download the completed model, here. first you will gather all the necessary blocks from the block libraries. then you will modify the blocks so they correspond to the blocks in the desired model. finally, you will connect the blocks with lines to form the complete system. after this, you will simulate the complete system to verify that it works. follow the steps below to collect the necessary blocks : - create a new model ( new from the file menu or ctrl - n ). you will get a blank model window. - double - click on the sources icon in the main simulink window. this opens the sources window which contains the sources block library. sources are used to generate signals. click here for more information on block libraries. - drag the step block from the sources window into the left side of your model window. - double - click on the linear icon in the main simulink window to open the linear block library window. - drag the sum, gain, and two instances of the transfer fcn ( drag it two times ) into your model window arranged approximately as shown below. the exact alignment is not important since it can be changed later. just try to get the correct relative positions. notice that the second transfer function block has a 1 after its name. since no two blocks may have the same name, simulink automatically appends numbers following the names of blocks to differentiate between them. - double - click on the sinks icon in the main simulink window to open the sinks window. - drag the scope block into the right side of your model window. follow these steps to properly modify the blocks in your model. - double - click your sum block. since you will want the second input to be subtracted, enter + - into the list of signs field. close the dialog box. - double - click your gain block. change the gain to 2. 5 and close the dialog box. - double - click the leftmost transfer function block. change the numerator to [ 1 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4704369334365292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.064343"} {"text": "field. close the dialog box. - double - click your gain block. change the gain to 2. 5 and close the dialog box. - double - click the leftmost transfer function block. change the numerator to [ 1 2 ] and the denominator to [ 1 0 ]. close the dialog - double - click the rightmost transfer function block. leave the numerator, but change the denominator to [ 1 2 4 ]. close the dialog box. your model should appear as : - change the name of the first transfer function block by clicking on the words \" transfer fcn \". a box and an editing cursor will appear on the block ' s name as shown below. use the keyboard ( the mouse is also useful ) to delete the existing name and type in the new name, \" pi controller \". click anywhere outside the name box to finish editing. - similarly, change the name of the second transfer function block from \" transfer fcn1 \" to \" plant \". now, all the blocks are entered properly. your model should appear as : connecting blocks with lines now that the blocks are properly laid out, you will now connect them together. follow these steps. - drag the mouse from the output terminal of the step block to the upper ( positive ) input of the sum block. let go of the mouse button only when the mouse is right on the input terminal. do not worry about the path you follow while dragging, the line will route itself. you should see the following. the resulting line should have a filled arrowhead. if the arrowhead is open, as shown below, it means it is not connected to anything. you can continue the partial line you just drew by treating the open arrowhead as an output terminal and drawing just as before. alternatively, if you want to redraw the line, or if the line connected to the wrong terminal, you should delete the line and redraw it. to delete a line ( or any other object ), simply click on it to select it, and hit the delete key. - draw a line connecting the sum block output to the gain input. also draw a line from the gain to the pi controller, a line from the pi controller to the plant, and a line from the plant to the scope. you should now have the following. - the line remaining to be drawn is the feedback signal connecting the output of the plant to the negative input of the sum block. this line is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5056383755644056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.065542"} {"text": "to the plant, and a line from the plant to the scope. you should now have the following. - the line remaining to be drawn is the feedback signal connecting the output of the plant to the negative input of the sum block. this line is different in two ways. first, since this line loops around and does not simply follow the shortest ( right - angled ) route so it needs to be drawn in several stages. second, there is no output terminal to start from, so the line has to tap off of an existing to tap off the output line, hold the ctrl key while dragging the mouse from the point on the existing line where you want to tap off. in this case, start just to the right of the plant. drag until you get to the lower left corner of the desired feedback signal line as shown now, the open arrowhead of this partial line can be treated as an output terminal. draw a line from it to the negative terminal of the sum block in the usual manner. - now, you will align the blocks with each other for a neater appearance. once connected, the actual positions of the blocks does not matter, but it is easier to read if they are aligned. to move each block, drag it with the mouse. the lines will stay connected and re - route themselves. the middles and corners of lines can also be dragged to different locations. starting at the left, drag each block so that the lines connecting them are purely horizontal. also, adjust the spacing between blocks to leave room for signal labels. you should have something like : - finally, you will place labels in your model to identify the signals. to place a label anywhere in your model, double click at the point you want the label to be. start by double clicking above the line leading from the step block. you will get a blank text box with an editing cursor as shown below type an r in this box, labeling the reference signal and click outside it to end editing. - label the error ( e ) signal, the control ( u ) signal, and the output ( y ) signal in the same manner. your final model should appear as : - to save your model, select save as in the file menu and type in any desired model name. the completed model can be found now that the model is complete, you can simulate the model. select start from the simulation menu to run the simulation. double - click on the scope block to view its output. hit the autoscale button ( binoculars ) and you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.49081962841738924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.066771"} {"text": "can be found now that the model is complete, you can simulate the model. select start from the simulation menu to run the simulation. double - click on the scope block to view its output. hit the autoscale button ( binoculars ) and you should see the following. taking variables from matlab in some cases, parameters, such as gain, may be calculated in matlab to be used in a simulink model. if this is the case, it is not necessary to enter the result of the matlab calculation directly into simulink. for example, suppose we calculated the gain in matlab in the variable k. emulate this by entering the following command at the matlab command prompt. this variable can now be used in the simulink gain block. in your simulink model, double - click on the gain block and enter the following in the gain field. close this dialog box. notice now that the gain block in the simulink model shows the variable k rather than a number. now, you can re - run the simulation and view the output on the scope. the result should be the same as before. now, if any calculations are done in matlab to change any of the variab used in the simulink model, the simulation will use the new values the next time it is run. to try this, in matlab, change the gain, k, by entering the following at the command prompt. start the simulink simulation again, bring up the scope window, and hit the autoscale button. you will see the following output which reflects the new, higher gain. besides variab, signals, and even entire systems can be exchanged between matlab and simulink. for more information, click here. matlab basics | matlab modeling | root locus | frequency response | state space | digital control | simulink basics | simulink modeling |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4565596445671558, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.067795"} {"text": "hahnemann, samuel christian friedrich hahnemann, samuel christian friedrich ( 1755 - 1843 ), the founder of the homoeopathic system of medicine, was born at meissen in saxony, 10th april 1755. he studied first at the \" elector ' s school \" of meissen, and thereafter as a student of medicine at leipsic and vienna. he took the degree of m. d. at erlangen in 1779, and after acting as physician at various places he returned in 1789 to leipsic, where he largely occupied himself in the translation of medical works. while working at cullen ' s.. 4fateria. 3. 1ed \u2022 ica, he was struck by the contradictory account given of the properties of peruvian bark. he had previously meditated much on the unsatisfactory nature of the science of medicine ; and, after much refiexion and many experiments, he became convinced of the truth of the principle sintilia similibetx curuntur ( see homoeopathy ), i. e., the cure for a disease is the very drug that would in a healthy person produce the symptoms of such disease. further experiments convinced him that the conventional doses produced symptoms of unnecessary and dangerous violence, and this led to another principle, that of minimum doses, according to which the benefit to be derived from a medicine can be fully obtained by the administration of a very small quantity. firmly convinced of the truth of these principles, hahnemann spent the rest of his life in making them known to the world. he encountered much opposition, and in 1821 was forced to leave leipsic, as he was not allowed to dispense his own prescriptions. the grand duke of anhalt - kothen, however, appointed him his physician, and at kothen lie resided till 1835 when lie removed to paris. he died 2d july 1843. hahnemann was a man of remarkable courage and perseverance. he not only sacrificed his immediate interests for the sake of his convictions, but made many painful experiments upon his own person. halmemann ' s chief work, in which he expounds his system, is his organon der rationellest heilkunde ( dresden, 1810, ; 6th ed., kothen, 1865 ; english translation by dudgeon, london, 1849 ). his other important writings are pragnaelita de viribus snedicatnentorunt positivis ( 2 vols., leipsic, 1805 ) ; reine arz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3882182533263514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.071020"} {"text": "icmake part 2 icmake source files are written according to a well - defined syntax, closely resembling the syntax of the c programming language. this is no coincidence. since the c programming language is so central in the unix operating system, we assumed that many people using the unix operating system are familiar with this language. providing a new tool which is founded on this familiar programming language relieves everybody of the burden of learning yet another dialect, thus simplifying the use of the new system and allowing its new users to concentrate on its possibilities rather than on its grammatical form. considering icmake ' s specific function, we have incorporated a lot of familiar constructs from c into icmake : most c operators were implemented in icmake, as were some of the standard c runtime functions. in this respect icmake ' s grammar is a subset of the c programming language. however, we have taken the liberty of defining two datatypes not normally found in c. there is a datatype ` string ' ( yes, its variables contain strings ) and a datatype ` list ', containing lists of strings. we believe these extensions to the c programming language are so minor that just this paragraph would probably suffice for their definition. however, they will be described in somewhat greater detail in the following sections. also, some elements of c + + are found in icmake ' s grammar : some icmake - functions have been overloaded ; they do different but comparable tasks depending on the types of arguments they are called with. again, we believe this to be a minor departure from the ` pure c ' grammar, and think this practice is very much in line with c + + ' s philosophy. one of the tasks of the preprocessor is to strip the makefile of comment. icmake recognizes two types of comment : standard c - like comment and end - of - line comment, which is also recognized by the gnu c compiler and by microsoft ' s c compiler. standard comment must be preceded by / * and must be closed by * /. this type of comment may stretch over more than one line. end - of - line comment is preceded by / / and ends when a new line starts. lines which start with #! are skipped by the preprocessor. this feature is included to allow the use of executable makefiles. apart from the #! directive, icmake recognizes two more preprocessor directives : # include and # define.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5432705821944307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.077715"} {"text": "skipped by the preprocessor. this feature is included to allow the use of executable makefiles. apart from the #! directive, icmake recognizes two more preprocessor directives : # include and # define. all preprocessor directives start with a ` # ' - character which must be located at the first column of a line in the makefile. the # include directive must obey the following syntax : when the preprocessor icm - pp encounters this directive, ` filename ' is read. the filename may include a path specification. when the filename is surrounded by double quotes, icm - pp attempts to access this file exactly as stated. when the filename is enclosed by < and >, icm - pp attempts to access this file relative to the directory pointed to by the environment variable im. using the # include directive, large icmake scripts may be modularized, or a set of standard icmake source scripts may be used to realize a particular icmake script. the # define directive is a means of incorporating constants in a makefile. the directive follows the following syntax : # define identifier redefinition - of - identifier the defined name ( the name of the defined constant ) must be an identifier according to the c programming language : the first character must be an underscore or a character of the alphabet ; subsequent characters may be underscores or alphanumerics. the redefinition part of the # define directive consists of spaces, numbers, or whatever is appropriate. the preprocessor simply replaces all occurrences of the defined constant following the # define directive by the redefinition part. note that redefinition ' s are not further expanded ; an already defined name which occurs in the redefinition part is not processed but is left as - is. also note that icm - pp considers the redefinition part to be all characters found on a line beyond the defined constant. this would also include comment, if found on the line. consequently, it is normally not a good idea to use comment - to - end - of - line on lines containing # define directives. | non - linux foss : libnotify, os x style | | jun 18, 2013 | | containers \u2014 not virtual machines \u2014 are the future cloud | | jun 17, 2013 | | lock - free multi - producer multi - consumer queue on ring buffer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5260117883985116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.078768"} {"text": "foss : libnotify, os x style | | jun 18, 2013 | | containers \u2014 not virtual machines \u2014 are the future cloud | | jun 17, 2013 | | lock - free multi - producer multi - consumer queue on ring buffer | | jun 12, 2013 | | weechat, irssi ' s little brother | | jun 11, 2013 | | one tail just isn ' t enough | | jun 07, 2013 | | introduction to mapreduce with hadoop on linux | | jun 05, 2013 | - containers \u2014 not virtual machines \u2014 are the future cloud - non - linux foss : libnotify, os x style - linux systems administrator - validate an e - mail address with php, the right way - lock - free multi - producer multi - consumer queue on ring buffer - senior perl developer - technical support rep - ux designer - rss feeds - introduction to mapreduce with hadoop on linux free webinar : hadoop how to build an optimal hadoop cluster to store and maintain unlimited amounts of data using microservers realizing the promise of apache\u00ae hadoop\u00ae requires the effective deployment of compute, memory, storage and networking to achieve optimal results. with its flexibility and multitude of options, it is easy to over or under provision the server infrastructure, resulting in poor performance and high tco. join us for an in depth, technical discussion with industry experts from leading hadoop and server companies who will provide insights into the key considerations for designing and deploying an optimal hadoop cluster. some of key questions to be discussed are : - what is the \u201c typical \u201d hadoop cluster and what should be installed on the different machine types? - why should you consider the typical workload patterns when making your hardware decisions? - are all microservers created equal for hadoop deployments? - how do i plan for expansion if i require more compute, memory, storage or networking?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.514484341000747, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.079589"} {"text": "roe ' s legacy of law, morality - - 40 years later 1973 supreme court decision still stands, passions remain high on both sides of the issue four decades since roe v. wade, and little, it seems, has changed. the january 22, 1973, supreme court decision legalizing abortion remains the law of the land, passions remain high on both sides of the issue, and protests are held each year on its anniversary. access to abortion, then and now, is about more than simple legalities. social, religious and family values, as well as finances and politics, still play a role in shaping the abortion issue, but many legal and medical experts say the debate has become entrenched. \" much of the controversy about abortion is really stimulated by the interest groups on both sides of the political question, rather than by ordinary americans, \" said david garrow, a law professor at the university of pittsburgh, and a longtime supreme court scholar. \" the american people and many political leaders have already made up their minds about legal abortion. \" public opinion on abortion has remained stable over the years. a cnn / opinion research survey last august found 44 % said abortion should be legal in all or most circumstances, while 52 % said only under few or no circumstances. and 88 % said the procedure should be allowed when the woman ' s life is in danger ; 83 - percent said so in cases of rape or incest. the margin of error was plus - or - minus 3 points. the roe decision did not prompt \" abortion on demand, \" as many opponents of the procedure had predicted it would. nor have various legislatures or court rulings restricted access as much as some supporters claim. research from the alan guttmacher institute finds the number of abortions at its lowest level since roe, remaining steady at about 1. 2 million reported procedures in the year 2011, down 25 - percent since the all - time high in 1990. bans on abortion in the united states began early in the 19th century. connecticut in 1812 became first state to outlaw them, specifically after \" quickening, \" the time in the pregnancy when the woman starts to feel fetal movements. the laws were designed primarily to protect women from dangerous \" back alley \" abortions. these laws were also ambiguous, given the victorian moral code that stifled debate on so personal a subject as unwanted pregnancies. since then, movements have come and gone to relax the restrictions or to give women more choice, but such efforts mostly went nowhere. it was not until the 1960s that an organized movement was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4332959765337003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.087466"} {"text": "stifled debate on so personal a subject as unwanted pregnancies. since then, movements have come and gone to relax the restrictions or to give women more choice, but such efforts mostly went nowhere. it was not until the 1960s that an organized movement was launched to ease the laws regulating abortions. medical technology had advanced to the point where they could be done safely by trained medical staff in clean, professional environments. by the early 1970s, a number of states had changed their laws, though most did so in very limited ways. the legal fights culminated with roe v. wade, the court ' s 7 - 2 decision giving women a qualified constitutional right to abortion during most of the pregnancy. the court, in fact, heard two cases around the same time : roe ( aka norma mccorvey, who has since become an abortion opponent ), which challenged a texas law banning abortions except to save the woman ' s life ; and doe v. bolton, involving a georgia law requiring that abortions be performed only in accredited hospitals and only after a review by a hospital staff committee and an exam by two doctors other than the woman ' s physician. the roe and doe rulings affected laws in 46 states. for the justices, roe reflected earlier cases involving the right to privacy. that \" right, \" wrote justice harry blackmun in the main opinion for the court, is \" broad enough to encompass a woman ' s decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. \" \" prior to roe, \" said garrow, \" whether one could obtain a legal abortion in the face of an unwanted pregnancy was a crapshoot. for 40 years now, it ' s been a constitutionally guaranteed right. \" he is the 1994 author of \" liberty and sexuality : the right to privacy and the making of roe v. wade. \" but the ruling was a qualified one, and that fact has been used by abortion opponents in their efforts to narrow the scope of other abortion provisions. blackmun noted that the state ' s \" important interests in safeguarding health, maintaining medical standards, and protecting potential life \" are compelling enough to justify regulation \" at some point in pregnancy. \" that \" qualified right \" found its form in the controversial \" trimester analysis \" laid out by the justices in roe : permitting no government regulation during the first three months of a pregnancy ; allowing limited regulation in the second trimester to protect the woman ' s health and safety ; and granting government the power to ban abortions during the third trimester - - a time when, medical consensus has concluded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4965178080515494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.090547"} {"text": "the first three months of a pregnancy ; allowing limited regulation in the second trimester to protect the woman ' s health and safety ; and granting government the power to ban abortions during the third trimester - - a time when, medical consensus has concluded, the fetus is capable of living on its own. that reasoning has outraged abortion opponents and puzzled many legal scholars. \" the better argument for the result reached in roe v. wade, \" said edward lazarus - - a former law clerk for blackmun and an author of \" closed chambers : the rise, fall, and future of the modern supreme court \" - - \" is that it ' s necessary for the equality of women, rather than grounding it in the privacy right. \" after roe, the high court affirmed the right to abortion in subsequent cases : striking down provisions requiring a husband ' s consent for a first - trimester abortion ; requiring parental consent for an unmarried woman under 18 ; striking down efforts to expand on laws requiring women to give informed consent before having an abortion ; striking down a 24 - hour waiting period ; and striking down a law requiring doctors to inform women of the risks and of assistance available if she were to carry the fetus to term. but there was one notable victory for abortion opponents : a ban on the use of taxpayer funds to finance abortions for poor women. the abortion issue has been revisited several times since roe, most famously in webster v. reproductive health services ( 1989 ) and planned parenthood v. casey ( 1992 ). webster ( a 5 - 4 decision ) upheld major parts of a missouri abortion law that prohibited the use of public facilities or the participation of public employees in abortions, and required doctors to test the viability of the fetus before an performing any abortion. justices william rehnquist, byron white and anthony kennedy said they would allow restrictions on abortion, but only if the restrictions had a rational basis. more important, the three conservative justices said, a compelling government interest need not be required to justify restrictions on abortion. that was a blow for anti - abortion forces. then came the casey ruling, in which the justices outlined their views on roe. the decision ( also 5 - 4 ) reaffirmed the heart of roe while giving states the power to regulate procedures so long as they did not impose an \" undue burden \" on a woman ' s right to abortion. the standard : undue burden exists if \" the purpose and effect is to place substantial obstacles in the path of a woman seeking an abortion before the fetus attains", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47822606199095724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.092333"} {"text": "not impose an \" undue burden \" on a woman ' s right to abortion. the standard : undue burden exists if \" the purpose and effect is to place substantial obstacles in the path of a woman seeking an abortion before the fetus attains viability. \" the ruling left supporters on both sides of the issue dissatisfied, feeling it was ambiguous. justice sandra day o ' connor joined neither opinion, saying there was nothing in it to justify reconsidering roe. nevertheless, blackmun wrote, \" the right to reproductive choice \" was in danger of being overturned. another legacy of roe : the head - counting of justices on the court, a what - if scenario that could lead to the overturning of roe. the current 5 - 4 conservative majority might shift in either direction if two or more justices leave the bench in the next few years, as is widely expected. in the meantime, conservatives in congress have promised to push for tougher restrictions on access to abortion, though many political experts say the goal is not necessarily aimed at overturning roe. they found success five years ago when the justices, in a 5 - 4 ruling, upheld a federal ban on a controversial late - term procedure, rejecting concerns the law didn ' t take into account the physical safety of the woman. the procedure - - called \" partial birth abortion \" by its critics - - is typically performed in the middle - to - late second trimester. the legal sticking point was that the law lacked a \" health exception \" for women who might suffer serious medical complications, something the justices have said in the past is necessary when considering abortion restrictions. the swing vote, as in previous cases, came from kennedy. in angry dissent, justice ruth bader ginsburg, then the lone woman on the high court, called the majority ' s conclusions \" alarming \" and said they \" cannot be understood as anything other than an effort to chip away a right declared again and again by this court, and with increasing comprehension of its centrality to women ' s lives. \" ginsburg has long been a leading voice for gender equality. ironically, some of the opposition to her 1993 nomination to the high court came from feminists, who did not like her criticism over the legal reasoning of roe. she believed a more gradual liberalization to abortion would have kept the issue back in the states, avoiding the social and political upheaval that has been part of roe ' s legacy. the law on abortion was evolving at the time of roe, ginsburg recalled in 2005. \" the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47470270234502654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.095150"} {"text": "the java virtual machine ( jvm ) is a real name dropper when you \u2019 re programming in java. contrary to what the name indicates, the java virtual machine can be encountered in relation with other programming languages as well. in general, it \u2019 s not necessary to know what the java virtual machine is, or even what it does, to be able to program in java. on the other hand, familiarizing yourself with the inner workings of a machine does help to increase your understanding and overall insight. this article brushes over the idea of the java virtual machine, what it does for you, and some of the most important pros and cons. although i \u2019 ve tried to keep it simple, and there is definitely more advanced literature on the subject, a rudimentary understanding of java and programming is expected. the semantics of a programming language are designed to be close to our natural language, while staying concise and easy to interpret for a machine. as you probably know, the programming language is wholly different from machine code, the set of instructions a computer uses to construct and run a program. this we call high - level languages ; one or multiple levels of abstraction from the machine code. before it is able to run, high - level code must first be interpreted. a lot of programming interfaces compile in advance ( aot compilation ) for a specific platform. this makes the program more efficient at runtime, but far less compatible with different platforms. java, in contrast, works with an intermediate language called java bytecode and the java virtual machine. jvm & java bytecode when your java project builds, it translates the source code ( contained in *. java source files ) to java bytecode ( most often contained in *. class files ). this takes your high - level code one step closer to machine code, but not quite there yet. this bytecode is a collection of compact instructions ; easier for a machine to interpret, but less readable. when you run a java application on your computer, cellphone, or any other java - enabled platform, you essentially pass this java bytecode to the java virtual machine. the interpreter in the java virtual machine usually starts compiling the entire bytecode at runtime, following the principles of so - called just - in - time compilation. this makes for the typical, albeit often slight delay when opening a java application, but generally enhances the program performance compared to interpreted compilation. the main advantage of this system is the increased compatibility. since your applications run in a virtual machine instead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49520132651954274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.099703"} {"text": "compilation. this makes for the typical, albeit often slight delay when opening a java application, but generally enhances the program performance compared to interpreted compilation. the main advantage of this system is the increased compatibility. since your applications run in a virtual machine instead of directly on your hardware, the developer can program and build their application once, which can then be executed on every device with an implementation of the java virtual machine. this principle has given birth to the java slogan : \u201c write once, run everywhere. \u201d pro : compatibility & increased security apart from code compatibility, the java virtual machine comes with other benefits. one of the most important of those is the relative security of java programs as a result of the java virtual machine. security, meaning that a program running in a virtual machine is far less likely to disrupt the user \u2019 s operating system, or corrupt data files, if errors occur. con : different jvm implementations & debugging one of the main criticisms voiced against the code compatibility and the java virtual machine is due to the many different implementations of the latter. you see, the java virtual machine is not one piece of software. oracle, the owners of java, have their implementation of the java virtual machine, but other people can make theirs if it satisfies various practical and contractual claims. these different implementations mean that your code may run smoothly on one java virtual machine, but crash and burn on another. although, in practice, you can write your code once and run it everywhere, more complex code sometimes still has to be debugged in different java virtual machine implementations to ensure correct operation. do you have any experience of working with the java virtual machine? if so, is there anything i missed out here that should be mentioned? more articles about :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4906094471740019, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.100603"} {"text": "at kelly mill elementary, students don \u2019 t get scolded for using cellphones during class. no one bats an eye when they bring a laptop, ipad or nintendo ds into the classroom. in fact, teachers and administrators at the cumming, ga., school encourage it. they say technology is providing new ways to engage students in learning. so, students take notes on their ipads, respond to teachers \u2019 questions on their cellphones and compete on math quizzes on their laptops \u2014 and teachers think of technology as another learning tool. \u201c it is as natural for today \u2019 s learner to use technology to learn as it is for my generation to use paper and pencil, \u201d kelly mill elementary principal ron mcallister said. the approach is called byot \u2014 bring your own technology \u2014 and something similar is on its way to collier county schools. this week, collier superintendent kamela patton will lead a team of 38 district officials heading to georgia to learn more about it through a conference held by the forsyth county school district, which oversees kelly mill elementary. the 39, 000 - student district north of atlanta has a byot policy at all 36 of its schools. collier county school district administrators budgeted $ 25, 000 of operating dollars for the trip, which begins wednesday. the list of those attending the three - day conference includes : the associate superintendent, deputy superintendent, a board member and teachers and principals from schools across the district. patton said administrators will likely select several schools to run a pilot program of byot. \u201c we think it \u2019 s a good thing for our kids, so that \u2019 s the reason we \u2019 re investing our time and our resources into it \u2014 because we believe in it, \u201d she said. \u201c for us, it \u2019 s a matter of going to see, what are the details to make it happen and implement it? \u201d when forsyth county schools administrators began exploring byot in 2009, state law stood in the way. created 20 years earlier, the law banned students from using cellphones and other electronic devices at school. the district had to get a waiver from the state board of education to avoid violating it, said jill hobson, director of instructional technology. other states passed similar laws in the late 80s and early 90s, viewing cellphones as distractions. in those that didn \u2019 t, school systems often took similar actions \u2014 either barring phones or requiring students keep them powered down. gradually, opinions have shifted on the role of technology in the classroom. georgia lawmakers repealed the law barring cell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.448837714764624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.111776"} {"text": ". in those that didn \u2019 t, school systems often took similar actions \u2014 either barring phones or requiring students keep them powered down. gradually, opinions have shifted on the role of technology in the classroom. georgia lawmakers repealed the law barring cellphones from schools and other states did the same. lee county school board members signed off on a change last fall that stops teachers from confiscating students \u2019 cellphones. miami - dade county school district administrators implemented a byod \u2014 bring your own device \u2014 policy last summer. in the collier county school district, students can \u2019 t use electronics during the school day. that includes while on the bus, in between classes, during lunch and in the restroom. but hobson said policies like that aren \u2019 t keeping electronics out. forsyth county schools had something similar before launching its byot initiative, and dealt with as many as 400 disciplinary actions related to electronic devices each year. \u201c every school system is doing byot, \u201d hobson said. \u201c whether they want to acknowledge it or not, the kids have it with them. it is in their pockets. it \u2019 s a matter of whether we want to leverage that for learning or continue to fight it. \u201d patton said the collier county school district doesn \u2019 t track how many students own electronic devices, but 20 percent of those using its wireless internet are non - employees. \u201c who does that tell you is using it? the kids, \u201d she said. \u201c so, you \u2019 ve got to quit fighting them and figure out, how do you embrace that? \u201d on a recent school day, a cluster of children at kelly mill elementary sat down for a skype session with a daily news reporter, holding ipads, smartphones and laptops. they got up one by one to describe how they \u2019 d used them at school. one kelly mill elementary student talked about creating a qr code \u2014 a bar code that, when scanned by a smartphone or tablet, links to a website \u2014 to connect people to information he put together for a project. another said he uses a website, ixl. com, to practice multiplication and division and to compete with other students. other students talked about iphone apps \u2014 one called storykit that makes electronic stories and another called pic collage, which creates collages. \u201c so many apps are fun, \u201d a student said. \u201c even if they educate you, you can still have fun while learning. \u201d increased student engagement is one benefit of using technology at school, said mark warschauer, a professor of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4643102104905493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.112794"} {"text": ". \u201c so many apps are fun, \u201d a student said. \u201c even if they educate you, you can still have fun while learning. \u201d increased student engagement is one benefit of using technology at school, said mark warschauer, a professor of education and informatics at the university of california, irvine. his research shows it can also lead to more measurable results, including small improvements in test scores. warschauer hasn \u2019 t conducted formal research on byot initiatives, but he has visited schools where they \u2019 re in place and talked to students, parents and teachers. he \u2019 s generally \u201c very positive \u201d about the concept. students like working with technology, warschauer said. they like the images and sounds and the quick feedback it can provide. if teachers can take advantage of that, they can make classes more engaging \u2014 and perhaps see better results, he said. allowing students to use technology at school doesn \u2019 t just change learning : it also changes teaching. \u201c a teacher \u2019 s role has to change when kids have access to all the information in the world in their pockets, \u201d mcallister said. teachers don \u2019 t need to stand at the front of a classroom and lecture students, he said. they \u2019 re more like facilitators. using technology in lessons has become normal to teachers, mcallister said. \u201c the hook has been when a teacher sees a kid engaged in learning that they \u2019 ve never seen engaged before, \u201d he said. \u201c and teachers buy into that because that \u2019 s exactly what they want. \u201d bridging the income gap what about students who don \u2019 t have their own electronic devices? critics say byot policies leave them behind, widening the gap between low and high income students. that was initially one of the biggest concerns for administrators with the collier county school district, where more than 63 percent of students are categorized as economically needy. forsyth county schools administrators said the district supplements what students own with laptops and other computers, and students are happy to share. surveys of students show they don \u2019 t get negative responses when using school technology instead of their own, hobson said. and even in schools with higher percentages of lower income students, devices are becoming more prevalent, said tim clark, coordinator of instructional technology for forsyth county schools. \u201c as a teacher uses technology more in the classroom, there becomes more of a purpose for it. it becomes like another school supply, \u201d he said. the greater challenge is often that students don \u2019 t have wireless internet access at home, so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4441066623402666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.114032"} {"text": ". \u201c as a teacher uses technology more in the classroom, there becomes more of a purpose for it. it becomes like another school supply, \u201d he said. the greater challenge is often that students don \u2019 t have wireless internet access at home, so the district is identifying local businesses willing to allow them to use free wi - fi, clark said. another concern some raise is that electronics can be distracting. to combat that, the forsyth county school district requires students to use its filtered wireless internet, which blocks sites with inappropriate content. they also have to power their devices down at their teacher \u2019 s request. at the same time, teachers are trying to teach \u201c responsible use \u201d \u2014 when it \u2019 s appropriate to have a cellphone out and when it \u2019 s not. \u201c how many times do kids doodle on a piece of paper or write notes and pass them to another kid? those are behavior issues and not really technology issues, \u201d clark said. warschauer said laptops in classrooms will make a good school better, but won \u2019 t make a bad school good. \u201c if you \u2019 re doing good things with students, you can do better things with laptops, \u201d he said. \u201c if the teachers and students have a lot of discipline problems or are wasting a lot of time, there \u2019 s no better way to waste time than with a laptop connected to the internet \u2014 other than maybe an ipad or cellphone connected to the internet. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42614961015237685, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.114695"} {"text": "a single copy of this article may be reprinted for personal, noncommercial use only. intussusceptionby mayo clinic staff original article : http : / / www. mayoclinic. com / health / intussusception / ds00798 click to enlarge intussusception ( in - tuh - suh - sep - shun ) is a serious disorder in which part of the intestine slides into an adjacent part of the intestine. this \" telescoping \" often blocks food or fluid from passing through. intussusception also cuts off the blood supply to the part of the intestine that ' s affected. intussusception can lead to a tear in the bowel ( perforation ), infection and death of bowel tissue. intussusception is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in children younger than 3. intussusception is rare in adults. most cases of adult intussusception are the result of an underlying medical condition, such as a tumor. in contrast, the cause of most cases of intussusception in children is unknown. in children, the intestines can usually be pushed back into position with an x - ray procedure. in adults, surgery is often required to correct the problem. the first sign of intussusception in an otherwise healthy infant may be sudden, loud crying caused by abdominal pain. infants who have abdominal pain may pull their knees to their chests when they cry. the pain of intussusception comes and goes, usually every 15 to 20 minutes at first. these painful episodes last longer and happen more often as time passes. other frequent signs and symptoms of intussusception include : - stool mixed with blood and mucus ( sometimes referred to as \" currant jelly \" stool because of its appearance ) - a lump in the abdomen less common signs and symptoms include : some infants have no obvious pain, don ' t pass blood or have a lump in the abdomen. some older children have pain but no other symptoms. because intussusception is rare in adults and symptoms of the disorder are often nonspecific, it is more challenging to identify. abdominal pain is the most common symptom, followed by nausea and vomiting and diarrhea. a significant percentage of people have no signs and symptoms. when to see a doctor intussusception requires emergency medical care. if you or your child develops the signs or symptoms listed above, seek medical help right away.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49488535554091545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.126340"} {"text": "vomiting and diarrhea. a significant percentage of people have no signs and symptoms. when to see a doctor intussusception requires emergency medical care. if you or your child develops the signs or symptoms listed above, seek medical help right away. in infants, remember that signs of abdominal pain may include recurrent bouts of pulling the knees to the chest and crying. click to enlarge your intestine is shaped like a long tube. in intussusception, one part of your intestine \u2014 usually the small intestine \u2014 slides inside an adjacent part. this is sometimes called telescoping because it ' s similar to the way a collapsible telescope folds together. in some cases, the telescoping is caused by an abnormal growth in the intestine, such as a polyp or a tumor ( called a lead point ). the normal wave - like contractions of the intestine grab this lead point and pull it and the lining of the intestine into the bowel ahead of it. in most cases, however, no cause can be identified for intussusception. in the vast majority of cases of intussusception in children, the cause is unknown. because intussusception seems to occur more often in the fall and winter and because many children with the problem also have flu - like symptoms, some suspect a virus may play a role in the condition. in a few instances, a lead point is identified as the cause of the condition \u2014 most frequently meckel ' s diverticulum ( a pouch in the lining of the small intestine ). in adults, intussusception is usually the result of a medical condition, such as : - a tumor - scar - like tissue in the intestine ( adhesions ) - surgical scars in the small intestine or colon - inflammation, such as from crohn ' s disease risk factors for intussusception include : - age. children are much more likely to develop intussusception than adults are. it ' s the most common cause of bowel obstruction in children between the ages of 6 months and 3 years. - sex. intussusception more often affects boys. - abnormal intestinal formation at birth. a condition present at birth ( congenital ) in which the intestine doesn ' t develop correctly ( malrotation ) also is a risk factor for intussusception. - a prior history of intussusception. once you ' ve had int", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4576960678666669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.127609"} {"text": "condition present at birth ( congenital ) in which the intestine doesn ' t develop correctly ( malrotation ) also is a risk factor for intussusception. - a prior history of intussusception. once you ' ve had intussusception, you ' re at increased risk to develop it again. - aids. there is some evidence of an increased incidence of intussusception in people with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. intussusception can cut off the blood supply to the affected portion of the intestine. if left untreated, lack of blood causes tissue of the intestinal wall to die. tissue death can lead to a tear ( perforation ) in the intestinal wall, which can cause an infection of the lining of the abdominal cavity ( peritonitis ). peritonitis is a life - threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. signs and symptoms of peritonitis include : - abdominal pain - abdominal swelling - low urine output peritonitis may cause your child to go into shock. signs and symptoms of shock include : - cool, clammy skin that may be pale or gray - a weak and rapid pulse - abnormal breathing that may be either slow and shallow or very rapid - lackluster eyes that seem to stare blankly - profound listlessness a child who is in shock may be conscious or unconscious. if you suspect your child is in shock, seek emergency medical care right away. preparing for your appointment emergency medical care is required to treat intussusception. you may not have much time to prepare for an appointment. what to expect from your doctor your child ' s doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, including : - when did your child begin experiencing abdominal pain or other symptoms? - does your child ' s pain appear to be continuous \u2014 or is it occurring off and on? - does the pain begin and end suddenly? - has your child experienced nausea, vomiting or diarrhea? - have you noticed any blood in your child ' s stool? - have you noticed any swelling or a lump in your child ' s abdomen? what you can do in the meantime don ' t give your child any over - the - counter medications to treat symptoms before the appointment. tests and diagnosis your or your child ' s doctor will start by getting a history of the symptoms of the problem. he or she may be able to feel a sausage - shaped lump in the abdomen. to confirm the diagnosis, your doctor may order : - ultrasound or other abdominal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4570083700218289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.128620"} {"text": "your child ' s doctor will start by getting a history of the symptoms of the problem. he or she may be able to feel a sausage - shaped lump in the abdomen. to confirm the diagnosis, your doctor may order : - ultrasound or other abdominal imaging. an ultrasound, x - ray or computerized tomography ( ct ) scan may reveal intestinal obstruction caused by intussusception. imaging will typically show a \" bull ' s eye, \" representing the intestine coiled within the intestine. abdominal imaging also can show if the intestine has been torn ( perforated ). - air or barium enema. an air or barium enema is basically a colon x - ray. during the procedure, the doctor will insert air ( the preferred choice in most cases ) or liquid barium into the colon through the rectum. this makes the images on the x - ray clearer. an air or barium enema will fix intussusception 90 percent of the time in children, and no further treatment is needed. a barium enema can ' t be used if the intestine is torn. treatments and drugs treatment of intussusception typically happens as a medical emergency. emergency medical care is required to avoid severe dehydration and shock, as well as prevent infection that can occur when a portion of intestine dies due to lack of blood. when your child arrives at the hospital, the doctors will first stabilize his or her medical condition. this includes : - giving your child fluids through an intravenous ( iv ) line - helping the intestines decompress by putting a tube through the child ' s nose and into the stomach ( nasogastric tube ) correcting the intussusception to treat the problem, your doctor may recommend : - a barium or air enema. this is both a diagnostic procedure and a treatment. if an enema works, further treatment is usually not necessary. this treatment is highly effective in children, but rarely used in adults. intussusception recurs as often as 15 to 20 percent of the time and the treatment will have to be repeated. - surgery. if the intestine is torn, if an enema is unsuccessful in correcting the problem or if a lead point is the cause, surgery is necessary. the surgeon will free the portion of the intestine that is trapped, clear the obstruction and, if necessary, remove any of the intestinal tissue that has died. surgery is the main treatment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44941181896074806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.129766"} {"text": "a lead point is the cause, surgery is necessary. the surgeon will free the portion of the intestine that is trapped, clear the obstruction and, if necessary, remove any of the intestinal tissue that has died. surgery is the main treatment for adults and for people who are acutely ill. in some cases, intussusception may be temporary and go away without treatment. - kitigawa s, et al. intussusception in children. http : / / www. uptodate. com / index. accessed oct. 25, 2012. - hodin ra, et al. small bowel obstruction : causes and management. http : / / www. uptodate. com / index. accessed oct. 25, 2012. - pepper vk, et al. diagnosis and management of pediatric appendicitis, intussusception, and meckel diverticulum. surgical clinics of north america. 2012 ; 92 : 505. - lindor ra, et al. adult intussusception : presentation, management, and outcomes of 148 patients. the journal of emergency medicine. 2012 ; 43 : 1. - askmayoexpert. intussusception. rochester, minn. : mayo foundation for medical education and research ; 2012.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45675970800987153, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.130309"} {"text": "homocysteine, total, plasma as an aid for screening patients suspected of having an inherited disorder of methionine metabolism including : - cystathionine beta - synthase deficiency ( homocystinuria ) - methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency ( mthfr ) and its thermolabile variants : - methionine synthase deficiency - cobalamin ( cbl ) metabolism : - combined methyl - cbl and adenosyl - cbl deficiencies : cbl c2, cbl d2, and cbl f3 deficiencies - methyl - cbl specific deficiencies : cbl d - var1, cbl e, and cbl g deficiencies - transcobalamin ii deficiency : - adenosylhomocysteinase ( ahcy ) deficiency - glycine n - methyltransferase ( gnmt ) deficiency - methionine adenosyltransferase ( mat ) i / iii deficiency clinical information discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test to be used in conjunction with plasma amino acids and urine organic acids to aid in the biochemical screening for primary and secondary disorders of methionine metabolism. homocysteine is an intermediary in the sulfur - amino acid metabolism pathways, linking the methionine cycle to the folate cycle. inborn errors of metabolism that lead to homocysteinemia / - uria include cystathionine beta - synthase deficiency ( homocystinuria ) and various defects of methionine re - methylation. genetic defects in vitamin cofactors ( vitamin b6, b12, and folate ) and nutritional deficiency of b12 and folate also lead to abnormal homocysteine accumulation. homocysteine concentration is an indicator of acquired folate or cobalamin deficiency, and is a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of neural tube defects. homocysteine also was thought to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease ( atherosclerosis, heart disease, thromboembolism ), as early observational studies prior to 2000 linked homocysteine to cardiovascular risk and morbidity and mortality. however, following fda - mandated folic acid supplementation in 1998, homocysteine concentrations decreased by approximately 10 % without a similar change in cardiovascular or ischemic events. currently, the use of homocysteine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5046111157235829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.134763"} {"text": "don ' t skip necessary tests for fear of radiation risk \" people should not skip necessary medical imaging procedures, such as mammography, radiography ( x - ray ) and computed tomography ( ct ), because they are afraid the radiation exposure might cause cancer, \" said dr. stewart bushong, professor of radiology at bcm. \" there is no measurable increased risk when imaging procedures are administered appropriately. \" it is important to understand the different kinds of imaging procedures and the amount of radiation exposure, bushong said. \" when you look at the amount of radiation exposure in each, the doses are very low. \" radiation dose is measured in millisieverts, or msv. procedures and doses bushong ranked common diagnostic imaging procedures from low to high dose and pointed out that natural background radiation contributes approximately 3 msv each year to our individual radiation dose. - mammography : a diagnostic procedure to detect breast tumors by the use of x - rays ( 0. 1 msv ). - radiography : an x - ray of a bone or particular body part ( 1 msv ). - positron emission tomography or pet scan : a technique to examine the metabolic activity in various tissues, especially in the brain ( 5 msv ). - fluoroscopy : examination of body structures using a fluoroscope. these are commonly used to examine the lungs and gastrointestinal tract ( 10 msv ). - ct scan : uses special x - ray systems and computers to create cross - sectional images of the body ( 10 msv ). \" many people think magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) and diagnostic ultrasound result in radiation exposure, but they do not, \" said bushong. \" these tests are harmless. \" approximately 100 msv would be an example of a dose of radiation which could cause concern, bushong said. bushong said the average amount of medical radiation exposure has been on the rise, but many professional organizations are keeping a close eye on such radiation exposures and any inappropriate overutilization. \" we worry about people who are frequently having these tests repeated when they do not need repeats, especially children, \" said bushong. \" organizations including the american college of radiation, american association of physicists in medicine, radiological society of america, and the center for devices and radiological health have convened to address these concerns. \" these organizations have set guidelines on radiation exposure doses and developed educational programs to reduce unnecessary and inappropriate diagnostic medical imaging. bushong said patients should not be scared or refuse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4998444008501207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.140731"} {"text": "| impact of orphanhood on underweight prevalence in sub - saharan africa | | | rivers, jonathan ; mason, john ; silvestre, eva ; gillespie, stuart ; mahy, mary ; monasch, roeland | | food and nutrition bulletin, volume 29, number 1, march 2008, pp. 32 - 42 ( 11 ) accepting attitudes toward people living with hiv ( plhiv ) multiple african countries background. in africa, approximately 25 million people live with hiv / aids and 12 million children are orphaned. although evidence indicates that orphans risk losing opportunities for adequate education, health care, and future employment, the immediate effects of orphanhood on child nutritional status remain poorly understood. objective. this paper assesses the nutritional impact of orphanhood, with particular emphasis on taking account of various factors potentially confounding or masking these impacts. methods. child anthropometry and orphan status were examined in 23 multiple indicator cluster surveys and demographic and health surveys throughout sub - saharan africa, which were subsequently merged into larger, region - specific datasets ( east, west, and southern africa ). to compare orphans and nonorphans, linear regression and probit models were developed, taking account of orphan status and type, presence of a surviving parent in the household, household structure, child age and sex, urban versus rural residence, and current wealth status. results. few differences emerged between orphans and nonorphans in controlled and uncontrolled comparisons, regardless of orphan type, presence of surviving parent, or household structure. age differentials did confound nutritional comparisons, although in the counterintuitive direction, with orphans ( who were 8 months older on average ) becoming less malnourished when age differences were taken into account. wealth did appear to be associated with orphanhood status, although it did not significantly confound nutritional comparisons. conclusions. orphans were not consistently more malnourished than nonorphans, even when potential confounding variables were examined. since household wealth status is likely to change after becoming affected by hiv, ruling out wealth as a potential confounder would require more detailed, prospective studies. keywords : child anthropometry ; fostering ; hiv / aids ; orphanhood ; sub - saharan africa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48390682899127996, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.143866"} {"text": "diet & nutrition faqs reviewed by melissa conrad stoppler, md take the diet & nutrition quiz first! before reading this faq, challenge yourself and test your knowledge! q : according to the usda, there is no difference between a \u201c portion \u201d and a \u201c serving. \u201d true or false? a : false. a \u201c portion \u201d is how much food you choose to eat at one time, whether in a restaurant, from a package, or in your own kitchen. versus a portion, a \u201c serving \u201d size is the amount of food listed on a product ' s nutrition facts. sometimes, the portion size and serving size match ; sometimes they do not. keep in mind that the serving size on the nutrition facts is not a recommended amount of food to eat. it is a quick way of letting you know the calories and nutrients in a certain amount of food. q : a serving of what kind of vegetables should be about the size of a baseball? a : a serving of broccoli. a serving of broccoli should be about the size of a baseball, which is equivalent to about one cup. q : from which foods can we get carbohydrates? a : milk products and fruits, whole grain breads and cereals, table sugar, starchy vegetables, and legumes. carbohydrates are called \" simple \" or \" complex, \" depending on how fast your body digests and absorbs the sugar. you get simple carbohydrates from fruits, milk products, and table sugar. complex carbohydrates include whole grain breads and cereals, starchy vegetables, and legumes. complex carbohydrates and some simple carbohydrates provide vitamins, minerals, and fiber. products made with refined sugar provide little nutrition. it is wise to limit these products. q : which has more calories : a plain bagel with cream cheese or a toaster waffle with syrup? a : a toaster waffle with syrup. a 4 - inch regular toaster waffle with syrup has 129 calories. q : a good rule of thumb is to drink 10 - 12 glasses of water per day. true or false? a : false. there is no evidence to show that drinking 10 - 12 glasses of water is necessary. generally, nutritionists recommend we follow the \u201c 8x8 \u201d rule, which is to drink eight 8 - ounce glasses of water per day. drinking more water does indeed boost metabolism - especially", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49839960513862835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.149489"} {"text": "show that drinking 10 - 12 glasses of water is necessary. generally, nutritionists recommend we follow the \u201c 8x8 \u201d rule, which is to drink eight 8 - ounce glasses of water per day. drinking more water does indeed boost metabolism - especially if your glass is icy cold. your body must work to warm the water up, burning a few extra calories in the process. as for other benefits of water, 85 % of your brain tissue is water, which means that if you ' re dehydrated, both your body and your mind will be stressed. q : according to the usda \u2019 s famous food pyramid, we need 2 - 3 servings of which food group every day? a : milk, cheese, and yogurt products. the usda ' s famous food pyramid confirms that we need 2 - 3 daily servings from the milk, yogurt, and cheese group ; 2 - 3 daily servings from the meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts group ; 3 - 5 daily servings of vegetables ; 2 - 4 servings from the fruit class ; 6 - 11 daily servings from the bread, cereal, rice, and pasta category, and to use fats, oils, and sweets very sparingly. q : one serving of peanut butter is about the size of a ping pong ball. true or false? a : a ping pong ball. one serving of peanut butter is equivalent to two tablespoons, which, together are about the size of a ping pong ball. q : diet is a major contributor to overweight and obesity. how many u. s. adults would you guess are overweight or obese? a : nearly 70 % of all u. s. adults are overweight or obese! more than two - thirds ( 68 % ) of all u. s. adults are overweight or obese. this breaks down to 64. 1 % of u. s. women and 72. 3 % of u. s. men. more than two - thirds ( 68 % ) of all u. s. adults are overweight or obese. this breaks down to 64. 1 % of u. s. women and 72. 3 % of u. s. men. q : a burrito should be the size of a checkbook. true or false? a : a burrito. while mypyramid. gov states that a serving of chicken breast should be about the size of a deck of cards,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4641618696169012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.150538"} {"text": ". q : a burrito should be the size of a checkbook. true or false? a : a burrito. while mypyramid. gov states that a serving of chicken breast should be about the size of a deck of cards, ideally, a burrito should be no larger than the size of a checkbook. q : people with a body mass index ( bmi ) value of what or more are considered obese? a : 30. bmi values between 18. 5 and 24. 9 are considered to be a \u201c normal \u201d or \u201c healthy \u201d weight. bmi values between 25 and 29. 9 are considered \u201c overweight, \u201d while bmi values of 30 and above are considered \u201c obese. \u201d bmis above 25 are unhealthy and have been shown to increase the risk of certain chronic diseases. bmis under 18. 5 are considered \u201c underweight. \u201d q : according to the usda, pasta falls into the \u201c grain \u201d category. true or false? a : pastas. food made from wheat, rice, oats, corn, or another cereal is a grain product. bread, pasta, oatmeal, cornflakes, and grits may not seem like it, but they are all grain products. q : what food should be no larger than an ordinary computer mouse? a : a baked or sweet potato. when choosing baked or sweet potatoes, be sure to choose a medium \u2013 sized potato. q : to keep your diet in check, a correct - sized portion of what food should be near the size of a package of dental floss : chocolate or butter? a : chocolate. according to mypyramid. gov, an ounce of chocolate should be about the size as a package of dental floss. q : a serving of what food should be about the size of a deck of playing cards? beef or bread? a : a deck of playing cards. beef ' s bundle of nutrients is beneficial for growing, developing and maintaining overall health through all life ' s stages. q : most americans consume the greatest amount of calcium from milk. true or false? a : cheese. while calcium is derived from various sources in the u. s. food supply, more than one - quarter ( 27 % ) of americans get their calcium from cheese sources. source quiz on medicinenet improve your health i. q. on diet & nutritionback to top \u2191 diet & nutrition related slideshowsback to top \u2191", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46591599713400234, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.151462"} {"text": "researchers studying mice have identified a potential target for treating diabetes and obesity. scientists at washington university school of medicine in st. louis, found that when the target protein was disabled, the animals became more sensitive to insulin and were less likely to get fat even when they ate a high - fat diet that caused their littermates to become obese. the researchers studied how the body manufactures fat from dietary sources such as carbohydrates. that process requires an enzyme called fatty acid synthase ( fas ). mice engineered so that they don ' t make fas in their fat cells can eat a high - fat diet without becoming obese. \" mice without fas were significantly more resistant to obesity than their wild - type littermates, \" first author irfan j. lodhi, phd, said. \" and it wasn ' t because they ate less. the mice ate just as much fatty food, but they metabolized more of the fat and released it as heat, \" he said. to understand why that happened, lodhi, a research instructor in medicine, analyzed their fat cells. mice have two types of fat : white fat and brown fat. white fat stores excess calories and contributes to obesity. brown fat helps burn calories and protects against obesity. in mice genetically blocked from making fatty acid synthase in fat cells, lodhi and his colleagues noticed that the animals ' white fat was transformed into tissue that resembled brown fat. \" these cells are ' brite ' cells, brown fat found where white fat cells should be, \" lodhi said. \" they had the genetic signature of brown fat cells and acted like brown fat cells. because the mice were resistant to obesity, it appears that fatty acid synthase may control a switch between white fat and brown fat. when we removed fas from the equation, white fat transformed into brite cells that burned more energy. \" determining whether humans also have brown fat has been somewhat controversial throughout the years, but recent studies elsewhere have confirmed that people have it. \" it definitely exists, and perhaps the next strategy we ' ll use for treating people with diabetes and obesity will be to try to reverse their problems by activating these brown fat cells, \" senior investigator clay f. semenkovich, md, said. semenkovich, the herbert s. gasser professor of medicine, professor of cell biology and physiology and director of the division of endocrinology, metabolism and lipid research, said that the new work is exciting because fas provides a target that may be able", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4654363922866176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.156409"} {"text": "a cortisol level is a blood test that measures the amount of cortisol, a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland. how the test is performed a blood sample is needed. for information on how this is done, see : venipuncture how to prepare for the test usually, the health care provider will ask that the test be done in the morning. this is important, because cortisol levels vary throughout the day. the health care provider may ask you to stop taking drugs that can affect the test. drugs that can increase cortisol measurements include : human - made ( synthetic ) glucocorticoids, such as prednisone and prednisolone drugs that can decrease cortisol measurements include : how the test will feel when the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. afterward, there may be some throbbing. why the test is performed the test is done to check for increased or decreased cortisol production. cortisol is a steroid hormone released from the adrenal gland in response to acth, a hormone from the pituitary gland in the brain. cortisol affects many different body systems. it plays a role in : metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and protein different diseases, such as cushing ' s disease and addison ' s disease, can lead to either too much or too little production of cortisol. cortisol levels are often measured to help diagnose these conditions and to evaluate how well the pituitary and adrenal glands are working. normal values for a blood sample taken at 8 in the morning are 6 - 23 micrograms per deciliter ( mcg / dl ). the examples above are common measurements for results for these tests. normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. some labs use different measurements or may test different specimens. talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. what abnormal results mean higher than normal levels may indicate : the pituitary gland near the brain makes too much of the hormone acth ( called cushing ' s disease ) because of excess growth of the pituitary gland, or a tumor in the pituitary gland or elsewhere in the body ( such as the pancreas, lung, and thyroid ) veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. obtaining a blood sample from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5077655923790362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.163171"} {"text": "the pituitary gland or elsewhere in the body ( such as the pancreas, lung, and thyroid ) veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others. other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include : fainting or feeling light - headed hematoma ( blood accumulating under the skin ) infection ( a slight risk any time the skin is broken ) normally, cortisol levels rise and fall during the day, repeating on a 24 - hour cycle ( diurnal variation ). highest levels are at about 6 - 8 a. m. and lowest levels are at about midnight. physical and emotional stress, as well as illness, can increase cortisol levels, because during the normal stress response the pituitary gland releases more acth. higher than normal cortisol levels are expected in women who take estrogen or birth control pills. stewart pm, krone np. the adrenal cortex. in : kronenberg hm, melmed s, polonsky ks, larsen pr, eds. williams textbook of endocrinology. 12th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 15. nancy j. rennert, md, chief of endocrinology & diabetes, norwalk hospital, associate clinical professor of medicine, yale university school of medicine, new haven, ct. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.452002857938978, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.165009"} {"text": "effective cues will also emphasize stabilization of the pelvis and lumbar spine both statically and dynamically in all positions and throughout all movements. cueing pelvic stability during an exercise will ensure optimal performance of the movement and help prevent any unnecessary stress on the lumbar spine. the abdominal muscles must often be recruited to maintain the rib cage, and indirectly, the thoracic spine, in proper alignment. instructors must cue participants to prevent the rib cage from lifting up in the supine position or deviate forward in a sitting position, causing the thoracic spine to extend. instructors should remain aware of cueing stabilization of the scapulae and shoulders and realize the importance during the initiation of every exercise. when stability is absent, there is a tendency to overwork muscles around the neck and shoulders. since they lack a direct bony attachment to the rib cage and spine, the scapulae have a great deal of mobility in making a greater range of motion available to the arms. although the scapulae move with the arms, a sense of stability, not rigidity, should always be maintained. regarding head and cervical spine placement, the cervical spine should hold its natural curve and the skull should balance directly above the shoulders when sitting in neutral. this position should also be maintained when lying on the back. in most instances, the cervical spine should be encouraged to continue the line created by the thoracic spine during flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation. continually referring to these biomechanical principles will ensure that the cues an instructor is providing will help all clients or groups perform the exercises to the best of their ability. ineffective cues & understanding your client according to research, one of the most overused cues in the pilates industry at large is \u2018 slide your shoulders down. \u2019 \u201c while this may be effective with a small percentage of client groups, it can also have some very detrimental effects on others, \u201d says moira. \u201c in many participants, sliding the shoulders down may overly depress them, produce compression on nerves of the neck and shoulders and decrease the range of motion in the shoulder joint. to be more effective, instructors should look at each client their individual needs to determine what the optimal cue is for them. \u201d \u201c it is important to understand what type of a learner the client is and then be able to select cues that will be appropriate for that individual. someone who is a \u201c thinker learner \u201d will want to know the intricacies of a movement and may not respond", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45483524358571414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.169834"} {"text": "understand what type of a learner the client is and then be able to select cues that will be appropriate for that individual. someone who is a \u201c thinker learner \u201d will want to know the intricacies of a movement and may not respond as well to visual images. in this case, using phrases such as \u2018 feel the head of the femur rotating freely within the hip socket \u2019 may elicit a better response. to conclude, an effective pilates instructor will be able to relate to any type of client, no matter how they learn best, by having a well stocked tool box of cues available at a moment \u2019 s notice. a good practice exercise for instructors on their own is to go through 5 \u2011 10 repetitions of an exercise and use a different cue for each repetition. instructors should be clear in their own mind why they are teaching a client a particular exercise or modification. this will ensure they will be able to develop a rapport with any client who walks in their door. more importantly, emphasizing positive reinforcement when working with clients is crucial to effective cueing, and therefore effective pilates instruction. many clients will react quicker if they are told why they are doing a particular exercise a certain way as opposed to it being thrown at them because it comes next on the chart. so next time you \u2019 re thinking about how to approach your client with a new exercise or movement \u2013 remember to think about their individual needs and how to approach them with the change. it \u2019 ll make all the difference.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4656902096970852, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:47:07.170634"}